THE LATE MIDDLE AGES

The Church Reforms:The Age of Faith

The Age of Faith

A new age of religious feeling Wanted to return to the basic principles

of Christianity

Still problems troubled the church

Church Reforms

Marriage of priests Marriage of priests was against church rule, but

still happened all the time

Simony Simony: the buying and selling of church

offices If you spent money to get a position what

would you expect to do with the position?

Church Reforms

Lay Investiture Bishops went

through a ceremony to receive their offices

Who should perform this ceremony? Noble (govt) or Church Leader

Who ever controlled the ceremony controlled the offices

Bell Work

• Fill out web about changes in Medieval Society.– Give examples of changes in each of the

categories.

Changes in Medieval Society

Objectives

• Students will be able to:– Appraise the changes in

• agriculture• trade• towns/city life• learning from the beginning of the Middle Ages to the

High Middle Ages.

Setting the Stage

• Church reform & Crusades taking place• Between 1000 & 1300 other important

changes:– Agriculture– Trade / Finance– Towns– Learning

AgricultureThe Heavy Plow– Old plow: only scratched

top of ground– New plow: cut through

deep dirt & turned it over

– Result?• Can till more land

The Horse Collar– The new horse collar:

around chest not neck• Oxen - slow but cheap• Horses - faster, but harness

choked them

– Result? • Farmers could plow almost

twice as much land

Agriculture• Three Field System

– Early middle ages- “two field system”

– “Three field system”

– Result? • The got more food out of the land they used

1 crop fallow

1 crop 1 crop fallow

Agriculture: Results

• What does all this mean?– used more land– in less time– used the land more effectively

• Result: – There was a large increase in the amount of

food produced• People lived better, and more people could be

supported

Trade / Finance• Guild: organization of individuals in same business working to improve conditions of its members

• Merchant Guilds – controlled all trade in the town • # of goods traded• Provided security in trading

• Craft Guilds – controlled one industry • Enforced quality• Fixed the price• Supported members families• Training

– Apprentice -> Journeyman -> Master

• RESULT:– Guilds became powerful – influence over gov’t– Business increased – more money

Trade / Finance

• Trade took place at fairs– When many people were in town, stalls set up

• Result:– Many goods were available– From foreign lands– New trade routes– More and better products– Sold in small towns and cities

Ultimate Result: Population Growth

• Population of Europe rose – 30 mil to 42 mil

• Where did these people go?– People left the manor to go to towns

Towns

• Town became centers of trade– Many ppl to town for trade & work = paid labor

• Result:• New class of people emerged

– Burghers• Merchant-class town dwellers

– didn’t fit in feudal system• govern towns

Revival of Learning

• Christian scholars visited libraries in Spain– What happened?– Greek works were found and translated

• Result:– Europeans acquired a

huge body of knowledge

Revival of Learning

• Not like modern universities – they were just groups of scholars

• Writers began to write in the Vernacular– Everyday language– How does this expand learning?

Revival of Learning

• Problem with new knowledge– Revival of learning lead to interest in Ancient Greek works– Greeks were not Christians– Their knowledge wasn’t based on the Bible

• Based on reasoning

– Heresy? • How could a good Christian study this & still keep faith w/the Bible?

Aquinas

• Thomas Aquinas – – Summa Theologiae

• Applied logic to prove the teachings of the Christian Church

VS

To Do:

• Read “England and France Develop”– Complete the Cause & Effect chart for

tomorrow

Bell Work

• Read “The Norman Conquest” reading.

• Write the main idea under each paragraph

The Norman Conquest

The Rise of Nations & StrongRoyal Governments

Objectives

• Students will be able to analyze how the Norman Conquest led to – strong central governments– the formation of nations.

How It All Began…

• Edward the Confessor (England)– dies…without an heir

claims to the throne:– Harold Godwinson (Eng)

– William Duke of Normandy (Fr)

Rightful Claim to the Throne?

Harold Godwinson

• English Noble• Supported by the

English nobility• known as Witan

– assembly of the king's counselors

William of Normandy

• Claims promised the throne by Edward– gratitude for saving Eng

from being conquered by the Danes

• French Norman by culture

Crowning of a king

• Who has the rightful claim to the throne?

• Who has the support of the powerful nobles?

• The Witan support Godwinson & declare him to be the rightful heir

Battle for England

• Battle of Hastings– Harold Godwinson vs. William of Normandy

Battle of Hastings• Godwinson should have won

– Shield Wall– His troops are weakened by prior battle– Takes an arrow to the eye!!!

• Normans won a decisive victory

After the Victory

• William declared all Eng. his personal property – But he is French/Norman

• Still Duke of Normandy – (vassal in France)

• What did this do?– set up Eng & Fr for hundreds of years worth of

warfare as the ruling families of each kingdom battled for control of both countries

The French nobility selected Philip of Valois,

Y He was chosen in preference to King Edward III of England, whose mother was the daughter of the late king, Philip IV.

In 1340, Edward claimed the title “King of France.”

1. Controversy Over Succession1. Controversy Over Succession

Fr. Land Belonging to Eng. Kings

Fr. Land Belonging to Eng. Kings

lands w/in Fr. belonged to English kings.

War: a series of short raids w/few major battles, marked off by truces or ineffective treaties.Fr. eventually won

The Longbow as a Weapon

Y Arrows had more penetrating power.J Could pierce inch of wood or the

armor of a knight at 200 yards!

Y Longbow could be fired more rapidly.

J 6 arrows per minute.

The Effects of the War

The Effects of the WarThe Effects of the War

Joan of Arc – Nationalism

Reported regular visions of divine revelation.Y Her “voices” told her to go to the

king and assist him in driving out the English.

She dressed like a man and was Charles’ most charismatic and feared military leader!

She brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence.

Objectives

Students will be able to explain how the Democratic form of government was implemented and adopted into Western Europe.

Students will be able to analyze the importance of a democratic government.

Beginnings of Democracy

     “It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all

the others that have been tried.”  - Winston Churchill

England & France Develop a Democracy

Beginnings of Democracy England and France were just beginning to establish a democratic tradition. To build a democracy, the following steps needed to happen:

1. setting up a centralized government that would be able to govern widespread lands.

2. The creation of common law and court systems was a first step toward increased central government power.

3. Including commoners in the decision-making process of government was also an important step in the direction of democratic rule.

Rule of William the Conqueror

all of England to be his personal property

gave fiefs to 200 lords who swore loyalty

Result: This made England the most centralized feudal kingdom in Europe

power held by one central authority

Rule of Henry II

Est. a court syst. w/traveling judges Job of judges

collect taxes settle lawsuits punish crimes

Result: Judges eventually developed a body of

laws called COMMON LAW laws that apply to everyone

John & the Magna Carta

Not popular Lost land Cruel High taxes

Nobles revolted Signed the Magna Carta

Guaranteed rights No taxes w/o representation Jury trial

Edward I

Needed taxes Called people from each city Became PARLIAMENT

Legislative body

Over the next century Called them when in need of taxes House of Commons

End Result: England

England united Quickly

Why? England was Centralized

Capetian Dynasty in Fr

How it started 1st Capetian kings were

weak

Started out as feudal lords, but slowly spread their power out from France Through trade

End Result: France Will be united,

eventually Much slower process

The power of the king gradually increased

The growth of this royal power would eventually united France

The End of the Middle Ages

Objectives:

Students will be able to explain how the Middle Ages came to an end and the importance of the Middle Ages.

Students will be able to compare and contrast the early Middle Ages from the Late Middle Ages.

The Great Schism – When & How

French King Philip IV (of France) fought with the pope

1305 – College of Cardinals chose French pope Move from Rome to Avignon How many popes?

Each declared each other false Excommunicated

Three Popes???

In 1409 the church council elected a new pope that could unite the sides but neither pope was willing to give up his power. Thus, three popes were vying for authority over the

church.

The Great Schism – Resolved/Effect

1417 – Council of Constance was successful elected a new pope to replace the 3 popes the schism was healed election of a single pope

Pope Martin V

Weakened the Church?? "The papal office suffered the most; the

pope's authority diminished as pious Christians became bewildered and disgusted."

The Two Johns: Wycliffe and Hus

How did these men challenge the church? Jesus was the head of the church Authority of the Bible was higher

than the pope

How did the church respond? Called them heretics Burned at the stake

Objectives

• Students will be able to evaluate and calculate the importance of the Black Plague on Europe and history.

The Black Death

Key questions

3 questions that will be asked during the course of the lesson;

1. What is the “Black Death”?

2. What caused the Black Death?

3. What were the consequences?

The plague arrives

The Plague arrived in England in 1348. spread quickly through the south west. Few villages escaped. Churchyards were full with bodies.

By 1350, nearly the whole of Britain was infected with the plague.

At the end of 1350 nearly two and a half million people were dead!

Where did the Black Death come from?

What were the symptoms of the plague?

What caused the plague?

The question that you are probably thinking is this;

Q: Who or what caused the Black Death?

A: This is your answer!

The Oriental Rat Flea!

The fleas sucked the rat’s blood which contained the plague germs.When the rat died the fleas jumped on to humans, passed on the deadly disease.

Cures?

• Medieval people didn’t know about germs causing disease. Didn’t understand the plague was spread by rats & fleas. – Thought that people’s bodies were poisoned.

• If the swellings burst and the poison came out people sometimes survived. – It seemed sensible to draw out the poison.

• Discuss the cures in groups.