The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results A.T. Vermeulen*, G. Pieterse, A. Manning, M. Schmidt, L. Haszpra, E. Popa, R. Thompson, J. Moncrieff,

The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results

A.T. Vermeulen*, G. Pieterse, A. Manning, M. Schmidt, L. Haszpra, E. Popa, R. Thompson, J. Moncrieff, A. Lindroth, P. Stefani, J. Morguí, E. Moors, R. Neubert, M.

Gloor

CarboEurope-IP: Open Science Conference on the GHG Cycle in the Northern

Hemisphere, Crete, Nov 2006 The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results

2

CHIOTTO: an achievement of 9 partners

2.4 M€ EU; 4 M€ total

Objectives: 8 Tall towers in Europe: 4 new; 4 updated Continuous measurements of most important greenhouse

gases: pre-operational network Precision and accuracy demands according to WMO targets Continuous measurements, often vertical gradients Common instrumentation Common sampling and calibration procedures Common database Common calibration scale Intercomparison scheme Near real-time data transmission 5 of 8 towers perform regular flask sampling Concentration scales linked to NOAA CMDL/GAW network

Project runs from November 2002-May 2006

9 partners: 4 Universities; 5 Institutes

http://www.chiotto.org



3

Europe according to CHIOTTO

CHIOTTO footprint for 2005 (min.m2.kg-1) for the 8+1 stations (COMET transport model)



4

CHIOTTO: 8 Tall towers in Europe

Height Position Concentration measurement (levels) Flux meas Name (m) Lon Lat CO2 CH4 N2O SF6 CO 222Rn Flasks CO2 CH4 Operator Cabauw NL 200 04°56’ 51°58’ 4 4 4 4 4 1 2 ECN Griffin UK 232 -2°59' 56°33’ 1 1 1 1 1 UEDIN Hegyhatsal H 117 16o39’ 46o57' 4 1 1 1 1 2 ELTE Orleans F 203 2°07’ 46°58’ 3 3 3 3 3 1 LSCE Norunda S 102 17°28’ 60°05’ 4 2 2 2 LUPG Florence I 245 11°16’ 43°49’ 1 1 1 1 1 UNITUS Ochsenkopf D 163 11°49’ 50°03’ 3 3 3 3 MPIBGC Bialystok PL 300 22°45’ 52°15’ 5 5 5 5 5 MPIBGC



5

Measurement setup example (BIK)

Air inlet system

Calibration gases

Gas purging system

Air drying system

Pressure control system

CO2 and O2 analysers

Gas Chromatograph

(CO, CH4, SF6, N2O)



6

QA: High precision standards production at MPI-BGC

•Common calibration gases produced by MPI-Jena: 4 Common calibration gases produced by MPI-Jena: 4 standards per towerstandards per tower

•Calibration cylinders linked to NOAA CMDL scaleCalibration cylinders linked to NOAA CMDL scale

•NOAA CMDL standards are recommendedNOAA CMDL standards are recommended

•Daily calibration is minimumDaily calibration is minimum

•Two target gases detecting/correcting sensor driftTwo target gases detecting/correcting sensor drift

•Zero tank for Licor instrumentsZero tank for Licor instruments

•Archive standards are foreseen, MPI-JenaArchive standards are foreseen, MPI-Jena

•Regular recalibration of working standardsRegular recalibration of working standards

•Round robin intercomparison by Traveling Cylinders Round robin intercomparison by Traveling Cylinders every 6 monthsevery 6 months

•CarboEurope-IP intercomparison: COCarboEurope-IP intercomparison: CO22 and CO and CO



7

Cabauw – CBW – The Netherlands (ECN)

ÊÚ

TestUrbanUrban sprawlIndustrialRoad/Rail(Air)portsMineral extractionConstruction siteRecreationArableFruit treesPasturesCropsForestNatural grasslandMoors, heathlandDunes, sand, beachMarshesWaterSeaNo Data

ÊÚ Theme1.shp

30 0 30 60 Kilometers

S

N

EW

Gas Method Operational Precision

CO2 LICOR 7000 Nov-04 0.05 ppm

Flask sampler CIO Nov-04

222Rn ANSTO Nov-05 50 mBq.m-3

CH4 GC-FID

Nov-04

2 ppb

CO GC-FID 1 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 0.4 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.2 ppt

Height: 200m AGL

Base: -2m ASL

Lon: 04°56’

Lat: 51°58’

Levels: 20m, 60m, 120m, 200m

LU: Grassland, crops



8

CBW CO2 trend 2000-2006

CHIOTTO2003 anomaly



9

222Radon vertical gradient Cabauw

Two Rn monitors from ANSTO (20 and 200 meter sample height)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

02-jun-06 04-jun-06 06-jun-06 08-jun-06 10-jun-06 12-jun-06

RnHI RnLO



10

OXK – Ochsenkopf – Germany (MPI-BGC)


CO2 LICOR 6252 Jan-06 0.05 ppm

O2 Oxzilla FC2 Jan-06 6 per meg

CH4 GC-FID

Apr-06

0.4 ppb

CO GC-FID 2 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 0.3 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.2 ppt

Height: 163m AGL

Base: 1022m ASL

Lon: 11°49’’

Lat: 50°03’

Levels: 20m, 60m, 120m, 200m

LU: Conf. forest



11

First results: OXK

Poster: Thompson RT41



12

BIK – Bialystok – Poland (MPI-BGC)


CO2 LICOR 6252 Sep-05 0.04 ppm

O2 Oxzilla FC2 Sep-05 8 per meg

CH4 GC-FID

Sep-05

0.7 ppb

CO GC-FID 0.6 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 0.3 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.03 ppt

Height: 300m AGL

Base: 160m ASL

Lon: 22°45’

Lat: 52°15’

Levels: 5m, 30m, 90m, 180m, 300m

LU: Forest



13

First results: BIK

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 36 39365

370

375

380

385

390

395

400

405

C O2 ho urly averages

CO2 300m A

CO 2 180m A

CO 2 90m A

CO2 30m A

CO2 5m B

CO

2 co

nc

(pp

m)

Time of day (hours)

BIK JASO-’05

CO2,O2/N2,APO ASOND-’05

Poster: Popa RT39



14

TTA – Angus – United Kingdom (UEDIN)


CO2 LICOR 6252 Aug-05 0.04 ppm

222Rn ANSTO Sep-03 50 mBq.m-3

CH4 GC-FID

Aug-05

0.7 ppb

CO GC-FID 0.6 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 0.3 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.03 ppt

Height: 230m AGL

Base: 313m ASL

Lon: 2°59‘ W

Lat: 56°33’

Levels: 230m

LU: Moor, heather, forest



15

First results: Angus

CH4 TTA 2006

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

02

-de

c-05

02

-jan

-06

02

-feb

-06

05

-mrt-0

6

05

-ap

r-06

06

-me

i-06

06

-jun

-06

07

-jul-0

6

07

-au

g-0

6

07

-sep

-06

08

-okt-0

6

08

-no

v-06

09

-de

c-06

Date/time

CH

4 [

pp

b]



16

FIR – Florence – Italy (UNITUS)


CO2 LICOR 6252 Aug-05 0.7 ppm

CH4 GC-FID

Aug-05

7 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 2 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.4 ppt

Height: 200m AGL

Base: 245m ASL

Lon: 11°16’

Lat: 43°49’

Levels: 200m

LU: Crops, Forest, City



17

NOR - Norunda – Sweden (ULUND)


CO2 LICOR 6252 2005 0.04 ppm

CH4 TDL TGA-100 Aug-03 7-50 ppb

CH4 GC-FID

2006CO GC-FID

N2O GC-ECD

SF6 GC-ECD

Height: 102 AGL

Base: 45m ASL

Lon: 17°28’

Lat: 60°05’

Levels: 35m, 100m

LU: moors, forest

Addtional GC: national funds



18

Norunda results

CO

2con

cent

ratio

n (p

pm)

350

360

370

380

390

400

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

35 m flux

105 m flux



19

HUN – Hegyhatsal – Hungary (ELTE)

Hegyhátsál

19°E18°E17°E

48°N

47°N

46°N


CO2 LICOR 6252 1994 0.2 ppm

CH4 GC-FID

Jan-06CO GC-FID

N2O GC-ECD

SF6 GC-ECD

Height: 248m AGL

Base: 117m ASL

Lon: 16o39’

Lat: 46o57'’

Levels: 10m, 48m, 82m, 115m

LU: crops, grass, forest



20

K-Puszta (till 1993) -> Hegyhatsal

320

340

360

380

400

420

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

pp

mKPU monthly averages

KPU smoothed

KPU trend

HHS monthly averages

HHS smoothed

HHS trend



21

LMU – la Muela – Spain (UNIBARC)


CO2 LICOR 7000 May-06 0.05 ppm

Height:Height: 100 m 100 m Base:Base: 1000 m ASL1000 m ASLLat:Lat: 41º 35.7 N41º 35.7 NLon:Lon: 01º 05.9 W01º 05.9 WLevels:Levels: 41m, 57m, 91m AGL41m, 57m, 91m AGL

Funding by regional governmentFunding by regional government



22

First results: La Muela



23

ORL – Orleans – France (LSCE)

Height 1:180 m

Height 2:100 m

Height 3:50 m


CO2 Caribou Sep-06 0.02 ppm

222Rn ANSTO Sep-06 50 mBq.m-3

CH4 GC-FID

Sep-06

0.8 ppb

CO GC-FID 2 ppb

N2O GC-ECD 0.3 ppb

SF6 GC-ECD 0.1 ppt

Height: 200 AGL

Base: 131m ASL

Lon: 02° 06’ 45” E

Lat: 47° 57’ 54” N

Levels: 50m, 100m, 180m AGL



24

Intercomparison results

CO2

-1.20

-1.00

-0.80

-0.60

-0.40

-0.20

0.00

0.20

0.40

340.00 350.00 360.00 370.00 380.00 390.00 400.00

[ppm]

TT

- M

PI

[pp

m]

CBW

BIK

ORL

ELU

FIR

CH4

-4.0

-2.0

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

1650 1750 1850 1950 2050 2150 2250

[ppb]

TT

- M

PI

[pp

b]

TTACBWBIKORLHUNBIK-2OXKOXK-2

SF6

-0.15

-0.10

-0.05

0.00

0.05

0.10

0.15

6.00 6.20 6.40 6.60 6.80 7.00 7.20 7.40

[ppt]

TT

- M

PI

[pp

t]

TTA

CBW

BIK

ORL

HUN

BIK-2

OXK

OXK-2

N2O

-2.50

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

305.00 310.00 315.00 320.00 325.00 330.00

[ppb]

TT

- M

PI

[pp

b]

TTA

CBW

BIK

ORL

HUN

BIK-2

OXK

OXK-2



25

Flux tower integration and footprint modelingComparison CO2 flux Haastrecht and Cabauw, summer 2003, doy 205-255

Vertical bars indicate day-to-day variation

Time of day

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

CO

2 fl

ux

(m

ol m

-2 s

-1)

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

Haastrecht 4mCabauw 5mCabauw 100m

urban areas

water

wetlands

permanent crops

rainfed arable land

grassland

mixed forest

deciduous forest

coniferous forest

Unstable 180 meters

0 104 2x104 3x104 4x104 5x104

0

104

2x104

3x104

4x104

5x104

0

330

300

270

240

210

180

150

120

90

60

30



26

Tall Tower data: models in progress

Transcom continuous experiment

Independent model runs

Years 2002+2003

2 year spinup

Flux fields:• annual CDIAC fossil fuel 1998• hourly SIB or CASA• monthly ocean (Takahashi (2002))• 280 stations

Only tall towers in Europe this period:•Cabauw – NL•Hegyhatsal – HU

Cabauw 20m

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

REMO COMET TM5 LMDZth TM3vfg LMDZ AM2

R2

0.0

20.040.0

60.0

80.0

100.0120.0

140.0

160.0180.0

200.0

RM

SE

(p

pm

), S

D (

%)

R2

RMSE

SD (%)

Hegyhatsal 10m

0.00

0.10

0.20

0.30

0.40

0.50

0.60

0.70

0.80

REMO COMET TM5 LMDZth TM3vfg LMDZ AM2

R2

0.0

20.0

40.060.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0160.0

180.0

200.0

RM

SE

(p

pm

), S

D (

%)

R2

RMSE

SD (%)



27

Transcom continued: 2002 concentrations CBW+HUN

HUN 10m TM5

CBW 20m TM5

HUN 20m COMET



28

Final workshop: Amsterdam, april 2006

- The atmosphere carries coherent structures of concentration patterns with information of the sources, but models have difficulties in reproducing- High resolution models start to pick up with encouraging results, still more data is needed (TM5, Sib-RAMS, Stilt, LMDZ, NAME, Comet)- Tall tower data will be useful, but models will have to develop further first: transport error & PBL height

- Europe goes up front with a working high quality network of tall towers measuring CO2 and non-CO2 gases, embedded in CE-IP

Best remark of the workshop (Johan Cruijff reward):

“The atmospheric data are not sufficiently dense to constrain fluxes without them” (Scott Denning)



29

-All new instrumentation and sampling lines are built, tested and operational-8 of 8 towers are now fully equipped with instrumentation and measuring-Existing towers continued ‘old’ setup until replacement-Most new towers became operational Summer 2005-First intercomparison started December 2005-Extensive integration flux experiments and modelling around Cabauw and Hegyhatsal -Integrated within CarboEurope-IP, Atmospheric Component-Successful final workshop

Achievements



30

Conclusions and outlook

-CHIOTTO Tower data will provide a wealth of information on GHG sources and sinks-Tall towers allow to overcome some observational problems:

- Less sensitive to very near-field (less bias), more representative on model-scale

- Better estimate of Boundary Layer average concentration: full transport flux

- Continuous data- Multi-component

-Current models have improved so we can start exploring the surface observations-Models still need improvement esp. transport+BLH, resolution 0.5o might be enough for GHG-Inverse modelling: NEU C6-Support needed for non-CO2 obs! (ICOS,TTORCH,…?)



31

Acknowledgements

Transcom continuous experiments participants

EU FP5

National funding agencies:

VROM

Senter/NOVEM

…

Advisory board:

Ingeborg Levin (UHEI)

Han Dolman (VU)

Peter Bakwin

Manuel Gloor (ULEEDS)

Wlodek Zahorowski (ANSTO)



32

Room for improvement

•COMET model, 0.5o windfields, Flextra trajectories

•CH4 fluxes from METDAT (Berdowski et al, 1998)

•3-hourly at 10’ resolution•R2=0.84 during summer, bias=0 ppb, RMSE=115 (6%)•Full year: R2=0.72

Vermeulen et al, ACPD, 2006

Documents

The CHIOTTO tall tower network: setup and first results A.T. Vermeulen*, G. Pieterse, A. Manning, M. Schmidt, L. Haszpra, E. Popa, R. Thompson, J. Moncrieff,