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8/13/2019 The Che of the Motorcycle Diaires_Kerouacian Rebel or Marxist Revolutionary?
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Dbut: the Undergraduate Journal of Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies 3.1 (2012)
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The Che of The Motorcycle Diaries: Kerouacian rebel or Marxist revolutionary?
Ian David Martin
University College London, UK
Ian is a child of three cultures, having been born in the USA but raised in Spain and the UK.
Now studying Christian Apologetics at Oxford University, areas which particularly fascinate
him are the history of race relations, inter-cultural dialogue, and the merging of Christian faith
with wider life. His interests include music production, hip-hop culture, film, writing, reading
and spending quality time with his wife Celina.
Abstract
The image of Ernesto Che Guevara has been largely transformed in recent years from that
of a violent Marxist revolutionary to a pop icon devoid of true political relevance. Walter
Salles The Motorcycle Diaries (2004) has been seen as following in this trend, with the films
producer, Paul Webster, claiming that it depicts a Che more akin to Jack Kerouac [] than
Marx or Lenin. This article explores the film in light of Websters claim, analysing the
implications of and possible motivations behind its depiction of the Che character. Although it
is true that the film draws many parallels between Guevara and Kerouac, both through the
conventions of the road movie and the significance of their journeys, the two are ultimately
distinguished by their response to their discoveries. Salles Che is undoubtedly romanticised,
but unlike Kerouac, he is radicalised by his experience of Latin America and determined to
effect revolutionary change.
Article
The image of Ernesto Che Guevara de la Serna was forever emblazoned on the public
consciousness in Alberto Kordas 1960 photograph Guerrillero Heroico.1 This instantly
recognisable portrait, which is claimed to be the most reproduced in the history of
photography (Ziff 2006, p. 10), has for many seemed to encapsulate the very spirit of anti-
imperialist struggle; the low angle and pained, yet strong look of the subject serving to make
Guevara an enigmatic symbol of defiance. Kordas refusal to seek royalties, in keeping with
the ideals of the revolution, has also been highlighted as an important reason for the images
quick spread and popularity.
1 See for image and its history, (accessed 5/3/2012).
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It can be argued, however, that through
constant reuse and recycling in everything
from Pop Art to clothing, Ches image has
ceased to represent the militant
revolutionary ideology he espoused, and
instead, to younger generations in the West,
become but a mild symbol of teenage
rebellion. It is common now, for instance, to
find the Guerrillero Heroico included
amongst posters of popular celebrity icons,
thereby equating the revolutionary to such teen idols as James Dean and Kurt Cobain.2
Ironically, this represents Ches acceptance into the very capitalist consumer culture which
he hated and sought to overturn. Korda himself has decried such misappropriation of Chesimage, suing vodka company Smirnoff in 2000, for their use of his photograph in an
advertising campaign (BBC News, 2000). This apparent globalisation and capitalistic use of
Guevaras image can be seen as the result of romanticisation that has effectively emptied it
of its originally menacing ideological content.
Following in this trend, Walter Salles highly successful film Los diarios de motocicleta [The
Motorcycle Diaries] (2004) has been criticised for largely omitting explicitly ideological
content and focusing heavily on Guevaras positive aspects. In light of this, the films
producer, Paul Webster (former head of FilmFour), has claimed that the Che of the film is
more akin to Jack Kerouac [] than Marx or Lenin. This is to say that the character has
been somewhat tamed in the film, making him resemble the rebelliously cool, but relatively
innocuous hero of the Beat movement instead of a budding militant revolutionary. Upon a
cursory viewing this conclusion seems to be justified and many parallels can indeed be
drawn between the two. But through a closer evaluation of the film, this article argues that
such an interpretation may not be wholly accurate and fails to take into account all the films
implications. Universalisation, an attempt to make the character appealing to a wide-reaching
audience, was part of the expressed intention of the director, but although Salles Che does
mirror Kerouac in many respects, there are clear elements which hint at his revolutionary
future and ultimately set the two apart. The Che of Los diarios might begin as a type of
Kerouacian rebel, but far from merely adopting the individualised, apolitical trappings of the
Beat generation, he becomes radicalised and ready for action as a result of his journey.
On one level, Paul Webster is accurate in claiming that Salles Che is more akin to Kerouac
than Marx or Lenin. This non-politicised depiction of Guevara was the intent of the director,
who claims, We tried to see those characters as who they were in that specific time and
space, and not as who they would be much later in their lives ( Los diarios, DVD Extras).
2 An example of this fact can be drawn from websites such as www.allposters.co.uk, which offers over sixty different prints of Che Guevara alongside movie stars and
celebrities.
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There is therefore a deliberate distancing from the introduction of any direct political ideology
in the film, opting instead for un discurso inclusivo que se centra ms en el rescate de
valores ms bien universales [an inclusive discourse which centres on the redemption of
values which are more or less universal] (Daz, 2005). The film instead intends to depict the
character on his personal journey of self-discovery, which after awakening him to the
injustice of the world, will lead him towards a revolutionary Marxist ideology. Los diarios is
thus afforded the luxury of not delving into contentious politics by the fact that it traces
Ernestos journey prior to his adopting any official political affiliation. This reasoning might be
supported by the assertion of some scholars that Guevara, although having read Marxist
works, did not explicitly align himself with Communist revolutionaries until after this road trip
when he met with Fidel Castro in July 1955 (Piglia, 2008). If this is true, the film can be
interpreted as trying to realistically portray a specific moment in the intellectual development
of the young Guevara, before he consolidated his thoughts and focused on what he felt was
a concrete solution to the social problems he saw on his journey. The viewer therefore
witnesses only the awakening of a political consciousness and not its final revolutionary
expression. As Clover puts it, the film is Che before Che, before politics (2009, p. 7).
Guevara can therefore be seen to mirror Kerouac at this point in his life since both embark
upon journeys of adventure and discovery that show them the true condition of their
continents, yet thus far free from strong political attachments.
It is also to be expected that the film should reflect Kerouac, as his 1957 novel On the Road
is considered by scholars such as Laderman to be the formative literary sourcefor the road
movie genre (1996, p. 42). This is not hard to imagine, keeping in mind Kerouacsadventurous, unrelenting narrative as one watches the scores of road movies that have been
produced since the novel was published. Since Los diarios displays many common elements
of the road movie genre it therefore necessarily draws many parallels to On the Road.
The use of road movie topoi in Los diarios can be seen in various instances. Firstly, the
outlook of the road movie is based on the conception of travel as a route of escape from the
monotonous routine of daily life, breaking free from the confines of the city and traditional
family values into the idyllic, unspoiled countryside (Laderman, 1996). This is seen clearly as
Kerouacs openly autobiographical protagonist, whose name was later changed to Sal
Paradise, begins journeying across the United States, his Western trajectory intimately
wrapped up in questions of identity, freedom and future: I was halfway across America, at
the dividing line between the East of my youth and West of my future ( p.120). That this
freedom is inextricably linked to the land itself is also made clear as he peers across the
great raw bulge and bulk of my American continent (p.181). A similar view of travel is
expressed in the film as Ernesto and Alberto embark upon their journey with the goal of
broadening their horizons and discovering the true Latin America which their city upbringing
has denied them. Guevaras statement of intent, to explorar el continente latinoamericano
que solo conocemos por los libros [to explore the Latin American continent that we only
know from books] (Los diarios) is therefore in keeping with the genre and also with Kerouac.
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Secondly, the road movie also conceives of the journey as a quest for the essence of being,
a transforming process in which the traveller discovers the nations, as well as his own,
identity. An important way in which this transformation comes about is many times by contact
with native peoples, who are considered repositories of authenticity (Laderman, 1996, p.
43) and reflections of what Kerouac called the essential American (Campbell, 2001, p.
454). In contrast to the evils and complexities of modernity in the city, these native
communities are bastions of a simpler, pastoral ideal of life that harkens back to the nations
roots. On the Road displays this kind of vision in Sals episode of living and working with
Mexican cotton-pickers in California, whom he calls the great Fellaheen peoples (p. 199).
Contrasting working in the shadow of snowcapped Sierras in the blue morning air with
washing dishes on South Main street, Sal declares, It was beautiful I thought Id found
my lifes work (p. 197). Its almost as if Sal, who had come from the sad streets of New York,
finds the unconscious goal of his journey in the simplicity and purity of this environment. At
least for a moment, he feels as if he has found himself among the Mexican peasant workers.
Similarly, this aspect is made clear in Los diarios as the protagonists are radically changed
by their contact with indigenous peoples, who are portrayed as retaining the unique Latin
American essence. For example, Alberto and Ernesto are awakened to the loss of native
identity in the contrast between Machu Picchu and the modern city. By this, the film posits
that to reestablish native cultures is to return to the mystical essence of the continent. It is by
interacting with these native peoples and seeing their plight that Guevara is radicalised,
finding both the lost identity of his people and his own purpose for living.
Thirdly, Los diarios perpetuates the road movies typical glorification of modern transport,
whether car or motorcycle, as the figurative vehicle of transformation, which merges man
and machine into a single organism (Laderman, 1996, p. 42). This exaltation is apparent in
the film in the special bond established between the travellers and their motorcycle La
poderosa. Their affinity is stressed in the story to the point that Robert Redford, the films
executive producer, comments that Los diariosis really about three characters (Los diarios,
DVD Extras). Here the viewer can see echoes of On the Road, when Kerouac paints Neal
Cassady as being made complete by the car: Neal was happy again. All he needed was a
wheel in his hand and four on the road (p. 308). Apart from this, the film also employs many
visual techniques common to the genre, such as the contrasting of the travellers against the
expansive landscapes of the continent to achieve an awe inspiring effect in the face of
nature. Similarly, the use of montage sequences involving roadsigns and shots of the fast
moving scenery are used to give a sense of the thrill of travel. The above examples may be
taken to show that echoes of Kerouac are to be expected as the film perpetuates many of the
conventions of the genre that On the Road helped to define.
However, such incidental echoes of Kerouac due to genre commonalities say nothing of the
films apparent depoliticisation of the Che character. Even if these parallels are granted, it
must be asked why his more radical aspects are left out. From a more critical viewpoint it
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could be claimed that the concern for public appeal was the motive for the omission of
revolutionary content from the film. In this light, by coupling a dilution of his violent rhetoric
with an exclusive focus on his universal, human qualities, the film exemplifies the
commodification of Ches image. This, in effect, would represent a relativisation of his ideals,
removing any content which might offend the viewer in order to ensure a wider appeal.
Redford himself hints at this universal appeal when he claims that the film focuses on the
adventures of youth and the very real portrait of the human side of Ernesto Guevara ( Los
diarios, DVD Extras).
Writing for The Guardian, Sean OHagan denounced this dilution as adolescent
revolutionary romanticism, adding that Salles Che is a rose-tintedsun-kissed loveable
rogue on a road trip to political epiphany (2004). Indeed, both the script and the portrayal of
the character by Gael Garca Bernal offer an overwhelmingly positive vision of the man who
would become Che. He is presented as innocent in his dealings with the opposite sex;
honest in his inability to lie to the man with a tumour; faithful as he holds fast to his promise
not to spend Chinitas money (until coming across a higher cause); compassionate in his
solidarity with the lepers; and visionary in his dream for the unification of Latin America. One
could make the case that this is a deliberate reshaping of Che along the lines of Sal
Paradise, who displays many of the same qualities. Take for example Sals innocence as he
tries to prove to the nurse that sex is beautiful and relates to her his excitement about life
and the things [they] could do together (p.159); his honesty in refusing to back up Henri
Crus false story with the racetrack owner; his compassion as he prays to God for a better
chance to do something for the little people [he] loved (p.197); and his moments of solidaritywith the oppressed, such as his claim, They thought I was Mexican, of course; and I am
(p.198).
These examples show a close resemblance between the two characters in their positive
points, yet where On the Road offers a nuanced and often morally ambiguous Sal who is
aware of his inconsistencies, Los diarios presents a Che who is practically above reproach.
Many scholars suggest that this is a highly romanticised portrayal of Guevara that, even at
this point in his life, leaves out other less savoury aspects of his character which are found in
the original diaries. Duno-Gottberg, for instance, highlights Ches racist attitudes in his
encounter with a group of Afro-Venezuelans on the trip, where he describes el negro [the
black man] as indolente y soador [indolent and fanciful], spending sus pesitos en
cualquier frivolidad [his pennies on any kindof frivolity] (2005, p. 4). Similarly, as OHagan
reports, by the end of the real diaries of the journey, Guevara admits that he savoured the
acrid smell of gunpowder and blood, of the enemy's death (2004)! This kind of hatred is
nowhere presented in Salles Che and the convenient omission of such attitudes results in an
imbalanced, idyllic characterisation of the protagonist. This could be seen as a real
divergence between the films Che and Kerouacs Sal, as the latter, although betraying
similar attitudes, such as his threatening of San Francisco queers with his gun, recognises
and admits his prejudices: Ive never understood why I did that, I knew queers all over the
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country (p.176). But in Los diarios, both Ches incendiary political views and his less
attractive personal traits are left out, presenting a vision of the character which fits with the
trend of his romanticisation.
On the other hand, in considering the socio-historical context in which the film was made,
this universalisation might be seen as a reflection of the emerging importance of international
cinematic co-productions. As Alvaray demonstrates, since the 1990s, with the decline of
governmental funding for domestic Latin American cinema, it has become increasingly
necessary for filmmakers to turn to foreign partnerships and investment (2008). Such co-
productions secure the finances to produce the film, but also place demands on directors to
appeal to a global audience, and at times to alter scripts to include foreign actors, such as
the inclusion (due to Spanish investment) of Aitana Snchez Gijn in the Mexican film Sin
dejar huella (2000). Such practical realities lead Alvaray to conclude that co-produced films
are, undoubtedly, conditioned and thereby have the potential to seriously restrict the
directors artistic freedom (2008, p.56). It might therefore be possible that Salles decision to
focus only on the positive aspects of the character was influenced by the demands of his
various international co-producers. Thus, in presenting only the characters positive qualities,
and universalising his ideology, the film prevents the alienation of middle-class viewers within
international, capitalistic markets, for whom explicitly Marxist content may be offensive.
From a different perspective, a further criticism which might lend itself to a negative
interpretation of the film is that although Salles does touch on the social issues facing the
continent, including poverty and foreign exploitation, it can be claimed that Los diarios
oversimplifies the situation and adopts a decidedly bourgeois perspective. A distinctivefeature of the film, for instance, is the inclusion of numerous black and white stills of
indigenous peoples encountered through the course of the journey. These are powerful,
emotive shots which convey a deep sense of desperation and hopelessness, whilst
attempting to communicate the dignity of the subjects. Although these shots do not commit
Kerouacs error of creating a fantasy of thepastoral ideal, as the description of his stint as a
cotton-picker does, it must be emphasised that these are silent stills. The narrative voice
throughout the film is always that of Guevara, the middle-class tourist in his own land, and in
the same way as Kerouac, indigenous characters are stereotyped as repositories of
authenticity (Laderman, 1996, p.43). In accordance with Spivaks theory of the subaltern,
put forward in Can the Subaltern Speak? (1988), the viewer never truly hears the voice of the
oppressed, only his voice mediated through the bourgeois narrator. Although Guevara does
draw personally close to the Native Americans, they remain silent and detached, similar to
Kerouacs description of Indian chiefs wandering around in big headdressesreally solemn
(136). One possible reading of this aspect of the film is that it implies that only the educated,
Caucasian man can rescue the people of Latin America, since the voiceless indigenas have
no power or awareness of their own.
From this perspective, social revolution in Los diarios is not a grass-roots movement; it is
instigated and carried out on behalf of the masses by men of the same class as the
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oppressors. It is interesting to note in support of this that it is the rich, bourgeois Dr. Pesce
who furnishes Guevara with the revolutionary writings of Maritegui. Although the fact that
the migrant, mine-working couple are Communists might suggest that the revolution has a
foundation in the masses, it is the overall implication of the film that the indigenas are in
need of a white saviour to liberate them from oppression. Indeed, Ernestos heroic and highly
symbolic swim across the river to the leper colony is the historically dubious episode which
solidifies his status as saviour in the film. The crossing of the water is a metaphor for Ches
bridging the gap of inequality between the rich and the poor, thus making the asthmatic youth
a figure of Christ. De Ferrari concurs with this interpretation, highlighting not only the
dramatic river crossing but also that Bernals portrayal abounds in solemnidad [solemnity],
and is demasiado mesinico [overly messianic] in its lack of beligerancia, arrogancia (y)
omnipotencia [belligerence, arrogance and omnipotence] (2005, p.151). Since the film
suggests that the plight of Latin American society is due entirely to foreign exploitation, such
as the example of the Anaconda Mining Company, the implication is that the white man is
both the oppressor and the liberator. Los diarios may therefore be seen as adopting an
oversimplified, deeply paternalistic view of the problems of Latin America, which attributes no
autonomy or power to indigenous groups.
As has been shown above, it is possible from different perspectives both to justify the lack of
explicit politics in the film and to denounce the politics it does contain as imbalanced and
paternalistic. Many critics have taken a similar line with regards to Kerouac , as on one hand
he appears to be largely apolitical and individualistic, but on the other hand when dealing
with important contemporary political issues such as civil rights seems to be hopelesslyconservative, strangely naive, and senselessly self-destructive (Holton, 1999, p.14). Yet
whether the viewer of Los diarios decides to be won over by the mythical revolutionary, or
decry the inconsistencies of his depiction, there is one important aspect of Salles Che which
defies the assertion that he is akin to Kerouac: the Che of Los diarios does not shrink back
into Kerouacs apoliticalpassivity (Gelfant, 1974, p.417), but is radicalised and charged
for revolution by his experiences. It is in this aspect of the film that Che retains a measure of
his political significance. Although his portrayal might be seen as highly romanticised and
one sided, Ches fundamental ideals still represent a radical departure from those of his
North American Beat counterpart. Kerouacs Sal displays moments of solidarity with the
oppressed, which seem to offer glimpses of the way life should be and point to a desire in
him to help the downtrodden. But very quickly after such interludes he admits, I could feel
the pull of my own life calling me back (p.199). There is a brief moment of political
discontent and yearning for change, but soon the Fellaheen are forgotten and Sal is drawn
back into the individualistic call of the road.
In this sense, Kerouac can almost be seen as Guevaras antithesis. His apathy in the face of
political problems, which led him to the conviction that the causes of suffering were beyond
help but that everything would be all right, represents a kind of resignation to injustice that
Che would have despised (Gelfant, 1974, p.417). There is also a vehement anti-
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Americanism in Guevaras original diaries which is hinted at in the film by Ernestos
launching a rock at the metonymic mining company. Kerouac, on the other hand,ultimately
reaffirms American ideals in his declaration that America is as free as the wild wind out
there (Gelfant, 1974, p.417). This shows that even though Che and Kerouac both search
after the lost essence of America, their conception of what that America represents is
fundamentally and diametrically opposed. In the end they are both rebels, but their
manifestations of rebellion are completely different: one adopts an individualistic, alternative
lifestyle in his rejection of tradition; the other, radical solidarity with the subaltern and
revolutionary activism against oppression. Sal finds the essence of his America in the
freedom of the road, conquering terrain behind the wheel of a Cadillac; Guevara longs for
more than this and wants to extend freedom, which to him doesnt reside merely in such
capitalistic individualism, to all of hisAmericas peoples. Although it is true that on the
surface the two embark on similar journeys, their final destinations could not be more
different.
Along the same lines, in considering the film as a whole, it can be argued that Los diarios
breaks with road movie conventions in one important way: it does not ultimately glorify the
automobile, modernitys emblematic machine, but celebrates the resilience of the human
spirit. As Laderman explains, the conventional road movie exalts the automobile as a
fundamental expression of individuality, in which, as discussed above, the many lengthy,
poetic descriptions of riding in cars and driving cars suggest even a mystical fusion between
the character and the machine (1996, p.42). While there can be no doubt that Los diarios
does display this fusion between the riders and the motorcycle, there comes a point where
the film transcends this glorification and shifts its focus to a higher ideal. Whereas in EasyRider the death of the motorcycle is also the death of its rider Captain America, in Los
diarios the travellers eventually say goodbye to La poderosa and press forward on foot
(Laderman, 1996: 48). While this is indeed a simple historical fact, Salles uses it as a means
to go beyond the confines of the road movie genre to make a point. The subtle implication of
the film is that where modernity and machine have failed, the solidarity of the people will
carry on. This aspect of the film may be interpreted as expressing a Marxist persuasion
which, although toned down and heavily pacified, ultimately breaks with the road movie
genre, setting the South American traveler apart from the North American.
In conclusion, it has been shown that while Paul Websters description of Walter Salles Che
is accurate in some respects, it is certainly not the only way in which to interpret the film. On
one hand, it can be claimed that the lack of politics in Los diariosis justified as it attempts to
portray Guevara as a young man before he became a revolutionary. In this pre-political state,
he can be said to share much in common with Jack Kerouac, especially in that that they both
embark on journeys imbued with ideological weightings concerning national and individual
identity. One can also argue that Los diarios incidentally reflects Kerouac in its fulfilment of
many of the conventions of the road movie genre, such as its vision of travel as a process of
transformation and as a quest for the essence of a pre-colonial national identity in drawing
near to nature and native peoples. However, from a negative perspective, the films lack of
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politics can be seen as following the trend of the romanticisation of Guevaras image,
emptying it of revolutionary significance and focusing entirely on his positive attributes. While
it is true that the film attempts to portray the man in a period when his political thoughts were
but nascent, the character presented to the audience is undeniably heroic and admirable,
while it can be claimed the real Che had many unappealing attitudes and character traits
which the film ignores. Along with this unrealistic characterisation, the film is seen by some to
present a simplistic and bourgeois view of the problems of Latin America, suggesting that
indigenous people are in need of a white saviour. But the main thesis of this essay is that,
when all is considered, Salles Che radically departs from Kerouacs largely autobiographical
Sal in that he ultimately becomes a man of action. This is where Websters description can
be seen to fall short: whereas Kerouac remained decidedly apolitical and unresponsive to
suffering, Salles Che, however imbalanced and glamorous his portrayal, is transformed by
his journey into an active revolutionary. Even in this movie, Ches protest cannot be said to
be the same as Kerouacs. The two may begin at a similar point of departure, but the
difference in where their journeys finally leave them sets them apart as opposites and
perhaps even enemies.
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