ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 1/38

The The ChArMExChArMEx/ADRIMED project/ADRIMED project

Aerosol direct/semiAerosol direct/semi--direct direct radiativeradiative effect effect and impact on the Mediterranean climateand impact on the Mediterranean climate

LA, LISA, LOA, CNRM, LSCE, LAMP, LATMOS, ENEA, LA, LISA, LOA, CNRM, LSCE, LAMP, LATMOS, ENEA, LPC2E, LPCA, ICTP, Leibniz Inst., Univ. LPC2E, LPCA, ICTP, Leibniz Inst., Univ. CatalunyaCatalunya, Univ. , Univ.

of Granada, Univ. Istanbulof Granada, Univ. Istanbul

7th International workshop on sand/duststorms and associated dustfall

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 2/38

Context (1)

A consensus exists among climate simulations → the Mediterranean region is identified as one of the most prominent “Hot-Spots” in future climate change projections

- Over land, the warming is within the range of 4 to 5°C in summer.

- Over the sea, the warming is within the range of 2 to 3.5°

A substantial future drying in all seasons and areas of the Mediterranean region

-> favorable conditions to increase aerosol load

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 3/38

For the time, most of climate simulations have been conducted using GCM not totallyable (coarse resolution) to represent this complex region

Context (2)

GCM (~200 km) RCM (~25 km )

ADRIMED -> Regional Climate Model (RCM) approach,Increase horizontal resolution (∼ 25-50 km) & long-term simulations

RCM evaluated andimproved using experimental datawill be used to evaluate the aerosol direct forcing and climatic effect

Complex Polluted Aerosol regional structure

Aerosol-radiation

Cooling

Heating

High North-SouthSurface Albedo

variability

RegCM March 2008 (Courtesy P. Nabat)

Aerosol-radiation

(Courtesy D. Paronis)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 4/38

Context (3)

All aerosol types (dust, pollution, smoke) are able to significantly change the Med. radiative budget !

Dust

pollution

smoke

-> Sea-surface dimming associated with atmospheric Forcing for all aerosol types !

Aerosol direct & semi direct effects have to be included in climate simulations

- Necessary important stepbefore investigating possible climatic feedbacks of aerosols on the Med. climate- Radiative focring is directly linked to physical-chemical-optical properties, vertical structure and mixing

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 5/38

-What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties of the main “Mediterranean aerosols”(mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols) ?

-> focus on absorbing properties !

-What is the mixing of aerosols over the basin and the possible impact on absorbing properties ?

- What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW) ?

- What is the associated diabatic heating rate (SW & LW) ?

- Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols affect the ocean-atmos. evaporation fluxes, dynamical processes and the Med. hydrological

cycle for past, present (1990-2010) and future time (2030-2060) ?-> interaction with HyMEx

(1)

(2)

(3)

Direct and semi-direct radiative effects

climatic impacts

ADRIMED will address the following scientific questions :

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 6/38

Secondary sitesSuper sites :

Lampedusa and Cap Corsica

AND

Secondary sites :Baleares Minorca, Granada,

Lecce & Rome

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 7/38

Surface Observations at Ersa & Lampedusa during Special Obs. Period (SOP1 2013)

• Aerosol Physical properties : DMA (fine) and OPC (coarse) number size ditribution

• Aerosol Chemical properties : DKTI, ACSM

• Aerosol Optical properties : 1λλλλ PAX (total extinction & scattering), MAAP, 3λλλλ nephelometer (scat.), 7λλλλ aethalometer (abs.), PSAP (abs.), AERONET/PHOTON (whole-column 4λλλλ

AOD, AODabs., SSA, refractive index)

• Aerosol mixing : HVTDMA, ATOFMS

• Radiative fluxes : pyranometer (SW), pyrgeometers (LW)

• Aerosol vertical profiles : Lidar obs.

4/8

Ersa

Lampedusa (ENEA Group)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 8/38

Aircraft observations onboard the ATR-42 & F-20:- Aerosol physical properties

- Aerosol chemical composition and mixing- Aerosol optical properties

- Upwards and downward SW & LW fluxes- Vertical structure (LNG)

- Aerosol load and aerosol-clouds microphysicalproperties (OSIRIS)

Aircraft observations during Special Obs.

Period (SOP 1)

ATR-42 and F-20 operations

-> ATR-42 : 10 June - 05 July-> F-20 : 17 June - 05 July

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 9/38

List of ATR-42 instruments

Instruments Aerosol Parameters

CAPS 1-λ Extinction (∼ s)CPC Nb. concentration (∼ s)SMPS Fine nb. size distrib. (∼ 90 s)FSSP Nb size distrib.OPC Coarse nb. size distrib. (∼ s)PSAP 3-λ Absorption (∼ 30 s)SP2 BC concentration (30 s)CCN CCN concentration (1-180 s)Filters Chemical analyses (∼ 30 min.)Nephelometer 3-λ Scattering (∼ s.)Aethalometer 7-λ Absorption (1-2 min.)PLASMA 7-λ AOD (∼ s.)

CO, O3 concentrationsT°, RH, wind, SW & LW fluxes

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 10/38

(ATR42 + F20)

(ATR 42 + F20)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 11/38

F29-30F31-32

F38-39

F42 F41

F35-36

Overview of ATR-42 flights during ADRIMED

F33F28

F34

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 12/38

In most of cases : SW & LW radiative fluxes above and below

aerosol layers have been estimated :-> useful to constrain 1D and 3D Rad. Transf.

models

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 13/38

Example 1 – vertical sounding over Corsica(Flight 19-20th # 33-34)

Extinction up to ~ 150 Mm-1 between Sardaigna and Corsica(LaMP group)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 14/38

Example 2 – Flights over Lampedusa (#35,36,38,41-42)

V041: Cagliari� Lampedusa

-> Comparisons of ATR & F20 profiles with surface lidar observations-> 1D Optical closure-> 1D radiative transfer modeling for different aerosol layers (SW&LW)See C. Denjean presentation

(Courtesy LISA)

ATR Vertical Profils

(Courtesy LISA)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 15/38

Smokeand dust aerosols

Aircraft operations have been really successful

High number of « moderate » dust events

-> AOD between 0.3 to 0.7 (visible)

One « moderate » polluted event (4th July)

Obs. of sea salt aerosols

One intense aged smoke event

No « intense » (AOD ∼ 1) dust and pollution events

No flights near dust sources

High number of coupled ATR42 & F20 observations !

First PLASMA/ATR obs. -> vertical profiles of AOD (B. Torres presentation)

First in-situ CAPS (1-λ ext.) and SP2 (rBC conc.) observations onboard ATR

CAPS & nephelometer allows high frequency of aerosol 1-λ absorption and 1-λ SSA obs.

3, 6, 4, 2 vertical ATR profiles over Ersa, Lampedusa, Minorque & Grenade surface-sites

First conclusionson Aircraft Operations

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 16/38

-What is the phys.-chem.-optical properties of the main “Mediterranean aerosols”(mineral dust, anthropogenic and smoke aerosols) ?

-> focus on absorbing properties !

-What is the mixing of aerosols over the basin and the possible impact on absorbing properties ?

- What is the aerosol direct radiative forcing (at local and regional scales) at the surface, TOA & into the atmosphere (SW & LW) ?

- What is the associated diabatic heating rate (SW & LW) ?

- Investigate how the modifications of the radiative budget due to aerosols affect the ocean-atmos. evaporation fluxes, dynamical processes and the Med. hydrological

cycle for past, present (1990-2010) and future time (2030-2060) ?-> interaction with HyMEx

(1)

(2)

(3)

Direct and semi-direct radiative effects

climatic impacts

ADRIMED will address the following scientific questions :

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 17/38

RegCM4.3 model (ICTP) Sea-Atmos. Med. CNRM RCSM (Meteo-France, S. Somot group)

Now : updated 4-D AerosolClimatology datas for 2003 – 2009 &

HIST periods(Nabat et al., AMT, 2013)

RegCM4.3 includes a complete interactive aerosol scheme(–> Dust, OC, BC, SS, SU in external way)

(Solmon et al. 2008)

→ no ocean – atmos. coupling for the time

BUT this is scheduled with ROMSin RegCM5 ALADIN-Climat is a Ocean-Atmos. coupled model

(NEMO-MED)

→ Possibility of climate projections using GCM (ECHAM, ARPEGE,…) forcing

→ Possibility of Climate projections using GCM forcing (ARPEGE)

ChArMex/ADRIMED : Regional Climate Models (RCM)

Orography GCM (~200 km ) RCM (~25 km )

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 18/38

ADRIMED / ChArMEx-WP4 : RCMs simulation design

Reference

Nabat et al., ACPD, 2012b

Forced by

RegCM

ERAIN reanalysis ALADIN –dust scheme

SOP0 & 1

RegCM

ALADIN

1990 - 2010

Aerosol direct radiative effect and climatic impactfor multi-year (∼ 20-30 years) RCM simulations

Future

CNRM RCP 4.58.5

RegCM

If we detect a « physical signal » on meteorogical field due to additionnalaerosol forcing

Forced by

Comparisons & evaluations with :-> SOP obs. -> meso-scale (MNH, CHIMERE, COSMO-MUSCAT)

models

2030 - 20601990 - 2010

ERAIN reanalysis

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

ALADIN

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 19/38

Evaluation of RegCM & ALADIN for dust event -> example of ChArMEx SOP0 TRAQA

Some important differences in simulated dust AODRegCM & ALADIN SSA consistent with AERONET dataToo much vertical diffusion in RegCM-> Some test using new PBL schemes are ongoing…

P. Nabat presentation

See P. Nabatpresentation

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 20/38

ALADIN-Climat multi-year simulationsFirst ocean-atmosphere « coupled » simulations -> 2003-2009 period

No interactive aerosols ! –> New aerosol climatology (Nabat et al., 2013)(P. Nabat PhD HyMEx – ChArMEx, MF, LA)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 21/38

Realistic AOD climatology(Nabat et al., 2013) used in

ALADIN-Climat

Important decrease of SW surface radiation over the basin

Evolution of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) :

Annual decrease between -0.3 and -0.6°C

Impact on land surfaces

T2m : C-AER - C-NOT2m : F-AER - F-NO

AOD 2003/2009 Aerosol surface SW direct radiative forcing

Average 2003/2009

Precipitation : C-AER - C-NOPrecipitation : F-AER - F-NO Aerosols tend to reducethe hydrological cyle :

especially in the coupledconfiguration !

(indirect effect is not takeninto account)

The CNRM Regional System Model (RCSM)Approach : Regional Climate Modeling with ocean-atmosphere couplingPhD P. Nabat (MF-LA, S. Somot group)

Precipitation

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 22/38

3-D Modeling ChArMEx/ADRIMED conclusions & perspectives

Simulation for SOP1 aerosol events :

� SOP 1 RCM simulations are starting for evaluating physical-optical properties, vertical structure and SW-LW radiations

� SOP 1 is a good opportunity to make comparisons between fine (< 10 km) resolution models (MNH, COSMO-MUSCAT, CHIMERE) and RCMs (∼ 25 km) used in ADRIMED.

� Modelling collaborations (WRF, RAMS,…) are welcome !

« Climate » simulations for multi-year period :

� RegCM (2000-2009) simulations (not shown) using interactive aerosol scheme -> not totally satisfactory andnew simulations are needed before investigating aerosol-climate interactions on long-term simulations

� First ALADIN-Climate (2003-2009) simulations in coupled mode have highlithed the role of the ocean-atmos. coupling on the aerosol-hydrological cycle !

� New ALADIN-Climate simulation with interactive dust scheme (tested during SOP 0&1a) are scheduled for « climate » time scale (∼ 20-30 years ERA-INT)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 23/38

Thank you for your attention

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 24/38

The 27 july 2013 case: a dust transport event over t he Mediterranean areaCHIMERE development and modellingG.Réa, S.Turquety, R.Briant, S.Mailler and L.Menut(Laboratoire de Méeorologie Dynamique, CNRS, UPMC, ENS, Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France)

AOD MSG/Seviri (ICARE data center)

Burned area deduced from MODIS Rapid-Fire product + High resolution vegetation fires emission model [Turquety et al., 2013, GMDD]

Regional modelling of anthropogenic, biogenic, dust and fires emissions and transport- Meteorology: WRF v3 over Europe and Africa- Chemistry-transport: CHIMERE 2013 + Fires emissions- Daily forecast during the summer 2013 for the CHARMEX campaign and IOPsselection- Analysis and scenarios studies on aerosols

CHIMERE simulation:[right] Vertical cross section of dust concentrations (longitude 3W)[bottom] dust load from surface to 3km AGL (in ug/m2)

ChArMEx–General, LEFE/CHAT, Paris, 10 mars 2010 25/38

Most of Med. aerosols have been observed

Date N° Flight fichier SAFIRE Flight Aerosol Type (vis. extinction)30/05/2013 as130025 ATR_1Hz-test_tmp_20130530_as130025.txt06/06/2013 as13002614/06/2013 as130028 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130614_as130028 D54 pollution (20-40 Mm-1)16/06/2013 as130029 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130616_as130029 Minorque dust & seasalt (20-60 Mm-1)16/06/2013 as130030 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130616_as130030 Grenade dust & seasalt (30 - 80 Mm-1)17/06/2013 as130031 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130617_as130031 Minorque dust & seasalt-PP mixed ? (40-90 Mm-1)17/06/2013 as130032 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130617_as130032 Cagliari seasalt (30 Mm-1) & low dust19/06/2013 as130033 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130619_as130033 Corse dust (30-40 Mm-1)20/06/2013 as130034 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130620_as130034 D54 dust (100-150 Mm-1)22/06/2013 as130035 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130622_as130035 Lampedusa dust (50-100 Mm-1)22/06/2013 as130036 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130622_as130036 Lamp -> Cagliari dust (40-120 Mm-1)24/06/2013 as130037 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130624_as130037 Pb electrique #28/06/2013 as130038 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130628_as130038 Lampedusa dust & BB (50-170 Mm-1)28/06/2013 as130039 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130628_as130039 Lampedusa -> Cagliari dust (50-200 Mm-1)30/06/2013 as130040 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130630_as130040 calib radiomètre #02/07/2013 as130041 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130702_as130041 Lampedusa dust (50-150 Mm-1)03/07/13 as130042 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130703_as130042 Lampedusa dust (20 - 110 Mm-1)04/07/13 as130043 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130704_as130043 Cagliaria -> Bastia dust (30-70 Mm-1)04/07/13 as130044 ATR_1Hz-as_charmex1_20130704_as130044 Bastia/Cap/Gêne/Cagl. pollution (20 Mm-1)