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The Challenge of Child Labour The Challenge of Child Labour in Asiain Asia
The Challenge of Child Labour The Challenge of Child Labour in Asiain Asia
Special Focus on the PhilippinesSpecial Focus on the Philippines
Child labour has become an Child labour has become an important social issue in the important social issue in the international development international development
agendaagenda
Child labour has become an Child labour has become an important social issue in the important social issue in the international development international development
agendaagenda
This is due toThis is due to:: This is due toThis is due to::
Greater awareness of the nature, extent and Greater awareness of the nature, extent and consequences of early child workconsequences of early child work
International adherence to the cause of human International adherence to the cause of human rights, including child rights rights, including child rights
Powerful movements by consumers and Powerful movements by consumers and manufacturers linking trade issues with manufacturers linking trade issues with international labour standardsinternational labour standards
Child work vs. child labourChild work vs. child labourChild work vs. child labourChild work vs. child labour
Not all work done by children Not all work done by children is child labour. Running is child labour. Running errands or helping parents help errands or helping parents help children develop. Such tasks children develop. Such tasks prepare children for adulthood prepare children for adulthood and is a way of acquiring skills and is a way of acquiring skills from one generation to the next.from one generation to the next.
Exploitative child work Exploitative child work is ...is ...
Exploitative child work Exploitative child work is ...is ...
Hazardous, dangerous, under socially Hazardous, dangerous, under socially unjust conditionsunjust conditions
Harmful to the child’s health Harmful to the child’s health Impairs the physical, mental and Impairs the physical, mental and
emotional development emotional development Infringes the child’s human rightsInfringes the child’s human rights Separates children from their familiesSeparates children from their families
Causes of child labour: Causes of child labour: supply factorssupply factors
Causes of child labour: Causes of child labour: supply factorssupply factors
Poverty is the main push factor. Other Poverty is the main push factor. Other factors are:factors are:
Lack of educational facilities or poor quality of Lack of educational facilities or poor quality of educationeducation
Disrupted family patternsDisrupted family patterns Entrenched social and cultural attitudes Entrenched social and cultural attitudes Demographic factorsDemographic factors
Causes of child labour: Causes of child labour: demand factorsdemand factors
Causes of child labour: Causes of child labour: demand factorsdemand factors
Children are docile and compliant workers Children are docile and compliant workers and in most cases cost less;and in most cases cost less;
Children can be hired, dismissed and re-Children can be hired, dismissed and re-hired easily. hired easily.
Misplaced perception of the necessity of Misplaced perception of the necessity of children in certain production tasks children in certain production tasks
Global estimate of child Global estimate of child labourlabour
Global estimate of child Global estimate of child labourlabour
A conservative A conservative estimate of the ILO estimate of the ILO concludes that there concludes that there are about 250 million are about 250 million working children working children world-wide.world-wide.
Nearly half work Nearly half work full-time.full-time.
Child labour by regionChild labour by regionChild labour by regionChild labour by region
Africa
America
Europe
Asia
Asia has most Asia has most of the child of the child workers (61%) workers (61%) while Africa has while Africa has the highest the highest incidence at incidence at 40%40%
Asia (61%)
Africa (32%)
Child labour in AsiaChild labour in AsiaChild labour in AsiaChild labour in Asia
Asia has shown dramatic economic Asia has shown dramatic economic performance; yet, child labour remains a performance; yet, child labour remains a serious problem;serious problem;
Also, extreme forms of child labour Also, extreme forms of child labour (bonded child labour, child prostitution, (bonded child labour, child prostitution, and the traffic of children) exist in the and the traffic of children) exist in the region. region.
Profile of the working Profile of the working children in Asiachildren in Asia
Profile of the working Profile of the working children in Asiachildren in Asia
More likely to work in rural than urban More likely to work in rural than urban areas;areas;
Majority found in small production units, Majority found in small production units, few are found in the modern sector;few are found in the modern sector;
About equal number of working boys and About equal number of working boys and girlsgirls
Economic growth by itself is Economic growth by itself is not a cure-all ...not a cure-all ...
Economic growth by itself is Economic growth by itself is not a cure-all ...not a cure-all ...
Disparities across regions and sectors Disparities across regions and sectors (rural-urban migration, widening of the (rural-urban migration, widening of the income inequalities, increased demand in income inequalities, increased demand in certain economic sectors..)certain economic sectors..)
Intensity of child labour untilization;Intensity of child labour untilization;
Structural changes in child Structural changes in child labour seen in SEAlabour seen in SEA
Structural changes in child Structural changes in child labour seen in SEAlabour seen in SEA
Urbanization of child labourUrbanization of child labour Structural shift from primary to secondary Structural shift from primary to secondary
and tertiary sectorsand tertiary sectors Proportion of wage child labour has Proportion of wage child labour has
increased, unpaid family work has declinedincreased, unpaid family work has declined
The International Labour The International Labour OrganizationOrganization
The International Labour The International Labour OrganizationOrganization
ILO was formed in 1919 as part of the ILO was formed in 1919 as part of the League of Nations. The organization League of Nations. The organization precedes the United Nations by twenty precedes the United Nations by twenty five years.five years.
ILO’s ObjectivesILO’s ObjectivesILO’s ObjectivesILO’s Objectives
Promotion of social justicePromotion of social justice Improvement of living and working Improvement of living and working
conditionsconditions
ILO’s Core MandatesILO’s Core MandatesILO’s Core MandatesILO’s Core Mandates
International Standard Setting International Standard Setting through through Conventions and RecommendationsConventions and Recommendations
Technical Advisory Services Technical Advisory Services through through multi-disciplinary teamsmulti-disciplinary teams
Technical cooperation Technical cooperation through assistance through assistance programmes for its tripartite partnersprogrammes for its tripartite partners
The StructureThe StructureThe StructureThe Structure
ILO works through a ILO works through a Tri-partite Tri-partite Structure Structure of government, workers’ of government, workers’ and employers’ organizations. and employers’ organizations.
The International Programme The International Programme on the Elimination of Child on the Elimination of Child
LabourLabour
The International Programme The International Programme on the Elimination of Child on the Elimination of Child
LabourLabour
Started in 1992 with 6 Started in 1992 with 6 participating countries, IPEC is participating countries, IPEC is now operational in 31 countries. now operational in 31 countries.
It has become one of ILO’s It has become one of ILO’s largest technical cooperation largest technical cooperation
programmes programmes
IPEC: A global movementIPEC: A global movementIPEC: A global movementIPEC: A global movement
1992: Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Thailand, 1992: Brazil, India, Indonesia, Kenya, Thailand, TurkeyTurkey
1994: Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, 1994: Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, TanzaniaTanzania
1996/97: Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Cambodia, 1996/97: Argentina, Benin, Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, Peru, Madagascar, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Senegal and Madagascar, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Senegal and Sri LankaSri Lanka
The aims of IPECThe aims of IPEC The aims of IPECThe aims of IPEC
The progressive elimination of The progressive elimination of child labour by:child labour by:
creating a world-wide movement creating a world-wide movement strengthening national capacitiesstrengthening national capacities
IPEC’s IPEC’s priority target groupspriority target groups
IPEC’s IPEC’s priority target groupspriority target groups
Children working Children working under forced labour under forced labour conditionsconditions
Children in hazardous Children in hazardous working conditionsworking conditions
Very young childrenVery young children Working girlsWorking girls
IPEC’s PrincipleIPEC’s PrincipleIPEC’s PrincipleIPEC’s Principle
Child labour is a Child labour is a nationalnational responsibility. It is therefore responsibility. It is therefore first and foremost the first and foremost the responsibility of national responsibility of national governments and civil society.governments and civil society.
IPEC in the PhilippinesIPEC in the PhilippinesIPEC in the PhilippinesIPEC in the Philippines
ILO and the Philippine government ILO and the Philippine government signed a Memorandum of signed a Memorandum of Understanding in June 1994. This Understanding in June 1994. This agreement has been extended till Year agreement has been extended till Year 20012001. .
The Working Children of the The Working Children of the Philippines Philippines
The Working Children of the The Working Children of the Philippines Philippines
3.6 million Filipino children between 3.6 million Filipino children between the ages of 5-17 work. This is 15.9% of the ages of 5-17 work. This is 15.9% of the child population, or put more the child population, or put more simply, one out of six children are simply, one out of six children are economically active.economically active.
Age profileAge profileAge profileAge profile
216,000 between the 216,000 between the ages of 5-9;ages of 5-9;
1.6 million between 1.6 million between the ages of 10-14; the ages of 10-14;
1.8 million are 1.8 million are between the ages of between the ages of 15-1715-17
0 500000 1E+06 2E+06 2E+06
5 - 9Years
10 -14Years
15 - 17Years
Socio-demographic profileSocio-demographic profileSocio-demographic profileSocio-demographic profile
More rural than More rural than urban: urban:
11.5% of all urban 11.5% of all urban children; 20.7% of children; 20.7% of all rural childrenall rural children
More boys than girlsMore boys than girls 11.7% of all girls 11.7% of all girls work; 20.8% of the work; 20.8% of the boysboys
Urban Rural0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Urban Rural
The regional profileThe regional profileThe regional profileThe regional profile
Regions 4, 6, 11 Regions 4, 6, 11 have the highest have the highest numbers of numbers of working children; working children;
Regions 2, 12 and Regions 2, 12 and 11 have the 11 have the highest incidence.highest incidence.
WorkplacesWorkplacesWorkplacesWorkplaces 63.2% in farms63.2% in farms 17.5% in own homes17.5% in own homes 9.8% in their 9.8% in their
employer’s or another employer’s or another person’s householdperson’s household
7.7% in the market 7.7% in the market places and the streetsplaces and the streets
2.2% in mines and 2.2% in mines and quarriesquarries
Exposure to HazardsExposure to HazardsExposure to HazardsExposure to Hazards
2.2 million children or 2.2 million children or 60% are in hazardous 60% are in hazardous work situations, work situations, consisting of physical consisting of physical difficulties and difficulties and chemical exposures.chemical exposures.
30% are in permanent 30% are in permanent workwork
80% experience work related 80% experience work related difficultiesdifficulties
80% experience work related 80% experience work related difficultiesdifficulties
exhaustion (63.3%)exhaustion (63.3%) stress (55%), stress (55%),
physical burden physical burden (47%)(47%)
boredom (52%)boredom (52%) 8% have no day off8% have no day off 17% consider their 17% consider their
work as risky work as risky &dangerous.&dangerous.
63.3
55
47
52
8
17
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
exhaustion
stress
physical b.
boredom
no day off
risky
%
Suffer injuries and illnesses Suffer injuries and illnesses from workfrom work
Suffer injuries and illnesses Suffer injuries and illnesses from workfrom work
24% or 869,199 24% or 869,199 working children working children have experienced at have experienced at least one work-related least one work-related injury or illness. injury or illness. These range from These range from cuts and wounds, cuts and wounds, abrasions to illness abrasions to illness requiring hospital requiring hospital care. care.
Studying?Studying?Studying?Studying?
70% of working children combine 70% of working children combine school and work. 600,000 no school and work. 600,000 no longer attend school.longer attend school.
Those who continue school face Those who continue school face many difficulties:many difficulties:– low grades (41.2%)low grades (41.2%)– absenteeism (25.3%), tardiness (26%)absenteeism (25.3%), tardiness (26%)
Many tend to be chronic drop-outs. Many tend to be chronic drop-outs.
Live and work away Live and work away from homefrom home
Live and work away Live and work away from homefrom home
Of 409,849 children are living away Of 409,849 children are living away from home, 75% work.from home, 75% work.
The working children away from home The working children away from home are mostly girls, come from rural are mostly girls, come from rural households and work in urban sectors; a households and work in urban sectors; a large number work in households.large number work in households.
Philippine priority groups of childrenPhilippine priority groups of childrenPhilippine priority groups of childrenPhilippine priority groups of children
Four (4)Four (4) primary target groups of children:primary target groups of children: victims of traffickingvictims of trafficking children in mining/quarryingchildren in mining/quarrying children in home-based work esp. under children in home-based work esp. under
sub-contracting sub-contracting children in prostitutionchildren in prostitution
The secondary groups are:The secondary groups are:The secondary groups are:The secondary groups are:
Children in domestic serviceChildren in domestic service Children in the pyrotechnics industryChildren in the pyrotechnics industry Children in muro-ami/deep-sea fishingChildren in muro-ami/deep-sea fishing Children in vegetable and sugar productionChildren in vegetable and sugar production
Areas of Action Areas of Action Areas of Action Areas of Action
Situation analysis Situation analysis National policy National policy Int’l labour standardsInt’l labour standards Advocacy Advocacy Social mobilizationSocial mobilization Direct services: preventive, Direct services: preventive,
protective, rehabilitative protective, rehabilitative Capability buildingCapability building
Situation Analysis Situation Analysis Situation Analysis Situation Analysis
National surveysNational surveys Dedicated surveysDedicated surveys Special investigative Special investigative
techniquestechniques Outreach servicesOutreach services
International standardsInternational standards International standardsInternational standards
UN Convention on UN Convention on the rights of the childthe rights of the child
ILO Convention 138 ILO Convention 138 ILO conventions on ILO conventions on
forced labour, night forced labour, night work, etc. work, etc.
Proposed convention Proposed convention on intolerable forms on intolerable forms of workof work
Law enforcementLaw enforcement Law enforcementLaw enforcement
National law and regulationsNational law and regulations Operational guidelines Operational guidelines
regarding hazardous work regarding hazardous work Action against deceptive Action against deceptive
recruitment and traffickingrecruitment and trafficking Increased priority of labor Increased priority of labor
inspection in informal work inspection in informal work arrangementsarrangements
Priority-settingPriority-settingPriority-settingPriority-setting
Formulation of the Formulation of the Indicative Framework Indicative Framework for action giving for action giving greater emphasis on greater emphasis on priority target groups priority target groups
of childrenof children
AdvocacyAdvocacy AdvocacyAdvocacy
Challenging the Challenging the mythsmyths
Lobbying Lobbying Strategic alliances Strategic alliances
and coalitions and coalitions National media National media
campaignscampaigns
Social mobilizationSocial mobilizationSocial mobilizationSocial mobilization
Directed for and with Directed for and with the childthe child
Family protectionFamily protection Employer responsibilityEmployer responsibility Community Community
InvolvementInvolvement Inter-sectoral actionInter-sectoral action
A Diverse Range of A Diverse Range of PartnershipsPartnerships
A Diverse Range of A Diverse Range of PartnershipsPartnerships
GovernmentGovernment– Departments of: Labor & Employment, Justice, Departments of: Labor & Employment, Justice,
Social Welfare & Devt., Interior & Local Social Welfare & Devt., Interior & Local Government; Council for the Welfare of Children, Government; Council for the Welfare of Children, Phil. Information AgencyPhil. Information Agency
EmployersEmployers– Employers Confederation of the Phils.Employers Confederation of the Phils.– Bishop Businessmen’s ConferenceBishop Businessmen’s Conference
PartnershipsPartnershipsPartnershipsPartnerships
Trade UnionsTrade Unions– Trade Union Congress of the Phils., Federation Trade Union Congress of the Phils., Federation
of Free Workers, International Textile Garment of Free Workers, International Textile Garment LeatherLeather
NGOsNGOs– Visayan Forum, Stop Trafficking of Pilipinos, Visayan Forum, Stop Trafficking of Pilipinos,
Ateneo Human Rights Center, Childhope Asia, Ateneo Human Rights Center, Childhope Asia, Philippine Children’s Television, etc. Philippine Children’s Television, etc.
Focus on educationFocus on educationFocus on educationFocus on education
ScholarshipsScholarships Alternative learning Alternative learning
(NFE)(NFE) Special classes and Special classes and
flexible schedulesflexible schedules Vocational trainingVocational training
Direct services to child workersDirect services to child workers Direct services to child workersDirect services to child workers
Access to education Access to education Welfare and recreational Welfare and recreational
servicesservices Health monitoringHealth monitoring Psycho-social Psycho-social
counseling, emotional counseling, emotional supportsupport
Direct services to child workersDirect services to child workers ... ...Direct services to child workersDirect services to child workers ... ...
Legal assistanceLegal assistance Alternative income Alternative income
and livelihoodand livelihood Organizing and Organizing and
empowerment empowerment initiativesinitiatives
Focus on employer actionFocus on employer actionFocus on employer actionFocus on employer action
Awareness raising and advocacyAwareness raising and advocacy Representation in tripartite bodiesRepresentation in tripartite bodies Company codes of conduct on hiring and Company codes of conduct on hiring and
procurementprocurement Corporate outreach programmesCorporate outreach programmes Sectoral initiativesSectoral initiatives
Capacity BuildingCapacity BuildingCapacity BuildingCapacity Building
Specialized training Specialized training (psycho-social (psycho-social counseling, paralegal counseling, paralegal education)education)
Networking and Networking and collaborative actioncollaborative action
International solidarityInternational solidarity
Strategic priorities Strategic priorities for the futurefor the future
Strategic priorities Strategic priorities for the futurefor the future
Early stage: Laying the groundwork. The Early stage: Laying the groundwork. The “100 flowers bloom” approach using a “100 flowers bloom” approach using a diverse innovative experiments. diverse innovative experiments.
Second more mature stage: Second more mature stage: comprehensive, self-sustaining comprehensive, self-sustaining programmesprogrammes