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The Cellular Basis of Life. Chapter 3 Part 1. The Magic School Bus: Goes Cellular. Introduction to Cell Biology. Chemical in the cells Major Elements Carbon (C) Oxygen (O) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N). “Biology is the search for chemistry that works.”. Calcium (Ca)- blood clotting - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Cellular Basis of Life
Chapter 3
Part 1
The Magic School Bus: Goes Cellular
Introduction to Cell Biology
– Chemical in the cells• Major Elements
– Carbon (C)
– Oxygen (O)
– Hydrogen (H)
– Nitrogen (N)
“Biology is the search for chemistry that works.”
Trace Elements
– Calcium (Ca)- blood clotting
– Iron (Fe)- hemoglobin
– Iodine (I)- controls metabolism
– Electrolytes- carry an electrical charge
http://www.ehu.es/biomoleculas/PROT/hemoglobin.jpg
Iodine Deficiency
http://www.mja.com.au/public/issues/178_01_060103/li10764_fm-4.jpghttp://carondelet.net/PeriodicTable/I/iodized%20salt.jpg
Water in the Cell
– Cells are 60% water– Interstitial fluid
• Dilute, saltwater around cells
• Site of all exchanges between cells and blood
Variations in Cells- Length
http://www.acticare.com/conditions/images/sciatic_nerve2.jpg
http://www.iss.k12.nc.us/schools/shs/jmcCartney/redcell.jpg
2 micrometersOver 1 meter
Variations in Cells- Shape
• Red Blood Cells- disk shaped
• Nerve Cells- spindle shaped
• Smooth Muscle Cells- Threadlike
• Epithelial Cells- Cubes
http://www.idahoptv.org/dialogue4kids/season3/brain/Images/neuronlabels.gif
Variations in Cells- Function
• Over 200 cell types found in the body
The Generalized Cell
– Demonstrates the basic parts that all cells contain
– Has three parts• Nucleus
• Plasma Membrane
• Cytoplasm
http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~sugnet/documentation/biology_starter/images/animal_cell_580_915.jpg
The Nucleus
– Nuclear Envelope• The membrane of the
Nucleus
– Nucleoli• Where ribosomes are
assembled• Round, dark staining
bodies
– Chromatin• DNA combined with
protein• When the cell divides the
DNA condenses into chromosomes
Plasma Membrane
• Fragile, transparent barrier that contains the cell contents and separates them from the surrounding environment
– Lipid Bilayer
– Proteins
– Glycoproteins
Lipid Bilayer
• Phospholipid
• Cholesterol
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/chh/problem_sets/kidneysmetals/graphics/bilayer.gif
Proteins
• scatter the surface of the plasma membrane– Receptors for hormones
– Transport Proteins
http://www.nirgal.net/graphics/coli_protein.jpghttp://www.science.org.au/nobel/1996/images/picture-0.jpg
Glycoproteins
• Blood type• Cell-cell
communication
http://www.funhousefilms.com/glycolip.jpg
Specializations
• Microvilli– finger-like projections to
increase cell’s surface area
Specializations
• Tight Junctions– impermeable junctions that bind
cells together into leak-proof sheets
• Desmosomes– Anchoring junctions that
prevent cells subjected to mechanical stress from falling apart
• Gap Junctions– Allow communication– Connexons- hollow cylinders
composed of proteins that span the entire width of the abutting membrane
Cytoplasm
– Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plama membrane
– Site of most cellular activities (factory)– Three Elements
• Cytosol- semitransparent fluid
• Organelles- parts that have specific functions
• Inclusions- non-functioning units
Cytoplasmic Organelles
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Mitochondria– Enzymes break down
food and capture the energy in ATP molecules
– Liver and muscle cells have hundreds of mitochondria
http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/staff/dave/roanoke/mitochon.gif
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Ribosomes– Made of proteins and rRNA– Site of protein synthesis
• Endoplasmic Reticulum– System of fluid-filled
cisterns that coil and twist through the cytoplasm
– Rough ER- studded with ribosomes
– Smooth ER- cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification http://dragon.seowon.ac.kr/~bioedu/bio/ohp/t-021.jpg
Cytoplasmic Organelles
– Golgi Apparatus– stack of flattened sacs
– Modifies and packages proteins
Cytoplasmic Organelles
– Lysosomes– Sacs of powerful
digestive enzymes– Digests wornout cell
structures and most foreign substances
– Peroxisomes– Sacs that contain
powerful oxidase enzymes
– Detoxify poisonous substances and disarm free radicals
http://www.cs.utexas.edu/~s2s/latest/cell1/src/tutorial/lysosome.html
Cytoplasmic Organelles
• Cytoskeleton– Provides cells framework
and cells shape
– Microfilaments- cell motility and makes changes in cell shape
– Intermediate Filaments- form desmosomes and resists pulling forces
– Microtubule- overall shape of a cell and important in cell shape
Cytoplasmic Organelles
– Centrioles– Rod-shaped bodies that are at right angles
– Other Cell Structures– Cilia- whiplike cellular extensions that move substances
along the cell surface
– Flagella- Longer projection that moves the cell
Cell Diversity
• Trillions of cells in the body, 200 different cell types
Cells that connect body parts
• Fibroblast- secretes cable-like fibers
• Erythrocyte (red blood cell)- carries oxygen in the blood stream
Cells that cover and line body organs
– Epithelial cell- pack together into sheets
Cells that move organs and body parts
• Skeletal and Smooth Muscle cells- contract in order to move bones or internal organs
Cell that stores nutrients
• Fat cell- stores a lipid droplet
Cell that fights disease
• Macrophage- digest infectious microorganisms
Cell that gathers information and controls body functions
• Nerve cell (neuron)- send electrical signals
Cells of reproduction
• Oocyte- female egg cell
• Sperm- male cell with flagellum