The cell review

Cell membrane Structure

Phospholipids

Cell membrane

Proteins

Transport

Enzymes

Cell recognition

Receptors

Joining

Cytoskeleton

Fig. 7-7

Fibers ofextracellularmatrix (ECM)

Glyco-protein

Microfilamentsof cytoskeleton

Cholesterol

Peripheralproteins

Integralprotein

CYTOPLASMIC SIDEOF MEMBRANE

GlycolipidEXTRACELLULARSIDE OFMEMBRANE

Carbohydrate

Transport

Passive Diffusion OsmosisFacilitated diffusionBulk transportPinocytosis, phagocytosis, receptor mediated Active

Concentrations

Isotonic

Hypotonic

Hypertonic

Fig. 7-13

Hypotonic solution

(a) Animal cell

(b) Plant cell

H2O

Lysed

H2O

Turgid (normal)

H2O

H2O

H2O

H2O

Normal

Isotonic solution

Flaccid

H2O

H2O

Shriveled

Plasmolyzed

Hypertonic solution

Lowerconcentrationof solute (sugar)

Fig. 7-12

H2O

Higher concentrationof sugar

Selectivelypermeablemembrane

Same concentrationof sugar

Osmosis

Cell signaling

Direct contact

Local

Long distance

Cell signaling

Reception

Transduction

Response

Fig. 11-6-3

EXTRACELLULARFLUID

Plasma membrane

CYTOPLASM

Receptor

Signalingmolecule

Relay molecules in a signal transduction pathway

Activationof cellularresponse

Transduction Response2 3Reception1

Reception

Ligand

Intracellular receptors

Ion channels

G-protein

Tyrosine Kinases

Transduction

Protein kinasesProtein phosphatasesSecond messengerscAMPAdenylyl cyclaseCalciumPhospholipase CIP3

Fig. 11-14

Growth factor

Receptor

Phosphorylationcascade

Reception

Transduction

Activetranscriptionfactor

ResponseP

Inactivetranscriptionfactor

CYTOPLASM

DNA

NUCLEUS mRNA

Gene

Fig. 11-15

Reception

Transduction

Response

Binding of epinephrine to G protein-coupled receptor (1 molecule)

Inactive G protein

Active G protein (102 molecules)

Inactive adenylyl cyclaseActive adenylyl cyclase (102)

ATPCyclic AMP (104)

Inactive protein kinase AActive protein kinase A (104)

Inactive phosphorylase kinase

Active phosphorylase kinase (105)

Inactive glycogen phosphorylase

Active glycogen phosphorylase (106)

GlycogenGlucose-1-phosphate

(108 molecules)