The Cell Discovery Structure Function Discovery Robert Hooke Cork Monastery Discovery Cell Theory Schleiden All plants are made of cells Schwann All animals are made of cells Virchow New cells could be produced only from existing cells All living things are composed of cells Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things New cells are produced from existing cells Cell Types Prokaryote No Nucleus Generally smaller and simpler Example Bacteria Eukaryote Have Nucleus Contain many internal structures Examples Plants, animals, fungi, protists. FischerellaProchloron Spirulina Liver Cells Surface Area to Volume Ratio How Surface Area to Volume Ratio Limits Cell Size 1. A cell is a metabolic compartment where a multitude of chemical reactions occur. 2. The number of reactions increase as the volume of the metabolic compartment gets bigger (The larger the volume the larger the number of reactions) 3.All raw materials necessary for metabolism can enter the cell only through its cell membrane. 4.The greater the surface area the larger the amount of raw materials that can enter at only one time. 5.Each unit of volume requires a specific amount of surface area to supply its metabolism with raw materials. The amount of surface area available to each unit of volume varies with the size of a cell. 6. As a cell grows its SA/V decreases. 7. At some point in its growth its SA/V becomes so small that its surface area is too small to supply its raw materials to its volume. At this point the cell cannot get larger. NUCLEUS Contains nearly all the cells DNA Surrounded by Nuclear Envelope Dotted with pores Allows material to flow into and out Chromatin granular material inside nucleus Uncondensed DNA RIBOSOMES Make Proteins Consist of small particles of RNA and protein. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) ER site where lipid components of cell membrane are assembled. Proteins and other materials assembled for export from cell Rough ER ER containing ribosomes Smooth ER ER not containing ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Golgi modify, sort, and package proteins and other materials from ER for storage or secretion. Finishing touches are put on proteins before storage or export. Mitochondria Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria (including plants) Convert chemical energy in food into compounds more convenient to use. Powerhouse of Cell 2 membranes inner membrane folded Mitochondria are inherited from you mother. Chloroplasts Organelles that capture the energy from the sun and convert to energy Photosynthesis 2 membranes inner stacked Cell Membrane Regulates what enters and leaves the cell Provides protection and support Lipid bi-layer Flexible structure Contains: Proteins form channels and act like pumps Carbohydrates identifiers for the cell Building the Cell Membrane Cell Wall Provide support and protection for the cell Porous has holes Made from fibers of Carbohydrates and Proteins Plants: cell walls made mostly of cellulose Cell Boundaries Terms to be covered Concentration Diffusion Equilibrium Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion Active Transport Isotonic Hypertonic Hypotonic Endocytosis Exocytosis Passive Transport Diffusion Particles moving from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Concentration the mass of solute in a given volume of solution. Labeled grams per Liter (g/L) Equilibrium - concentration of solute is the same throughout. Diffusion Applet Facilitated Diffusion Protein channels that allow particular substances (glucose) to cross the cell membrane Osmosis The movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane. Isotonic equal concentration of water and solute Hypertonic high concentration of solute Hypotonic low concentration of solute Osmosis Animation Active Transport Transport requiring energy of small molecules across membrane by transport proteins or pumps Endocytosis process of cell taking in materials. Exocytosis process of cell releasing materials. (wastes, manufactured proteins) Active Transport Tutorial Turgor Pressure Pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall Photosynthesis 6H 2 O + 6CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 LIGHT ENERGY Formation of ATP movie