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Isa Conti Eller VainicherLipari - ITALY

Today, many human activities have resulted in the emission of pollutants: move machine, to produce energy from fossil fuels, industrial processes, the distribution of fuels and fuel, space heating, agricultural activities and the 'breeding, the use of paints, glues and solvents in the domestic environment and in industry are all at the origin of emission of pollutants into the atmosphere.At the heart of almost all the ways in which they are emitted into the atmosphere there is energy, its production, its processing and its use. That energy is a very general concept, and its enormous importance is linked also to the fact that it presents itself in a plurality of forms convertible into one another. It speaks well of

thermal energy that is the one that is emitted when burning a fuel, or mechanical energy which is that associated with the movement of machines or in general of any material body, or of electricity, which is the one that propagates through the distribution network to reach into our homes and is used to illuminate, to functional appliances and often also for heating and cooking.

The causes of air pollution

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Energy consumption 1973 - 2007

Electricity consumption 1973 -

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Oil consumption 1973 - 2007

Natural gas consumption 1973 -

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10%

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Energy consumption by sector2005

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31%33%

36%

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Industry

Civil Use

Transport

The electricity is in fact one of the most comfortable and useful, and therefore more precious, energy, and this explains its increasing use.The world is increasingly hungry for energy, and also in Italy there is no exception to this trend: in 35 years, from 1973 to 2007, the overall energy consumption in Italy has increased by almost 40 %. In this time he has profoundly changed the basket or, as is commonly

said, the mix of primary sources that supply energy to our country: in 1973 the oil weighed more than 75 % and natural gas (commonly called pure methane) for just over 10 %, while in 2007 the importance of oil has dropped to just over 42 % and that of natural gas has increased to over 36 %.

These numbers illustrate the profound process of restructuring our country's energy commonly called methane, which in 35 years has led to the almost five-fold increase in natural gas consumption in Italy.Another important development in the energy field, which, however, is common to all developed and emerging countries, is the constant increase in the use of electricity in the 15 years between 1993 to 2007 in our country there has been an increase of electricity demand by as much as 38 %. The majority of this electricity is produced in Italy by thermal power plants, which produce electricity by burning fuel oil, natural gas, coal and, to a lesser extent, biomass.

In 2007, 74 % of the electricity consumed in Italy is produced by this type of power. In addition, a significant proportion of electricity is imported from abroad: in 2007 this share amounted to about 13 % and is higher electricity produced by hydroelectric power stations in the same year account for a lower share of just 11 %.A further sign of the profound transformations that have occurred in recent decades in our country comes from how much energy is used in industry, domestic use (space heating, etc.) and transport: how to actually break down what insiders call the end-use efficiency. Well, in Italy in the 70s was the industry the largest consumer of energy, with a share of about 37 %, followed by civilian with a share of about 30 % and the transport sector which accounted for approximately only 17 %. But the situation is rapidly evolving to the point that the second half of the nineties until today (with one exception in 2005), the transport sector consumes more energy, with a share of about 30 %, followed a short distance from the civilian shares with an average of just under 30 %, and the industry lies in third place with a share of about 29 %. Are the transport sector from the '70s to today has expanded further increasing its weight in terms of energy consumption by 13 %age points.

The air we breathe can be contaminated by pollutants from industries, vehicles, power plants and many other sources. These pollutants are a big problem for the damaging effects they may have in relation to health or the environment in which we live. Their impact depends on various factors, such as the amount of air pollutant to which it is exposed, the duration of exposure and the dangerousness of the pollutant itself. The health effects may be minor and reversible (such as irritation of the eyes) or debilitating (such as a worsening of asthma) or even death (such as cancer).

The main air pollution

very relevant but which, because of their relative abundance are often the main culprits.Each category can then be analyzed with a finer classification, for example industry, distinguishing the different types of plants for the production or processing of road transport, distinguishing between categories of vehicles depending on the size, type of fuel and of 'length, the latter being connected to the potential of polluting vehicle (Euro 0, Euro 1).The main purpose is to achieve a quantification of emissions from each source category, in order to identify those that have a greater responsibility polluting thus aiming to better interventions to reduce emissions.The estimation of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere can also analyze how they have evolved over time, the emission of pollutants into the atmosphere in our country, and in particular which had reflected emission energy choices and gradually adopted measures to reduce air pollution.

In fact, the emission sources are myriad, and it is extremely difficult to classify and characterize them accurately. A first distinction that manages useful is that between large emission sources, or large industrial plants or production of electricity, and emission sources distributed, those sources that on their own are not

How to characterize emission sources?

At the "economic boom" in the late 50° and 60° occurred in our country a strong process of industrialization, which had the side effect to produce heavy environmental impacts.In the same period there has been a tremendous increase in the mobility of people and goods, and then transport, in particular road: the mid-50s to the middle of the first decade of the twenty-first century, in Italy it has gone from about 2 million motor vehicles about 45 million! This has meant that since the last decades of the last century, the road transport sector are the main stable emission for a range of pollutants such as PM10, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, benzene, and before the introduction of unleaded petrol lead for This pollutant. Since the early 90s, the penetration of catalytic converters, more innovations and use of motor fuels with improved characteristics, have on the whole led to a reversal of the trend - higher to lower of pollutant emissions from road transport, which is going to add to the decline in other sectors thanks to the measures undertaken gradually, especially in industry, energy production and domestic use.

The complex of the interventions described above has led, as is confirmed by official estimates ISPRA (Institute for Environmental Protection and Research), a progressive and generalized decrease in emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere in Italy since the early years' 90: This process is particularly significant for certain pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (this pollutant emission reduction process was already in place in the previous decade) lead and benzene, for which 1990 to 2006, the total emissions reductions will have higher or equal to -80 %; for other pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and carbon monoxide reduction is greater than or equal to -40 %; for PM10 is of about -30 %; for l ' ammonia is about -10 %.The situation is different with regard to greenhouse gas emissions, which in 2006 increased by 12 % compared to 1990.But what is the actual weight of the different sectors of issue? Also according to official estimates ISPRA road transport is responsible in recent years about 27 % of primary PM10 emissions and about 45 % of emissions of nitrogen oxides; industry weighs about 26 % for emissions of PM10 and about 18 % for emissions of nitrogen oxides, space heating weighs about 13 % for PM10 emissions and about 9 % for emissions of nitrogen oxides. There are then the pollutants in which a category is highly prevalent, as is the case of ammonia for which the agriculture and livestock account for approximately 94 %.As for greenhouse gases in Italy, according to official estimates ISPRA, the industry is responsible for 28 % of emissions, followed by road transport (26 %), the production of energy (22 %) and from the space heating (14 %).

One can define the air pollution such as the presence in the atmosphere of substances that cause a measurable effect on the human being, animals, vegetation or on different materials; these substances are usually not present in the normal composition of air, or they are at a level of concentration below.Pollutants can be classified into two main groups: those anthropogenic, man-made and natural ones.The atmospheric contaminants, may also be classified into primary that is released into the environment as such (such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen monoxide) and secondary (such as ozone) that are formed subsequently in the atmosphere through chemical-physical reactions .The pollution caused by these substances in open environments is called external (or outdoor), while pollution in confined spaces, such as buildings, is referred to as internal or indoor pollution. The quality of indoor air is in fact often referred to as Indoor Air Quality.So far they have been cataloged about 3,000 air contaminants, produced mostly by human activities with various industrial processes, using means of transport or other circumstances.The mode of production and release of various pollutants are extremely varied, so are many variables that may affect their diffusion into the atmosphere.

The need to limit the presence of pollutants in the air often involves the use of various abatement systems. These systems have proved almost indispensable part of industrial activities that produce airborne pollutants in large quantities.Depending on their function, the technologies for reducing pollutants in industrial emissions are divided into three broad categories.In the case in which the pollutant is associated with significant economic value, are chosen processes that allow its recovery and eventual recycling, such as absorption or condensation.If the pollutants present in the emissions are characterized by a good calorific value and is not very convenient from an economic point of view their recovery for reuse in the production cycle, we proceed instead to their incineration with recovery of their thermal energy in the form.If industrial processes involving the liberation of gaseous emissions-rich particulates must proceed slaughter instead of the pollutants through the use of systems such as the deposition chambers, cyclones, wet separators, electrostatic precipitators.

Systems to reduce pollutants

The term acid rain is generally understood the process of relapse atmosphere of particles, gases and acid rain. If this occurs in the form of acid deposition precipitation (rain, snow, fog, dew, etc.) Is spoken of wet deposition, otherwise the phenomenon consists in a dry deposition. Usually the public is instead the term acid rain coincide with the phenomenon of acid deposition wet.Acid rain is caused primarily by sulfur oxides and, to a lesser extent, the oxides of nitrogen in the atmosphere is due to natural causes and human activities.If not come into contact with the water droplets, these gases and especially particulates acids that are formed by them are received by the ground by means of dry deposition. This deposition may be accomplished by different mechanisms, primarily dictated by the size of the particles (by impact and gravity), the state of air in contact with the receiving surface and the chemical structure and physical surface of the same. In each case the dried deposits of SOx and NOx quickly lead to the formation of acids relative to the ground.In the case in which these gases come into contact with atmospheric water then originate acids before deposition. In the presence of water and oxides of sulfur originate sulfuric acid, while the nitrogen oxides are transformed into nitric acid; consequently these substances cause acidification of the precipitation.

Acid rain

The greenhouse effect is a phenomenon without which life as we know it now would not be possible. This process consists in a heating of the planet due to the action of so-called greenhouse gases, compounds present in the air at relatively low concentrations (carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, etc..). Greenhouse gases allow solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere while obstructing the passage towards the area of part of the infrared radiation coming from the surface of the Earth and from the lower atmosphere (the heat reissued); effectively acting like the glass of a greenhouse and help to regulate and maintain the temperature of the earth to the present values .This process has always occurred naturally and causes the temperature of the Earth is approximately 33 ° C warmer than it would be without the presence of these gases.Now, however, it is believed that the Earth's climate is likely to change because human activities are altering the chemical composition of the atmosphere. The huge anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are causing an increase in global temperature resulting, therefore, the profound changes in load of the climate on a global level and local level. Before the Industrial Revolution, the man released very few gases into the atmosphere, but now the population growth, the use of fossil fuels and deforestation contribute greatly to the change in atmospheric composition.

Greenhouse effect

The ozone hole is a particular phenomenon, recorded for the first time in 1957 over Antarctica, which covers the entire globe, or rather the entire global atmosphere. This is due to the element chlorine (Cl). It is a natural element present in the lower layers of our atmosphere (stratosphere) that, as a result of human activities, has seen enormous increase in its relative concentration. The chlorine content in many synthetic compounds, the so-called CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons) tends to react with ozone, dissociated, and releasing molecular oxygen. Chlorine is a powerful catalyst in the processes of dissociation of ozone, each chlorine atom can destroy tens of thousands of ozone molecules. The destruction of the ozone layer due to the thinning of the ozone layer in Earth's atmosphere that protects and heals skin from harmful sun rays, to determine the presence of a real hole in the ozone pollution. For this reason, the phenomenon is known as the ozone hole and ozone depletion. or textile filters.

Ozone hole

The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty signed in the Japanese city on December 11, 1997 by over 160 countries at the Third Conference of the Parties (COP3) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and global warming. It entered into force February 16, 2005, after ratification by Russia, thus celebrating the second anniversary in 2007. The Treaty provides for the obligation of industrialized

Kyoto Protocol

countries to reduce emissions in the period 2008-2012 of pollutants (carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases, namely methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulfur hexafluoride) to an extent not less than 5.2% compared to those recorded in 1990, which is considered as the base year.It 'also envisaged to exchange purchase and sale of emission of these gases. Because the treaty could enter into force, had to be ratified by at least 55 signatory nations producing at least 55% of the emissions, the latter condition was achieved only with the accession of Russia, to whom we owe 17.6 % of total emissions.

The world enters 6000 Mt of CO2, 3,000 and 3,000 by the industrialized countries than in developing countries, so with Kyoto should enter 5850 instead of 6000, a total of 3 million. Given the high costreduction, it is easy to understand why the protocol has reached large accessions. Among non-members are first and foremost the United States responsible for 36.1% of total emissions, even Australia has announced that it will not accede to the Agreement, along with Croatia, Kazakhstan and Monaco.

Kyoto Protocol

Statement of the European Air Pollution2012Decision 2012/249/UEDecision concerning the determination of the periods of startup and shutdown for the purposes of Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council on industrial emissions.

2011Decision 2011/638/UEDecision of 26 September 2011 concerning on benchmarks for the allocation of greenhouse gas emission free of charge to aircraft operators pursuant to Article 3e of Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council .Decision 2011/540/UEamending Decision 2007/589/EC as regards the inclusion of guidelines on monitoring and reporting of emissions of greenhouse gases derived from new activities and gases.

2010Directive 2010/75/EU24/11/2010 directive on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control).Decision 2010/384/UEDecision on the Community-wide quantity of allowances to be issued in 2013 as part of the system of the EU Emissions Trading Scheme.Decision 2010/375/UEDecision on the allocation of quantities of substances under Regulation (EC) n. 1005/2009.Decision 2010/2/EUDecision determining, pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC, a list of sectors and subsectors deemed to be exposed to a significant risk of carbon leakage carbon.

2009Regulation no. 1005/2009/CeEC Regulation on substances that deplete the ozone layer.Directive 2009/31/ECGeological storage of carbon dioxide and amending Council Directive 85/337/EEC, Directives of the European Parliament and Council Directives 2000/60/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2004/35/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/1/EC and Regulation (EC) n. 1013/2006 of the European Parliament and the Council.Directive 2009/30/ECAmendment of Directive 98/70/EC as regards the specification of petrol, diesel and gas-oil and introducing a mechanism to monitor and reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, amending Directive 1999/32/EC for as regards the specification of fuel used by inland waterway vessels and repealing Directive 93/12/EEC.Directive 2009/29/ECAmendment of Directive 2003/87/EC so as to improve and extend the EU system for the trading of greenhouse gas emission.Regulation 2009/443/CeLevels of performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO2 emissions from light-duty vehicles.Decision 2009/406/CeStates' efforts to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in order to fulfill the commitments of the Community with regard to reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020.Decision 2009/73/ECAmendment to Decision 2007/589/EC as regards the guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of emissions of nitrous oxide.Decision 2009/52/ECSubstances that deplete the ozone layer allocation of quantities of controlled substances allowed for essential uses in the Community in 2009 under Regulation (EC) n. 2037/2000.

2008Directive 2008/50/ECDirective on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe.

2007Decision 2007/589/ECDecision establishing guidelines for the monitoring and reporting of greenhouse gas emissions pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and the Council.Regulation no. 916/2007/CeRegulation amending Regulation (EC) n. 2216/2004 of the Commission on a standardized and secured system of registries pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council and Decision No. 280/2004/EC of the European Parliament and the Council.Decision 2007/531/CeQuestionnaire for Member States reports on the implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC on emissions of VOCDecision 2007/386/CeQuantities of methyl bromide for critical uses permitted in the Community between 1 January and 31 December 2007 under Regulation (EC) n. 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer.

2006Decision 2006/944/ECDetermining the respective emission levels allocated to the Community and each of its Member States under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Decision 2002/358/EC.Decision 2006/780/ECHow to avoid double counting of reductions in greenhouse gas emissions under the EU ETS emission allowances for project activities under the Kyoto Protocol pursuant to Directive 2003/87/EC.Decision 2006/803/ECAmendment of Decision 2005/381/EC establishing a questionnaire for reporting on the implementation of Directive 2003/87/EC establishing a scheme for trading greenhouse gas emissions within the Community and amending Directive 96 / 61/CE.Regulation 2006/1366/CeAmending Regulation (EC) n.2037/2000 regards the base year for the allocation of quotas of hydrochlorofluorocarbons.Regulation 2006/1195/CeChanging Reg 850/2004 on inq. persistent organic.Decision 2006/534/ECIt 'concerning a questionnaire for Member States reports on the implementation of Directive 1999/13/EC during the period 2005-2007Decision 2006/507/ECOn the conclusion, on behalf of the European Community, of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. (See Relevant Documents).Regulation 2006/842/CeRegulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases.Decision 2006/350/CeQuantities of methyl bromide for critical uses permitted in the Community between 1 January and 31 December 2006 under Regulation (EC) n. 2037/2000 on substances that deplete the ozone layer.

Regulation 166/2006/CeEstablishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer of pollutants.Decision 2006/61/ECSigning by the European Community of the Protocol on Pollutant Release UNECE and transfers of pollutants.Directive 2006/51/ECChanges to D 2005/78/EC and 2005/55/EC as regards the requirements of the control system of emissions in vehicles and exemptions for gas engines.

2005Directive 2005/78/ECMeasures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from motor vehicles.Directive 2005/55/ECMeasures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants emitted from motor vehicles.Decision 2005/468/ECDecision on substances that deplete the ozone layer, methyl bromide.Decision 2005/381/ECEstablishment of the questionnaire for reporting on the implementation of Directive 2003/87/EC concerning the system for trading greenhouse gas emissions.Directive 2005/166/ECImplementation of the D. 2004/280 Ce concerning a mechanism for monitoring greenhouse gas greenhouse emissions and for implementing the Kyoto Protocol.Directive 2005/21/ECAdaptation to Technical Progress of the D. 72/306/CE concerning pollution caused by diesel engines.Directive 2005/13/ECChanging the D. 2000/25/EC on the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants by engines of agricultural or forestry tractors.

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