The Case of England (2005)

8/3/2019 The Case of England (2005)

1/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55:

[aj I`yj fb Jgmd`gk

H`ri [ziljr }n{a Czk~ Ifkkngm

G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~Gj} Ifhhnyynfg fg {aj Ylnddy fb {aj @hjrni`g ]frlbfrij

?55:


2/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: ?

[aj I`yj fb Jgmd`gk

Uz{{ngm ng Udìj ` G`{nfg`d Y~y{jh {f_`nyj Y{zkjg{`gk Y~y{jhUjrbfrh`gij

Gf y{`{j ng {aj Zgn{jk Y{`{jy a`y urfkzijk m`ngy ng y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij `y b`y{

fr fg `y }nkj ` yi`dj `y a`y Jgmd`gk ng {aj ~j`ry yngij H`mmnj [a`{iajr bnry{

oji`hj Urnhj Hngny{jr' [any ny {aj y{fr~ fb {aj y~y{jh {a`{ [a`{iajr uz{ ng udìj$

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urj`ndjk yf ifhudj{jd~'

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fgd~ rjijg{d~ ` b`nrd~ afhfmjgjfzy g`{nfg }ajg n{ i`hj {f rìj `gk j{agnin{~ a`y

ojifhj afhj {f ` rùnkd~ mrf}ngm gzhojr fb ujfudj ofrg jdyj}ajrj$ fb{jg fb

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{fuy {aj ia`r{y ng {aj gzhojr fb ùudni`{nfgy bfr `y~dzh `hfgm ngkzy{rn`dnsjk

ifzg{rnjy'

]ajg H`mmnj [a`{iajr i`hj {f fbbnij$ {aj nyyzj }`y Orn{`ngy jifgfhni

ujrbfrh`gij$ }ania a`k ojjg knyh`d `gk kjidngngm bfr ~j`ry' [a`{iajr

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{aj urnndjmjk id`yy$ }af a`k dj`rgjk brfh ajr b`{ajr gf{ fgd~ {aj nr{zjy fb yjdb(

rjdn`gij `gk a`rk }frl$ oz{ }af a`k `dyf òyfrojk brfh ajr foyjr`{nfgy fb any


3/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 9

mrfijr~ ozyngjyy {aj rj`dn{njy fb }frdk {r`kj' [a`{iajr {ffl ` knh nj} fb {aj

jbbji{y fb {aj mrf}{a fb {aj ojgjbn{y ozrj`zirì~ ng Orn{`ng `gk kjid`rjk {a`{ {aj

ojy{ }`~ {f ajdu Orn{`ngy uffr `gk n{y yzbbjrngm hnkkdj id`yy }`y {f }an{{dj

kf}g {aj r`gly fb mfjrghjg{ `gk h`lj Orn{`ng ifhuj{n{nj `m`ng ng }frdk

ifhhjrij' Bfr [a`{iajr$ jkzi`{nfg bn{ rnma{ ng{f {any uni{zrj' Yaj ajryjdb a`k

rnyjg {f uf}jr gf{ {arfzma {aj ujjr`mj oz{ {arfzma {aj fuufr{zgn{njy {a`{

jkzi`{nfg a`k mnjg ajr$ `gk yaj hj`g{ {f h`lj {afyj fuufr{zgn{njy ``ndòdj {f

jjr~fgj' Fg {aj ufng{ fb jkzi`{nfg$ [a`{iajr y`{ ypz`rjd~ ng {aj hnkkdj d`gj fb

{aj @hjrni`g ufdn{ni`d {r`kn{nfg' [aj nrfg~ ny {a`{ {any }fzdk dj`k [a`{iajr {f

mrj`{d~ jqu`gk {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{y rfdj ng jkzi`{nfg' Oz{ }j `rj mj{{ngm

àj`k fb fzr y{fr~'

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ia`gmjy ng Jgmdnya jkzi`{nfg `y rjfdz{nfg`r~' @gk ngkjjk {aj~ }jrj' Oz{$ ng

rj{rfyuji{$ fgj hnma{ a`j yjjg {ajh ifhngm' @y j`rd~ `y 0>=2$ ng any _zylng

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{arfzma$ `gk ` y{`d}`r{ fb {aj Dòfr U`r{~ `dd any `kzd{ dnbj$ i`ddjk bfr ` Mrj`{

Kjo`{j òfz{ jkzi`{nfg ng Jgmd`gk' Aj ia`rmjk {a`{ {aj jkzi`{fry }jrj

urfkzingm mr`kz`{jy }af dìljk {aj o`yni ylnddy gjjkjk o~ jhudf~jry `gk }af

urjbjrrjk }frl ng ì`kjhj `gk mfjrghjg{ {f }frl ng {aj urn`{j yji{fr$ {a`{{aj jkzi`{fry a`k b`ndjk {f urju`rj y{zkjg{y }n{a {aj ifhuj{jgij ng yinjgij `gk

{jiagfdfm~ gjjkjk {f uf}jr ` hfkjrg jifgfh~$ `gk a`k jhorìjk {jìangm

hj{afky {a`{ }frljk }jdd jgfzma ng {aj a`gky fb jqiju{nfg`d jkzi`{fry oz{

urfkzijk kzonfzy rjyzd{y ng {aj a`gky fb frkng`r~ {jìajry' Aj }fgkjrjk `dfzk

}aj{ajr Jgmd`gk gjjkjk ` g`{nfg`d ifrj izrrnizdzh$ yj{ o~ {aj ijg{r`d

mfjrghjg{' @gk aj y{rfgmd~ nhudnjk {a`{ {aj {jìajry a`k rjcji{jk {aj id`nh fb

`g~fgj oz{ jkzi`{nfg urfbjyynfg`dy {f ` djmn{nh`{j fnij ng jkzi`{nfg ufdni~$ `gk

}jrj rzggngm {aj jkzi`{nfg y~y{jh$ gf{ {f hjj{ {aj gjjky fb y{zkjg{y `gk {ajnru`rjg{y$ oz{ {f yzn{ {ajnr f}g ng{jrjy{y `gk ifgjgnjgij' [aj jkzi`{fry$ fb

ifzryj$ }jrj rjurjyjg{jk o~ {aj G`{nfg`d [jìajry Zgnfg$ ufyynod~ {aj hfy{

uf}jrbzd zgnfg ng Mrj`{ Orn{`ng `gk ` ifrj ifgy{n{zjgi~ fb {aj u`r{~ Hr'

I`dd`ma`g aj`kjk' [aj yujjia }`y `g ì{ fb yajjr ufdn{ni`d ifzr`mj'


4/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: ;

Oz{ {angmy }jg{ brfh o`k {f }fryj fjr {aj gjq{ kfsjg ~j`ry$ izdhng`{ngm ng `

orznyngm g`{nfg`d knyuz{j fjr {jìajry u`~$ }ania jgkjk }ajg {aj zgnfg dfy{$

`y {aj Dòfr mfjrghjg{ nhufyjk ` yj{{djhjg{ fg {aj {jìajry {a`{ {aj~ a`k

bfzma{ {ff{a `gk g`nd' @y {ajyj jjg{y zgbfdkjk$ {aj {jìajry dfy{ }a`{jjr

uzodni y~hu`{a~ {aj~ hnma{ a`j a`k ng urnfr ~j`ry' [aj uar`yj urfkzijr

iù{zrj i`hj ng{f zyj o~ {aj `g`d~y{y fb {aj {nhj {f kjyirnoj ` yji{fr fb {aj

jifgfh~$ ng {any i`yj jkzi`{nfg$ ng }ania ufdni~ a`k ùuj`rjk {f oj ancìljk o~

{aj ujfudj }af urfkzijk {aj yjrnijy$ {azy kjg~ngm {aj djmn{nh`{j ng{jrjy{y fb

{aj ujfudj }af }jrj yzuufyjk {f oj yjrjk'

Kzrngm {any y`hj ujrnfk$ `g ngirj`yngm gzhojr fb dfi`d {f}g `gk in{~ Ifzgindy

}jrj {`ljg fjr o~ rjurjyjg{`{njy fb {aj a`rk Djb{$ }af urfhu{d~ ypz`rjk fbb

`m`ngy{ {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{ ng Dfgkfg' Zgkjr {aj Jkzi`{nfg @i{ fb 0>;;$

{ajyj ifzgindy ifg{rfddjk {aj dfi`d jkzi`{nfg `z{afrn{njy$ }ania ng {zrg ifg{rfddjk

{aj yiaffdy' Ngirj`yngmd~ {aj uzodni y`} {aj ifzgindy `y {aj u`r{gjry fb {aj

{jìajry ng {aj urfijyy fb urfkzijr iù{zrj' [aj ifzgindy kjh`gkjk hfrj `gk

hfrj hfgj~ bfr `g jg{jrurnyj {a`{ ùuj`rjk {f urfkzij hfrj `gk hfrj bfr {aj

{jìajry `gk djyy `gk djyy bfr {aj y{zkjg{y `gk {ajnr u`rjg{y'

Yf h`{{jry y{ffk }ajg H`rm`rj{ [a`{iajr ypz`rjk fbb `m`ngy{ Cnh I`dd`ma`g ng0>=>' Jkzi`{nfg }`y jr~ hzia fg ajr hngk' Yaj a`k ojjg Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j

bfr Jkzi`{nfg ng [jk Aj`{ay mfjrghjg{ ng 0>=5(=;' Ajr nj}y fg {aj yzocji{

}jrj jr~ hzia ng a`rhfg~ }n{a {afyj {a`{ Cnh I`dd`ma`g jqurjyyjk ng any

_zylng Ifddjmj yujjia ` bj} ~j`ry d`{jr' Yaj$ {ff$ {afzma{ {a`{ jkzi`{nfg a`k

ojjg ancìljk o~ {aj urfbjyynfg`dy' Yaj {afzma{ Orn{nya jkzi`{nfg`d y{`gk`rky

k`gmjrfzyd~ df} }ajg ifhu`rjk {f {afyj fb f{ajr ngkzy{rn`dnsjk g`{nfgy' Yaj

}`y kj{jrhngjk {f }rjy{ ifg{rfd fb jkzi`{nfg brfh {aj dfi`d ifzgindy$ }ania yaj$

{ff$ y`} `y iù{zrjk o~ {aj a`rk djb{ `gk o~ {aj urfbjyynfg`dy$ `gk yjnsj n{ `{ {ajg`{nfg`d djjd' [any }`y gf{ ynhud~ ` h`{{jr fb knyjhuf}jrngm ` djjd fb

mfjrghjg{ {a`{ a`k ifhj {f oj kfhng`{jk o~ {aj fuufyn{nfg u`r{~' [a`{iajr

i`hj {f uf}jr fg ` ud`{bfrh fb `rrjy{ngm `gk rjjryngm Orn{`ngy jifgfhni

kjidngj$ `gk ojdnjjk {a`{ yaj ifzdk gf{ h`lj mffk fg {a`{ ud`{bfrh zgdjyy yaj


5/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: :

ifzdk mrj`{d~ ngirj`yj {aj jbbninjgi~ `gk {aj jbbji{njgjyy fb Orn{nya jkzi`{nfg'

@gk yaj ifzdk gf{ kf {a`{ `y dfgm `y {aj dfi`d ifzgindy ajdk `dd {aj i`rky'

]ajg yaj }`y ng fuufyn{nfg$ [a`{iajr a`k bfrhjk ` {angl {`gl }n{a Ynr Ljn{a

Cfyjua i`ddjk {aj Ijg{jr bfr Ufdni~ Y{zknjy' H`g~ fb {ajyj nkj`y }jrj

ir~y{`ddnsjk ng{f ud`gy ng {aj uùjry nyyzjk o~ {aj Ijg{jr' Cfyjua oji`hj

Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg ng 0>10'

Ynr Ljn{a Cfyjua ojm`g any {jgzrj o~ {r~ngm {f rjfdz{nfgnsj Orn{nya jkzi`{nfg

}n{a ` yiaffd fziajr ngn{n`{nj' Oz{$ ng {nhj$ aj i`hj {f yjj {a`{ {ajrj }`y gf

}`~ {f yziijjk ng y{rzi{zrngm yzia `g ngn{n`{nj `gk i`rr~ {aj k`~ ng U`rdn`hjg{

ng {aj {nhj ``ndòdj ojbfrj {aj gjq{ mjgjr`d jdji{nfg' Yf {aj gjq{ bj} ~j`ry }jrj

kjf{jk {f hfrj ngirjhjg{`d ùurfìajy {f {aj urfodjhy aj `gk {aj Urnhj

Hngny{jr }`g{jk {f yfdj'

[aj Urnhj Hngny{jr$ af}jjr$ }`g{jk {f mf hzia bzr{ajr {a`g {ajyj ngirjhjg{`d

rjbfrhy$ d`rmjd~ mznkjk o~ {aj innd yjr`g{y ng {aj Kju`r{hjg{ bfr Jkzi`{nfg

`gk Yinjgij$ }fzdk mj{ ajr' [aj rjyzd{ $ }ania i`hj ng {aj {anrk [a`{iajr

`khngny{r`{nfg$ }`y {aj Jkzi`{nfg _jbfrh @i{ fb 0>11$ {aj mrj`{jy{ ia`gmj ng

Orn{nya jkzi`{nfg ufdni~ yngij {aj Jkzi`{nfg @i{ fb 0>;;' Ng {aj ~j`ry brfh 0>;;{f 0>11' {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{ a`k jr~ dn{{dj ifg{rfd fjr dfi`d jkzi`{nfg' [aj

Jkzi`{nfg @i{ fb 0>;; a`k ì{z`dd~ {r`gybjrrjk uf}jr {f {aj dfi`d djjd fb

mfjrghjg{ brfh Dfgkfg' Brfh {nhj {f {nhj$ mfjrghjg{ ifhhnyynfgjk `gk

nyyzjk h`cfr rjufr{y {a`{ }jrj ng{jgkjk {f ngbdzjgij dfi`d kjinynfgy$ oz{ knk gf{

h`gk`{j {ajh$ `gk Ajr H`cjy{~y Ngyuji{fry zyjk {aj jy{jjh ng }ania {aj~ }jrj

ajdk {f mjg{d~ gzkmj {aj y~y{jh {any }`~ fr {a`{$ oz{ {aj ia`gij {a`{ `g~ mnjg

yiaffd }fzdk oj ngyuji{jk ng `g~ mnjg kji`kj }`y gj`rd~ sjrf$ `gk$ ng `g~ i`yj$

{aj Ngyuji{fry a`k gf z{afrn{~ fjr {aj yiaffdy {a`{ {aj~ ngyuji{jk' [ajg`{nfg`d mfjrghjg{ }`y dn{{dj hfrj {a`g `g ng{jrjy{jk o~y{`gkjr }n{a hfkjy{

hfr`d `z{afrn{~ `gk dn{{dj hfrj'

[aj Jkzi`{nfg _jbfrh @i{ fb 0>11 mrj`{d~ kjirj`yjk {aj `z{afrn{~ `gk uf}jr fb

{aj dfi`d djjd fb mfjrghjg{$ yjgkngm {a`{ uf}jr of{a zu `gk kf}g' Yiaffd


6/22


aj`ky {aj ujfudj }j i`dd urnginu`dy. ìpznrjk hfrj `z{afrn{~ `gk u`rjg{y `gk

yiaffd mfjrgfry }jrj dnlj}nyj mnjg hfrj uf}jr' [aj mfjrgfry ` yfr{ fb

yiaffd of`rk bfr jìa yiaffd. }jrj mnjg hfrj uf}jr `y }jdd `y hfrj

rjyufgynondn{~ {f nhudjhjg{ {aj g`{nfg`d rjbfrhy `gk {aj u`rjg{y uf}jry }jrj

jga`gijk o~ ujrhn{{ngm hfrj iafnij `hfgm yiaffdy `gk ia`gmngm {aj bzgkngm

yiajhj yf {a`{ {aj hfgj~ bfddf}jk {aj y{zkjg{ }ajg {aj~ ia`gmjk yiaffdy' @

gj} id`yy fb yiaffdy }`y ng{rfkzijk i`ddjk Mr`g{ H`ng{`ngjk Yiaffdy$ }ania

rjijnjk ` ia`r{jr knrji{d~ brfh {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{ `gk {ajrjo~ j`kjk

}a`{jjr hnma{ oj djb{ fb {aj dfi`d yiaffd `z{afrn{~y ozrj`zirì~' [ajyj Mr`g{

H`ng{`ngjk Yiaffdy$ af}jjr$ }fzdk y{ndd a`j {f {jìa {aj gj} g`{nfg`d

izrrnizdzh$ {ajnr y{zkjg{y }fzdk y{ndd a`j {f {`lj {aj g`{nfg`d jq`hy `gk {aj

yiaffdy }fzdk a`j {ajnr k`{` fg y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij h`kj ``ndòdj bfr `dd {f

yjj'

Oz{ n{ }`y {aj rfdj fb {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{ {a`{ ia`gmjk hfy{ kr`h`{ni`dd~'

H`rm`rj{ [a`{iajry mfjrghjg{ ng{rfkzijk ` yngmdj g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh$ `

yjrnjy fb kj{`ndjk izrrnizdzh mznkjy bfr {aj Ifrj yzocji{y fb h`{ajh`{niy$

Jgmdnya `gk yinjgij$ `gk {aj Bfzgk`{nfg yzocji{y fb any{fr~$ mjfmrùa~$

{jiagfdfm~$ hzyni$ `r{$ ua~yni`d jkzi`{nfg `gk$ ng yjifgk`r~ yiaffdy$ ` hfkjrgd`gmz`mj' [any g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh }`y {f yujinb~ }a`{ y{zkjg{y `rj jquji{jk {f

lgf} `gk oj òdj {f kf o~ {aj `mjy fb =$ 00$ 0; gk 02' [ajyj `mjy }jrj {f oj {aj

jgk ufng{y fb bfzr lj~ y{`mjy ng {aj jkzi`{nfg`d kjjdfuhjg{ fb Jgmdnya

y{zkjg{y' [aj Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg }`y jhuf}jrjk o~ {aj djmnyd`{nfg

{f yj{ `{{`nghjg{ {`rmj{y bfr jìa fb {ajyj yzocji{y bfr jìa yzocji{ ng {aj

izrrnizdzh `gk urjyirnoj {aj urfmr`hy fb y{zk~' [aj Yjirj{`r~$ af}jjr$ }`y

gf{ mnjg brjj rjng$ oz{ }`y rjpznrjk {f jy{òdnya g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh ifzgindy

}ania a`k ` y{`{z{fr~ rjyufgynondn{~ {f ya`rj {aj Yjirj{`r~y kr`b{ izrrnizdzhmznkjy$ ya`rj {ajh }nkjd~$ yfdnin{ {aj nj}y fb h`g~ f{ajry$ `kk {ajnr f}g

ifhhjg{`r~ `gk h`lj n{ ``ndòdj {f {aj Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg' [aj

Yjirj{`r~ ifzdk iaffyj {f nmgfrj {aj `knij fb {aj ngkjujgkjg{ izrrnizdzh

ifzgindy$ oz{ }`y rjpznrjk {f y{`{j any fr ajr rj`yfgy bfr kfngm yf uzodnid~' Ng

{any }`~$ {aj br`hjry fb {aj @i{ rjifmgnsjk {aj k`gmjr fb {aj ijg{r`d mfjrghjg{


7/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: =

krnngm ` g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh `mjgk` o`yjk fg ` g`rrf} yj{ fb ufdn{ni`d

ujryuji{njy$ `gk urfnkjk bfr yfhj kjmrjj fb ngkjujgkjgij brfh ijg{r`d

mfjrghjg{ ng yj{{ngm {aj g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh'

[aj Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg }`y `dyf jhuf}jrjk {f h`lj `dd gjijyy`r~

`rr`gmjhjg{y bfr `yyjyyhjg{' Urnfr {f {aj Jkzi`{nfg _jbfrh @i{$ {aj fgd~

g`{nfg`d jq`hng`{nfgy }jrj {afyj {a`{ }jrj fbbjrjk o~ urn`{j frm`gns`{nfgy {f

yjifgk`r~ yiaffdy$ ng ifhuj{n{nfg }n{a fgj gf{ajr' Yiaffdy h`kj {ajnr f}g

kjinynfgy `y {f }ania fb {ajyj jq`hng`{nfgy {aj~ }fzdk iaffyj {f zyj' Gf yzia

jq`hng`{nfgy }jrj ng zyj {aj urnh`r~ yiaffdy gfr knk {aj g`{nfg`d mfjrghjg{

ifgkzi{ `g~ g`{nfg`d {jy{ngm {f ngkjujgkjg{d~ `yyjyy {aj ìanjjhjg{ fb Jgmdnya

y{zkjg{y' @dd {any }`y ia`gmjk o~ {aj Jkzi`{nfg _jbfrh @i{$ }ania rjpznrjk {aj

Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j {f irj`{j `gk `khngny{jr zgnbfrh g`{nfg`d {jy{y {f `dd Jgmdnya

y{zkjg{y `{ {aj jgky fb Lj~ Y{`mjy 0 `gk ? `gk {f rjmzd`{j {aj jq`hng`{nfgy

fbbjrjk {f yiaffdy o~ {aj ngkjujgkjg{ `yyjyyhjg{ frm`gns`{nfgy bfr {aj

`yyjyyhjg{ fb y{zkjg{y `{ {aj jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mjy 9 `gk ;'

[aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh }fzdk a`j a`k gf {jj{a }n{afz{ {jy{y {f hj`yzrj

y{zkjg{ urfmrjyy `m`ngy{ {aj `{{`nghjg{ {`rmj{y yj{ o~ {aj izrrnizdzh' ]n{a {aj

gj} {jy{y$ {aj g`{nfg`d mfjrghjg{ }fzdk a`j {aj {ffdy n{ gjjkjk {f jgbfrij{a`{ izrrnizdzh' Ng {any yjgyj$ {jy{ngm oji`hj ` urnginu`d }jùfg ng {aj [a`{iajr

mfjrghjg{y pzjy{ {f }rjy{ ifg{rfd fb uzodni jkzi`{nfg brfh {aj urfbjyynfg `gk

rj{zrg n{ {f {aj uzodni' Izrrnizdzh y{`gk`rky `gk {jy{ngm }fzdk urfnkj {aj

hj`gy bfr h`lngm {aj urfbjyynfg ìifzg{òdj {f {aj uzodni' K`{` fg {aj

ujrbfrh`gij fb yiaffdy `m`ngy{ izrrnizdzh y{`gk`rky ifzdk oj zyjk o~ u`rjg{y {f

h`lj ng{jddnmjg{ iafnijy `hfgm yiaffdy' Mffk yiaffdy }fzdk urfyujr `gk uffr

fgjy }n{ajr' Ng {any }`~$ {aj ujrbfrh`gij fb {aj jg{nrj y~y{jh ifzdk oj r`{iaj{jk

zu'

[arfzma {aj [a`{iajr ~j`ry `gk oj~fgk ng{f {aj H`cfr `khngny{r`{nfg$ ` }afdj

gj} y~y{jh ojm`g {f jhjrmj'


8/22


[aj rfdj fb Ajr H`cjy{~y Ngyuji{fry }`y mrj`{d~ ia`gmjk brfh `g ngkjujgkjg{

yfzrij fb mjg{dj `knij `gk mznk`gij o`yjk yfdjd~ fg {aj ngyuji{fry f}g

urfbjyynfg`d gfrhy {f `g `mjgi~ fb mfjrghjg{ }afyj rfdj ny {f kj{jrhngj

}aj{ajr {aj g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh ny ng bì{ ojngm {`zma{ `gk {aj g`{nfg`d

y{`gk`rky `rj ojngm h`ng{`ngjk$ urfnkngm ngy{rzi{nfg {f ojdf}(u`r yiaffdy `y {f

}a`{ {aj~ hzy{ {f nhurfj `gk `knyngm mfjrghjg{ }ajg$ ng {ajnr czkmhjg{$ `

yiaffd ny u`y{ y`ngm `gk n{y aj`k `gk f{ajr y{`bb hzy{ oj rjudìjk fr {aj yiaffd

yaz{ kf}g fr hjrmjk }n{a `gf{ajr'

[aj rfdjy fb `rnfzy g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh yj{{ngm `gk `knyngm `mjginjy }jrj

r`{nfg`dnsjk `gk ifhongjk {arfzma {aj ~j`ry zg{nd {}f ofknjy$ fgj {f yj{

ì`kjhni y{`gk`rky$ `gk {aj f{ajr {f yj{ fi`{nfg`d y{`gk`rky jhjrmjk' Of{a

ofknjy i`hj jjg{z`dd~ {f urfkzij jr~ ifhudjq y~y{jhy fb y{`gk`rky ng {ajnr

rjyuji{ `rjg`y$ {f {aj ufng{ {a`{ H`rm`rj{ [a`{iajr ajryjdb ifhud`ngjk on{{jrd~ ng

ajr hjhfnry {a`{ {aj~ a`k ojifhj b`r hfrj urjyirnu{nj ng {ajnr ùurfìa {a`g

yaj a`k jjr ng{jgkjk fr {afzma{ }nyj' Ajr `nh a`k ojjg {f urfnkj `

br`hj}frl }n{ang }ania {jìajry }fzdk a`j ` mrj`{ kj`d fb `z{fgfh~ {f

jqjrinyj {ajnr urfbjyynfg`d czkmhjg{ {a`g zd{nh`{jd~ }`y urfnkjk'

Ng {aj H`cfr ~j`ry$ mfjrghjg{y brzy{r`{nfg }n{a {aj uffr pz`dn{~ fb hfy{{jìajry `gk {aj jjg df}jr pz`dn{~ fb {aj {jìajr {r`ngngm ngy{n{z{nfgy rjìajk

{aj ofndngm ufng{' [aj rjyzd{ }`y {aj kjinynfg {f {`lj `dd {aj mfjrghjg{ hfgj~

{a`{ a`k ojjg mfngm {f {aj zgnjryn{njy {f bzgk {jìajr jkzi`{nfg `}`~ brfh

{ajh$ {f yj{ zu ` gj} zgn{ fb mfjrghjg{ rjyufgynodj bfr {aj rjirzn{ngm$ {r`ngngm

`gk yzuufr{ fb {jìajry$ `gk {f rjpznrj {aj {jìajr {r`ngngm ngy{n{z{nfgy {f ùud~

bfr bzgky brfh {aj gj} mfjrghjg{ {jìajr {r`ngngm urfmr`h {f mj{ `g~ bzgky

bfr {jìajr {r`ngngm' Ng fgj y{rflj$ mfjrghjg{ ia`gmjk {aj jg{nrj k~g`hni fb

{jìajr {r`ngngm ng Jgmd`gk' [aj zgnjryn{njy$ }ania a`k ojjg bnma{ngm {aj gj}`mjgk`$ gf} bfzgk {a`{ {aj~ ifzdk mj{ hfgj~ {f {r`ng {jìajry fgd~ nb {aj~

ìiju{jk {aj nj} {a`{ {aj uzrufyj fb {jìajr {r`ngngm ng Jgmd`gk }`y {f urfnkj

urfyuji{nj {jìajry }n{a {aj ylnddy {aj~ gjjkjk {f {jìa {aj g`{nfg`d izrrnizdzh'

Bz{ajrhfrj$ {aj~ }fzdk ljju {aj hfgj~ {aj~ mf{ bfr {any uzrufyj fgd~ nb {aj~


9/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: >

ifzdk yaf} `{ rjmzd`r ng{jr`dy {a`{ {aj hfgj~ {aj~ mf{ bfr {any uzrufyj }`y

urfkzingm {aj rjyzd{y {a`{ mfjrghjg{ }`y dfflngm bfr'

[ajyj ~j`ry }jrj bzdd fb irnhfg~' [aj ia`gmjy knk gf{ mf kf}g j`ynd~ `hfgm

{jìajry$ h`g~ ng mfjrghjg{ `gk ng {aj zgnjryn{njy' [jìajry fb{jg {arj`{jgjk

rjfd{ `gk yfhj{nhjy urì{nijk n{' Mfjrghjg{ }`y ng yfhj i`yjy bfrijk {f oìl

fbb fb n{y `mjgk` {f urjjg{ {aj lngk fb d`rmj yi`dj rjfd{ `hfgm {jìajry {a`{

ifzdk a`j djb{ {aj gj} `mjgk` y{nddofrg'

Gjjr{ajdjyy$ o~ {aj {nhj [fg~ Od`nr oji`hj Urnhj Hngny{jr$ `dd fb {aj jdjhjg{y

fb {aj gj} y~y{jh a`k ojjg uz{ ng udìj' @ anmad~ `dnmgjk y~y{jh fb g`{nfg`d

y{`gk`rky$ izrrnizdzh br`hj}frly$ {jy{y `gk jq`hng`{nfgy a`k ojjg jy{òdnyajk'

K`{` fg yiaffd ujrbfrh`gij yj{ {f {aj y{`gk`rky }`y ojngm urfkzijk `gk h`kj

``ndòdj {f {aj uzodni' [aj Ngyuji{fr`{j }`y rjnj}ngm yiaffd ujrbfrh`gij

`m`ngy{ {aj g`{nfg`d y{`gk`rky `gk izrrnizdzh fg ` rjmzd`r yiajkzdj `gk ud`~ngm

` lj~ rfdj ng {aj ìifzg{òndn{~ y~y{jh' Hfrj iafnijy }jrj ``ndòdj {f u`rjg{y

`gk y{zkjg{y `gk hfrj ngbfrh`{nfg }`y ``ndòdj fg }ania {f o`yj {afyj iafnijy'

[aj kj`k a`gk fb {aj dfi`d ozrj`zirì~ a`k ojjg dnb{jk `gk yiaffd aj`ky `gk

mfjrgfry mnjg hzia hfrj d`{n{zkj {f h`lj {aj kjinynfgy {aj~ {afzma{

ùurfurn`{j' Ngn{n`d y{juy a`k ojjg {`ljg {f ng{rfkzij yiaffdy bfizyngm fgknbbjrjg{ {ajhjy$ {ajrjo~ ngirj`yngm ng y{ndd `gf{ajr }`~ {aj iafnijy ``ndòdj {f

u`rjg{y `gk y{zkjg{y' Y{`gk`rky$ ìifzg{òndn{~$ iafnij oz{ gf{ fziajry.$ `gk

dfi`d rjyufgynondn{~ `dd }n{ang {aj ifg{jq{ fb ` idj`r `gk ifgyny{jg{ g`{nfg`d

izrrnizdzh br`hj}frl a`k ojifhj {aj a`ddh`rly fb {aj Jgmdnya jkzi`{nfg

y~y{jh' @gk jq{r`frkng`r~ hj`yzrjy a`k ojjg {`ljg {f nhurfj {aj pz`dn{~ fb

{aj jkzi`{nfg `gk {r`ngngm fb Jgmdnya {jìajry'

Dòfr a`k ojjg fz{ fb uf}jr bfr ` dfgm {nhj }ajg [fg~ Od`nr {ffl {aj rjngy ng0>>2' Kzrngm hfy{ fb {a`{ ujrnfk$ {aj ya`kf} iòngj{ a`k ojjg nyyzngm ufyn{nfg

uùjry od`y{ngm {aj [a`{iajr urfmr`h `gk urfhnyngm {f rfdd oìl ajr jkzi`{nfg

rjbfrhy' Yf n{ ny gf{ yzrurnyngm {a`{ {aj Dòfr r`gl `gk bndj bzdd~ jquji{jk {a`{ {f

aùujg nb `gk }ajg Od`nr }fg'


10/22


Oz{ n{ knk gf{' Ng {aj jgk Od`nr y{ffk czy{ }ajrj I`dd`ma`g a`k y{ffk `dd {afyj

~j`ry ojbfrj$ }n{a {aj u`rjg{y `gk jhudf~jry' Aj$ {ff$ }`y ifgngijk {a`{

jkzi`{nfg a`k ojjg iù{zrjk o~ {aj urfnkjry `gk a`k dffljk }n{a ùurf`d fg

[a`{iajry i`hu`nmg {f }rjy{ ifg{rfd brfh {aj urfbjyynfg `gk rj{zrg n{ {f {aj

uzodni' Aj$ {ff$ {afzma{ {a`{ {aj jkzi`{fry yjirj{ m`rkjg fb izrrnizdzh yafzdk

oj ` yjirj{ gf dfgmjr'

[any ifg{ngzn{~ oj{}jjg {aj Od`nr urfmr`h `gk {aj urjijkngm [a`{iajr `gk

H`cfr urfmr`hy ng jkzi`{nfg ny {aj lj~ {f {aj yziijyy fb Jgmd`gky jkzi`{nfg

rjbfrhy' ]n{afz{ {a`{ ifg{ngzn{~ fb urfmr`h `gk ifg{ngzjk kj{jrhng`{nfg fb

mfjrghjg{ {f yjj {aj }afdj urfmr`h {arfzma {f n{y dfmni`d ifgidzynfg$ n{ }fzdk

`dd a`j b`ddjg ù`r{' N{ ny }fr{a}andj {f y{fu bfr ` hfhjg{ {f {angl òfz{ af} n{

`dd aùujgjk {a`{ }`~'

H`rm`rj{ [a`{iajr$ ng ajr hjhfnry$ `{{rnoz{jy ajr yziijyy {f ajr hnkkdj id`yy

oìlmrfzgk' [aj k`zma{jr fb ` mrfijr$ yaj y`} jkzi`{nfg `y {aj }`~ zu `gk

h`kj n{ }frl {a`{ }`~ bfr ajr' Oji`zyj yaj }`y gf{ {aj zyz`d [fr~ k`zma{jr fb

urnndjmj$ yaj }`y gf{ ifhbfr{òdj }n{a `g jkzi`{nfg y~y{jh {a`{ }frljk fgd~

bfr {aj jdn{j `gk urfnkjk dn{{dj bfr jjr~fgj jdyj' N{ i`g oj `rmzjk {a`{ [fg~

Od`nr }`y {aj fuufyn{j$ {aj yfg fb urnndjmj }afyj y~hu`{anjy }jrj }n{a {aj djyybfr{zg`{j oz{ }af }`y gf{ `z{fh`{ni`dd~ `g{`mfgny{ni {f {aj ng{jrjy{y fb ozyngjyy'

@gk Od`nr }`y {aj bnry{ Urnhj Hngny{jr ng ` jr~ dfgm {nhj {f a`j yiaffd `mj

iandkrjg }andj yjrngm ng {a`{ ufyn{nfg' [a`{iajr `gk Od`nr$ ng {jrhy fb {ajnr

`dzjy$ hj{ ng {aj hnkkdj' N{ }`y g`{zr`d bfr of{a fb {ajh {f {angl dnlj u`rjg{y$

`gk jhudf~jry$ r`{ajr {a`g kjbjrrngm {f {aj urfbjyynfg`dy' Of{a y`} jkzi`{nfg `y

b`ndngm ng n{y fodnm`{nfg {f urfnkj ` }`~ zu bfr {aj djyy bfr{zg`{j `gk of{a a`k `

yfuany{ni`{jk jgfzma zgkjry{`gkngm fb {aj k~g`hniy fb hfkjrg jifgfhnjy {f

zgkjry{`gk {a`{ {aj }afdj jifgfhni bz{zrj fb Orn{`ng kjujgkjk fg r`kni`dnhurfjhjg{y ng {aj ujrbfrh`gij fb Orn{`ngy yiaffdy' [aj rjyzd{ }`y

jq{r`frkng`r~ ifg{ngzn{~ ng ` rjfdz{nfg`r~ jkzi`{nfg ufdni~ fjr {aj ifzryj fb

hfrj {a`g {}jg{~ bnj ~j`ry'


11/22


[f dj`j n{ `{ {a`{$ af}jjr$ }fzdk oj hnydj`kngm' N{ ny gf{ ynhud~ {a`{ Od`nr

ifg{ngzjk {aj ufdninjy {a`{ H`rm`rj{ [a`{iajr `gk Cfag H`cfr a`k uz{ ng udìj'

N{ ny ù{ {f y`~ {a`{ [a`{iajr `gk H`cfr h`g`mjk {f orj`l {aj hfdk fb Orn{nya

jkzi`{nfg ufdni~ `gk uz{ ng udìj {aj o`yni ozndkngm odfily fb ` gj} frkjr' Od`nr

{ajg oznd{ fg {a`{ y{rzi{zrj {f irj`{j ` gj} lngk fb uzodni `khngny{r`{nfg y~y{jh

bfr jkzi`{nfg$ fgj ng }ania mfjrghjg{ urfnkjy {aj ngijg{njy$ yzuufr{ `gk

{ffdy bfr ` {rzj jkzi`{nfg urfbjyynfg {f kjjdfu$ fgj {a`{ ny frm`gnsjk {f dj`rg

brfh n{y jqujrnjgij `gk ngijg{jk {f uz{ {a`{ lgf}djkmj {f }frl$ ifgy{`g{d~

yjjlngm `gk nhudjhjg{ngm oj{{jr }`~y {f nhurfj y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij' [any ny

` h`cfr ifg{rnoz{nfg o~ n{yjdb'

Oz{ }j `rj mj{{ngm àj`k fb fzryjdjy' Ng {aj ~j`r ojbfrj Od`nr oji`hj Urnhj

Hngny{jr$ `y aj`k fb any u`r{~ aj rjfrm`gnsjk any jkzi`{nfg {j`h' ]ajg `yljk

rnma{ `b{jr {aj jdji{nfg }a`{ any {fu {arjj urnfrn{njy }fzdk oj$ aj b`hfzyd~

rjudnjk$ Jkzi`{nfg$ jkzi`{nfg `gk jkzi`{nfg! Jjr~fgj zgkjry{ffk {a`{ {aj

aj`k fb Od`nry jkzi`{nfg {j`h }`y Od`nr anhyjdb$ }af$ b`r brfh dj`ngm

jkzi`{nfg ufdni~ {f f{ajry$ nhhjryjk anhyjdb ng n{ `gk h`kj n{ any f}g'

[aj f{ajr hjhojry fb {any dn{{dj o`gk ngidzkjk K`nk Odzglj{{$ Ifgfr _~`g$

K`nk Hnddno`gk$ `gk Hnia`jd O`rojr' Ng {aj ~j`ry {f ifhj$ {any {nma{ lgn{ {j`h

ifjrjk {aj lj~ ufy{y `{ Gzhojr 05 Kf}gngm Y{rjj{$ ng {aj Iòngj{ `gk ng {ajKju`r{hjg{ bfr Jkzi`{nfg `gk Ylnddy' [ajnr rjyuji{ bfr fgj `gf{ajr `gk {ajnr

bzgk`hjg{`d `mrjjhjg{ fg `dzjy `gk y{r`{jm~ h`kj h`g~ {angmy ufyynodj {a`{

hnma{ gf{ a`j ojjg f{ajr}nyj'

[aj~ `khnrjk [a`{iajry {fzmagjyy$ ajr dìl fb {fdjr`gij bfr yiaffd b`ndzrj `gk

ajr }nddngmgjyy {f {`lj fg {aj urfbjyynfg `gk {aj ozrj`zirì~' @gk {aj~ `mrjjk

}n{a {aj hj`yzrjy yaj a`k {`ljg {f bfrij ìifzg{òndn{~ `gk ifgyjpzjgijy bfr

b`ndzrj ng{f {aj y~y{jh' @y O`rojr d`{jr uz{ n{$ Nb {aj Ifgyjr`{njy a`kg{ng{rfkzijk {aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh$ g`{nfg`d {jy{ngm$ rjmzd`r ngyuji{nfg$ `gk {aj

kjfdz{nfg fb \`z{afrn{~X {f {aj yiaffdy$ }j ifzdkg{ kf }a`{ }j `rj kfngm'

Oz{ {aj~ `dyf ojdnjjk {a`{ {aj [a`{iajr `khngny{r`{nfg$ `gk {aj H`cfr

`khngny{r`{nfg {a`{ bfddf}jk n{ a`k gf{ {afzma{ {arfzma `g jbbji{nj y{r`{jm~ bfr

urfnkngm {aj lngk fb yzuufr{ {a`{ {jìajry `gk yiaffd aj`ky }fzdk gjjk {f


12/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 0?

rjìa {aj gj} y{`gk`rky' @gk {aj~ }jrj jyujin`dd~ }frrnjk {a`{$ }n{afz{ {a`{

yzuufr{$ {aj [a`{iajr rjbfrhy }fzdk dj`j uffr iandkrjg b`r ojangk'

Ojbfrj }j kjyirnoj {aj Od`nr {j`hy mf`dy `gk y{r`{jmnjy bfr ìanjngm {ajh$

{afzma$ }j gjjk {f {`lj ` kj{fzr' ]j gjjk {f y{ju oìl `gk u`ng{ ` uni{zrj fb

{aj y{rzi{zrj fb {aj Jgmdnya urnh`r~ `gk yjifgk`r~ jkzi`{nfg y~y{jh `{ {aj {nhj

{aj Od`nr `khngny{r`{nfg {ffl fjr$ yf {aj rj`kjr i`g mr`yu }a`{ }`y ojngm

ia`gmjk'

[aj [a`{iajr mfjrghjg{ a`k kjbngjk bfzr Lj~ Y{`mjy fb {aj urfmrjyy fb `g

Jgmdnya y{zkjg{ {arfzma {aj yiaffdy$ `y bfddf}y3

Bfzgk`{nfg Y{`mj @mjy 0 {arfzma :

Lj~ Y{`mj 0 @mjy 2 `gk = Yiaffd ~j`ry 0 `gk ?

Lj~ Y{`mj ? @mjy 1 {arfzma 00 Yiaffd ~j`ry 9 {arfzma 2

Lj~ Y{`mj 9 @mjy 0? {afzma 0; Yiaffd ~j`ry = {arfzma >

Lj~ Y{`mj ; @mjy 0: `gk 02 Yiaffd ~j`ry 05 `gk 00

Ufy{(02 @mjy 0= `gk 01 Yiaffd ~j`ry 00 `gk 0?

@{ {aj Bfzgk`{nfg Y{`mj$ o~ 0>>1$ Mfjrghjg{$ o~ 0>11 a`k `yyzrjk {a`{ `dd dfi`d`z{afrn{njy a`k ` ud`g bfr urfnkngm brjj $ anma pz`dn{~ gzryjr~ yiaffd `gk `g

`kkn{nfg`d ud`g r`nyngm n{y {`rmj{y bfr udìjy bfr 9(~j`r fdky'

[aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh }`y kjynmgjk {f hjj{ {aj gjjky fb y{zkjg{y bfr }afh

jkzi`{nfg }`y ifhuzdyfr~ ng Jgmd`gk$ {a`{ ny$ y{zkjg{y brfh {aj `mjy fb :

{arfzma 02$ fr brfh {aj ojmnggngm fb Lj~ Y{`mj 0 {arfzma {aj jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mj ;'

@{ {aj jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mj ?$ `gk `m`ng `{ {aj jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mj 9$ `dd y{zkjg{y }jrj

{f {`lj {aj gj} G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh [jy{y ng Jgmdnya$ h`{ajh`{niy `gk yinjgij'

[afzma {aj G`{nfg`d [jy{y ngidzkjk fgd~ {ajyj {arjj yzocji{y$ {aj G`{nfg`d

Izrrnizdzh }`y hzia hfrj urjyirnu{nj' Y{zkjg{y ng Lj~ Y{`mj ? `mjy =(00.

}jrj rjpznrjk {f {`lj Jgmdnya$ h`{ajh`{niy$ yinjgij$ ua~yni`d jkzi`{nfg$ kjynmg

`gk {jiagfdfm~$ ngbfrh`{nfg {jiagfdfm~$ any{fr~$ mjfmrùa~$ hzyni `gk `r{ `gk


13/22


rjdnmnfzy jkzi`{nfg' Y{zkjg{y ng Lj~ Y{`mj 9 `mjy 00(0;. {ffl `dd {afyj yzocji{y

udzy hfkjrg bfrjnmg d`gmz`mjy' Y{zkjg{y ng Lj~ Y{`mj ; `mjy 0;(02. }jrj

rjpznrjk {f {`lj fgd~ Jgmdnya$ h`{ajh`{niy$ yinjgij$ ua~yni`d jkzi`{nfg$ kjynmg

`gk {jiagfdfm~$ ngbfrh`{nfg {jiagfdfm~$ `gk hfkjrg bfrjnmg d`gmz`mjy'

[aj bfrh {`ljg o~ {aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh }`y `gk ny {}fbfdk' Bfr jìa yzocji{

`{ jìa y{`mj$ {aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh yj{y fz{ Urfmr`hhjy fb Y{zk~ {a`{ yujinb~

}a`{ {aj y{zkjg{ yafzdk lgf} `gk oj òdj {f kf' @{{`nghjg{ {`rmj{y yujinb~ {aj

jquji{jk y{`gk`rky fb y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij'

@{ {aj jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mj ;$ y{zkjg{y {ffl {aj Mjgjr`d Ijr{nbni`{j fb Yjifgk`r~

Jkzi`{nfg MIYJ. Jq`hng`{nfgy }ania ngifrufr`{jk {aj fdk F Djjd jq`hy.'

[aj~ ifzdk `dyf {`lj {aj Rfi`{nfg`d MIYJy `gk ijr{`ng f{ajr jq`hng`{nfgy

kjid`rjk o~ Mfgjrhjg{ {f oj {aj jpzn`djg{ fb {aj MIYJy' H`g~ y{zkjg{y

}fzdk dj`j bfrh`d jkzi`{nfg {f jg{jr {aj }frlbfrij `{ {any ufng{' [afyj {a`{

}`g{jk {f mf fg {f Ufy{(02 jkzi`{nfg }a`{ }`y fgij i`ddjk {aj 2{a Bfrh.

}fzdk y{zk~ bfr {aj @ djjdy$ fr {ajnr fi`{nfg`d jkzi`{nfg jpzn`djg{y' [aj @

djjdy }jrj `gk rjh`ng {aj m`{j}`~ {f {aj zgnjryn{njy ng Jgmd`gk' [afzma

Mfjrghjg{ kjid`rjk ijr{`ng fi`{nfg`d pz`dnbni`{nfgy {f oj {aj jpzn`djg{ fb @

Djjdy$ gf fgj jdyj ì{jk `y nb {a`{ }jrj yf$ `gk$ ngkjjk$ Mfjrghjg{ r`rjd~oja`jk `y nb {a`{ }jrj yf' Jq`hy }jrj {rj`{jk o~ {aj y~y{jh ng ` }`~ {a`{ a`y

gf u`r`ddjd ng {aj Zgn{jk Y{`{jy' Y{zkjg{y$ `knyjk o~ {ajnr {jìajry$ }fzdk

kjinkj fg jg{jrngm Lj~ Y{`mj ; fr Ufy{(02 y{zknjy$ }ania jq`hng`{nfgy {aj~

}nyajk {f y{zk~ bfr {}f ~j`ry ajgij' Fgjy fuufr{zgn{njy {f mf fg bfr bzr{ajr

jkzi`{nfg$ ngidzkngm }ania zgnjryn{njy fgj }fzdk oj `khn{{jk {f$ }fzdk

kjujgk fg }ania jq`hy fgj a`k jdji{jk {f {`lj `gk }a`{ mr`kj a`k ojjg

ìanjjk ng {afyj jq`hy' Fgj {~uni`dd~ jdji{jk {f {`lj oj{}jjg 9 `gk : jq`hy'

[azy `k`gijk anma yiaffd y{zk~ ng Jgmd`gk a`y bfr ` dfgm {nhj ojjg hziahfrj {nma{d~ bfizyjk brfh {aj y{`gkufng{ fb yzocji{y y{zknjk. {a`g ng {aj Zgn{jk

Y{`{jy$ `gk y{zkjg{y a`j {~uni`dd~ kfgj hzia hfrj `k`gijk }frl ng {afyj

yzocji{y {a`g {ajnr ifzg{jru`r{y ng {any ifzg{r~' Fb ifzryj$ {aj yzocji{y y{zknjk

}jrj jr~ hzia ngbdzjgijk o~ {aj rjpznrjhjg{y fb {aj ngy{n{z{nfg {a`{ fgj

}`g{jk {f `{{jgk `b{jr yjifgk`r~ yiaffd'


14/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 0;

Mfjrghjg{ }`y rjyufgynodj fgd~ bfr irj`{ngm {aj jq`hy `{ {aj jgk fb {aj bnry{

{arjj y{`mjy' [aj MIYJ `gk @ Djjd jq`hng`{nfgy }jrj urfnkjk o~ urn`{j

frm`gns`{nfgy ng ifhuj{n{nfg }n{a fgj `gf{ajr' [aj knbbjrjgijy `hfgm {ajh

}jrj hfkjr`{jk ng ` y~y{jh {f }ania {aj~ a`k `dd `mrjjk'

[aj ì`kjhni izrrnizdzh `gk y{`gk`rky }jrj ì{z`dd~ yj{ o~ {aj Yiaffd

Izrrnizdzh `gk @yyjyyhjg{ @z{afrn{~' @ yju`r`{j `mjgi~$ {aj G`{nfg`d Ifzgind

fg Rfi`{nfg`d Pz`dnbni`{nfgy$ }`y rjyufgynodj bfr orngmngm yfhj frkjr `gk

y~y{jh {f {aj h~rn`k fb fi`{nfg`d `gk fiizu`{nfg`d pz`dnbni`{nfgy fbbjrjk o~

h`g~ knbbjrjg{ urn`{j frm`gns`{nfgy' Of{a `mjginjy }jrj u`r{ fb mfjrghjg{$

ùufng{jk o~ {aj Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg$ oz{ ngkjujgkjg{ fb {aj rjy{ fb

{aj Kju`r{hjg{ fb Jkzi`{nfg ozrj`zirì~' D`{jr$ {ajyj {}f `mjginjy }fzdk oj

hjrmjk ng{f fgj$ {aj Pz`dnbni`{nfgy `gk Izrrnizdzh @z{afrn{~'

]j rj{zrg gf} {f `g ìifzg{ fb {aj ì{nfgy fb {aj Od`nr {j`h }ajg {aj~ a`k

m`ngjk fbbnij ng 0>>2'

[ajnr kjo{ {f {aj Ifgyjr`{njy }`y idj`r `gk ìlgf}djkmjk' [aj nyyzj }`y

af} {f {`lj {ajyj hj`yzrjy `gk zyj {ajh {f krnj y{zkjg{ ìanjjhjg{ jyujin`dd~ {aj ìanjjhjg{ fb {aj df}jy{ ujrbfrhngm y{zkjg{y zu {f

zgurjijkjg{jk djjdy' Od`nr knk gf{ ìiju{ {aj nhudnin{ {ajfr~ fb {aj [a`{iajr

mfjrghjg{ {a`{ h`lngm hzia hfrj `gk hfrj ìizr`{j ngbfrh`{nfg ``ndòdj {f

u`rjg{y òfz{ yiaffd ujrbfrh`gij }fzdk n{yjdb rjyzd{ ng nhurfjk ujrbfrh`gij'

Aj ojdnjjk {a`{ h`cfr nhurfjhjg{y ng ujrbfrh`gij }fzdk ifhj fgd~ nb

mfjrghjg{ ngjy{jk aj`nd~ ng nhurfngm {aj iùìn{~ fb {aj jkzi`{nfg

jy{òdnyahjg{ {f r`nyj y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij$ {a`{ {aj uzodni }fzdk mj{ }a`{ n{

gjjkjk fgd~ }ajg rjbfrh ng {aj ngijg{nj y~y{jh `gk ng {aj urfkzi{nfg fb oj{{jrujrbfrh`gij ngbfrh`{nfg }`y h`{iajk o~ ngjy{hjg{y ng mrj`{jr iùìn{~' @gk

aj }`y gf{ ifg{jg{ }n{a dj{{ngm {aj h`rlj{ }frly n{y }ndd' Od`nr `gk any {j`h

}fzdk gjjr mnj zu fg kny`k`g{`mjk y{zkjg{y'


15/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 0:

[ajnr bnry{ y{ju$ {`ljg ng {ajnr jr~ bnry{ }jjl ng fbbnij$ }`y {f yj{ zu ` y~y{jh fb

{`rmj{y' N{ }`y nhufr{`g{$ {aj~ {afzma{$ {a`{ jjr~ ì{fr ng {aj y~y{jh$ brfh {aj

yiaffd aj`k {f {aj Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg$ {f ifhhn{ {f hj`yzròdj$

ia`ddjgmngm oz{ ìanjòdj mf`dy$ `gk oj }nddngm {f y{`lj {ajnr i`rjjry fg {ajh'

[aj {`rmj{y }jrj y{`{jk ng {jrhy fb urfufr{nfgy fb y{zkjg{y ng jìa mr`kj {jy{jk

ìanjngm `{ dj`y{ ` Djjd ; rfzmad~ jpzn`djg{ {f urfbninjg{ ng fzr

{jrhngfdfm~.' ]ajg Od`nr {ffl fbbnij$ fgd~ :=* {jy{jk `{ Djjd ; ng dn{jrì~ `{ {aj

jgk fb Lj~ Y{`mj 9' Aj yj{ ` {`rmj{ fb 15* {f oj ianjjk }n{ang bnj ~j`ry `gk

h`kj rjìangm {a`{ {`rmj{ ` urnh`r~ mf`d fb any jkzi`{nfg ufdninjy$ ngn{ngm {aj

g`{nfg {f afdk any `khngny{r`{nfg ìifzg{òdj bfr rjìangm {a`{ {`rmj{' [aj {`rmj{

{ajg i`yi`kjk kf}g {aj y~y{jh$ }n{a jìa df}jr {njr yj{{ngm ` {`rmj{ bfr }ania

{aj~ }jrj }nddngm {f oj ajdk ìifzg{òdj' Idj`r~$ jìa anma djjd ng {aj y~y{jh

a`k `g ngijg{nj {f h`lj yzrj {a`{ jjr~ ngknnkz`d `gk frm`gns`{nfg`d zgn{

rjufr{ngm {f any fr ajr djjd ìiju{jk rjyufgynondn{~ bfr an{{ngm {`rmj{y {a`{ }fzdk

`{ dj`y{ yzh zu {f {aj {`rmj{y bfr }ania aj fr yaj a`k ìiju{jk rjyufgynondn{~'

@gk yf n{ }jg{$ brfh Urnhj Hngny{jr {f Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j {f Ujrh`gjg{ Yjirj{`r~

{f zgn{ aj`ky {f aj`ky fb Dfi`d Jkzi`{nfg @z{afrn{njy {f Yiaffd Aj`ky$ rnma{

kf}g {aj dngj'

Ng {aj jjg{$ =:* fb {aj y{zkjg{y {jy{jk rjìajk Djjd ;$ :* djyy {a`g a`k ojjgurfhnyjk' K`nk Odzglj{{$ {ajg Yjirj{`r~ fb Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg$ fbbjrjk {f

rjynmg$ oz{ Od`nr rjbzyjk {f ìiju{ any rjynmg`{nfg$ oji`zyj `dhfy{ jjr~fgj

rj`dnsjk {a`{ hfngm {aj y~y{jh brfh :=* {f =:* urfbninjg{ ng dn{jrì~ a`k ojjg

`g jgfrhfzy ìanjjhjg{' @y {any ny }rn{{jg$ ng ?55:$ {aj bnmzrj y{`gky `{ =1*$

czy{ ya~ fb {aj {`rmj{'

Jjg hfrj nhurjyynj$ {aj `jr`mj yifrj fg {aj dn{jrì~ {jy{ fb {aj df}jy{

ìanjngm kny{rni{ ng Jgmd`gk ny `dhfy{ jqì{d~ }ajrj {aj `jr`mj yifrj }`y }ajgOd`nr {ffl fbbnij' [a`{ ìanjjhjg{ ny ynhud~ rjh`rlòdj$ {f fzr lgf}djkmj ` b r

mrj`{jr hfj {a`g `g~ @hjrni`g y{`{j a`y h`g`mjk {f h`lj ng ` ifhu`ròdj

ujrnfk fb {nhj'


16/22


Af} knk {aj~ kf n{6 ]ajg Od`nr {ffl fbbnij `y Urnhj Hngny{jr$ {aj {j`h czkmjk

{a`{ {aj Kju`r{hjg{ bfr Jkzi`{nfg knk gf{ a`j {aj iùìn{~ {f urfnkj y{r`{jmni

dj`kjryanu bfr ` ifajrjg{$ uf}jrbzd$ g`{nfg`d yiaffd nhurfjhjg{ jbbfr{' N{ }`y

gjn{ajr frm`gnsjk gfr y{`bbjk bfr yzia `g jbbfr{ oji`zyj$ zu {f {a`{ hfhjg{$ n{

a`k gf ia`rmj `gk gf djmn{nhì~ {f {`lj fg yzia ` rfdj' Yf Odzglj{{$ {aj gj}

Yjirj{`r~ bfr Y{`{j bfr Jkzi`{nfg$ `yljk Hnia`jd O`rojr {f irj`{j ` gj} zgn{

}n{ang {aj Kju`r{hjg{$ {aj Y{`gk`rky `gk Jbbji{njgjyy Zgn{ {a`{ ifzdk dj`k {aj

ia`rmj'

O`rojr }`y {aj fgj hjhojr fb {aj nggjr inridj fb {aj jkzi`{nfg {j`h }af a`k

ojjg {r`ngjk `y `g jkzi`{fr' @i{nj ng {aj {jìajry zgnfg$ aj a`k ifhj {f

ojdnjj {a`{ {aj y{`gijy {`ljg o~ {aj zgnfg }fzdk zd{nh`{jd~ oj yjdb kjbj`{ngm'

O`rojr rj`dnsjk {a`{ {aj {jìajry }jrj rùnkd~ `dnjg`{ngm {aj uzodni o~ rjbzyngm {f

oj ajdk ìifzg{òdj bfr {aj rjyzd{y fb {ajnr }frl$ }andj ifgy{`g{d~ `ylngm bfr

hfrj rjyfzrijy bfr kfngm n{' [aj~ }jrj b`r hfrj dnljd~ {f mj{ {afyj rjyfzrijy$ aj

{afzma{$ }ajg {aj~ yaf}jk {a`{ {aj~ ifzdk `gk }fzdk urfkzij anmajr

ìanjjhjg{ `gk }ajg {aj~ rjifmgnsjk {aj djmn{nhì~ fb {aj uzodniy ng{jrjy{ ng

yj{{ngm {aj mf`dy fb jkzi`{nfg' O`rojr {zrgjk fz{ {f oj of{a {aj {ajfrj{nin`g fb

{aj Od`nr jkzi`{nfg {j`h `gk {aj ufng{ h`g bfr nhudjhjg{ngm n{y y{r`{jmnjy fg {aj

mrfzgk'

O`rojr rj`dnsjk {a`{ gf `hfzg{ fb {fzmagjyy fg {jìajry }fzdk urfkzij oj{{jr

y{zkjg{ ujrbfrh`gij nb {aj {jìajry knk gf{ lgf} }a`{ {f kf' @gk {aj~ knk gf{

lgf} }a`{ {f kf' Gf{ fgd~ knk {aj~ gf{ lgf} }a`{ {f kf$ oz{ {ajnr }afdj

izd{zrj djb{ {ajh brjj {f kf n{$ zgkny{zrojk o~ {ajnr ujjry fr yzujrnyfry' [f bnq

{aj urfodjh$ mfjrghjg{ }fzdk a`j {f bnmzrj fz{ }a`{ {f kf `gk bngk ` }`~ {f

{r`ng `dd {aj {jìajry ng Jgmd`gky yiaffdy {f kf n{$ ` mn`g{ orj`l }n{a `dd urnfr

urì{nij `gk ` }rjgiangm ia`gmj bfr jjr~fgj ifgijrgjk'

[aj Od`nr {j`h kjinkjk {f y{`lj jjr~{angm fg urfkzingm ` kr`h`{ni

nhurfjhjg{ ng dn{jrì~$ ajgij {aj udjkmj czy{ rjufr{jk' A`ngm `ggfzgijk {aj

mf`d `gk {aj hj`yzrj o~ }ania n{y ìanjjhjg{ }fzdk oj czkmjk$ {aj pzjy{nfg

}`y af} {f rjìa n{' N{ }`y zu {f O`rojr {f h`lj mffk fg Odzglj{{y udjkmj'


17/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 0=

Ng ` ujrbji{ }frdk$ mfjrghjg{ ifzdk a`j {zrgjk {f Orn{`ngy zgnjryn{njy bfr {aj

urfjg rjyj`ria `gk {aj {jìangm {`djg{ gjjkjk {f kf {aj cfo' Oz{ n{ ifzdk gf{$

oji`zyj {aj rjyj`ria o`yj }`y }j`l `gk {aj ngy{n{z{nfgy yjifgk r`{j'

Mfjrghjg{ }fzdk a`j {f frm`gnsj {aj jbbfr{ n{yjdb$ }n{a jr~ dn{{dj ajdu brfh

anmajr jkzi`{nfg'

@gk n{ knk' O`rojr rjìajk fz{ {f Cfag Y{`gg`rk$ ` kjjud~ lgf}djkmòdj `gk

{afzma{bzd jkzi`{fr }af a`k bfr ~j`ry ojjg ` yjgnfr hjhojr fb {aj Ngyuji{fr`{j$

`gk }`y anmad~ rjyuji{jk o~ {jìajry {arfzmafz{ Jgmd`gk' Y{`gg`rk a`k ng bì{

ojjg {ùujk o~ {aj H`cfr mfjrghjg{ {f dj`k ` G`{nfg`d Dn{jrì~ Urfcji{' Ng {a`{

rfdj$ Y{`gg`rk a`k i`rjbzdd~ rjnj}jk {aj ng{jrg`{nfg`d rjyj`ria dn{jr`{zrj fg

dn{jrì~$ a`k nyn{jk Gj} Sj`d`gk$ @zy{r`dn` `gk {aj Zgn{jk Y{`{jy {f dffl `{

jbbji{nj dn{jrì~ urfmr`hy bnry{a`gk$ `gk a`k djk {aj kjjdfuhjg{ fb ` undf{

urfcji{ {f {jy{ {aj jbbji{njgjyy fb ` kjynmg bfr dn{jrì~ ngy{rzi{nfg o`yjk fg {aj

ojgiah`rlngm rjyj`ria aj `gk any {j`h a`k kfgj' Y{`gg`rk a`k ojjg

u`r{nizd`rd~ nhurjyyjk o~ {aj }frl fb H`rnj Id`~ ng Gj} Sj`d`gk$ Uj{jr Andd `gk

I`rhjd Irjfd` ng Hjdofzrgj$ @zy{r`dn` d`{jr {f cfng {aj y{`bb fb {aj G`{nfg`d

Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~ ng {aj Zgn{jk Y{`{jy `y Knrji{fr fb

_jyj`ria. `gk `rnfzy jbbfr{y ng {aj Zgn{jk Y{`{jy {f rjmzd`rnsj {aj {jìangm fbuafgniy ng {aj df}jr mr`kjy'

Y{`gg`rk lgj} Jgmdnya yiaffdy `gk Jgmdnya {jìajry jr~ }jdd$ {arfzma any }frl

`y `g Ngyuji{fr' Aj y`} {ajh `y kjjud~ ifhhn{{jk {f `g nkj` fb ujk`mfm~ o`yjk

fg {ajnr kjjud~ bd`}jk zgkjry{`gkngm fb Un`mj{y y{`mjy fb kjjdfuhjg{'

Bj} fb {ajyj {jìajry$ aj lgj}$ a`k jjr ì{z`dd~ rj`k Un`mj{$ oz{ {aj~ ojdnjjk

{a`{ Un`mj{y rjyj`ria y`nk {a`{ iandkrjg }fzdk dj`rg {f rj`k g`{zr`dd~$ `{ {ajnr

f}g uìj' Y{`gg`rky foyjr`{nfg fg {ajnr urì{nij }`y {a`{ {aj~ ùuj`rjk gf{yf hzia {f {jìa rj`kngm `y {f hfgn{fr n{ `gk a`k ` kjju yj`{jk$ nkjfdfmni`d

`jrynfg {f knrji{ {jìangm hj{afky$ jyujin`dd~ hj{afky }afyj zyj }`y knrji{jk

brfh fz{ynkj' @gk aj ojdnjjk {a`{$ `y dfgm `y {ajyj ifgkn{nfgy ujryny{jk$ dn{{dj

}fzdk ia`gmj ng {aj dn{jrì~ ujrbfrh`gij fb Jgmdnya iandkrjg'


18/22


[aj rjyzd{y fb {aj undf{ {a`{ a`k ojjg y{`r{jk ng {aj H`cfr `khngny{r`{nfg }jrj

jr~ urfhnyngm' [aj pzjy{nfg }`y }a`{ {f kf gjq{' Odzglj{{ `gk O`rojr }jrj fb

` hngk3 {aj ojy{ y{r`{jm~ }`y {f mf bfr orflj' _`{ajr {ajg kjynmg ` urfmr`h {a`{

}fzdk oj nhudjhjg{jk ng y{`mjy fb fjr ` ujrnfk fb ~j`ry$ ydf}d~ r`{iaj{ngm zu

{aj gzhojr fb yiaffdy `gk {jìajry ngfdjk$ {aj~ }fzdk kf n{ `dd `{ fgij'

O`rojr bjd{ y{rfgmd~ {a`{ {aj gj} `khngny{r`{nfg a`k {f ujryz`kj {aj urfbjyynfg`d

jkzi`{fry {a`{ n{ }`y kj`k yjrnfzy$ `gk n{ gjjkjk {f irj`{j {aj `{hfyuajrj fb `g

zgy{fuuòdj czmmjrg`zma{$ `g `{{n{zkj {a`{ }fzdk ynhud~ rnkj fjr {aj ngajrjg{

fuufyn{nfg }n{a zgpzjgiaòdj jgjrm~$ fu{nhnyh gk krnj' [aj~ }jrj oj{{ngm

fg hfhjg{zh'

@gk {a`{ ny jqì{d~ af} n{ aùujgjk' Y{`gg`rk i`hj zu }n{a ` kjynmg bfr mfngm

g`{nfg}nkj knrji{d~ brfh {aj jr~ yh`dd undf{ {a`{ {aj urjnfzy `khngny{r`{nfg

a`k ifgkzi{jk' Any {j`h ng {aj Y{`gk`rky `gk Jbbji{njgjyy Zgn{ oznd{ {ajnr

kjynmg `rfzgk ` fgj(afzr dn{jrì~ odfil {f oj zyjk ng {aj urnh`r~ yiaffdy' Bfr

Y{`gg`rk$ {any afzr fb ngy{rzi{nfg }`y lj~' Fgd~ ng {any }`~ ifzdk Mfjrghjg{

irj`{j ` ifgyny{jgi~ oj{}jjg id`yyjy$ `gk rjgkjr {aj dn{jrì~ izrrnizdzh

h`g`mjòdj o~ {aj aj`k {jìajr fb {aj yiaffd' N{ }fzdk h`lj n{ ufyynodj bfr {aj

aj`k {f hfgn{fr {aj id`yyrffh$ {f kf jbbji{nj ud`ggngm `gk {f urfnkj jbbji{nj

{r`ngngm' @gk n{ irj`{jy ` ifhhfg d`gmz`mj ng }ania {jìajry i`g }frl {fmj{ajr{f nhurfj {ajnr urì{nij' Oj~fgk `dd {ajyj jr~ yfzgk rj`yfgy bfr bfizyngm fg

{aj y{rzi{zrj fb {any {nhj odfil$ Y{`gg`rk y`} {a`{ n{ urfnkjk ` }`~ {f y{rzi{zrj

` g`{nfg`d y{r`{jm~ bfr kjdnjrngm {r`ngngm {a`{ }fzdk mf oj~fgk {`dl òfz{

urnginudjy {f ì{z`dd~ `bbji{ {jìajry urì{nij'

Y{`gg`rk gjjr ojdnjjk {a`{ `g afzr }`y jgfzma' Oz{ n{ }`y `dd {aj {nhj {a`{

}`y ``ndòdj ng {aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh' Nb {aj~ a`k ngyny{jk fg hfrj$

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19/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: 0>

`gk a`db bfr jq{jgkjk }rn{ngm `gk jq{jgkjk rj`kngm' Fjr {nhj Mfjrghjg{

rjd`qjk {aj {nhj ifgy{r`ng{y ng {aj G`{nfg`d Izrrnizdzh$ mnngm {jìajry hfrj

bdjqnondn{~ ng {ajnr zyj fb {nhj'

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fgd~ `nk {aj~ mf{ {f nhudjhjg{ {aj gj} dn{jrì~ urfmr`h'

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20/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: ?5

jkzi`{nfg`d `z{afrn{~ y{`bb `gk yiaffd aj`ky }jrj {ajg jquji{jk {f mf fz{ ng{f

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21/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: ?0

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22/22

!G`{nfg`d Ijg{jr fg Jkzi`{nfg `gk {aj Jifgfh~$ ?55: ??

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yjifgk r`{j ujrbfrh`gij {aj~ hj`g{ ozyngjyy'

Documents

The Case of England (2005)