The Cardiovascular System

By Cody Collins

Atria

• heart is made up of four chambers• two chambers on each side of the heart, one

on the bottom and one on the top • two chambers on top are called the atria

(atrium). • left atrium and a right atrium.• atria fill with blood returning to the heart

from the body and lungs.  

Ventricles• The two chambers on the bottom are

the ventricles. • The heart has a left ventricle and a right

ventricle. Their job is to return blood to the body and lungs.

• Left ventricle distributes blood to the body.

• Right ventricle distributes blood to the lungs.

The Heart• The atria and ventricles work together.

• The atria fill with blood, and pump it into the ventricles.

• The ventricles then squeeze, pumping blood out of the heart.

• The atria refill and prepare for the next contraction while the ventricles are squeezing.

• blood relies on four special valves inside the heart

• valves lets something in and keep it there by closing

• Example: Think of walking through a door. The door shuts behind you and keeps you from going backward.

Valves

Valves • Mitral valve and Tricuspid valve

o Purpose-allow blood flow from the atria to the ventricles.

• Aortic valve and Pulmonary valveo Purpose- in charge of controlling the flow as the

blood leaves the heart.

• These valves work to keep the blood flowing forward.

• open to let blood move ahead

• close quickly to keep the blood from flowing backward.

The Heart

Visuals

Pig Heart

Enlarged Heart

Hu

man

Hea

rtAn

atom

y of a H

eart

History• The valves of the heart were discovered

by a physician of the Hippocratean school around the 4th century BC.

• Herophilus distinguished veins from arteries but thought that the pulse was a property of arteries themselves.

• The Greek physician Galen knew that blood vessels carried blood and identified venous (dark red) and arterial (brighter and thinner) blood.

References•http://www.kidshealth.org/kid/body/heart_noSW.html

•http://anatquest.nlm.nih.gov/VisibleHuman/ImageData/Rendered/jpg/DPR100007226.jpg

•http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular

•http://www.stayinginshape.com/3chsbuffalo/libv/libgraph/heart.gif

Heart ValvesHeart Valves

By: Tracey D. SmithBy: Tracey D. Smith

What it doesWhat it does The heart has four chambersThe heart has four chambers The upper two are the right and left The upper two are the right and left

atriaatria The lower two are the right and left The lower two are the right and left

ventriclesventricles Blood is pumped through the Blood is pumped through the

chambers, aided by four heart valveschambers, aided by four heart valves The valves open and close to let the The valves open and close to let the

blood flow in only one directionblood flow in only one direction

What it looks likeWhat it looks like

The four heart valvesThe four heart valves

The tricuspid valveThe tricuspid valve The pulmonary or pulmonic valveThe pulmonary or pulmonic valve The mitral valveThe mitral valve The aortic valveThe aortic valve

ProblemsProblems

Heart valves don’t always work as Heart valves don’t always work as they should.they should.

A person can be born with an A person can be born with an abnormal heart valve.abnormal heart valve.

A valve can also become damaged by:A valve can also become damaged by: InfectionsInfections Rheumatic feverRheumatic fever Changes in valve structureChanges in valve structure

Defective Heart ValveDefective Heart Valve

Can you fix it?Can you fix it? To fix a defective heart valve you have to To fix a defective heart valve you have to

have surgery.have surgery. A number of durable and highly efficient A number of durable and highly efficient

artificial valves have been developed from artificial valves have been developed from animal parts, plastic, and metal.animal parts, plastic, and metal.

There are also newer surgical techniques There are also newer surgical techniques to reconstruct defective heart valves.to reconstruct defective heart valves.

Physician scientists at Columbia are Physician scientists at Columbia are currently investigating the potential of a currently investigating the potential of a non-invasive procedure for mitral valve non-invasive procedure for mitral valve repair procedure known as Evalve. repair procedure known as Evalve.

Effects of heart valve Effects of heart valve diseasedisease

Valves that don’t shut properly cause Valves that don’t shut properly cause the regurgitation of blood back the regurgitation of blood back across the valve in the wrong across the valve in the wrong direction. direction.

Valves that won’t open properly is Valves that won’t open properly is known as stenosis of the valve, which known as stenosis of the valve, which means that blood flow through the means that blood flow through the valve is limited.valve is limited.

Aortic valve stenosisAortic valve stenosis

ReferencesReferences

http://www.google.com/http://www.google.com/ http://www.ask.com/?o=0#subject:ashttp://www.ask.com/?o=0#subject:as

k/pg:1k/pg:1 http://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditiohttp://www.bbc.co.uk/health/conditio

ns/heartvalve1.shtmlns/heartvalve1.shtml

Heart Heart MurmuMurmursrs By: Katie CoxBy: Katie Cox

MURMURSMURMURS

Extra, abnormal, or Extra, abnormal, or

unexpected sound caused by unexpected sound caused by

the flow of blood through the the flow of blood through the

heartheart

SYMPTOMSSYMPTOMS

Chest painChest pain Rapid or pounding heartbeatRapid or pounding heartbeat Shortness of breathShortness of breath FatigueFatigue DizzinessDizziness WeaknessWeakness Fever coughFever cough Paleness Paleness

CAUSESCAUSES

Defective Heart ValveDefective Heart Valve

Holes in the heart wallHoles in the heart wall

Surgical repair of congenital Surgical repair of congenital

heart defectsheart defects

FeverFever

AnemiaAnemia

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Proper treatments of:Proper treatments of: Strep throatStrep throat

Rheumatic FeverRheumatic Fever

HypertensionHypertension

SIX ATTRIBUTESSIX ATTRIBUTES

IntensityIntensity

PitchPitch

ConfigurationConfiguration

QualityQuality

DurationDuration

TimingTiming

INTENSITY/PITCHINTENSITY/PITCH

Grade I: Grade I: Faintest, Heard with difficultyFaintest, Heard with difficulty Grade II:Grade II: Faint but identified immediately Faint but identified immediately Grade III: Grade III: Moderately loudModerately loud Grade IV: Grade IV: Loud, associated with palpable Loud, associated with palpable

thrillthrill Grade V:Grade V: Very loud, can’t be heard with Very loud, can’t be heard with

stethoscopestethoscope Grade VI: Grade VI: Loudest, can be heard without Loudest, can be heard without

stethoscopestethoscope

CONFIGURATIONCONFIGURATION

Crescendo: Crescendo: increasingincreasing

Decrescendo: Decrescendo: decreasingdecreasing

Crescendo-Decrescendo: Crescendo-Decrescendo:

diamond-shapeddiamond-shaped

Plateau:Plateau: unchanged unchanged

QUALITYQUALITY

SqueakySqueaky MusicalMusical HarshHarsh ScratchyScratchy RumblingRumbling GruntingGrunting Blowing Blowing

DURATION & TIMINGDURATION & TIMING

Length of Length of systole or systole or diastole a diastole a murmur murmur occupiesoccupies

Most Most important in important in determining determining causecause

In relation to In relation to normal normal cardiac cyclecardiac cycle

TYPESTYPES

DiastolicDiastolicMuscle relaxationMuscle relaxation

SystolicSystolicMuscle contractionMuscle contraction

ContinuousContinuousThroughout cardiac cycleThroughout cardiac cycle

REFERENCESREFERENCES

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_mhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_murmururmur

http://www.childrenshospital.org/http://www.childrenshospital.org/az/site497/mainpageS497PO.htmlaz/site497/mainpageS497PO.html

http://heartlink.mcw.edu/article/http://heartlink.mcw.edu/article/880000049.html880000049.html

http://atoz.iqhealth.com/http://atoz.iqhealth.com/HealthAnswers/encyclopedia/HealthAnswers/encyclopedia/HTMLfiles/3168.html HTMLfiles/3168.html

PacemakersThe study of the heart

Introduction • Electrical impulses from the heart muscle

cause your heart to beat (contract). This electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node, atrium). The SA node is sometimes called the heart’s “natural pacemaker.”

A pacemaker (or "artificial pacemaker”)

• so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker) is a medical device designed to regulate the beating of the heart. The purpose of an artificial pacemaker is to stimulate the heart when either the heart's native pacemaker is not fast enough or if there are blocks in the heart's electrical conduction system preventing the propagation of electrical impulses from the native pacemaker to the lower chambers of the heart, known as the ventricles.

Heart Regulators• Pacemakers are small electrical generators that

control your heart beat. They are often just called pacers. You may need a pacemaker if you have a chronic rhythm problem. The pacemaker is one sealed unit, with a battery, some circuitry, and a connector block inside.     The battery supplies the power. The circuitry is like a little computer inside the pacemaker - it changes energy from the battery into tiny electrical pulses that go to your heart through wires called leads. The connector block is plastic, on top of the pacemaker. That's where the leads connect to the generator unit.

Devices that will not affect or damage pacemakers

• CB Radios• Electric Drills• Electric Blankets • Electric Shavers• Ham Radios• Heating Pads• Metal Detectors• Microwave Ovens• TV Transmitters• TV Remote controls• X-Ray Machines• Airport Security Detectors

Devices that will affect or damage the pacemaker

• Power Generating Equipment• Welding Equipment• Certain pieces of equipment used by

dentists• Magnetic Resonance imaging (MRI)

machines• Radiation machines for treating cancer• Heavy equipment or motors that have

powerful magnets

Electrocardiogram

• This picture represents the ECG for a normal heart

• Reads the electric pulses in the heart

A pacemaker is about the size of a matchbox. It is made up of two

parts.

• A pulse generator, which includes the battery and several electronic circuits

• Wires called leads, which are attached to the heart wall. Depending on the type of pacemaker you need, there may be one or two leads

An X-Ray of a real working pacemaker looks like this

Pacemaker Patients

• For most people, work, hobbies, sexual activity, travel, and other aspects of their lifestyles are no different once they have a Guidant implanted device. It will help you enjoy as active and productive a lifestyle as your overall health permits.

High Blood PressureHigh Blood Pressure

By Vincent EspinozaBy Vincent Espinoza

What is high blood pressure?What is high blood pressure?

High blood pressure is when you have High blood pressure is when you have a blood reading of a blood reading of 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) 140/80mmHg(millimeters in mercury) or higher.or higher.

It is high tension in the arteries.It is high tension in the arteries.Also called hypertension.Also called hypertension. It does not mean excessive tension or It does not mean excessive tension or

stress. stress. It is able to cause heart disease, It is able to cause heart disease,

kidney disease, and stroke. kidney disease, and stroke.

Facts about high blood Facts about high blood pressurepressure

One in three Americans has high One in three Americans has high blood pressure.blood pressure.

It is often called the silent killer It is often called the silent killer because there are no symptoms.because there are no symptoms.

Some people may not find out until Some people may not find out until they have trouble with their hearts, they have trouble with their hearts, brains, and kidneys.brains, and kidneys.

If not found and treatedIf not found and treated

It can cause the heart to become larger, It can cause the heart to become larger, which may lead to heart problems.which may lead to heart problems.

Small bulges form on the blood vessels.Small bulges form on the blood vessels.Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow. Blood vessels in the kidney to narrow. Arteries in the body to harden.Arteries in the body to harden.Blood vessels in the eyes the burst or Blood vessels in the eyes the burst or

bleed, which may cause vision changes or bleed, which may cause vision changes or blindness.blindness.

The types of high blood The types of high blood pressurepressure

Essential hypertensionEssential hypertension

Secondary hypertensionSecondary hypertension

Essential hypertensionEssential hypertension

Is a far more common condition and Is a far more common condition and accounts for 95% of hypertension.accounts for 95% of hypertension.

It is multilateral in the sense that there It is multilateral in the sense that there are many causes. are many causes.

Secondary hypertensionSecondary hypertension

Is 5% of hypertension.Is 5% of hypertension.

Secondary to a specific abnormality Secondary to a specific abnormality in one or more of the organs.in one or more of the organs.

TreatmentTreatment

Keep in mind that hypertension Keep in mind that hypertension occurs way before it does any occurs way before it does any damage.damage.

Increased public awareness is a good Increased public awareness is a good treatment.treatment.

Some others are diastolic pressures Some others are diastolic pressures in association with the organs.in association with the organs.

Goals Goals

The public awareness is to warn the The public awareness is to warn the people of the dangers and the good people of the dangers and the good chance that they might have it.chance that they might have it.

This is because it is obviously easier This is because it is obviously easier to treat it earlier than later.to treat it earlier than later.

SourcesSources

www.medicinet.comwww.medicinet.com

www.will-net.comwww.will-net.com

Cassie HumphreyBio. Med.

2006 Summer Institute

What Is It?• Chest pain or discomfort that

occurs when the heart muscle doesn’t get enough blood.

• Symptom of coronary artery disease.

• The heart doesn’t receive enough oxygen due to a narrowed coronary artery.

What Does It Look Like?

• The coronary artery is narrowed reducing the flow of oxygen to the heart.

• It is easier for plaque to get inside a narrower artery.

What Does It Feel Like?

•May feel like pressure or a squeezing pain in your chest.

•Pain could also occur in the shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back.

•Could also feel like indigestion.

Types of Angina•Stable

Angina•Unstable

Angina•Variant

Angina

Stable Angina•Most common type of angina. •Occurs when the heart is

working harder than usual.•Regular pattern.•Pain goes away a few minutes

after resting or taking medicine.•Makes it more likely to have a

heart attack in the future.

Unstable Angina• Very dangerous condition that

requires emergency treatment. • Could be a sign that heart

attack might occur soon.• Does not follow a pattern.• Can occur without physical

exertion. • Not relieved by rest or medicine.

Variant Angina•Very rare.•Usually occurs when one is at

rest between midnight and in the early morning.

•Pain can be severe.•Relieved by medicine.

Treatments• Do It Yourself

Treatments• Control high

blood pressure• Quit smoking• Control

cholesterol levels

• Control weight • Physical activity

• Regular exercise which must be ensured by a doctor that it will not trigger angina.

• Control diabetes• Avoid stress • Avoid getting cold• Avoid excessive

alcohol

More Treatments• Medications• Nitroglycerin• Glycerin

Trinitrate Tablets• Beta Blockers• Calcium and

Channel Blockers

• Surgery• Coronary Artery

Bypass Surgery• Balloon

Angioplasty• Artery Stent

Sources•http://

www.wrongdiagnosis.com/a/angina/treatments.htm

•http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Angina/Angina_WhatIs.html

•http://www.umm.edu/patiented/graphics/images/en/18054.jpg

Heart AttackBy: Tesia Muth

Definition• Heart attack (myocardial

infarction) is a medical emergency in which some of the heart’s blood supply is suddenly and severely reduced or cut off, causing the heart muscle (myocardium) to die because it is deprived of its oxygen supply.

Symptoms

• chest pain or discomfort in the center of the chest, “heaviness” or “crushing” feeling that lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back

• pain or discomfort in other areas of the upper body including arms, back, neck, jaw, or stomach

More Symptoms• difficulty breathing, shortness of

breath• sweating or “cold sweat”• fullness, indigestion, or choking

feeling (may feel like “heartburn”)• nausea or vomiting• light-headedness• extreme weakness or anxiety• rapid or irregular heart beats

Causes

• usually occurs when a blockage in a coronary artery reduces or cuts off the blood supply to an area of the heart

• a blood clot is the most common cause of a blocked coronary artery

More Causes• uncommonly, a heart attack

results when a clot forms in the heart itself, breaks away, and lodges in a coronary artery

Complications•A person who has a heart

attack may experience any of the following complications: Myocardial Rupture, Scar Tissue, Ventricular Aneurysm, Blood Clots, and Heart Failure.

Rehabilitation• Cardiac rehabilitation, an important

part of recovery, begins at the hospital.

• Barring complications, people who have had a heart attack can usually progress to sitting in a chair, passive exercise, use of a commode chair, and reading on the first day.

More Rehabilitation•By the second or third day,

people are encouraged to walk to the bathroom and engage in nonstressful activities, and they can perform more activities each day.

Getting Back on Track

• Most people can return to work and the activities they enjoy within a few months of having a heart attack.

• For the first few days after your heart attack, you may need to rest and let your heart heal.

• You may do stretching exercises and get up and walk.

Risk Factors for Another Heart Attack

• not exercising• being overweight• high cholesterol level• high blood sugar level if you have

diabetes• high blood pressure• smoking• too much stress in your life

References• http://www.clevelandclinic.org/

heartcenter/pub/guide/disease/cad/mi_symptoms.htm

• http://www.merck.com/mmhe/print/sec03/ch033/ch033c.html

• http://www.familydoctor.org.xml

Coronary Bypass SurgeryCoronary Bypass Surgery

By Sara LillyBy Sara Lilly

What is coronary artery What is coronary artery bypass surgery?bypass surgery?

type of heart surgerytype of heart surgery

reroutes, ”bypasses” blood reroutes, ”bypasses” blood around clogged arteriesaround clogged arteries

improves blood flow and oxygen improves blood flow and oxygen flow to the heart flow to the heart

WhyWhy isis bypassbypass needed?needed?

Coronary arteries Coronary arteries ((the arteries the arteries that carry blood to the heart) can that carry blood to the heart) can become clogged become clogged

clogging is caused by clogging is caused by plaqueplaque (fat, cholesterol, and other (fat, cholesterol, and other substances) substances)

buildup hinders blood flow buildup hinders blood flow through vesselsthrough vessels

lack of blood flow can cause lack of blood flow can cause chest pain and or a heart attackchest pain and or a heart attack

How is coronary bypass How is coronary bypass done?done?

segment of healthy blood vessel is segment of healthy blood vessel is taken from leg to reroute blood taken from leg to reroute blood through heart through heart

one end of the vein is sewn onto one end of the vein is sewn onto the aorta and the other is grafted the aorta and the other is grafted below the blockage on the coronary below the blockage on the coronary arteryartery

patients can undergo one, two, patients can undergo one, two, three or more bypasses depending three or more bypasses depending on the extent of the damage on the extent of the damage

Portion of saphenous

vein is used to bypass blood through the

heart.

After surgery…After surgery…

Patients’ blood pressures and Patients’ blood pressures and heart activity are monitored for heart activity are monitored for three to five daysthree to five days

Patients are given pain killers to Patients are given pain killers to keep them comfortablekeep them comfortable

Tests are done to evaluate Tests are done to evaluate patient’s conditionpatient’s condition

A healthy diet and exercise plan A healthy diet and exercise plan are recommended are recommended

Side EffectsSide Effects

loss of appetiteloss of appetite constipationconstipation swellingswelling fatiguefatigue depressiondepression difficulty sleeping difficulty sleeping muscle pain or tightnessmuscle pain or tightness

Alternatives to BypassAlternatives to Bypass

MedicationsMedications StentStent

o a wire mesh tube used to prop open a wire mesh tube used to prop open an artery an artery

AngioplastyAngioplastyo a tiny balloon is inserted into the a tiny balloon is inserted into the

blocked blood vessel and inflated to blocked blood vessel and inflated to widen the openingwiden the opening

FactsFacts

Woman have a higher mortality rate than Woman have a higher mortality rate than men with coronary bypass surgerymen with coronary bypass surgery

About 7 million Americans suffer from About 7 million Americans suffer from Coronary Heart Disease.Coronary Heart Disease.

Heart Disease is the number one killer of Heart Disease is the number one killer of men and women in the U.S. each yearmen and women in the U.S. each year

500,000 Americans die of heart attacks 500,000 Americans die of heart attacks caused by CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).caused by CHD (Coronary Heart Disease).

normal heartnormal heart blockage occursblockage occurs heart becomes heart becomes

deprived of blooddeprived of blood saphenous vein saphenous vein

used to bypass used to bypass blockage blockage

vein graft restores vein graft restores normal blood flow normal blood flow to heart to heart

Works CitedWorks Cited

http://www.americanheart.org/http://www.americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=4484presenter.jhtml?identifier=4484

adam.about.com/ adam.about.com/ surgery/100190.htm surgery/100190.htm

www.americanheart.orgwww.americanheart.org

Google imagesGoogle images

Congestive heart failure (CHF), is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough blood to the body's other organs.

•Narrowed arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle — coronary artery disease. •Past heart attack, with scar tissue that interferes with the heart muscle's normal work. •High blood pressure.•*&* many more…

•Frequent bathroom usage.•Tired and weak.•Weight gain from excess fluid. •Chest pain. •Swollen feet, legs, and/or ankles.•Loss of appetite.•Swollen neck veins.•Skin is cold and sweaty.•Pulse is irregular.

Most doctors can make a tentative diagnosis of CHF from the presence of edema(accumulation of fluid) and shortness of breath.

•Crackling sounds of fluid in the lungs can be heard with a stethoscope.•A chest x-ray can show if your heart is enlarged.

•If you smoke, quit. •Learn to control high blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and diabetes. •Eat a sensible diet that is low in calories, saturated fat, and salt. •Limit how much alcohol you drink. •Weigh yourself daily to watch for fluid buildup.

•Vasodilators, such as nitroglycerin, which open up narrowed vessels. •Calcium channel blockers, which keep vessels open and lower blood pressure. •ACE inhibitors, which keep vessels open and lower blood pressure.

•Heart valve repair or replacement•Pacemaker insertion•Correction of congenital heart defects •Coronary artery bypass surgery•Mechanical assist devices •Heart transplant

•The heart weakens and can lead to

death.

•http://www.americanheart.org

•http://www.texasheartinstitute.org

•http://www.mayoclinic.com

•http://en.wikipedia.org

Diabetes is when your pancreas does not produce enough insulin for your body. It is

a leading factor in developing heart disease.

♥ Increased thirst♥ Extreme hunger♥ Rapid weight loss♥ Blurred Vision♥ Fatigue

♥ Genetics♥ Not eating right♥ Exposure to certain viruses

Family History

Race

♥

♥

* Random blood sugar tests

* Fasting blood glucose tests

Low Blood Sugar *&*

Increased Blood Acids

* Cardiovascular disease* Nerve damage* Kidney damage* Eye damage* Skin conditions

Blood Sugar MonitoringEating RightExercising

MedicationsPancreas TransplantsIslet Cell Transplants

Make a commitment to manage your diabetes

Yearly PhysicalHave needed vaccinations

Take care of your feetDon’t smoke

Avoid alcoholTake aspirin daily

Monitor your blood pressureMonitor blood fats

Learn to manage stress

http://www.mayoclinic.com

http://www.uab.edu

http://www.diabetes.com

http://www.lifeclinic.com