The building block of life.. All living and once-living things are made up of the element carbon ...
23
Biological Molecules The building block of life.
The building block of life.. All living and once-living things are made up of the element carbon Carbon is unique because it can make up to four strong
All living and once-living things are made up of the element
carbon Carbon is unique because it can make up to four strong
covalent bonds Bonds can be single, double, or triple bonds Carbon
compounds form 3 main shapes:
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
A single chain or ring is called a monomer Many monomers can
join together to make a large macromolecule called a polymer A
reaction that combines two or monomers is called a condensation
reaction H 2 O is also produced through condensation reactions Also
called dehydration synthesis
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon.html
Slide 7
The opposite of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis Water (H 2
O) is added to a polymer and breaks the bonds linking two monomers
together http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharidehyd rolysis.html
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/disaccharidehyd rolysis.html
Slide 8
Carbohydrates are compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (example: CH 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 ) All living
things use carbs as their main source of energy Plants use starch
Animals use glycogen Carbohydrates are also used for structure in
cells Plants have cellulose in their cell walls Fungi have chitin
in their cell wall and insects have chitin in their
exoskeletons
Slide 9
Carbohydrates are sugars, or saccharides A single sugar
molecule is called a monosaccharide Glucose is a very important
monosaccharide and makes up many more complex sugars Other examples
of monosaccharides include: Sucrose table sugar Lactose, found in
milk Fructose, found in most fruits
Slide 10
Many monosaccharides linked together are called polysaccharides
Starch, glycogen are long chains of glucose molecules Cellulose and
chitin are also polysaccharides
Slide 11
Proteins are made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
nitrogen, and sulfur Proteins are polymers of molecules called
amino acids More than 20 different amino acids exist in nature
Slide 12
http://www.biotopics.co.uk/as/aminocon.html
Slide 13
Proteins have four main shapes Straight chain of amino acids
Chain with twisted amino acids Twisted and folded chain Knotted
chain Protein chains are connected by two bonded sulfur atoms,
called disulfide bridges
Slide 14
Proteins control the rates of reactions and regulate cell
processes (enzymes) Proteins also provide structure within living
things Examples: Collagen makes up cartilage, tendons (muscles),
skin, and bones Keratin makes up horns, feathers, hair, and finger
nails Enzymes increase reaction rates Carbonic anhydrase quickly
removes carbon dioxide from the bloodstream Lactase breaks down
lactose
Slide 15
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and phosphorous
Lipids are fats, oils, waxes, and steroids Lipids are made up of a
glycerol backbone and fatty acid chains
Slide 16
GLYCEROLFATTY ACIDS
Slide 17
Slide 18
A saturated fatty acid is a fatty acid chain where all carbons
are linked by single bonds Saturated fats are solids at room
temperature An unsaturated fatty acid is a fatty acid chain where
there is at least one double bond between two carbon atoms The
fatty acid chains are bent where there are double bonds Unsaturated
fats are liquids at room temperature
Slide 19
Lipids are used for long-term energy storage Fats are used for
energy storage Lipids are also used in cell membranes and to
deliver chemical messages Phospholipids make up cell membranes
Steroids include hormones, which deliver chemical messages, and
cholesterol Waxes include ear wax, beeswax, and the waterproof wax
coating on plant stems and leaves
Slide 20
Slide 21
Nucleic acids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen,
phosphorous, and nitrogen Nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides
Nucleotides are made up of 5-Carbon sugar deoxyribose (DNA) or
ribose (RNA) Nitrogen base A, T, G, C, or U Phosphate group
Slide 22
Nucleic Acids store genetic information (DNA) or synthesize, or
put together, proteins (RNA) The order of the nitrogen base pairs
determine genetic code DNA has adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine
(T), and cytosine (C) RNA has A, G, C, and uracil (U) instead of T
A always joins T or U and G always joins C
Slide 23
DNA HAS A DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE RNA HAS A SINGLE HELIX SHAPE