The Breath of LifeThe Breath of Life

RespirationRespiration

Most organisms on Earth are Most organisms on Earth are aerobic. aerobic. Meaning, they require Meaning, they require oxygen to survive.oxygen to survive.

The basic function of the The basic function of the respiratory system is to take in respiratory system is to take in oxygen and release carbon oxygen and release carbon dioxidedioxide

Two ConditionsTwo Conditions

There must be a There must be a surface to carry out surface to carry out the gas exchange:the gas exchange:Skin, Gills or LungsSkin, Gills or Lungs

Gas exchange must Gas exchange must occur in a moist occur in a moist environment.environment.

Respiration – Subdivided Respiration – Subdivided into 4 categoriesinto 4 categories

BreathingBreathing – the physical act of taking in – the physical act of taking in a releasing air.a releasing air.

External respirationExternal respiration – the exchange of – the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and blood.air and blood.

Internal respirationInternal respiration – exchange of – exchange of gases between blood and cells.gases between blood and cells.

Cellular respirationCellular respiration – chemical – chemical reactions taking place within the cells.reactions taking place within the cells.

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

Gases diffuse due to a concentration Gases diffuse due to a concentration gradient. Oxygen present in air and gradient. Oxygen present in air and water move from an area of high water move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration to an area of low concentration.concentration.

Question 1 - what is the gradient?Question 1 - what is the gradient? Question 2 - what causes the Question 2 - what causes the

gradient?gradient?

How gas exchange How gas exchange works?works?

Gills, skin and lungs have many Gills, skin and lungs have many things in common.things in common.– all must be moistall must be moist– have a large thin surface areahave a large thin surface area– a special blood supply.a special blood supply.

Why are these requirements of a Why are these requirements of a respiratory system?respiratory system?

Answers???? …… Answers???? ……

Surface area!!!Surface area!!! All gas exchangers increase their All gas exchangers increase their

effectiveness by increasing their effectiveness by increasing their surface area. This often involves folds, surface area. This often involves folds, wrinkles or sacs - anything that will wrinkles or sacs - anything that will increase area (but stay thin).increase area (but stay thin).

ExamplesExamples

Anatomy of the Respiratory Anatomy of the Respiratory SystemSystem

nose (nostrils)nose (nostrils) nasal passagesnasal passages PharnyxPharnyx Glottis and epiglottisGlottis and epiglottis larnyxlarnyx trachea (windpipe)trachea (windpipe) bronchibronchi bronchiole tubesbronchiole tubes bronchiolesbronchioles alveolialveoli diaphragmdiaphragm

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Review the Review the names for each names for each part of the part of the respiratory respiratory system.system.

Read pages 332 Read pages 332 – 337 Do #1,2,3 – 337 Do #1,2,3 & 5& 5

Mechanics of Mechanics of BreathingBreathing

Four Physical Stages Four Physical Stages of Gas Exchangeof Gas Exchange

breathingbreathing - the movement of air in and - the movement of air in and out of the lungsout of the lungs

external respirationexternal respiration - the exchange of - the exchange of OO22 and CO and CO22 between air and the blood in between air and the blood in the lungsthe lungs

internal respirationinternal respiration - exchange of O - exchange of O22 and COand CO22 between blood in capillaries between blood in capillaries

Cellular respiration - Cellular respiration - cellular process. cellular process.

BreathingBreathing

inhale and exhaleinhale and exhale lungs are elastic - no muscles - lungs are elastic - no muscles -

they don’t move on their ownthey don’t move on their own lungs expand and contract as a lungs expand and contract as a

result of pressure changes from result of pressure changes from movements of the diaphragm, movements of the diaphragm, ribs and rib musclesribs and rib muscles

Bulk Flow: Air into LungsBulk Flow: Air into Lungs

• Diaphragm allows inspiration

• Intercostal muscles allow forceful expiration

InhaleInhale

External intercostal muscles External intercostal muscles contract pulling the ribs upcontract pulling the ribs up

diaphragm contracts and pulls diaphragm contracts and pulls downdown

this increases the chest cavity size this increases the chest cavity size causing the pressure in the lungs causing the pressure in the lungs to decrease.to decrease.

outside air then rushes inside as outside air then rushes inside as lungs expandlungs expand

InspirationInspiration

ExhaleExhale

A passive activity due to the elastic, A passive activity due to the elastic, spongy nature of lung tissuespongy nature of lung tissue

Diaphragm relaxes moving upwardDiaphragm relaxes moving upward Intercostals relax causing ribs to Intercostals relax causing ribs to

dropdrop chest cavity size decreases causing chest cavity size decreases causing

lung pressure increases causing air lung pressure increases causing air to be forced out of the lungsto be forced out of the lungs

ExpirationExpiration

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

ExternalExternal RespirationRespiration

External RespirationExternal Respiration

the exchange of Othe exchange of O22 and CO and CO22 in in air and lungsair and lungs

OO22 dissolves in moist lining of dissolves in moist lining of alveolialveoli

COCO22 diffuses out of alveoli diffuses out of alveoli ! Gases diffuse down a ! Gases diffuse down a

concentration gradient !concentration gradient !

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

Internal Internal RespirationRespiration

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration

Cells are constantly using oxygenCells are constantly using oxygen The concentration of oxygen in the The concentration of oxygen in the

cell is less than that in the blood.cell is less than that in the blood. Therefore oxygen will leave the Therefore oxygen will leave the

blood and diffuse into the cellblood and diffuse into the cell- - Remember substances diffuse Remember substances diffuse from areas of high concentration from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.to areas of low concentration.

Internal Respiration Internal Respiration ( Continued)( Continued)

Cells produce carbon dioxide as a Cells produce carbon dioxide as a waste productwaste product

The cellular concentration of carbon The cellular concentration of carbon dioxide is higher than the blood dioxide is higher than the blood concentration.concentration.

Therefore, carbon dioxide will diffuse Therefore, carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the cell into the blood where it out of the cell into the blood where it is taken to the lungs to be expelledis taken to the lungs to be expelled

Gas ExchangeGas Exchange

Blood FlowBlood Flow Blood flow to an organ of respiration Blood flow to an organ of respiration

can greatly increase the amount of can greatly increase the amount of gases exchanged.gases exchanged.

Transporting away oxygen and Transporting away oxygen and bringing carbon dioxide to the gas bringing carbon dioxide to the gas exchanger.exchanger.

Respiration ReviewRespiration Review

From air in lungs to red blood cells

From red blood cells to body cells

Blood bulk flow caused by heart

Air bulk flow caused by lungs

Transport of Gases in Transport of Gases in BloodBlood

Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in Oxygen is bound to hemoglobin in RBC’s.RBC’s.

Some carbon dioxide is transported Some carbon dioxide is transported bound to hemoglobin and some bound to hemoglobin and some dissolves in plasmadissolves in plasma- Most carbon dioxide is transported - Most carbon dioxide is transported in the form of bicarbonate ionsin the form of bicarbonate ions- once in the lungs the bicarbonate - once in the lungs the bicarbonate is converted back to carbon dioxideis converted back to carbon dioxide

Bulk Flow: Blood Bulk Flow: Blood carries Ocarries O22 to Body to Body CellsCells

End of ShowEnd of Show

Respiratory HealthRespiratory Health

Carbon Monoxide Carbon Monoxide PoisoningPoisoning Binds to hemoglobin very Binds to hemoglobin very

strongly and doesn’t let go strongly and doesn’t let go easily. This prevents oxygen easily. This prevents oxygen from bindingfrom binding

This decreases the amount of This decreases the amount of oxygen reaching cellsoxygen reaching cells

If severe you get tired, feel like If severe you get tired, feel like

sleeping, lie down and sleeping, lie down and DIE!!!!DIE!!!!

Diseases of the Respiratory Diseases of the Respiratory SystemSystem

Pneumonia Pneumonia a disease of the a disease of the lungs where the alveoli become lungs where the alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquids.inflamed and fill with liquids. This This prevents oxygen adsorption so the prevents oxygen adsorption so the body becomes starved for oxygen.body becomes starved for oxygen.

Still one of the leading causes of Still one of the leading causes of death amongst the elderly.death amongst the elderly.

2 types: 2 types: LobarLobar and and BronchialBronchial

BronchitisBronchitis bacterial or bacterial or viral infections that cause viral infections that cause increased mucus production increased mucus production in lungsin lungs

AsthmaAsthma allergic reaction, allergic reaction, swelling of the bronchiolesswelling of the bronchioles

EmphysemaEmphysema lungs loose their lungs loose their elasticity and there is increased elasticity and there is increased resistance to airflow through the resistance to airflow through the bronchiolesbronchioles

Lung CancerLung Cancer – an uncontrollable – an uncontrollable growth of cells within the lung. growth of cells within the lung. Causes most problem when the cells Causes most problem when the cells break free and move throughout the break free and move throughout the body.body.

Lung CancerLung Cancer