The Book Collections of Early American College Libraries

The Book Collections of Early American College LibrariesAuthor(s): Joe W. KrausSource: The Library Quarterly, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Apr., 1973), pp. 142-159Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4306264 .

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THE BOOK COLLECTIONS OF EARLY AMERICAN COLLEGE LIBRARIES

JOE W. KRAUS

ABSTRACT

Previous studies of the libraries of the colleges established in the American colonies have given more attention to the details of institutional history than to the books themselves. As a consequence, the general impression remains that these libraries were little more than antiquated collections of theology. The sources for an evaluation of the resources of these libraries are available in the printed catalogs of the libraries of Harvard (1723-35 and 1790), Yale (1744, 1755, and 1791), Princeton (1760), and Brown (1793). A subject analysis of these catalogs reveals that only about one-half of the titles were theological and that books on history, literature, and science comprised from 32 to 45 percent of the titles. With the exception of the 1793 Brown catalog, the distribution of subjects was remarkably similar despite the differences in size and a time span of seventy years. A bibliographical review of the more important titles indicates that the range of subjects was impressive and that the significant authorities were available in many fields.

Although the libraries of the colleges established in the American colonies have been the subject of several articles and of one general history, com- paratively little attention has been given to the book collections of these libraries. We know more about the library keepers of Harvard, the princi- pal donors to the library at Yale, the regulations governing the use of libraries, and the quarters in which the books were housed than we do about the books themselves. Lack of information about the subjects included in the libraries has led to the general impression that the colonial college libraries were little more than museums of antiquated works of theology, and that they deserve the obscure niche to which they have been consigned.

More attention has been given to private book collections in the Ameri- can colonies [1, pp. 126-53; 2, pp. 133-51], but college libraries have not been entirely ignored. Thomas Goddard Wright called attention to the

earliest printed catalog of Harvard College (1723) and included a partial list of the books [3]. Louis Shores's Origins of the American College Li- brary, 1638-1800 [4] provides a summary of the information available in 1934, with extensive quotations from contemporary documents and lists of books in the John Harvard gift, the donations of Bishop Berkeley to Yale, and those of Jonathan Belcher to Princeton. Thomas E. Keys included the library of John Harvard and Bishop Berkeley's gift to Yale in his analysis of "The Colonial Library and the Development of Sectional Differ- ences" [5]. Samuel Eliot Morison's Founding of Harvard College contains a succinct chapter on the library of John Harvard and other early gifts to the college library [6, pp. 2 12-70] based on reexamination of the research of Andrew McFarland Davis [7], Al- fred C. Potter [8], Henry J. Cadbury [9], Clifford B. Clapp [10], and Clar- ence S. Brigham [11]. Morison's Har-

142



COLLECTIONS OF EARLY AMERICAN COLLEGE LIBRARIES 143

vard College in the Seventeenth Cen- tury brings the history of the library up through the publication of the 1723 catalog [12, vol. 2, pp. 285-97]. Cad- bury has identified many of the books given to Harvard by Bishop Berkeley in 1733 [13], and Caroline Robbins has located many of the books given by Thomas Hollis "of Lincoln's Inn" after the 1764 fire which destroyed most of the library [14]. A narrative account of the library during the re- mainder of the eighteenth century is partially supplied in two articles by Keyes D. Metcalf [15, 16].

Yale University has restored most of the books that were in the library in 1742 [17], the year preceding the publication of the first Yale library catalog. Lists of the books given by Elihu Yale in 1718 [18], Daniel Turner in 1723 [19], Bishop Berkeley in 1733 [20], Jeremiah Dummer [21, 22], and Isaac Watts [23] have been published. The catalogs of 1751 and 1791 have not been studied with such care. The library of Brown University in 1782 has been described by Van Hoesen [24], who succeeded in identifying a considerable number of the books available at that time, but nothing has been published on the library represented by the catalog published in 1793.

However, only the article by Keys, Shores's summary of the Berkeley do- nation to Yale, and two chapters in Morison's histories of Harvard attempt to determine what subjects were represented in these libraries, and the sum- maries are not comparable. Despite the fact that catalogs listing more than 18,000 books in these early libraries are available, it is not possible to state with any degree of assurance what the nature of these resources was. Institu-

tional ownership of books does not guarantee that they were read, of course, although the regulations of the libraries gave as much attention to the use of books as to their preservation. The purpose of this article is to demon- strate that the library resources were neither as impoverished nor as narrow as one might suspect, and that the more important works of the time were available.

The sources are 7 printed catalogs of the libraries of Harvard, Yale, the Col- lege of New Jersey (Princeton), and the College of Rhode Island (Brown) -all published before 1800. Unfortu- nately, there are no similar catalogs for the libraries of the College of Wil- liam and Mary, King's College (Colum- bia), the College of Philadelphia (Uni- versity of Pennsylvania), or Queens College (Rutgers).

The arrangement and format of the catalogs has been described by Ranz [25, pp. 7-15, 21-34]. A highly selec- tive catalog of books for undergraduate students at Harvard in 1773 has been discussed in another article [26]. The lists of books received by Harvard from the estate of John Harvard (1638), by the College of William and Mary from Francis Nicholson (1695), and by Yale from Jeremiah Dummer (1714), Elihu Yale (1718), and Bishop Berkeley (1733) have not been considered in this article, although all are analyzed in the study from which this article is abstracted [27]. Because the library catalogs of Harvard (1723-35), Prince- ton, and Brown were prepared for the guidance of potential donors as well as for the use of students and faculty, it can be assumed that the catalogs included all the books in the libraries. The Yale catalogs, however, were selec- tive, including those books that Thomas



144 THE LIBRARY QUARTERLY

TABLE 1

LIBRARY CATALOGS OF AMERICAN COLONIAL COLLEGES PUBLISHED BEFORE 1800

No. of No. of Date College Pages Titles Arrangement

1723 ........... Harvard 102 2,961 Alphabetical by author or title, in three size groups

1725 ........... Harvard 9 168 Same 1735 ........... Harvard 11 211 Same 1744 ........... Yale 44 1,178 Classified by subject 1755 ........... Yale 43 1,214 Same 1760 ........... Princeton 36 736 Alphabetical, with three size

groups under each letter of the alphabet

1790 ........... Harvard 248 9,296 Classified by subject 1791 ........... Yale 52 1,582 Classified by subject 1793 ........... Brown 38 1,220 Alphabetical by author or title

Clap in 1744 and 1755 and Ezra Stiles in 1791 deemed important for students.

The arrangement of titles, the ac- curacy of the compilers in transcribing the titles, and the amount of bibliographical information in the catalogs vary considerably. To provide a basis for comparing the book collections, it was necessary to identify the titles in- sofar as possible and to rearrange them into a common classification. Some titles defied identification, and a few were classified with some misgivings. The tables that follow show the number and percentages of titles (not volumes) that fall within each of the categories of the classification. But because the resources of a library cannot be reduced to a tabulation-1 book is not just as important as any other book -the statistics are supplemented by a bibliographical essay in which the more important books, those that seem to be characteristic of a library, are indicated.

THE HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY,

1723-35

The first printed catalog of a college library in the American colonies was the Catalogus Librorum Bibliotlhecae Collegij Harvardini quod est Canta- brigiae in Nova Anglia, printed in 1723

with supplements in 1725 and 1735. Joshua Gee, library keeper in 1723, added press marks to indicate classis, altitudo, and liber (case, shelf, and book) for each title, and thus provided a guide to the library as well as an inventory. The reader had to look in each of the size groups-folio, quarto, octavo, and smaller-to determine what books of a given author were in the library, a practice that Thomas Hollis objected to when he received his copies of the catalog [28]. In the 1723 catalog about 70 percent of the books were published in the seventeenth century, about 20 percent in the sixteenth century, and 4 percent in the early years of the eighteenth century. Dates for the remaining books were not given, usually because of missing or torn title pages. At least 39 percent of the books were printed in English, 56 percent in Latin, and 5 percent in other languages. The 2 supplements included books with greater proportions of eighteenth-century imprints and of English language titles, but there was little change in the distribution of subjects.

By 1735 the Harvard College library had acquired a good collection of the writings of the fathers of the church and the early Christian apologists.




TABLE 2

SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE HARVARD COLLEGE

LIBRARY CATALOG, 1723-35

No. of Per- Subject Titles centage

Theology .............. 1,942 58 Literature .............. 313 9 Science ................ 258 8 History ................ 251 8 Philosophy ............. 232 7 Law ................... 64 2 Geography ............. 54 2 Government ............ 53 2 Biography .............. 34 1 Arts ................... 9 * Commerce ............. 2 * Miscellaneous .......... 50 1 Unclassified ............ 78 2

Total ................ 3,340 100

* Less than 1 percent.

About one-fourth of the theological works were exegetical works or commentaries, including Matthew Poole's Synopsis Criticorum, the Critici Sacri edited by John Pearson, Andrew Wil- let's Hexapla, and smaller works of criticism ranging from Theophylactus of the eleventh century, to Arias Mon- tanus, the editor of the Antwerp Bible, to the Calvinist interpreters John Rain- olds, William Perkins, and William Ames. There were more than 60 editions of the Bible, including 4 important polyglot editions: the Antwerp Polyglot published by Christopher Plantin in 1569-72, the Elias Hutter twelve-language edition of the New Testament, a partial set of Lejay's Paris Polyglot of 1629-45, and the 6- volume edition of Brian Walton (Lon- don, 1655-57). Although the general theological writings were weighted toward Puritan authors, prominent Church of England writers such as Richard Allestree, Edward Stillingfleet, and Archbishop Ussher were included, as well as a representation of recent independent theologians of almost every

degree of nonconformity from England and the Continent.

The library's books on literature emphasized dictionaries, phrase books, grammatical works, and classical authors-the use of language rather than the enjoyment of literature. There were bilingual and polylingual dictionaries of Hebrew, Aramaic, Latin, Greek, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, and Portuguese, as well as grammars and phrase books to aid the student in perfecting his knowledge of Latin and Greek and in learning at least the rudiments of Hebrew. The Latin classical authors were well represented in good reading editions, many in the set of Delphin classics presented by George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne in 1733 [13], and a few in English translations. Greek literature was sparsely represented, often in parallel Greek and Latin texts with annotations, and fully half of the books of Greek language and literature were grammars and thesauri to help the student read the Greek New Testament. The Hebrew language books were largely limited to such manuals as Wilhelm Schickard's Horo- logium Ebraeum, which promised to teach the elements of the language in twenty-four hours, although there was a sizable group of grammatical works by eminent Hebraists from England and the Continent. Writers of English literature were limited to Chaucer, Milton, Shakespeare, Wither, Cowley, Herbert, Langland, and Lydgate, to essays and other prose works by Francis Bacon, Roger Ascham, and Sir Thomas Browne, and to grammatical works. A few works on the Syriac and Chaldean languages, on Arabic grammar, 11 works of Italian literature and language, poems by Du Bartas and Marot, a Spanish-English dictionary by Rich-




ard Perceval, and the Spanish play Celestina were among the works from other languages.

Books on science included a remarkable collection of astronomical works, an unusually good selection of books on mathematics and medicine, and some surprising titles in other fields of science. Tyge Brahe and his students, Logomantus and Kepler, Galilei (Dia- logus de Systemate Mundi), Riccioli, and Christiaan Huygens were among the major authors of the astronomical works in the library, and there were three collections of astronomical tables and a number of simplified works, such as Thomas Street's Astronomia Caro- lina, with specific instructions for amateur observations. Among the seventeenth-century mathematicians represented in the collection were John Napier, John Wallis, William Oughtred, and Edmund Gunter, and from the Continent there were Descartes, Claude Mydorge, Gregorius a Sancto Vincen- tio, and Bonaventura Cavalieri. Medi- cal books ran the gauntlet from Hip- pocrates to the highly successful London practitioner, Thomas Willis, but more of the books were historical rather than guides to practice. In addition to the works of Hippocrates and two commentaries on his works, the library contained a 1536 edition of the works of Galenus, Pedanius Dioscorides' work on materia medica, and Aulus Cor- nelius Celsus as representatives of classical writings; Pietro d'Abano, Mat- taeus Sylvaticus, Gentile da Foligno, and Giovanni Arcolani from medieval writers; and Johan van Heurne, Felix Platter, Joannes Jonstronus, Christo- pher Wirsung, Richard Mead, Daniel Sennert, and Nicholas Culpeper's trans- lation of Jean Riolan the Younger's Sure Guide, or the Best and Nearest

Way to Physick and Chyrurgery as examples of recent medical literature. The Musaeum Regalis Societatis, or A Cata- logue and Description of the Rarities of the Royal Society, the first 11 volumes of the Philosophical Transactions, and the scientific annual Miscellanea Curiosa 1670-1691 would have provided an account of current scientific discoveries.

Harvard's books of philosophy included general textbooks and manuals by Bartholomaeus- Keckermannus, Pierre da la Ramee, and Adrianus Heereboord, and a generous sampling of scholastic philosophers, including Peter Lombard, Thomas Aquinas, Wil- liam of Occam, Duns Scotus, Francisco de Suarez, Gabriel Biel, and 4 Aristo- telian treatises by the Jesuit scholars of the College of Coimbra. The ancient philosophers were less in evidence, but there were 3 sets of the works of Aris- totle, an edition of Plato printed by Henri Estienne in 1507, and works by Theophrastus, Plotinus, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Philo Judaeus, Epictetus, and Iamblichus. From the Cambridge Platonist contemporary philosophers there were Ralph Cudworth's True Intellectual System of the Universe, Henry More's works, and 1 book by Joseph Glanvill.

There was a copy of the Nuremberg Chronicle and Higden's Policronicon and an interesting assortment of lesser chronicles, including the Flores Histo- riarum of Matthew of Westminster, Erycius Puteanus, Richardus Dinothus, and Paul Eber. Most of the classical historians were available in Greek or Latin texts, and the collection of ecclesiastical historians was outstanding. The 13-volume Magdeburg Centuries and a 2-volume epitome of Caesar Baro- nius's Annales Ecclesiastici, which had




been written to provide a Roman Cath- olic reply to the former work, were both available, as were histories of the church in France, Bohemia, and Ger- many, and Sulpicus Severus, Eusebius, Eadmer, and Evagrius Scholasticus from the early church historians. Books on English history ranged chronologi- cally from Polydorus Vergilius's Angli- cae Historiae, Holinshed's Chronicle, and Stow's Annales to Edward Cham- berlayne's Magnae Britanniae Notitia, or The Present State of Great Britain, published in 1716. Histories of France, the Low Countries, and Italy were available, as well as 5 books on the history of America.

The remaining books in the library were about equally divided among a half-dozen subjects. And half of the books on law were texts or commentaries on Roman law, and the remaining titles were about equally divided between ecclesiastical law and the civil laws of England. Geographical writings included 3 editions of Ptolemy's Geog- raphy and a good collection of travelers' accounts, including Sebastian Miinster's Cosmographiae Universalis and collections by Richard Hakluyt, Samuel Purchas, and John Harris. Among individual accounts there were Samuel de Champlain's Voyages de la Nouvelle France Occidentale and works by George Sandys, William Lithgow, and Bernhard Varen. A small but interesting collection of books on government and politics included Aristotle's Politica, Marsiglius of Padua's Defen- sor Pacis, Jean Bodin's Six Books of the Republic, James Harrington's Com- monwealth of Oceana, Francesco Patri- zi's Moral Methode of Civile Policie, and Hugo Grotius's posthumous work De Imperio Summarum Potestatum. Biographies were predominantly reli-

gious lives, such as Edmund Calamy's abridgment of Richard Baxter's life, John Strype's Memorials of Archbishop Cranmer, Peter Heylyn's life of Wil- liam Laud, and Cotton Mather's lives of his brother, Nathanael, and of Jona- than Mitchel, pastor of the church at Cambridge and architect of the "Half- Way Covenant," but there were also biographies of Henry VIII, Edward VI, Queen Elizabeth I, and General Monck. There was a handful of books on the arts, including Claude Perrault's Trea- tise of the Five Orders of Columns in Architecture and Vincenzo Scamozzi' s Mirror of Architecture, 2 books of music, and Humphrey Prideaux's account of the Arundel marbles, Marmora Oxoniensia.

Bibliographical works included catalogs of the library of the University of Leyden (1595) and Bodleian (1605 and 1674), John Bale's Scriptorvm I1- lustriui Maioris Brytannie, and Georg Draud's Bibliotheca Classica.

THE YALE LIBRARY, 1743 AND 1755

In the first catalog of the Yale library, published in 1743 four years after his appointment as rector, Thomas Clap carefully arranged the titles "under proper Heads that so you may Readily know and find any Book, upon any particular Subject" [29, p. A2]. The classification was in fact Clap's outline for the proper acquisition of knowledge and was apparently adapted from the list of books published in Introduction to Philosophy by Samuel Johnson, president of King's College [30, vol. 2, pp. 317-20]. "The Introduction to Philosophy [Clap wrote] will give you a General Idea or Scheme of all the Arts and Sciences and the several things to be known and learnt, and this Catalogue will direct




you to many of the best books to be read in order to obtain the Knowledge of them" [29, p. A2]. Clap's educational objectives were clearer than his bibliographic citations. His catalog contains no dates of publication, and titles are frequently only approximations, apparently copied from the bindings rather than the title pages of the books.

TABLE 3

SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE YALE LIBRARY CATALOG, 1743


Theology .............. 544 46 History ................ 166 14 Literature .............. 159 13 Science ................ 136 12 Philosophy ............. 74 6 Geography ............. 26 2 Biography .............. 19 2 Law ................... 13 1 Government ............ 12 1 Commerce ............. 5 * Arts ................... 4 * Miscellaneous ........... 15 1 Unclassified ............ *

Total ................ 1,178 98

Less than 1 percent.

Although nearly half of the books in the Yale library of 1743 were theological, the collection was certainly not a one-sided one. A noteworthy aspect of the theological part of the library, according to Roland H. Bainton, was "the actual temper of the Library, which with remarkable catholicity, placed contraries side by side and left the student to form his judgment. The attitude of strict conformity and repression which marked the Yale Corporation and the Connecticut Assembly was certainly not in evidence within the walls of the library" [31, p. 44]. There were as many writers of the Church of England as of the Puritan tradition; representative Quaker, Baptists, Cath-

olic, and Arminian writings of the early church; and compilations of patristic writings by Jean Baptiste Cotelier, Johannes Ernst Grabe, and Bernard de Montfaucon. The collection of Bibles included the Walton and Antwerp polyglot editions found in the Harvard library, and the commentaries included a considerable range of theological opinion. Ecclesiastical history was an important part of the library with both Protestant and Catholic accounts, histories of the church councils by Jean Hardouin and Paolo Sarpi, and histories of the Reformation by Gilbert Burnet, John Strype, and Peter Heylyn. Other historical works were largely drawn from classical writings but included Bayle's Historical and Critical Dic- tionary, Pierre Danet's Complete Dic- tionary of the Greek and Roman Antiquities, brief histories of most of the countries of Europe, many in the excellent petites republiques series published by the Elzevir establishment in the second quarter of the seventeenth century, and a dozen books on English history.

Classical literature comprised the major portion of the books of language and literature, although not overwhelm- ingly so as in the earlier Harvard collection, and the books included were primarily good reading texts rather than grammatical works. English literature was represented by a considerable array of writers including Chaucer, Shakespeare, Spenser, Milton, Jonson, Dryden, Samuel Butler, Cowley, Gay, Pope, Swift, Addison, Steele, Wycher- ley, Otway, and Thomas Browne.

Scientific books were dominated by medical works, mostly practical manuals on anatomy, diets, materia medica and the treatment of specific ailments, Harvey's Exercitatio Anatomica de




Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animali- bus, and 6 textbooks on surgery. Math- ematical books included such standbys as Tke Young Gentleman's Arithmetick and Geometry by Edward Wells, some mathematical writings from classical times, and a number of important figures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries-Descartes, Francois Viete, 4 books of Sir Isaac Newton (including his Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy), Henry Briggs, Roger Cotes, Edmund Gunter, and Brook Taylor. In contrast to the wealth of books on astronomy in the Harvard library, the Yale 1743 catalog contained only 4 works.

There were representative writers from ancient philosophy and the usual compendia for students by Adrianus Heereboord, Keckermannus, and Bur- gersdijck, and a considerable number of authors whose works reflected the stirrings of newer educational thought: Francis Bacon, John Locke, Descartes, Nicoles, Malebranche, Berkeley, Henry More, Ralph Cudworth, John Norris, and Nathanael Culverwel.

The small group of writers on government and law included Machiavelli, Hobbes, Grotius, Pufendorf, Richard Cumberland (Bishop of Peterborough), and Sir Thomas Smith's important work on the Tudor constitutions, De Republica et Administratione Anglo- rum.

A second catalog issued by Thomas Clap in 1755 was almost a reprint of the 1743 catalog with about 40 titles added, although he claimed a collection of 3,000 volumes as opposed to the 2,600 volumes claimed for the 1743 catalog. Books that might be borrowed by freshmen and sophomore students and those especially recommended to juniors and seniors were marked by

symbols. Only 32 titles were recommended for the lower classes, but nearly 400 titles were suggested for the upper classes. Among the new titles were Franklin's Experiments and Observa- tions on Electricity and Herman Boer- haave's New Method of Chemistry, but many of the additions were minor works of theology; hence, the distribution of subjects remains substantially unchanged.

TABLE 4

SUBJECT ANALYSIS or Tu YALE LIBRARY CATALOG, 1755


Theology .560 46 History .173 14 Literature .159 13 Science .145 12 Philosophy .76 6 Geography. 27 2 Biography .19 2 Law .13 1 Government .12 1 Commerce . * Arts .4 * Miscellaneous and

unclassified .21 2

Total .1,214 99

'Less than 1 percent.

The Yale library catalog lists only a little more than one-third as many titles as the Harvard library catalogs of 1723-1735, but one must remember that Rector Clap's catalog was a selected one. How many books he may have rejected as unfit for Yale students we have no way of knowing, but we do know that about 279 books recorded in the donors' lists were not included [17, p. 40].

THE LIBRARY OF THE COLLEGE OF

NEW JERSEY, 1760

The earliest catalog of the library of the College of New Jersey was an




attractive pamphlet of 36 pages, printed by James Parker in 1760 and prepared under the direction of Samuel Davies during the first year of his presidency. "If they [the students] have Books al- ways at hand," wrote President Davies, "to consult upon every Subject that may occur to them as demanding a more thoro Discussion in their public Disputes, in the Course of their private Studies, in Conversation, or their own fortuitous Tho'ts, it will enable them to investigate TRUTH thro her intri- cate Recesses." The library, Davies continued, was still far from adequate, especially in modern authors and in mathematics "and the Newtonian Phi- losophy, in which the students have but every imperfect Helps, either from Books or Instruments" [32, p. iii]. Al- though it was indeed a modest collection, the proportions are not greatly different from those of the Harvard and Yale libraries.

TABLE 5 SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE COLLEGE OF NEw

JERSEY LIBRARY CATALOG, 1760


Theology .............. 337 46 Literature .............. 110 16 History ................ 106 14 Science ................ 47 7 Philosophy ............. 33 4 Biography .............. 17 2 Geography ............. 14 2 Law ................... 14 2 Government ............ 8 1 Commerce .............. 2 * Arts ................... 2 * Miscellaneous ........... 17 2 Unclassified ............. 29 4

Total ................ 736 100


Nearly half of the entire collection, for example, was theology, but only five writers of the early church-Origen,

Chrysostom, Ignatius, Justin Martyr, and Augustine-were included, and the important editions of the Bible that can be identified were limited to the Ant- werp Polyglot Bible and the Latin edition of Tremellius and Du Jon. In the other theological works there was less emphasis on the older Puritan writings than in the libraries of Harvard and Yale. Presbyterian writers were natu- rally well represented by such authors as John Owen, Thomas Hooker, John Leland, and Samuel Shaw. Church of England writers were in the majority, however, and there were representative Quaker and Roman Catholic writers. Among European theologians one could find Calvin, Pierre Du Moulin, Pierre Jurieu, Philippe de Mornay, August Hermann Franke, and Martin Bucer. Hugo Grotius, Robert Boyle, Gehard Jan Voss, John Locke, and Samuel Clarke represented in various fashions the rationalists' point of view.

About half of the works of literature were classical authors or dictionaries and grammars of Greek and Latin. A half-dozen dictionaries and grammars of Hebrew were available, but nothing else in the Old Testament language. English literature included the poetry of Cowley and Dryden, Shakespeare, Butler's Hudibras, Sir Samuel Garth's Dispensatory, Bacon's Essays, Bunyan, Defoe, some almost forgotten figures -John Pomfret, Earl of Roscommon, and Mrs. Elizabeth Rowe-and a few English grammars. There was nothing in other languages but Telemachus by Fenelon, Montaigne's Essays, and the works of Charles Saint-1:vremond, all in English translations.

In historical works, as well as in literature, classical writers were domi- nant: Aelianus, Caesar's Commentaries, Herodotus, Plutarch, Tacitus-all these




in English translations-and Livy, Cur- tius Rufus, Sallust, Suetonius, Thucy- dides, Valerius Maximus, and Xeno- phon in original texts. There were 25 titles pertaining to ecclesiastical history but none from the early church historians. The few books on English history were good ones: Paul de Rapin- Thoyras's History of England trans- lated and continued by Nicholas Tindal, Edmund Howes's revision of Stow's Annales, Clarendon's History of the RebeUion and Civil Wars in England, Gilbert Burnet's History of His Own Time, Abel Boyer's History of the Reign of Queen Anne, George Bu- chanan's History of Scotland, and Ed- ward Chamberlayne's Magnae Britan- niae Notitia, or The Present State of Great Britain. European history did not fare nearly as well, and in Ameri- can history there were histories of Vir- ginia by Sir William Keith and by Hugh Jones, Daniel Neal's History of New-England, Thomas Prince's Chron- ological History of New-England, and Benjamin Church's account of King Philip's War.

The college's books of science were routine enough (as Davies had pointed out) and frequently outdated-Grave- sande's Mathematical Elements of Nat- ural Philosophy and Thomas Blunde- ville's Exercises, Containing Sixe Treatises on arithmetic, cosmology, astronomy, geography, navigation, and the globes. But the library also had an abridged edition of the works of Robert Boyle and 8 volumes of the abridged Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. If they lacked Newton's fa- mous work they at least had Henry Pemberton's and Colin Maclaurin's ex- planations and the mathematical lec- tures of Newton's Cambridge teacher, Isaac Barrow. But there was little more.

Among 10 works on medicine only the names of Herman Boerhaave and Thomas Bartholin stand out among the medical men of the period.

Among the noteworthy books in other subjects was a core of modern philosophical works by John Locke, Des- cartes, Ralph Cudworth, Henry More, and Francis Hutcheson; Algernon Sid- ney's Discourses concerning Govern- ment and Sir Richard Steele's political writings; and volumes of the Tatler, Spectator, Guardian, Englishman, Com- mon Sense, and the Freeholder.

THE HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY, 1790

No library catalogs were published between 1760 and 1790, but with the beginning of the national era Harvard found time for the revision and publication of lists that had been main- tained in manuscript during the revolu- tionary period [33, pp. 16-19]. In 1790, the Catalogus Bibliothecae Har- vardinae Cantabrigiae Nov-Anglorum, a 258-page listing of the books that had been added to the library since the 1764 fire, appeared. This catalog set a high standard for bibliographical compilations in comparison with the other college library catalogs. Each entry contained the author's surname and the identifying initials of his forename, a full and usually accurate transcrip- tion of the title, the size of the book, and the place and date of publication. The catalog was in two parts; the first 205 pages list the books under fifty- four headings ranging from Agricul- tura to Vocabularia, with a conve- niently large category of Miscellanea, and the second part included the pam- phlets in the collection under fourteen headings ranging from Tractatus Bio- graphici to Tractatus Theologici.

The book collection was predomi-




nantly a modern one; nearly 70 percent of its books were published in the eighteenth century, 23 percent in the seventeenth century, and 4 percent in the sixteenth century. The books were largely English language titles (73 percent), with Latin titles a poor second (19 percent), and a small proportion of French (3 percent) and Italian titles (2 percent). All other languages made up a little more than 2 percent of the entire collection. The distribution of subjects within the collection, as shown by table 6, indicates that

TABLE 6

SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE HARVARD COLLEGE LIBRARY CATALOG, 1790


Theology .............. 4,520 49 History ................ 1,144 12 Literature .............. 974 10 Science ................ 813 9 Government ............ 397 4 Philosophy ............. 284 3 Law ................... 204 2 Geography ............. 210 2 Biography .............. 216 2 Arts ................... 136 1 Commerce .............. 97 1 Miscellaneous ........... 259 3 Unclassified ............ 42 $

Total ................ 9,296 100


theology was still by far the largest category and that theology combined with history, literature, and science made up 80 percent of the entire collection.

More than one-third of the theological works were eighteenth-century sermons, often occasional affairs such as election, ordination and assize sermons, and sermons before various so- cieties. There were fewer commentaries and exegetical works than in the 1723-35 catalog, but more than twice

as many editions of early Christian writings, editions of the Bible, and general theological works. There were some important aids to the study of the Bible from English eighteenth-century scholars, among them John Tay- lor's Hebrew Concordance, John Wil- liams's Concordance to the Greek New Testament, and Alexander Cruden's concordance, which remained the standard English index for many years. Works by Benjamin Kennicott, James MacKnight, and Matthew Henry's Ex- position of the Old and New Testa- ments, and two works by the pioneer scholar Johannes Albrecht Bengel were among the important titles.

The polyglot editions of the Bible noted in the 1723-35 catalog had been acquired again, an impressive collection of translations into Dutch, French, Welsh, Italian, Spanish, Arabic, Cop- tic, Malay, and Anglo-Saxon was available, and there were many paraphrases of the Psalms and the Gospels and Epistles in modern English. Among the notable additions of early church writings in the collection were the 1622 edition of Saint Epiphanius, Bishop of Salamis; the editio princips of Saint Hilary, Bishop of Poitiers, by Eras- mus, and of Saint Hippolytus of Rome by J. A. Fabricius; and the collected edition of Origen by La Rue (Paris, 1733-59).

The library had regained many of the writings of the Puritan tradition that were listed in the 1723-35 catalog, and the collection had expanded to include a great variety of writings representing many divisions of Christianity as well as the recent controversies and schisms. These writings ranged from the highly popular Whole Duty of Man by Richard Allestree to technical treaties on justification, church gov-




ernment, inspiration of the scriptures, and the necessity (and dangers) of en- thusiasm. There was no overwhelming dominance of writings of any single doctrine or creed, and almost every point of view was joined with a work expressing an opposing point of view. The strength of the collection was in its diversity of opinions and its inclu- siveness.

The more than 1,100 historical works in the library included more than 300 books on English history. There were copies of the Anglo-Saxon Chron- icle and the Chronicles of Geoffrey of Monmouth, Matthew Paris, and Poly- dorus Vergilius, and a good selection of the then standard historians including Clarendon, Rapin-Thoyras, Gilbert Burnet, George Buchanan, David Hume, White Kennett, James Tyrell, William Camden, and James Stow. One could find many examples by authors who are less well known for historical than for other works, such as Sir Richard Steele's The Crisis, or A Decision Representing, from the Most Authentick Records, the Just Causes of the Late Happy Revolution; Jona- than Swift's Conduct of the Allies and of the Late Ministry in Beginning and Carrying on the Present War (on the War of the Spanish Succession); Smollett's Complete History of En- gland; Milton's Pro Populo Angli- cano Defensio; and Horace Walpole's Historic Doubts on the Life and Reign of King Richard the Third. Books on the history of the rest of the world were less numerous, but histories of most of the countries of Europe were available, and there was a small but interesting group of books on the countries of Asia and the Near East. In ancient history there was the Thesau- rus Graecarum Antiquitatum of Jako-

bus Gronovius and Joannes Georgius Graevius's Thesaurus Antiquitatum Romanorum, and about 250 smaller works, including the major classical Greek and Latin historians, but more of the works were in English transla- tion than in the original languages. In ecclesiastical history, there were relatively few of the writers of the early church but a good collection of histories of the church in England and Scotland. In American history the collection included many contemporary tracts and an enviable group of early histories.

Almost one-third of the books of literature were books of English literature. Most of the major figures were included, as well as many lesser known writers and many works now almost completely forgotten. Milton was represented by the largest number of titles, in a variety of editions including French and Italian translations of Paradise Lost. The library contained Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry, Spenser's Faerie Queene, and the works of Chaucer, Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, Pope, Gay, Herbert, Cow- ley, Waller, Dryden, Edward Young, James Thomson, Butler's Hudibras, and two of Robert Dodsley's collections of poetry. Among prose works there were the English works of Roger Ascham, Bacon's Essays, Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy, Swift's Tale of a Tub, two minor works of Defoe, three by Andrew Marvell, and the works of Addison. Two editions of Dr. Johnson's Dictionary and other dictionaries by Thomas Sheridan, Edward Phillips, and John Wilkins, along with Noah Webster's Dissertations on the English Language, Grammatical Insti- tutes, American Spelling Book, and a collection of essays were among the




lexicographical titles worth mentioning. More than half of the works of English literature, however, were the works of lesser known writers and other pieces that have now become curiosities, such as Poems on Several Occasions: Writ- ten by Stephen Duck, Lately a Poor Thresher in a Barn in the County of Wilts . . . Which Were Publicly Read in the Drawing Room at Windsor Cas- tle on Friday the 11th of September, 1730. In nearly 400 books of classical Greek and Latin literature the major writings were available in English translations as well as in the original, and dictionaries, glossaries, and grammars were plentiful. There was only a sampling of French literature and even less of Italian and Spanish, and a small group of grammars and phrase books of the Arabic and Turkish languages.

Books on science were exceptionally strong, within the limits one could expect in a collection of 800 titles. Medi- cal works, which were the most numerous, included contemporary treatises on medical practice, pathology, surgery, anatomy, physiology, materia medica, and on many specific ailments. Math- ematical books made up a smaller but well-selected group of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century authorities, and the books on astronomy were an unusually choice lot with many of the astronomical works published by the Academie Royale des Sciences. In biology there was an extensive collection of the writings of Linnaeus, as well as an interesting group of pre-Linnaean biologists and descriptive works on the natural history of many parts of the world. Books on chemistry were less advanced than those on biology, and none were published recently enough to include Lavoisier's rejection of the phlogiston theory, and the books on physics were

somewhat behind contemporary discoveries, except those dealing with electricity and magnetism. The strong- est feature of the scientific book collection, however, was the long files of the Transactions of the Royal Society, the MJmoires of the Academie des Sciences, the Acta Euriditorum, and the Miscellanea Curiosa of the Deut- sche Akademie der Naturforscher.

The remaining subjects in the library, although less than 20 percent of the entire collection, included many important works. The books on government and law, for example, included an enviable collection of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century British writings on individual liberties, the limitation of the power of monarchs, and the con- stitutional authority and limitations of parliaments, as well as works of most of the major political theorists and a good assortment of works on English law, its precedents and procedures. Many of these were a part of the numerous gifts of Thomas Hollis of Lin- coln's Inn [14]. Books on philosophy included little on ancient or medieval authorities, but there was an interesting group of the writings of the Ox- ford Platonists. Geographical accounts included Hakluyt's, Churchill's, and Dampier's collections of voyages, and travelers' accounts of almost every part of the earth. There were 200 bio- graphical works, including Anthony a Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, Johnson's Lives, and Colley Cibber's Lives; about 100 books on art, architecture, painting, and sculpture; and a remarkable collection of bibliographies, including catalogs of the Bodleian (1674), the British Museum (1787), Bern University library (1764), and the library of the College of Cleremont of the University of Paris (1764). Pe-




riodicals in the library included long files of the Gentleman's Magazine (1731-72), the Historical Register (1724-39), the Critical Review (1756- 86), the London Magazine (1732-72), the Monthly Review (1749-86), and shorter files of many other journals and newsletters.

THE YALE LIBRARY, 1791

In the period between the publication of the Yale library catalogs of 1755 and 1791, the collection increased by only 350 titles. The distribution of subjects changed little, as shown by table 7, except for an increase of 9 percent in the proportion of theological titles.

TABLE 7

SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE YALE LIBRARY CATALOG, 1791


Theology .............. 852 54 History ................ 183 12 Science ................ 179 11 Literature .............. 175 11 Philosophy ............. 71 4 Geography ............. 33 2 Law ................... 23 1 Biography .............. 16 1 Government ............ 13 1 Arts ................... 7 * Commerce ............. 5 Miscellaneous ........... 21 1 Unclassified ............ 4 *

Total ................ 1,582 98

Less than 1 percent.

The increased number of theological works was caused by additional works of writers already represented in the library, by several works of American theologians, and by some additional manuals of pastoral duties and respon- sibilities and guides to Christian living. Historical works now emphasized ecclesiastical history more than in the

earlier collection and included several important histories of America that had been lacking. A 25-volume set of the Acta Euriditorum and works by Des- cartes, Benjamin Franklin, and Boer- haave were the major additions in science. Little of importance was added in literature or in the remaining subjects.

THE LIBRARY OF THE COLLEGE

OF RHODE ISLAND, 1793 No catalog of the library of the Col-

lege of Rhode Island appeared until 1793, although a manuscript catalog dated 1782 and prepared by James Manning exists. Henry B. Van Hoesen believes that this list of 607 volumes was an inventory of the library in 1777, when it was removed to Wren- tham while the college building was occupied by American soldiers [24, pp. 22-23]. By 1793, when a printed catalog was prepared (probably by Asa Messer), the library contained a little more than 1,200 titles (2,173 volumes according to a manuscript note in the copy bearing Messer's signature), and the distribution of subjects shows some interesting variations from the distribution in other college libraries.

Only about one-third of the books in the library were theological works, the smallest proportion in any of the libraries. There were representative writings from most facets of contemporary religious thought, but relatively little from the writers of the early church. The proportion of works of literature was slightly higher than in the other libraries, and the collection emphasized English literature and translations of Latin and Greek writings. Historical books were less extensive than in the other libraries. More attention was given to doctrinal and sectarian history




TABLE 8

SUBJECT ANALYSIS OF THE COLLEGE OF RHODE ISLAND LIBRY CATALOG, 1793


Theology .............. 420 34 Literature .............. 202 17 History ................ 141 12 Science ................. 126 10 Philosophy ............. 48 4 Geography ............. 45 4 Biography .............. 42 3 Government ............ 25 2 Law .................. 20 2 Commerce .............. 15 1 Arts .................. 15 1 Miscellaneous ........... 33 3 Unclassified ............ 88 7

Total ................ 1,214 100

and less to the standard works of ancient and European writers than in the other library catalogs. In science the emphasis was on practical manuals on husbandry and medical practice and on textbooks on specific subjects rather than on basic works, although New- ton's Principia was available. Philos-

ophy in the library was predominantly modern; only Aristotle, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurelius represented the an- cients. Geographical accounts and biographies included little that could not be found in other libraries, and books in the remaining subjects were largely practical works.

THE RESOURCES OF THE

COLLEGE LIBRARIES

The distribution of subjects in the seven libraries, shown in table 9, is remarkably similar, despite the differences in size of the book collections (736 titles in the Princeton catalog to 9,286 titles in the Harvard catalog of 1790) and the time span of seventy years. About half of the books were theological works and literature, and science and philosophy comprised from 32 to 45 percent of the book collections. These categories combined with theology account for more than three- fourths of the titles in the collections.

TABLE 9

SUBJECT DIsTRIBUTION OF BOOKS IN AMEICAN COLONIAL COLLEGES

(INS)

College Subject

Theology History Literature Science Philosophy Government

Harvard (1723-35) ...... 58 8 9 8 7 1 Yale (1743) ............ 46 14 13 12 6 1 Yale (1755) ............ 46 14 13 12 6 1 Princeton (1760) ........ 46 14 16 7 4 1 Harvard (1790) ......... 49 12 10 9 3 4 Yale (1791) ............ 54 12 11 11 4 1 Brown (1793) .......... 34 12 17 10 4 2

Un- Geography Biography Law Arts Commerce Miscellaneous classified

Harvard (1723-35) ...... 1 1 2 * * 1 2 Yale (1743) ............ 2 2 1 * * 2 * Yale (1755) ............ 2 2 1 * * 2 * Princeton (1760) ........ 2 2 2 * * 2 4 Harvard (1790) ......... 2 2 2 1 1 3 * Yale (1791) ............ 2 1 1 * * 1 * Brown (1793) .......... 4 3 2 1 1 3 7

*Less than 1 percent.




Only the 1793 catalog of Brown with a smaller proportion of theology varies markedly from this model.

Theology was as important a subject in the colonial college libraries as it was in the temper of the times. The Puritan writings that were predomi- nant in the earliest libraries were still represented in the later library catalogs, but they were accompanied by writings that represented almost every facet of religious conviction from Cal- vinism to deism. As the libraries grew larger, the proportion of controversial books and tracts increased, and there was a corresponding decrease in the proportion of commentaries and exegetical works.

The proportion of historical works in the college libraries ranged from 8 to 14 percent. About one-fourth of the books were concerned with ancient history, another fourth with ecclesiastical history, and English and European history combined would account for a third quarter. The remaining books were on American history, the history of Asian and African countries, the history of the Jews, and general historical and chronological topics. In the library catalogs published after 1750 the proportion of books on American history increased considerably, the proportion of writings of classical Greek and Latin historians decreased (and they were more often available in transla- tion), and in the works on ecclesiastical history greater attention was paid to recent writings on the history of the church in England and Europe than to the early church historians.

The proportion of works of literature varied from 9 to 17 percent, somewhat less than one might expect, but most of the authors were represented. The proportion of books of English litera-

ture increased considerably, the per- centage of classical Greek and Latin literature decreased slightly (and more English translations were available), and the proportion of works on the Hebrew and other Old Testament languages decreased.

From 8 to 12 percent of the library collections were devoted to books on scientific subjects. Medicine, mathematics and astronomy, and biology were the most important categories in all libraries, and no marked differences in the proportions can be noted between the earlier and later catalogs.

Works on philosophy occupied a small but secure niche in all libraries- from 3 to 6 percent of the entire collections were philosophical works. The proportion was only slightly lower in the library catalogs published late in the eighteenth century. The writings of the medieval schoolmen, which were an important part of the Harvard library of 1723-35, dwindled to a handful in the catalogs issued after 1790, and the number of books on ethics increased conspicuously. Of the remaining subjects, government, geography, biography, and law made up from 5 to 10 percent of the collections, and the books on art and commerce were an insignificant portion.

One must be wary of making ex- travagant claims for the book collections of the early American colleges, or of thinking of them in terms of present-day academic libraries. State- ments of acquisition policies and well- balanced collections were not in the lexicon of seventeenth- and eighteenth- century library planners, and the library was not expected to serve quite the function that academic libraries now do. Books were more likely to come from gifts of interested friends




than from carefully planned purchases. here did include books on a wide range Despite these limitations the seven li- of subjects, and the significant author- braries whose collections are analyzed ities in many fields were available.

REFERENCES

1. Wright, Louis B. The Cultural Life of the American Colonies, 1607-1763. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.

2. Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Intellectual Life of Colonial New England. New York: New York University Press, 1956.

3. Wright, Thomas Goddard. Literary Culture in Early New England, 1620-1730. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1920.

4. Shores, Louis. Origins of the American College Library, 1638-1800. Nashville, Tenn.: George Peabody Press, 1934.

5. Keys, Thomas E. "The Colonial Library and the Development of Sectional Differ- ences in the American Colonies." Library Quarterly 8 (July 1938): 373-90.

6. Morison, Samuel Eliot. The Founding of Harvard College. Cambridge, Mass.: Har- vard University Press, 1935.

7. Davis, Andrew McFarland. A Few Notes concerning the Records of Harvard Col- lege. Cambridge, Mass.: Library of Har- vard University, 1888.

8. Potter, Alfred C. "Catalogue of John Har- vard's Library." Colonial Society of Mas- sachlusetts Publications 21 (1919): 190- 230.

9. Cadbury, Henry J. "John Harvard's Li- brary." Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications 34 (1943): 353-77.

10. Clapp, Clifford B. "The Gifts of Richard Baxter and Henry Ashurst to Harvard Col- lege." Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications 20 (1918): 192-99.

11. Brigham, Clarence S. "Harvard College Li- brary Duplicates." Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publications 18 (1916): 407-17.

12. Morison, Samuel Eliot. Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1936.

13. Cadbury, Henry J. "Bishop Berkeley's Gifts to the Harvard Library." Harvard Library Bulletin 7 (Winter/Spring 1953): 73-87, 196-207.

14. Robbins, Caroline. "Library of Liberty- Assembled for Harvard College by Thomas Hollis of Lincoln's Inn." Harvard Library

Bulletin 5 (Winter/Spring 1951): 5-23, 181-96.

15. Metcalf, Keyes D. "The Undergraduate and the Harvard Library, 1765-1877." Harvard Library Bulletin 1 (Winter 1947): 29-51.

16. Metcalf, Keyes D. "Spatial Growth in the Harvard College Library, 1638-1947." Harvard Library Bulletin 2 (Winter 1948): 98-115.

17. Pratt, Anne S., and Keogh, Andrew. "The Yale Library of 1742." Yale University Library Gazette 15 (October 1940): 29- 40.

18. Wing, Donald G., and Johnson, Margaret L. "The Books Given by Elihu Yale in 1718." Yale University Library Gazette 13 (October 1938): 46-67.

19. Lane, John E. "Daniel Turner and the First Degree of Doctor of Medicine Conferred in the English Colonies of North America." Annals of Medical History 2 (December 1919): 367-80.

20. Keogh, Andrew. "Bishop Berkeley's Gift of Books to Yale in 1733." Yale University Library Gazette 8 (July 1933): 1-26.

21. Pratt, Anne S. "The Books Sent from England by Jeremiah Dummer to Yale College." In Papers in Honor of Andrew Keogh. New Haven, Conn.: privately printed, 1938.

22. Bryant, Louise May, and Patterson, Mary, eds. "The List of Books Sent by Jeremiah Dummer." In Papers in Honor of Andrew Keogh. New Haven, Conn.: privately printed, 1938.

23. Pratt, Anne S. Isaac Watts and His Gift of Books to Yale College. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Library, 1938.

24. Van Hoesen, Henry Bartlett. Broum Uni- versity Library: The Library of the Col- lege or University in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Province Plantations in New England in America, 1767-1782. Providence, R.I.: privately printed, 1938.

25. Ranz, Jim. The Printed Catalogue in Amer- ican Libraries, 1723-1900. Chicago: Amer- ican Library Association, 1964.

26. Kraus, Joe W. "The Harvard Undergrad-




uate Library of 1773." College and Re- search Libraries 22 (July 1961): 247-52.

27. Kraus, Joe W. Book Collections of Five Colonial CoUege Libraries: A Subject Analysis. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Illinois, 1960.

28. Colonial Society of Massachusetts Publica- tions 25 (1925): 3.

29. A Catalogue of the Library of Yale College in New Haven. New London, Conn.: T. Green, 1743.

30. Schneider, Herbert W., and Schneider, Clara, eds. Samuel Johnson, President of

King's College: His Career and Writings. New York: Columbia University Press, 1929. (Johnson's list was first published in 1731.)

31. Bainton, Roland H. Yale and the Ministry: A History of Education for the Christian Ministry at Yale from the Founding in 1701. New York: Harper & Bros., 1957.

32. A Catalogue of Books in the Library of the College of New Jersey. Woodbridge, N.J.: James Parker, 1760.

33. The Library of Harvard University: De- scriptive and Historical Notes. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1934.



Documents

The Book Collections of Early American College Libraries