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Overview of Blood
● Nourishes cells● Fights diseases● Transports waste from the cells● Composed of plasma
and blood cells
Components in Blood
● Red blood cells(erythrocytes)● White blood cells(leukocytes)● Blood plasma● Platelets(thrombocytes)
Red Blood Cells/Erythrocytes
● concave-shaped● transports oxygen,
hormones and nutrients to cells
● Originates and matures in the bone marrow
● removes CO2 from cells
White Blood Cells/Leukocytes
● fight infections and pathogens● 3 types: T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte and
neutrophil
T lymphocytes
● regulate immune cell production● attack pathogens● Originate in the bone
marrow● Mature in the thymus● ball shaped
B lymphocytes
● produce antibodies and proteins● their products target foreign invaders● Originate and mature in the bone marrow● ball shaped
Neutrophil
● responds to an infection
during the first stage● most produced white blood cell type● Is a granulocyte
Blood plasma
●regulates pH and body temperature● consists of water, fat, proteins, sugar, and salts●designed to transport cells and fluids
Hematopoiesis
● the process in which blood cells are formed● Occurs in the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue● Blood is typically made in the bone marrow● Form from stem cells
Hormones in Hematopoiesis
● Glucan is a stimulator● Cytokines are also a stimulator● Inhibitors include thymosin beta4
Cell Count
● provide the count of erythrocytes and platelets
● provide the amount of hemoglobin and hematocrit found in erythrocytes
● can detect blood related diseases
Erythropoiesis
● the formation of red blood cells in a yolk sack● can occur in the bone marrow after 7 months● regulated by erythropoietin
Stages of Erythropoiesis
● Myeloid stem cells turn into erythroblasts● They turn into erythrocytes● Remove nucleus for hemoglobin● Erythrocytes are then placed into the bloodstream
Cell Cycle
● events that lead to the division of a cell● consists of 2 phases:interphase and mitotic● When a cell leaves
the cycle it is quiescent
Clotting
● Is the process in which platelets change from a liquid to a solid● prevents blood from escaping the body● quality is affected by the amount of platelets● too much clotting is life-threatening● 2 types: intrinsic and extrinsic
Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Clotting
● Intrinsic clotting is starts by the plasma’s “contact factors”
● Extrinsic clotting begins by the release of tissue factor
Overview of the Endocrine System
● a system of glands that produce hormones● these hormones control much of our bodies’ growth, production, functions, and development
Hormones
● a class of molecules used to communicate between the endocrine system and tissues
● regulate activities● some are water soluble and others are lipid
soluble
Homeostasis
● is the successful regulationof variables and maintainingstability within the body● is kept through hormones and feedback
systems● is ultimately controlled by the nervous and
endocrine systems
Homeostasis
● insulin and glucagon regulate glucose● kidneys remove waste from the blood● hormones and neurotransmitters are
chemical messengers that detect issues affecting homeostasis
Components of the Endocrine System
● Pituitary Gland● Thyroid gland● Parathyroid glands● Adrenal glands● Pancreas● Ovaries● Testicles
● Hypothalamus● Pineal gland● Thymus gland● Kidneys● Uterus
Hypothalamus
● inferior to the thalamus● is the part of the brainthat controls the pituitary gland● connects the nervous
system to the endocrinesystem
Pituitary Gland
● known as the “master gland”● Inferior to the hypothalamus ● secretes the growth
hormone(GH),TSH,ACTH,PRL,MSH, ADH and oxytocin● the hormones it releases control
other glands or water regulation in the body
Thyroid Gland
● produces and regulates adrenaline, epinephrine and dopamine● controlled by the TSH● Located on the trachea
Parathyroid gland
● controls the body’s calcium levels● secretes calcitonin, which decreases the
calcium absorbed
Thymus
● located in the thorax, in between the sternum and heart● houses T-lymphocytes until they mature● secretes thymosin
Adrenal gland
● secretes cortisol,aldosterone, corticosterone, sex hormones, adrenaline and
norepinephrine● it controls stress, blood pressure and regulates metabolism● located in the abdominal cavity
Kidneys
● located in the posterior of the abdominal cavity● secrete calcitriol, erythropoietin, and renin● remove excess waste from the blood and urine● reabsorb water, amino acids and glucose
Pancreas
● secretes insulin, somatostatin, glucagon, glycogen and pancreatic polypeptide
● helps the digestive process● located in the abdominal
cavity behind the stomach
Ovaries
● produces ovum● located in the pelvic cavity near the uterus● secretes estrogen,
testosterone, and progestogen ● its hormones maintain thereproductive organs and enlarge the chest
Uterus
● hold the ovum during its development● located at the bottom of the pelvic cavity● responds to the hormones given off by the
ovaries
Testicles
● produce sperm● secretes testosterone and
estrogen● protrude from the pelvic
cavity● fosters hair growth and
increases muscle mass
Works Cited
"American Society of Hematology." Blood Basics. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2015. <http://www.hematology.org/Patients/Basics/>.
"Homeostasis." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis>.
Nordqvist, Christain. "What Is Blood? What Does Blood Do?" Medical News Today. MediLexicon International, 12 Sept. 2014. Web. 26
Feb. 2015. <http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001.php>.
"Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education." Regenerative Medicine Partnership in Education. SEPA, 2006. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://sepa.duq.edu/regmed/immune/SpecifMaturation.html>.
Samuel, Leslie. "Erythropoiesis – Formation of Red Blood Cells - Interactive Biology, with Leslie Samuel." Interactive Biology with
Leslie Samuel. Leslie Samuel, 31 July 2012. Web. 26 Feb. 2015. <http://www.interactive-biology.com/3969/erythropoiesis-
formation-of-red-blood-cells/>.
Taylor, Tim. "Endocrine System." InnerBody. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.innerbody.com/image/endoov.html>.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasis