The Bible is Our Standard

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The Bible Is Our Standard

"All scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for

doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness:

That the man of God may be perfect, throughly furnished unto all good

works." 2 Timothy 3:16,17

The Holy Bible was written by more than 40 human authors inspired by theHoly Spirit over a period of about 14 to 18 centuries. According to the above

scripture all of the Bible was inspired by the Holy Spirit. The word "inspired"

in Greek is theopneustos, which means "God-breathed." The Apostle Peterwrote that holy men composed the books of the Bible as they were "moved"

by the Holy Spirit. Also the Apostle Paul wrote to his student Timothy that

all Scripture was given by inspiration of God. The authors of the Bible wrote

spontaneously using their own minds and experiences while influenced anddirected by God.

"Knowing this first, that no prophecy of the scripture is of any private

interpretation. For the prophecy came not in old time by the will of man:

but holy men of God spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost" (2

Peter 1:20,21).

The Two Parts of the Bible

The Bible is divided into two parts: the Old Testament with 39 books and theNew Testament with 27 books. It was written in two different time periods.

The New Testament was written over a period of about 60 years, following

the death and resurrection of Christ. The Old Testament was written from the

time of Moses up to about four hundred years before Jesus was born, whenthe "book" (scroll) of Malachi was written. Malachi was the last book to be

written in the Old Testament.

The Old Testament was written in the original Hebrew language, with some

chapters in Aramaic. The New Testament was written in Greek with a fewadditional phrases from Aramaic, the commonly spoken Judean language of

the day.

The word "testament" is the King James-era English word for "covenant," ortoday what we might call a "contract." Therefore, the books of the Bible are

divided according to the two blood covenants God has made with mankind.The Old Covenant was made between Abraham and God (Genesis 15) andcovered Abraham's descendants through Isaac and Jacob, the natural race of

Israel. The New Covenant was made with Jesus as both parties, God and

man; the sacrifice; andthe mediator. A mediator is someone like an attorney

who works out the clauses to a contract with both parties.

The new covenant covers members of all races who will accept Jesus as


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Savior and Lord by faith. The new covenant fulfilled the promise of the old

(Hebrews 8:6) and, ratified by the blood of Jesus, extended God's plan forreconciling man to Himself to cover all races, nations, and cultures

(Galatians 3:28,29).

"Testament" or "covenant" also can mean what we today call a will--a lastwill and testament. So in that sense, the new covenant is the spiritual way in

which Jesus left (willed) all of the blessings of Abraham (Galatians 3:14) tothose who become born again under the new covenant and are also children

of Abraham (Galatians 7). In addition, He willed to us redemption for our

(Adamic) sin natures that enables us to become new creatures (2 Corinthians

5:17) and have eternal life with God, the Father.

God always has dealt with man through relationships. Adam and Eve were in

a personal relationship with God before they fell into sin. In every ageafterwards down to Abraham, God had at least one man (such as Noah) who

would come into a relationship with Him and through whom He couldexecute His plan for the redemption of man.

With Abraham, God "cut" a blood covenant to cover Abraham and his

descendants until Jesus would come (Genesis 15:8-21). The tencommandments and the other health, civil, and religious statutes that were

given to Israel some four hundred years after the Abrahamic covenant spelled

out certain principles God laid down for them to live by and which theIsraelites were to obey because of the covenant. This became known as "the

Law," which actually was the details of how the covenant would work in the

nation and in their lives.

The Law was God's Word for that period and the standard by which man

lived in order to receive the blessings or curses of the covenant. In any

covenant, there are "assets" or good things that go with keeping it. Breaking acovenant or contract, on the other hand, means trouble, which in Bible terms

is called receiving curses. However, Paul made it very clear that the Law

never took the place of the Promise (the covenant) to Abraham. Jesus was the"promised seed of Abraham" who was to inherit all of the promises, so

through Jesus, all those who are born again also inherit these promises of

blessings (Galatians 3:29).

People became a part of the old covenant by being a member of the people of

Israel throughfaith and obedience to God, whether they were born into oneof the tribes or whether they joined themselves to one of the tribes

(Deuteronomy 4:6,13,34; Exodus 12:19; and Isaiah 56:3-5). Reading the

Old Testament books carefully will show that, even then, the attitude of the

heart was more important than legalistically keeping the Law and moreimportant even than being born into Israel (1 Samuel 15:22).


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Under the New Covenant, the Law or God's standards are "written on our

hearts" (Romans 2:15), which means we have the Holy Spirit within us toremind us of right and wrong. Once we are saved, we have the power to

overcome sin through the Holy Spirit and can receive the blessings of

Abraham under the new covenant (Galatians 3:14). This is called "living

under grace."

However, since the time of Adam and Eve, God has dealt with mankind intwo ways: love and mercy (grace) when one seeks Him or wrath and

udgment for those who reject Him. Grace can be defined as "undeserved

favor." Also, it is the ability to keep the law, which is called "divineenablement." Grace gives us power over sin, according to Romans 6:14,

because we now have the "Covenant Maker" within us.

Grace does notmean being able to break the law and get away with it. Gracedoes not mean that God looks the other way when we sin. It does mean that if

we fail and break the law, forgiveness is immediately ours when we repent.The blood of Jesus already covers us. We can still overcome, although wemay not yet perfectly be conformed to His image. We have the power or

grace to become the sons of God (John 1:12).

Criticism of the Bible Has Been Proven Wrong

Some critics of the Bible say it is simply a collection of man's writings.

Others believe it is a great "literary masterpiece," but not the "Word of God."Those are the people who do not believe there is a God. Others believe God's

Word is in the Bible but that the entire Bible is not God's Word. However,

scholars have proven that the Bible is accurate in its depiction of historicalevents that have been documented elsewhere, so the rest of it should be

considered true as well, in spite of the critics. On the other hand, even if none

of the Bible had any secular evidence, we still should believe it rather than

the world's knowledge, because it is the Word of God and is reliable.

Why Should the Bible be Trusted?

Reliability depends on the accuracy of a document. There are three tests for

determining the accuracy of any document. They are:

1. The Bibliographical Test (the accuracy of the copies that are compared,

although there is a time span between them and the originals).

2. The Internal Test of Reliability (the author verifies or disqualifies himself

by known factual inaccuracies or contradictions).

3. The External Evidence Test of Reliability (the document is authentic in

regard to historical and archeological evidence or other writings).


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The Bible passes all three of these tests. Research into formerly unknown

languages and excavations by noted archeologists have shown over and overthat historical events recorded in the Bible really happened. Westerners

exploring the Middle East for the past one hundred and fifty years and Israeli

archeologists since the 1950s have proved the Bible is fact, not fiction. There

can be no doubt that archeology has confirmed the accuracy of the OldTestament's historical accounts, in spite of the great skepticism expressed

toward the Bible by scholars of the "higher criticism" school (which began

with German theologians in the 1700s).

For example, critics said no such place as Sela, the rock fortress (the capitalof Seir, home of Esau and the Edomites),existed. From shortly after the time

of Jesus until the early 1800s, no one except wandering Arab tribes knew

where it was. Then Anglo-Swiss explorer Johann L. Burckhardt risked his

very life by disguising himself as an Arab in 1812 and was taken into ahidden valley to a huge rock fortress with only one narrow way in or out.

Once again, the Bible was shown to be more accurate than secular history.Today, we know this place as Petra.

Another example is the excavation of Shushan, which lies some 200 miles

east of Babylon. It was the capital of ancient Elam (Susiana) and, later, thewinter capital of the Persian kings. Sushan was the scene of many Biblical

events in the time of Daniel, Nehemiah, and Queen Esther and King

Ahasuerus. When archeologists uncovered the floor of the throne room, they

found a pavement of red and blue and black and white marble, just as hadbeen described in the book of Esther (Esther 1:6).

The Bible is unique in that it has survived over the centuries with very littlecorruption to the text. Compared to other ancient manuscripts, the Bible is the

most accurately preserved text in existence. The discovery of the Dead Sea

scrolls in 1948 has shown the world that, if all of the books of the Bible are asaccurate as Isaiah--the scroll they have pieced together and dated to 100 B.C.-

-then there have been extremely few changes since at least a hundred years

before Christ. What differences exist between modern versions and theancient manuscript found in a cave above the Dead Sea are minor ones that

make no difference to the text itself and have affected no Church doctrines.

Most disputes among church scholars and theologians involve the

interpretation of the words in the Bible, not the words themselves. It makes

sense that if the Bible is the very Word of God, it would be the most

persecuted book in history. And indeed it has!

French philosopher, Voltaire, predicted in 1778 that within a hundred years,

Christianity and the Bible would be swept away! In the days of the FrenchRevolution, the 1790s, a comprehensive effort was made to burn all of the

copies of the Bible in the country (the Roman Catholic Latin translation) and


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thousands of Bibles were burned. However, Voltaire died and is only a name

in the history books. Today, more copies of the Bible exist today worldwidethan ever before.

The Bible is unique, and it has been proven reliable. One thing that proves it

is Holy Spirit-inspired is the fact that, in spite of the diverse human authorshaving lived across almost two millennia, the theme of the Bible is the same.

Although the writing styles vary, the unity of all of the books of the Bibletaken together are as ifone person wrote them. And One Person did--the

Holy Spirit.

Translation of the Bible

Compared to other ancient manuscripts, the Bible is accepted as being the

most accurately preserved text. The Jewish people preserved the OldTestament manuscripts as no other ancient written documents have been

preserved. In fact, most of the other writings from Bible times have been

found only in the past few hundred years on clay tablets.

About three hundred years before Jesus was born, the Jewish religious leaders

authorized thefirsttranslation from the original Hebrew scrolls of the OldTestament. According to Jewish tradition, 72 rabbis and scribes made up a

committee which translated the Hebrew into Greek, the common language of

the Roman Empire, in 70 or 72 days. This translation is called the Septuagint,

from the Greek word for "seventy."

About the year A.D. 500, a group of Jewish scribes called "Masoretes" (so

named from the word masora, which means "to hand down" authoritativetraditions) took upon themselves the task of ensuring the accurate

transmission of the Old Testament to future generations. Located at a school

near Tiberias, they established strict rules to be followed by all copyists. Noword or letter could be written from memory. The scribe had to look

attentively at each word and pronounce it before writing it down. Even the

words and letters of each section were counted, and if these did not add up tothe newly made copy, that section was discarded and copying started over.

The Jewish scribes had the responsibility for copying the old scrolls as they

became cracked and not able to be used. Modern scholars have discoveredseveral hundred copying errors, but most of those were made after the time of

Jesus by monks who copied the early scrolls and codex manuscripts. The first

scrolls were animal skins scraped thin and made into pages that were boundside by side and rolled up. Later, scrolls were papyrus pages. Papyrus was

made out of reeds found along the Nile River and pounded to a pulp then

dried in the sun. It was the first "paper." Codex manuscripts were sheets ofpapyrus put together in book form, instead of as scrolls.

The majority of scholars agree, however, that the mis-copied words do not


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involve major Bible doctrines. The biggest area of confusion, which involves

history, not doctrines, seems to be in the use of numbers. For example, didthe Philistines send 3,000 war chariots to one battle or 30,000?

No other book has been so scrutinized, sifted for error, criticized, and even

vilified and attacked on such a massive scale as the Bible. Yet, it is still readand loved by millions.

The Purpose and Theme of the Bible

The Bible's main purpose is to reveal the plan of redemption and salvation formankind. All Scripture should be studied in this light. Even when the

udgment of God is mentioned, it is with the purpose of bringing deliverance

to mankind. One of the Bible's purposes is that of warning man, individually

or corporately, to avoid the consequences of judgment -- God's wrath. If he sochooses, he can escape Hell and go to Heaven.

When studied in the light of God's purpose to redeem man through Christ'sdeath, burial, and resurrection, nothing in the Bible can put us into the

bondage of legalism (the keeping of laws in an effort to please God). Law is

not the theme of the Bible, but redemption through the grace of God.

People are brought into the bondage of legalism when they stop studying the

Word of God with the idea of redemption and salvation in mind. Manypeople come under bondage, not through reading the Word, but through what

someone else has said "the Word says," quoting only a portion of Scripture or

quoting a particular interpretation of that verse.

The law reveals our sins, but God's grace points us to Jesus and His blood to

cover and atone for our sins, if we will only receive Him and be born again.

Many people want to throw out the Old Testament, except as interesting

Bible stories and history. However, the Old and the New work together (1

Corinthians 10:11). The Old Testament was not erased; the New was simply

built upon it. The redemption plan is told in the Old Testament by "types and

shadows." People who were indirect examples of Jesus and the kinds ofthings He was to do when He came were used as these types and shadows.

Also, literal prophecies that directly speak of Jesus fall into this category

(Hebrews 10:1).

For example, the temple in the Old Testament was a dwelling place for the

Holy Spirit and was a literal building. Under the new covenant, the spirits of

those who are born again become God's dwelling place, individually andcollectively. Therefore the New Testament speaks of the bodies of Christians

as "the temples of God" (1 Corinthians 3:16). So the temple that was a

building to the Israelites, and later to the Jews, was a shadow, a "picture," of a


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time to come when man himself could become God's "house" or "temple."

Another example is the word virgin in New Testament typology, which

means the holy and pure Bride of Christ (born again believers, or the Body of

Christ), who has not had intercourse with the world. To those who are not

Christians, things like this will not make sense. That is why Paul wrote thatthe natural mind cannot understand spiritual things (1 Corinthians 2:14).

The redemption plan is told in the New Testament through the reports of

Jesus' birth, life, ministry, death, and resurrection (Hebrews 9:15). Therefore,

the Bible's main purpose is to reveal the plan of redemption and salvation forman, which also is the theme of the entire Bible (Luke 24:27,44). The Old

Testament was the writtenpreparation for His coming (Isaiah 40:3). The

gospels portray the manifestation of His coming (John 1:29). The Acts of the

Apostles is thepropagation of His purpose (Acts 1:8). And the epistles, theletters by several of the apostles to various early churches, presented the

knowledge, or explanation, of the mystery of Christ and the hope of glory toGentiles, those formerly alienated from God.

The Revelation of Jesus to the Apostle John tells us of the consummation of

God's plan, of its successful conclusion in victory, just as Genesis tells us ofthe beginning being marred by sin. Each part of the Bible needs the others to

be complete. Therefore, the Old Testament was the preparation for the Lord's

coming; the gospels were the manifestation of the Lord's coming; Acts wasthepropagation of the Lord's Gospel; the epistles were the explanation of the

Lord's Gospel, and Revelation tells of the consummation of the Lord's

Gospel. "Paradise lost" in Genesis becomes "paradise regained" in the Book

of Revelation.

The Bible Is Our Standard

1. How many books are in the Bible?

The Bible contains 66 books, divided among the Old and New Testaments.

2. How many books are in the Old Testament?There are 39 books in the Old Testament.

3. How many books are in the New Testament?There are 27 books in the New Testament.

4. What does "testament" mean?Testament means "covenant" or "contract."


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5. Who wrote the Bible?The Bible was written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit by over 40 different authors fromall walks of life: shepherds, farmers, tent-makers, physicians, fishermen, priests, philosophers

and kings. Despite these differences in occupation and the span of years it took to write it, the

Bible is an extremely cohesive and unified book.

6. Which single author contributed the most books to the Old Testament? Moses. He wrote the first five books of the Bible, referred to as the Pentateuch; the foundation ofthe Bible.

7.Which single author contributed the most books to the New Testament? The Apostle Paul, who wrote 14 books (over half) of the New Testament.

8. When was the Bible written?It was written over a period of some 1,500 years, from around 1450 B.C. (the time of Moses) to

about 100 A.D. (following the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ).

9. What is the oldest book in the Old Testament?Many scholars agree that Job is the oldest book in the Bible, written by an unknown Israelite

about 1500 B.C. Others hold that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) are the oldestbooks in the Bible, written between 1446 and 1406 B.C.

10. What is the youngest book in the Old Testament? The book of Malachi, written about 400 B.C.

11. What is the oldest book of the New Testament? Probably the book of James, written as early as A.D. 45.

12. What is the youngest book in the New Testament? The Book of Revelation is the youngest book of the New Testament, written about 95 A.D.

13. What languages was the Bible written in?The Bible was written in three languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek.

14. When was the Bible canonized?The entire New Testament as we know it today, was canonized before the year 375 A.D. The Old

Testament had previously been canonized long before the advent of Christ.

15. What does "canon" mean?"Canon" is derived front the Greek word "Kanon," signifying a measuring rod. Thus, to have the

Bible "canonized" meant that it had been measured by the standard or test of divine inspirationand authority. It became the collection of books or writings accepted by the apostles and

leadership of the early Christian church as a basis for Christian belief. It is the standard by which

all Christians throughout the ages live and worship.


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16. When was the first translation of the Bible made into English?1382 A.D., by John Wycliffe.

17. When was the Bible printed?The Bible was printed in 1454 A.D. by Johannes Gutenberg who invented the "type mold" for

the printing press. It was the first book ever printed.

18. What is the oldest almost-complete manuscript of the Bible now in existence?The Codex Vaticanus, which dates from the first half of the fourth Century. It is located in the

library of the Vatican in Rome. There are older fragments of the Bible that are still preserved

however-- the oldest being a tiny scrap of the Gospel of John was found in Egypt, dating back tothe beginning of the second century. (It is currently in the Rayland's Library in Manchester,

England).

19. What is the longest book in the Bible?The book of Psalms.

20. What is the shortest book in the Bible?2 John.

21. What is the longest chapter in the Bible? Psalm 119

22. What is the shortest chapter in the Bible?Psalm 117

23. What is the longest verse in the Bible?

Esther 8:9

24. What is the shortest verse in the Bible?John 11:35

25. Which book in the Bible does not mention the word "God?"The book of Esther.

26. Who was the oldest man that ever lived?Methuselah who lived to be 969 years old (Genesis 5:27).

27. Who were the two men in the Bible who never died but were caught up to heaven? Enoch, who walked with God and was no more (Genesis 5:22-24). Elijah, who was caught up bya whirlwind into heaven (II Kings 2:11).

28. Who does the Bible say was the meekest man in the Bible (not including Jesus)?Moses (Numbers 12:3).


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29.How many languages has the Bible been translated into?The Holy Bible has been translated into 2,018 languages, with countless more partialtranslations, and audio translations (for unwritten languages). (This is an enormous amount of

translations. In comparison, Shakespeare, considered by many to be the master writer of the

English language, has only been translated into 50 languages.)

30. Is the Bible still the best-selling book in the world?Yes, indeed!

For other uses, seeBible (disambiguation).

TheGutenberg Bible, the first printed BibleThe Bible (fromKoine Greek ta biblia "thebooks") is any one of the collections of the primaryreligious textsofJudaismandChristianity.

There is no common version of the Bible, as the contents and the order of the individual books(Biblical canon) vary amongdenominations. The 24 texts of theHebrew Bibleare divided into

39 books in ChristianOld Testaments, and completeChristian Biblesrange from the 66 books oftheProtestantcanon to the 81 books of theEthiopian Orthodox ChurchBible. The Hebrew and

Christian Bibles are also important to otherAbrahamic religions, includingIslam[1]

and theBah' Faith,[2]but those religions do not regard them as central religious texts.

The Hebrew Bible, orTanakh, is divided into three parts: (1) the five books of theTorah

("teaching" or "law"), comprising the origins of the Israelite nation, its laws and its covenantwith theGod of Israel; (2) theNevi'im("prophets"), containing the historic account ofancient

Israel and Judahfocusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflictsamong Israelitesspecifically, struggles between believers in "the LORD God" and believers inforeign gods, and the criticism of unethical and unjust behavior of Israelite elites and rulers; and

(3) theKetuvim("writings"): poetic and philosophical works such as thePsalmsand theBook ofJob.

TheChristian Bibleis divided into two parts. The first is called theOld Testament, containingthe (minimum) 39 books of Hebrew Scripture, and the second portion is called the New

Testament, containing a set of 27 books. The first four books of the New Testament form the

Canonical gospelswhich recount the life ofJesusand are central to theChristian faith. ChristianBibles include the books of the Hebrew Bible, but arranged in a different order: Jewish Scripture

ends with the people of Israel restored to Jerusalem and the temple, whereas the Christian

arrangement ends with the book of the prophetMalachi. The oldest surviving Christian Bibles

are Greek manuscripts from the 4th century; the oldest complete Jewish Bible is a Greek

translation, also dating to the 4th century. The oldest complete manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible(theMasoretic text) date from the Middle Ages.[3]

During the three centuries following theestablishment of Christianityin the 1st century,Church

FatherscompiledGospelaccounts and letters of apostles into a Christian Bible which became

known as the New Testament. The Old and New Testaments together are commonly referred to

as "The Holy Bible" ( ). Many Christians consider the text of the Bible to bedivinely inspired, and cite passages in the Bible itself as support for this belief. The canonical
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composition of the Old Testament is under dispute between Christian groups:Protestantshold

only the books of the Hebrew Bible to be canonical; Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxadditionally consider thedeuterocanonical books, a group of Jewish books, to be canonical. The

New Testament is composed of the Gospels ("good news"), theActs of the Apostles, theEpistles

(letters), and theBook of Revelation.

The Bible is the best-selling book in history with approximate sales estimates ranging from 2.5

billion to 6 billion,[4][5]

and annual sales estimated at 25 million Bibles.[6]

The English wordBibleis from the Latin biblia, from the same word inMedieval LatinandLate

Latinand ultimately fromGreek ta biblia"the books" (singular biblion).[7]

Medieval Latinbiblia is short for biblia sacra "holy book", while biblia in Greek and Late Latin

is neuter plural (gen. bibliorum). It gradually came to be regarded as a feminine singular noun

(biblia, gen. bibliae) in medieval Latin, and so the word was loaned as a singular into the

vernaculars of Western Europe.[8]Latin biblia sacra"holy books" translates Greek

ta biblia ta hagia, "the holy books".[9]

The word itself had the literal meaning of "paper" or "scroll" and came to be used as theordinary word for "book". It is the diminutive of bublos, "Egyptian papyrus", possibly socalled from the name of thePhoenicianportByblos(also known as Gebal) from whence

Egyptianpapyruswas exported to Greece. The Greekta biblia (lit. "little papyrus books")[10]

was"an expressionHellenistic Jewsused to describe their sacred books (theSeptuagint).[11][12]

Christian use of the term can be traced to ca. AD 223.[7]

Jewish canon

Development of the Jewish canon

Main article:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon

Tanakh(Hebrew: " ) reflects the threefold division of theHebrew Bible,Torah("Teaching"),Nevi'im("Prophets") andKetuvim("Writings").

Torah

Main article:Torah

The Torah, or "Instruction", is also known as the "Five Books" ofMoses, thusChumashfrom

Hebrew meaning "fivesome", andPentateuchfrom Greek meaning "five scroll-cases". The

Hebrew book titles come from some of the first words in the respective texts.

The Torah comprises the following five books:

1. Genesis,GeBereshith ( )
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2. Exodus,ExShemot ( )3. Leviticus,LeVayikra ( )4. Numbers,NuBamidbar ( )5. Deuteronomy,DtDevarim ( )

The Torah focuses on three moments in the changing relationship between God and the Jewishpeople. The first eleven chapters of Genesis provide accounts of thecreation(or ordering) of the

world and the history of God's early relationship with humanity. The remaining thirty-ninechapters of Genesis provide an account of God's covenant with the HebrewpatriarchsAbraham,IsaacandJacob(also calledIsrael)and Jacob's childrenthe "Children of Israel"especiallyJoseph. It tells of how God commanded Abraham to leave his family and home in thecity ofUr, eventually to settle in the land ofCanaan, and how the Children of Israel later moved

to Egypt. The remaining four books of the Torah tell the story ofMoses, who lived hundreds of

years after the patriarchs. He leads the Children of Israel from their liberation from slavery in

Ancient Egypt, to the renewal of their covenant with God atMount Sinaiand their wanderings inthe desert until a new generation was ready to enter the land of Canaan. The Torah ends with the

death of Moses.

The Torah contains the commandments of God, revealed at Mount Sinai (although there is some

debate amongst traditional scholars as to whether these were all written down at one time, or

over a period of time during the 40 years of the wanderings in the desert, while several modernJewish movements reject the idea of a literal revelation, and critical scholars believe that many of

these laws developed later in Jewish history).[13][14][15][16]These commandments provide the basis

forHalakha(Jewish religious law). Tradition states that there are613 Mitzvotor 613

commandments. There is some dispute as to how to divide these up (mainly between the rabbisRambanandRambam).

The Torah is divided into fifty-four portions which in the Jewish liturgy are read on successiveSabbaths, from the beginning of Genesis to the end of Deuteronomy. The cycle ends and

recommences at the end ofSukkot, which is calledSimchat Torah.

Nevi'im

Main article:Nevi'im

TheNevi'im, or "Prophets", tell the story of the rise of the Hebrew monarchy and its division

into two kingdoms, theNevi'im("prophets"), containing the historic account ofancient Israel and

Judahfocusing on conflicts between the Israelites and other nations, and conflicts among

Israelitesspecifically, struggles between believers in "the LORD God"

[17]

and believers inforeign gods,[18][19]

and the criticism of unethical and unjust behavior of Israelite elites and

rulers;[20][21][22]

in which prophets played a crucial and leading role. It ends with the conquest ofthe Kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians followed by the conquest of the Kingdom of Judah by

the Babylonians and the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem. Portions of the prophetic books

are read by Jews on the Sabbath (Shabbat). TheBook of Jonahis read onYom Kippur.
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p://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_%28Hebrew_Bible%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaachttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriarchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrativehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Deuteronomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Numbershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Leviticushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Exodus


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According to Jewish tradition, the Nevi'im are divided into eight books. Contemporary

translations subdivide these into twenty-one books.

The Nevi'im comprise the following eight books:

6.

Joshua,JsYehoshua ( )7. Judges,JgShoftim ( )8. Samuel, includes First and Second 1Sa2SaSh'muel ( )9. Kings, includes First and Second, 1Ki2KiMelakhim ( )10.Isaiah,IsYeshayahu ( )11.Jeremiah,JeYirmiyahu ( )12.Ezekiel,EzYekhezkel ( )13.Twelve, Tre Asar ( ), comprising what some call theMinor Prophets

o A.Hosea,HoHoshea ( )o B.Joel,JlYoel ( )o C.Amos,AmAmos ( )o

D.Obadiah,ObOvadyah ( )o E.Jonah,JhYonah ( )o F.Micah,MiMikhah ( )o G.Nahum,NaNahum ( )o H.Habakkuk,HbHavakuk ( )o I.Zephaniah,ZpTsefanya ( )o J.Haggai,HgKhagay ( )o K.Zechariah,ZcZekharyah ( )o L.Malachi,MlMalakhi ( )

Ketuvim

Main article:Ketuvim

TheKetuvim, or "Writings", may have been written or compiled during or after the BabylonianExile. Many of the psalms in the book ofPsalmsare attributed toDavid;King Solomonis

believed to have writtenSong of Songsin his youth,Proverbsat the prime of his life, and

Ecclesiastesat old age; and the prophetJeremiahis thought to have writtenLamentations. TheBook of Jobis the only biblical book that centers entirely on a non-Jew. TheBook of Ruthis the

only book to focus on a convert to Judaism. It tells the story of aMoabitesswho married a Jew

andcontinued to follow the ways of the Jewsafter her husband's death; according to the Bible,

she was the great-grandmother ofKing David. Five of the books, called "The Five Scrolls"

(Megilot), are read on Jewish holidays: Song of Songs onPassover; theBook of RuthonShavuot;Lamentationson theNinth of Av; Ecclesiastes onSukkot; and theBook of Estheron

Purim. Collectively, the Ketuvim contain lyrical poetry, philosophical reflections on life, and the

stories of the prophets and other Jewish leaders during the Babylonian exile. It ends with thePersian decree allowing Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild the Temple.

The Ketuvim comprise the following eleven books, divided, in many modern translations, into

twelve through the division of Ezra and Nehemiah:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshuahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hoseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hoseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hoseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Obadiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Obadiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Obadiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jonahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jonahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jonahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nahumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nahumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nahumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Habakkukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Habakkukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Habakkukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Haggaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Haggaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Haggaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Malachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Malachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Malachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_of_Avhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_of_Avhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_of_Avhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninth_of_Avhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavuothttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proselytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Solomonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_captivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketuvimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Malachihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zechariahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Haggaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Zephaniahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Habakkukhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nahumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Micahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jonahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Obadiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Hoseahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_prophethttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezekielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jeremiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Isaiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Kingshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Samuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Judgeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Joshua


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14.Psalms,PsTehillim ( )15.Proverbs,PrMishlei ( )16.Job,JbIyyov ( )17.Song of Songs,SoShir ha-Shirim ( ( 18.Ruth,RuRut ( )19.

Lamentations,LaEikhah ( ), also called Kinot ( )20.Ecclesiastes,EcKohelet ( )

21.Esther,EsEster ( )22.Daniel,DnDaniel ( )23.Ezra,Ea, includesNehemiah,NeEzra ( ), includes Nehemiah ( )24.Chronicles, includes First and Second, 1Ch2ChDivrei ha-Yamim ( ), also

called Divrei ( )

Hebrew Bible translations and editions

Main article:Bible translations

The Tanakh was mainly written inbiblical Hebrew, with some portions (notably inDanielandEzra) inbiblical Aramaic.

[23]

Oral Torah

According to some Jews during theHellenistic period, such as theSadducees, only a minimal

oral tradition of interpreting the words of the Torah existed, which did not include extended

biblical interpretation. According to thePharisees, however, God revealed both a Written Torahand anOral Torahto Moses, the Oral Torah consisting of both stories and legal traditions. In

Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah is essential for understanding the Written Torah literally (as it

includes neither vowels nor punctuation) andexegetically. The Oral Torah has different facets,principallyHalacha(laws), theAggadah(stories), and theKabbalah(esoteric knowledge). Majorportions of the Oral Law have been committed to writing, notably the Mishnah; theTosefta;

Midrash, such asMidrash Rabbah, theSifre, theSifra, and theMechilta; and both the

Babylonian and JerusalemTalmudsas well. It may have even influencedearly Christianity.

Orthodox Judaismcontinues to accept the Oral Torah in its totality.MasortiandConservative

Judaismstate that the Oral Tradition is to some degree divinely inspired, and that rabbis todaymust adapt and apply its principles to changing conditions, even if this results in changes in

Jewish practice.Reform Judaismalso gives some credence to the Talmud containing the legal

elements of the Oral Torah, but, as with the written Torah, asserts that both were inspired by, but

not dictated by, God.Reconstructionist Judaismdenies any connection of the Torah, Written orOral, with God, viewing it instead as the nation's literary and moral genius.Karaite Judaism

holds strictly to the Written Torah but not the Oral Torah, maintaining that all of the divine

commandments handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah, withoutadditional Oral Law or explanation.

The articleJewish commentaries on the Biblediscusses the Jewish understanding of the Bible,including Bible commentaries from the ancientTargumsto classicalRabbinic literature, the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalmshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Aramaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Aramaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadduceeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadduceeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadduceeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phariseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phariseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phariseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Rabbahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Rabbahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Rabbahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechiltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechiltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechiltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masortihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masortihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masortihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbinic_literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targumshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_commentaries_on_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaite_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masortihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodox_Judaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talmudhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechiltahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sifrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrash_Rabbahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midrashhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toseftahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggadahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halachahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exegesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_Torahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phariseehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadduceeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_periodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Aramaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Hebrewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_translationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Chronicleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ezrahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Danielhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Estherhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ecclesiasteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Lamentationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Ruthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Songshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Proverbshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalms


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midrashliterature, the classicalmedieval commentators, and modern day Jewish Bible

commentaries.

Septuagint

Main article:Septuagint

The Septuagint was a Greek translation of the Jewish scriptures. The Septuagint included booksand additions not found in the Hebrew Bible. Modern Jewish Bibles follow theMasoretic Text

rather than the Septuagint. The Septuagint splits certain books in two, so that the book of Kings,

for example, became First Kings and Second Kings. Christian Bibles maintain thesedivisions.[citation needed]

Christian canons

Main article:Christian biblical canons

The Christian Bible consists of the Hebrew scriptures of Judaism, which are known as the OldTestament; and later writings recording the lives and teachings ofJesusand his followers, known

as the New Testament. "Testament" is a translation of the Greek ( diatheke), also oftentranslated "covenant". It is a legal term denoting a formal and legally binding declaration ofbenefits to be given by one party to another (e.g., "last will and testament" in secular use). Here it

does not connote mutuality; rather, it is a unilateral covenant offered by God to individuals.[10]

Groups within Christianity include differing books as part of one or both of these "Testaments"

of their sacred writingsmost prominent among which are thebiblical apocryphaordeuterocanonical books.

Significant versions of the English Christian Bible include theDouay-Rheims, theRSV, the

KJV, theESV, theNKJV, and theNIV. For a complete list, seeList of English Bibletranslations.

In Judaism, the term Christian Bible is commonly used to identify only those books like the NewTestament which have been added by Christians to theMasoretic Text, and excludes any

reference to an Old Testament.[24]

Old Testament

Main article:Old Testament

The books which make up the Christian Old Testament differ between Protestants and the

Catholic and Orthodox faiths, the Protestant movement accepting only those books contained in

the Hebrew Bible, while Catholics and Orthodox have a wider canon. The books were written inclassical Hebrew, except for brief portions (Ezra 4:86:18and7:1226,Jeremiah 10:11,Daniel 2:47:28) which are in theAramaic language, a sister language which became thelinguafrancaof the Semitic world.

[25]Much of the material, including many genealogies, poems and
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narratives, is thought to have been handed down by word of mouth for many generations. Very

few manuscripts are said to have survived the destruction of Jerusalem in AD 70.[25]

The Old Testament is accepted by Christians asscripture. Broadly speaking, it contains the same

material as theHebrew Bible. However, the order of the books is not entirely the same as that

found in Hebrew manuscripts and in the ancient versions and varies from Judaism ininterpretation and emphasis (see for exampleIsaiah 7:14). Christian denominations disagree

about the incorporation of a small number of books into theircanonsof the Old Testament. Afew groups consider particular translations to bedivinely inspired, notably the GreekSeptuagint,

the AramaicPeshitta, and the EnglishKing James Version.

Apocryphal or deuterocanonical books

TheSeptuagint(Greek translation, from Alexandria in Egypt under thePtolemies) was generallyabandoned in favour of the 10th centuryMasoretictext as the basis for translations of the Old

Testament intoWesternlanguages. InEastern Christianity, translations based on the Septuagint

still prevail. Some modern Western translations since the14th centurymake use of theSeptuagint to clarify passages in the Masoretic text, where the Septuagint may preserve a variant

reading of the Hebrew text. They also sometimes adopt variants that appear in other texts e.g.

those discovered among theDead Sea Scrolls.

A number of books which are part of thePeshittaor Greek Septuagint but are not found in theHebrew (Rabbinic) Bible (i.e., among theprotocanonical books) are often referred to asdeuterocanonical booksby Roman Catholics referring to a later secondary (i.e. deutero) canon,

that canon as fixed definitively by theCouncil of Trent1545-1563.[26][27]It includes 46 books for

the Old Testament (45 if Jeremiah and Lamentations are counted as one) and 27 for the New.[28]

SeeCanon of Trent: List of the Canonical Scriptures.

But if anyone receive not, as sacred and canonical, the said books entire with all their parts, as

they have been used to be read in the Catholic Church, and as they are contained in the old Latin

vulgate edition; and knowingly and deliberatelycontemnthe traditions aforesaid; let him beanathema.

Decretum de Canonicis Scripturis, Council of Trent, 8 April 1546

Most Protestants term these books asapocrypha.Evangelicalsand those of the Modern

Protestanttraditions do not accept the deuterocanonical books as canonical, although Protestant

Bibles included them inApocryphasections until the 1820s. However, theRoman Catholicand

Eastern OrthodoxChurches include these books as part of their Old Testament.

The Roman Catholic Church recognizes:

Tobit Judith 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees
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e#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Trenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanonical_bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocanonical_bookshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_versions_of_the_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrollshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wycliffe%27s_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Christianityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynastyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuaginthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Versionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshittahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septuaginthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inspirationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_canonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaiah_7:14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Biblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible#cite_note-Driver-24


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Wisdom Sirach(or Ecclesiasticus) Baruch The Letter of Jeremiah(BaruchChapter 6) Greek Additions to Esther(Book of Esther, chapters 10:412:6)

The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Childrenverses 1

68 (Book ofDaniel, chapter 3, verses 2490) Susanna(Book of Daniel, chapter 13) Bel and the Dragon(Book of Daniel, chapter 14)

In addition to those, theGreekandRussian Orthodox Churchesrecognize the following:

3 Maccabees 1 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151

Russian and Ge

Documents

The Bible is Our Standard