The Beginning of the The Beginning of the Twentieth-Century Crisis:Twentieth-Century Crisis:

War and Revolution War and Revolution

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Europe in 1914Europe in 1914

The Road to World War IThe Road to World War I Nationalism and Internal Dissent

Rivalries over colonies Nationalism Socialist labor movements create fear nations on the eve of

revolution Militarism

Conscription• Russia an army of 1.3 million• France and Germany, 900,000

Influence of military leaders• Complex military plans• Inflexibility of military plans

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World War I, 1914-1918World War I, 1914-1918

The Outbreak of War: Summer The Outbreak of War: Summer of 1914of 1914 Serbia, supported by Russia, determined to create a large,

independent Slavic state in the Balkans Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophia,

June 28, 1914 Austrian declaration of war, July 28, 1914

Austrians see chance to stop Serbian nationalistic movements

Germany promises support Russian mobilization Schlieffen Plan

The Great WarThe Great War

1914-1915: Illusions and Stalemate Trench warfare

Failure of the Schlieffen Plan First Battle of the Marne, September 6-10, 1914

Russian failures Battle of Tannenberg, August 30, 1914 Battle of Masurian Lakes, September 15, 1914 Driven out of Galicia and Serbia

World War I, 1914 – 1918 World War I, 1914 – 1918

1916 – 1917: The Great 1916 – 1917: The Great SlaughterSlaughter Trench warfare

“No man’s land” No plan for fighting a trench war Battle of Verdun, 1916, 700,000 killed Horrors of trench warfare

The Widening of the WarThe Widening of the War Russia, Great Britain, and France declare war on Ottomans

Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915 Bulgaria enters the war, September 1915, on the side of the Central Powers Italy enters the war, May 1915, against Austria-Hungary Middle East

T.E. Lawrence, Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935) Allies seize German colonies in Africa -- Togoland, Cameroons, South

West Africa, German East Africa, and Pacific Entry of the United States

Sinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915 German return to unrestricted submarine warfare United States enters the war, April 6, 1917 Bolshevik Revolution, 1917

The Home Front: The Impact of The Home Front: The Impact of Total WarTotal War

Extension of government power Politics Economics Internal dissent

• Defense of the Realm Act in Britain Propaganda

New roles for women

The Russian RevolutionThe Russian Revolution Problems of Tsar Nicholas II

Military problems Influence of Rasputin Strikes in Petrograd, March, 1917 Led by women Demand “Peace and bread” Soldiers joined the strike

Provisional government takes control Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)

Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution V.I. Lenin (1870-1824) Collapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918

Civil WarCivil War

Communist (Red) Army Leon Trotsky

White army How the Bolsheviks won Red Terror

Chekka Allied invasion

100,000 troops

The Last Year of the WarThe Last Year of the War

Last German offensive, March - July, 1918 Allied counterattack, Second Battle of the Marne,

July 18, 1918 William II abdicated, November 9, 1918 Armistice, November 11, 1918

The Peace SettlementThe Peace Settlement

Palace of Versailles, January 1919, 27 Allied nations

Woodrow Wilson, Fourteen Points Georges Clemenceau of France concerned with his

nation’s security Clemenceau and Lloyd George determined to

punish Germany Agreement to create the League of Nations

The Treaty of VersaillesThe Treaty of Versailles

Five separate treaties (Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), the most important being the Treaty of Versailles with Germany Treaty with Germany signed June 28, 1919

Article 231, War Guilt Clause Army reduced to 100,000 men, reduce navy, eliminate the

air force Return to France Alsace and Lorraine and sections of

Prussia given to Poland Demilitarized zone on the Rhine

The Other Peace TreatiesThe Other Peace Treaties

Territorial changes in Europe Austro-Hungarian Empire disappears Germany and Russia lose territory

• Finland, Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria, and Hungary

As a result of compromises, virtually every eastern European state was left with a minorities problem

Dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire Mandates

• France given control of Lebanon and Syria while Britain received Iraq and Palestine

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Territorial Changes in EuropeTerritorial Changes in Europeand the Middle East after World and the Middle East after World War IWar I

The Futile Search for StabilityThe Futile Search for Stability

Uneasy peace, uncertain security Weaknesses of the League of Nations Allied Reparations Commission, April 1921 Consequences of French occupation of the Ruhr valley Dawes Plan, August 1924 Treaty of Locarno, 1925 Kellogg-Briand pact, 1926 Disarmament

The Great DepressionThe Great Depression Two events set the stage for the depression

Problems in domestic economies International financial crisis

Problems of the 1920s Crash of the American stock market, October 1929 Worldwide problems

High unemployment Bank failures

Governments relied on: Balanced budgets, lowering of wages, and raising tariffs

Increased involvement of the government into economics Renewed interest in Marxist principles

The Democratic StatesThe Democratic States Britain

John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) Keynes argued for putting people to work Called for deficit spending

France Governmental problems Popular Front

Germany Weimar Republic Runaway inflation, 1922-1923 Prosperity from 1924-1929

United States New Deal Works Progress Administration (WPA) Social reforms

Socialism in Soviet RussiaSocialism in Soviet Russia Problems facing Russia after the Civil War New Economic Policy (NEP)

Modified capitalism The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Alexandra Kollontai (1872-1952)

Women’s rights and social welfare Death of Lenin, 1924 and struggle for power The Politburo Joseph Stalin (1879-1953)

Eliminated Leon Trotsky as a rival By 1929 had eliminated the Old Bolsheviks and seized power

In Pursuit of a New Reality: In Pursuit of a New Reality: Cultural and Intellectual TrendsCultural and Intellectual Trends Breakdown of middle-class values Nightmares and New Visions

Abstract painting Dadaism

• Tristan Tzara (1896-1945) Surrealism

• Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) Probing the Unconscious

James Joyce (1882-1941), Ulysses Hermann Hesse (1877-1962) Mass entertainment

Discussion QuestionsDiscussion Questions What role did new technology play in World War I? Why role did Europe’s African and Asian colonies play in

the conflict? How did military setbacks contribute to the outbreak of the

Russian Revolution? What were the objectives of the major powers at the

Versailles peace conference? How did France, Great Britain, Germany, Russia, and the

United States respond to the challenges presented by the Great Depression?