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THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD. JULY, 1942 – FEBRUARY, 1943. BACKGROUND. EASTERN (RUSSIAN)FRONT SITUATION - SUMMER, 1942 AXIS (GERMAN) ARMIES CONTROL MOST OF EUROPEAN RUSSIA (USSR) RED ARMY & USSR HAVE TAKEN MASSIVE CASUALTIES - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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THE BATTLE OF STALINGRAD
JULY, 1942 – FEBRUARY, 1943
BACKGROUND EASTERN (RUSSIAN)FRONT SITUATION -
SUMMER, 1942 AXIS (GERMAN) ARMIES CONTROL MOST OF EUROPEAN
RUSSIA (USSR) RED ARMY & USSR HAVE TAKEN MASSIVE CASUALTIES MOST SOVIET INDUSTIRES / FACTORIES HAVE BEEN
EVACUATED EAST OF URAL MTS. MOST OBJECTIVES HAVE BEEN TAKEN OR … ARE EXPECTED
TO BE TAKEN EXAMPLES:
Army Group North – sieging Leningrad Army Group Center – close to Moscow Army Group South – Kiev captured, moving towards
Central Asia & Oil fieldsRESULT?
-GERMANS FEEL INVINCIBLE -GERMANS HAVE MOMENTUM -SOVIETS HAVE RESORTED TO SCORCHED-EARTH POLICY -SOVIETS HAVE CALLED ALL RESERVES INTO MILITARY -SOVIETS ARE “PLAYING FOR TIME” (DEFINE)
RUSSIAN FRONT
STRATEGICSITUATION,
SUMMER -1942
“IF I DO NOT GET THE OIL OF MAIKOP AND GROZNY, THEN I MUST END THIS WAR.”
ADOLF HITLER, 1942
THE GERMAN SITUATION
GERMAN ADVANTAGES: ARMOR ADVANTAGE
RUSSIANS STILL HAD NOT PRODUCED ENOUGH T-34 TANKS TO EFFECTIVELY CHALLENGE GERMAN ARMOR
AIR POWER: LUFTWAFFE IS… MORE EXPERIENCED HAS BETTER AIRCRAFT HAS PERFECTED GROUND SUPPORT TACTICS
MORALE: GERMANS ARE CONFIDENT MOMENTUM: GERMANS ARE ACTIVELY
PURSUING / LOOKING TO DESTROY RED ARMY
THE GERMAN SITUATION(cont’d.) GERMAN DISADVANTAGES
BIGGEST PROBLEM: SUPPLY LINES ARE DANGEROUSLY OVEREXTENDED
EFFECT? EXTENSION OF SUPPLY LINES = INCREASES CHANCE OF SUPPLIES BEING CUT OFF REINFORCEMENTS TAKE LONGER TO GET TO
STALINGRAD MORE TROOPS NEEDED TO PROTECT SUPPLY LINES FEWER TROOPS AVAILABLE FOR FORWARD OPERATIONS
GERMAN BLITZKRIEG TACTICS ARE DESIGNED FOR… SPEED SURPRISE OPEN TERRAIN / GEOGRAPHY LONG DISTANCES
RESULT? KEY ELEMENTS OF BLITZKRIEG CAN’T BE EFFECTIVELY
USED IN A CITY EXAMPLE? ARMOR / TANK MOVEMENT IS LIMITED
STALINGRAD, 1941 (before the battle)
AERIAL VIEW, STALINGRAD AFTER
THE GERMAN BOMBARDMENT
STALINGRAD DURING THE BATTLE PHOTO TAKEN FROM EAST BANK OF THE VOLGA
RIVER
STALINGRAD SITUATION, FALL, 1942
OPERATION BLUE DEFINE: THE GERMAN CAMPAIGN TO SEIZE SOUTHERN
RUSSIA, THE CAUCASUS REGION, AND OIL FIELDS WHEN?
OPERATION BEGINS = LATE JUNE, 1942 OPERATION ENDS W/DEFEAT AT STALINGRAD
WHO/WHAT? GERMAN ARMY GROUP SOUTH GROUP IS DIVIDED INTO TWO SUB-GROUPS
ARMY GROUP “A” ARMY GROUP “B”
BOTH GROUPS ARE ASSIGNED DIFFERENT TASKS & OBJECTIVES
THE PLAN: ARMY GROUP A – SEIZE THE CAUCASUS REGION, AND ALL
VITAL CITIES & RESOURCES THERE ARMY GROUP B –
MOVE EASTWARD TOWARDS THE DON AND VOLGA RIVERS SEIZE CITY OF STALINGRAD
WHY STALINGRAD?
STALINGRAD WAS NOT THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF OPERATION BLUE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE(S) WAS / WERE…
OIL AGRICULTURE /FOOD REDUCE RUSSIA’s INDUSTRIAL CAPACITY
WHY STALINGRAD? LOCATED ON THE VOLGA RIVER VOLGA IS ONE OF RUSSIA’s MAJOR TRANSPORTATION
ROUTES INDUSTRIAL CITY CONTROL OF STALINGRAD WOULD PROTECT ARMY GROUP
SOUTH’s FLANK (define) LESSER REASON: CITY WAS NAMED AFETR STALIN, SO
IT HAD SYMBOLIC VALUE SEIZING STALINGRAD: ASSIGNED TO…
GERMAN 6th ARMY GERMAN 4th PANZER ARMY
PROBLEMS GERMAN 6th IN PUTTING INCREASING #s OF TROOPS INTO STALINGRAD
EVENTUALLY CONTROL 90% OF CITY, BUT… CANNOT GAIN TOTAL CONTROL SOVIET 62ND ARMY IS HOLDING OUT IN CITY RUSSIANS ARE BRINGING MORE RESERVES…
TO THE STALINGRAD AREA ACROSS VOLGA RIVER INTO CITY ***RED ARMY ALSO BRINGS LARGE # OF SNIPERS TO CITY (SO
WHAT?) ARMY GROUP A (INVADING THE CAUCASUS REGION) IS TOO FAR TO
SUPPORT ARMY GROUP B, ESPECIALLY THE 6TH ARMY LATE OCT./EARLY NOV.:
DANGER OF 6TH ARMY BEING CUT OFF INCREASES RUSSIANS ARE BUILDING UP RESERVES / ARMOR ON FLANKS OF CITY RUSSIANS IN CITY ARE FOLLOWING STALIN’s ORDERS: “NOT A STEP
BACKWARD”
SOVIET SITUATION RUSSIAN 62ND ARMY:
COMMANDED BY VASILY CHUIKOV OVERALL COMMANDER OF STALINGRAD AREA IS GEORGI ZHUKOV 62ND ARMY’s ORDERS ARE SIMPLE =DEFEND THE CITY TO THE LAST
MAN, LAST BULLET, etc. SOVIET BATTLE PLAN IS SIMPLE:
62nd ARMY WILL / MUST DENY GERMANS TOTAL CONTROL OF THE CITY THIS WILL FORCE GERMANS TO COMMIT MORE TROOPS INTO CITY RED ARMY WILL USE CITY TO HOLD GERMAN 6TH ARMY IN STATIC
POSITION RED ARMY WILL THEN LAUNCH SIMULTANEOUS ATTACKS ON GERMAN
FLANKS FLANKS WILL LINK UP WEST OF CITY 6TH ARMY WILL BE CUT OFF FROM REMAINDER OF GERMAN ARMY
BUT…FLANKING ASSAULT MUST BE LAUNCHED BEFORE… GERMANS CAN TRANSFER FORCES FROM ARMY GROUP A TO RELIEVE
6TH ARMY SO…RED ARMY MUST QUICKLY BUILD UP ARMOR / ARTILLERY / INFANTRY
RESERVES ON FLANKS SO…TIMING IS CRITICAL (for both sides)
NATURE OF THE BATTLE WHAT WERE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BATTLE
OF STALINGRAD? VERY LITTLE ARMOR USED MOSTLY HOUSE-to-HOUSE FIGHTING BRUTAL HAND-TO-HAND FIGHTING BUILDINGS COULD BE / WERE OFTEN OCCUPIED BY BOTH
SIDES BUILDINGS USUALLY CONVERTED INTO SMALL FORTRESSES
EXAMPLE? FACTORIES OFFICE BUILDINGS
SEWERS / BASEMENTS WERE OFTEN FOUGHT OVER or USED FOR SHELTER
EXTENSIVE USE OF SNIPERS BY BOTH SIDES “RATTENKRIEG”: THE RAT WAR – GERMAN NAME FOR
THE BATTLE RESULT?
NORMAL OPEN-COUNTRY BATTLE LINES DON’T REALLY EXIST
ORDER OF BATTLE GERMAN WERMACHT:
ARMY GROUP B: GERMAN 6TH ARMY (GEN. Von PAULUS) GERMAN 4TH PANZER ARMY (GEN. HOTH) ROMANIAN 3rd ARMY ROMANIAN 4th ARMY HUNGARIAN 2ND ARMY ITALIAN 8TH ARMY
INITIAL STRENGTH: 270,000 MEN 3000 ARTILLEY PIECES 500 TANKS 600 AIRCRAFT
ORDER OF BATTLE (cont’d.) SOVIET UNION:
SOVIET 62ND ARMY (inside city, led by Gen. Chuikov)
DON FRONT ARMY SOUTHWESTERN FRONT ARMY STALINGRAD FRONT ARMY
INITIAL STRENGTH: 187,000 MEN 2000 ARTILLERY PIECES 400 TANKS 300 AIRCRAFT
THE BUILD-UP OF TROOPS BY THE TIME OF THE GERMAN SURRENDER, MASSIVE
RESERVES AND EQUIPMENT HAD BEEN SENT BY BOTH ARMIES TO STALINGRAD:
EXAMPLE: TROOP STRENGTH BY TIME OF OPERATION URANUS
(SOVIET COUNTEROFFENSIVE), NOV. 1942: SOVIETS:
1,100,000 MEN 15,000 ARTILLERY PIECES 1400 TANKS 1100 AIRCRAFT
GERMANS: 1,000,000 MEN 10,000 ARTILLERY PIECES 675 TANKS 702 AIRCRAFT
GENERAL FRIEDRICH Von PAULUS,
COMMANDING OFFICER,GERMAN 6th ARMY
(Left) General Wolfram Von Richtofen, Luftwaffe(Right) General Erich Von Manstein, C/O Army Group Don
GEN. HERMANN HOTH,
COMMANDING OFFICER, GERMAN 4th PANZER
ARMY
GENERAL VASILY CHUIKOV,COMMANDING OFFICER,
SOVIET 62ND ARMY, STALINGRAD
“WE WILL DEFEND THE CITY OR DIE IN THE ATTEMPT.”
GENERAL VASILY CHUIKOV, SOVIET 62nd ARMY, STALINGRAD
CHUIKOV ADDRESSES 62nd ARMY TROOPS, STALINGRAD
Major GeneralAlexander I. Rodimstev,
Commander,13th Guards Rifle Division,
Red Army, Stalingrad
MAJOR GENERAL KONSTANTIN ROKASSOVSKY,
COMMANDER, DONFRONT (FLANK) FORCES, RED
ARMY
GENERAL CEORGI ZHUKOV, COMMANDING OFFICER,
STALINGRAD AREA
MARSHALL ANDREI YEREMENKO, COMMANDING
OFFICER,RED ARMY
STALINGRAD FRONT (FLANK) FORCES, STALINGRAD
NIKITA KRUSCHEV, RED ARMY POLITICAL
COMMISSARAT STALINGRAD
GERMAN 6TH ARMY TROOPS OUTSIDE STALINGRAD
GERMAN INFANTRY IN STALINGRAD, SEPTEMBER, 1942
ARTIST’s VIEW OF STALINGRAD FIGHTING
German troops in factory rubble, Stalingrad
STANDARD RED ARMY COLD WEATHER INFANRTY GEAR,
1941-43
RUSSIAN SNIPER VASILY ZAITSEV, STALINGRAD, 1942
VASILY ZAITSEV DISPLAYS
HIS MOISIN-NAGANTSNIPER RIFLE
255 CONFIRMED KILLS, INCLUDING 11
SNIPERS
GEN. CHUIKOV INSPECTS ZAITSEV’s RIFLE
VASILY ZAITSEV, 1989
RED ARMY SNIPER FYODOR OKHLOPKOV, 513 CONFIRMED KILLS
Soviet Moisin-NagantRifle Models
LYUDMILA PAVLICHENKO, RED ARMY SNIPER
LYUDMILA PAVLICHENKO – 309 CONFIRMED KILLS
LYUDMILA PAVLICHENKOCOMMEMORATIVE STAMP,
1976
SOVIET TOKHAREV SVT-40 ASSAULT RIFLE
RED ARMY SNIPERROZA SHANINA, 100 CONFIRMED
KILLS
RED ARMY INFANTRY, STALINGRAD,
OCTOBER, 1942
SGT. YAKOV PAVLOV,13TH GUARDS RIFLE
DIVISION, RED ARMYRECIPIENT: HERO OF THE
SOVIET UNION MEDAL
PAVLOV’s HOUSE AFTER BATTLE
PAVLOV’s HOUSE TODAYVOLGOGRAD, RUSSIA
RED ARMY FLAME THROWER TEAM
RED ARMY TROOPS IN FACTORY RUBBLE, STALINGRAD
OPERATION URANUS,
NOVEMBER, 1942
OPERATION URANUS,
NOV. 1942
OPERATION URANUS
HITLER’s OBSESSION W/ CAPTURING STALINGRAD LED TO… TOO MUCH ATTENTION PAID TO FIGHTING IN THE CITY GERMAN FLANKS WERE NOT WELL PROTECTED REQUESTS FROM 6TH ARMY TO MOVE TROOPS TO FLANKS
WERE DENIED GERMAN FLANKS WERE MANNED BY WEAKER ALLIES:
ROMANIAN ARMY HUNGARIAN ARMY ITALIAN ARMY
RESULT? SOVIETSA RECOGNIZE THE WEAKNESS BEGIN MASSING FORCES ON FLANKS NOTH & SOUTH OF CITY
WHY? THEY ARE PLANNING A MASSIVE ASSAULT PURPOSE WILL BE TO CUT OFF / ENCIRCLE 6TH ARMY
GEN. ROKOSSOVSKY OUTSIDE STALINGRAD BEFORE OPERATION URANUS
RED ARMY TROOPS DURING ASSAULT
RED ARMY SIBERIAN TROOPS DURING ASSAULT
PITOMNIK AIRFIELD, STALINGRAD
THE END AT STALINGRAD OPERATION URANUS HAD COMPLETELY CUT OFF 6TH ARMY FROM ANY
LAND SUPPORT DEC., ‘42: OPERATION WINTER STORM
GERMAN 4TH PANZER ARMY ATTEMPT TO BREAK THROUGH TO STALINGRAD
FAILURE ONLY OPTION LEFT = AERIAL RESUPPLY BY LUFTWAFFE
DEC.,’42: SOVIETS LAUNCH OPERATION LITTLE SATURN PURPOSE = CUT OFF ALL GERMANS IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE 6TH ARMY IS ABANDONED BY 4TH PANZER ARMY
6TH ARMY WOULD NEED 800 TONS OF DAILY SUPPLIES TO SURVIVE LUFTWAFFE CLAIMS IT CAN ONLY BRING 117 TONS PER DAY
REALITY: ONLY PROVIDE 95 TONS PER DAY RESULT?
6TH ARMY BEGINS TO STARVE, SUPPLIES DISAPPEAR LUFTWAFFE LOSSES ARE HEAVY BY JAN. 30TH, 6TH ARMY IS UNABLE TO RESIST
Feb. 2nd, 1943: GEN. Von PAULUS SURRENDERS 6TH ARMY TO SOVIETS
4TH PANZER ARMY
ATTEMPT TO RELIEVE 6TH
ARMY
OPERATION LITTLE
SATURN,DEC./JAN., 1942
GEN. Von PAULUS ARRIVES AT SURRENDER
MEETING,FEBRUARY, 1943
6TH ARMY OFFICERS AFTER SURRENDER
N.Y. TIMES ARTICLE ANNOUNCING Von PAULUS’s SURRENDER
RED ARMY SOLDIER WITH GERMAN PRISONER, STALINGRAD, FEBRUARY, 1943
GERMAN PRISONERS MARCH INTO CAPTIVITY,
FEBRUARY, 1943
NEW YORK TIMES HEADLINE,
ANNOUNCES END OF
STALINGRAD BATTLEFEBRUARY 5, 1943
RESULTS CASUALTIES:
GERMAN: 750,000 KIA, WIA, MIA 91,000 POWs*** 900 AIRCRAFT
SOVIETS: 480,000 KIA/MIA 650,000 WIA 40,000 CIVILIAN KIA 4000 TANKS 16,000 ARTILLERY PIECES 2800 AIRCRAFT
***OF THE 91,000 GERMAN P.O.W.s TAKEN CAPTIVE , ONLY 5000 EVER RETURN TO GERMANY ALIVE
FINAL EFFECTS GERMAN ADVANCE INTO RUSSIA IS STOPPED GERMANS NEVER PENETRATE FURTHER
EASTWARD RUSSIAN OIL RESOURCES ARE SAVED SOVIETS BEGIN SLOW WESTWARD ADVANCE
TOWARD GERMANY STALINGRAD IS THE TURNING POINT IN
THE EUROPEAN THEATRE OF WORLD WAR II
FROM THAT POINT ON, GERMANS ARE ON THE DEFENSIVE
“MOTHER RUSSIA” STATUE, BATTLE OF STALINGRAD MEMORIAL, VOLGOGRAD, RUSSIA
VOLGOGRAD TODAY, LOOKING SOUTH ALONG THE WEST BANK OF THE VOLGA RIVER
COSTLIEST BATTLES: 20TH CENTURY AND AFTER
BATTLE YEAR WAR LOCATION OPPONENTS
CASUALTIES
VERDUN 1916 WWI FRANCE France v. Germany
975,000
THE SOMME
1916 WWI FRANCE UK/FR v GERMANY
1,200,000
SPRING OFFENSIVE
1918 WWI FRANCO-GERMAN BORDER
FR/UK/USA v GERMANY
900,000
MOSCOW 1941 WWII RUSSIA GERMANY v USSR
1,000,000
LENINGRAD 1941-44 WWII RUSSIA GERMANY v USSR
1.2 MIL – 4.5 MIL.
STALINGRAD 1942-43 WWII RUSSIA GERMANY v USSR
1.2MIL. –1.8 MIL.
OPERATION BAGRATION
1944 WWII RUSSIA –POLAND
GERMANY v USSR
1.4 MIL.
BERLIN 1945 WWII GERMANY GERMANY v RUSSIA
1.3 MIL.