The Bandung Conference andThe Bandung Conference and

The birth of the Third WorldThe birth of the Third World

The international backgroundThe international background

Increased exasperation of the bipolar logic General push towards decolonisation Independence of India and Pakistan (1947) Decolonisation of Ghana (1957) Liberation struggle in Algeria Gamal Abdel Nasser rise to power in Egypt (1952) Geneva treaty of 1954 (Indochina) Successful conclusion of the Chinese revolution

The international backgroundThe international background Fast economic growth of capitalist economies

Leading role of Western and Japanese economies

High demand of products from the “South”

The bipolar system as a guarantee for international relations

The international backgroundThe international background Impact of the Korean war (1950-53)

Diplomatic activism of India , Sri Lanka (Colombo) and Indonesia

The establishment of the Central Treaty Organization (CENTO, Baghdad treaty, 1955)

The establishment of the South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO, Manila Pact of 1954)

Ideological componentsIdeological components

Pan-Arabism

Pan-Asianism

Pan-Africanism

Socialism as a background

Bandung ConferenceBandung Conference

April 18-24 1955 Bandung Conference It was convened by India, Pakistan Sri Lanka,

Burma and Indonesia (the Colombo Group) In the conference a prominent role was played

by the Chinese prime minister Zhou EnlaiZhou Enlai The Conference marked the birth of the Third Third

World World as a political actor

Bandung ConferenceBandung Conference

It expressed the will of colonised and oppressed countries to get freedom and become equal partners in the system of international relations

It represented a challenge to the political balance of power imposed my the Bipolar system

The role of Zhou EnlaiThe role of Zhou Enlai

He succeeded in drafting the agenda of the Conference

Introduced and strengthened the principle of neutralism as a central one

Insisted on the necessity to go beyond the ideological perspective during the discussions

Defined as a main goal the dissolution of colonialism and the defence of peace

ZhouZhou Enlai – Enlai – 周恩来 周恩来 (1898-1976)(1898-1976)

The role of NehruThe role of Nehru Together with Zhou Enlai, Jawaharlal Nehru was a

leading figure of the Conference Insisted on the need to adopt pacifism as a founding

element in the relations among states He was a pioneer of the theory of non-alignment Insisted on the principles of neutralism and pacifism

as key factors in India's international relations

Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)Jawaharlal Nehru (1889-1964)

Participants to BandungParticipants to Bandung

Bandung 10 PointsBandung 10 Points

1. Respect of fundamental human rights and of the objectives and principles of the Charter of the United Nations.

2. Respect of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of all nations.

3. Recognition of the equality among all races and of the equality among all nations, both large and small.

4. Non-intervention or non-interference into the internal affairs of another country.

5. Respect of the right of every nation to defend itself, either individually or collectively, in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

Bandung 10 PointsBandung 10 Points6. A. Non-use of collective defence pacts to benefit the specific interests of any of the great powers.

B. Non-use of pressures by any country against other countries.

7. Refraining from carrying out or threatening to carry out aggression, or from using force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any country.

8. Peaceful solution of all international conflicts in conformity with the Charter of the United Nations.

9. Promotion of mutual interests and of cooperation. 10. Respect of justice and of international obligations.

The Third WorldThe Third World Notion coined by the French journalist Alfred Sauvy in

1952 It was inspired by the debate within the French

Revolution of 1789 on the Third State It meant the will to suggest a third model of society and

international relations

The theory of the three worldsThe theory of the three worlds Elaborated by Mao Zedong Divided the world into three groups: First world: USA and USSR Second world: wealthy supporters of USA & USSR

(Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada) Third world: non-aligned countries

Bandung affirmed that liberation in the colonies ought to be both national and social

Rejected the bonds of the Cold War Developed the doctrine of pragmatic neutralism

Developed the theory pacific coexistence outside the logic of the two main blocks

Bandung led to the creation of the Non-aligned Movement (NAM) in Belgrade on 1961

It ignited an irreversible process

Bandung and the theory of competitive coexistence competitive coexistence

Introduced a new variable in the system of international relations

Redefined the relations between North and South of the planet and the rules to have access to South's resources

Forced the USA and the USSR to compete in order to attract the NAM within their own sphere

Bandung and the theory of Bandung and the theory of competitive coexistence competitive coexistence

USA and USSR were forced to keep high standards of growth in order to live up to the expectations of their partners

In the meantime they were forced to invest in technological development in order to be able to allocate resources to the emerging new states

SuccessSuccess

Gave visibility to the periphery of the planet Put emphasis on the need to support the

decolonisation process Provided a forum for the claims of equity and

development of the Third World Became a lobbying force within the UN Main achievements were in the domain of

economics

LimitationsLimitations

They could not avoid being influenced by the bipolar system

Their pacifist attitude was not always consistent Strong divisions and contrasts existed at regional

level

The Non-Aligned MovementThe Non-Aligned Movement Was founded in Belgrade in 1961 by 25 countries IT is now composed of 118 countries (2/3 of the UN

and 55% of world population) It was based on the principles approved in Bandung It was mainly pushed by the fear of a new rush

toward nuclear armaments The main actors were Josip Broz TitoJosip Broz Tito (Yugoslavia),

Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru (India), Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah (Ghana), Gamal Abdel NasserGamal Abdel Nasser (Egypt), SukarnoSukarno (Indonesia)

The NAMThe NAM

The five founding pillars developed by Nehru were:

1. Mutual respect for each other's territorial integrity and sovereignty

2. Mutual non-aggression

3. Mutual non-interference in domestic affairs

4. Equality and mutual benefit

5. Peaceful co-existence

Regulations for the Regulations for the membershipmembership

The country should have adopted an independent policy based on the coexistence of States with different political and social systems and on non-alignment or should be showing a trend in favour of such a policy.

The country concerned should be consistently supporting the Movements for National Independence.

The country should not be a member of a multilateral military alliance concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.

Regulations for the membershipRegulations for the membership

If a country has a bilateral military agreement with a Great Power, or is a member of a regional defence pact, the agreement or pact should not be one deliberately concluded in the context of Great Power conflicts.

If it has conceded military bases to a Foreign Power the concession should not have been made in the context of Great Power conflicts.

ObjectivesObjectives

support to self-determination, national independence and the sovereignty and territorial integrity of States;

opposition to apartheid; non-adherence to multilateral military pacts and the

independence of non-aligned countries from great

power or block influences and rivalries;

ObjectivesObjectives

the struggle against imperialism in all its forms and manifestations;

the struggle against – colonialism,

– neocolonialism, racism,

– foreign occupation and domination;

disarmament;

ObjectivesObjectives

non-interference into the internal affairs of States and peaceful coexistence among all nations;

rejection of the use or threat of use of force in international relations; the strengthening of the United Nations;

the democratization of international relations;

ObjectivesObjectives

socio-economic development and the restructuring of the international economic system;

international cooperation on an equal footing

The role of Yugoslavia and TitoThe role of Yugoslavia and Tito

Crisis of 1948 and expulsion of Yugoslavia from the COMINFORM

Dissent on the understanding and achievement of socialism

The gist of 'Titoism':

“The modalities for the achievement of communism should be dictated by the specific situation of each single country”

The role of Yugoslavia and TitoThe role of Yugoslavia and Tito

After the death of Stalin in 1953 Tito rejected the normalisation of its relations with the USSR

1956 Khrushchev visited Belgrade and apologised to Tito for the expulsion from the Cominform

Tito was instrumental in expanding the political and geographical boundaries of Bandung

He wanted to differentiate himself from the USSR At the same time he also refused to be forced to join

the Atlantic Pact

The role of Yugoslavia and TitoThe role of Yugoslavia and Tito

1950: The National Assembly approved a bill presented by Tito and Milovan Dilas

It contained the doctrine of samoupravljanjesamoupravljanje An independent form of Socialism based on:

Self-management and profit-sharing

The G 77The G 77

Founded in Geneva on June 15, 1964 during the first UN Conference on development and trade

It was founded by 77 countries signatories of the Joint Declaration of the Seventy-Seven Countries

The first official meeting was held in Algiers on October 10-25 and there the Charter of Algiers was approved

The G 77The G 77 It is now composed of 131 countries members It took inspiration from the G 7 (later G 8) Its aim was to enhance the standard of life in

developing countries The G 77 focuses mainly on development issues and

free trade In the Sixties and Seventies a major focus was put on

industrial development

G 77 Member statesG 77 Member states

The G 77The G 77

The founding documents put a lot of emphasis on the need for unity and coordinated action of state members

Long term objectives were:

– the eradication of poverty

– the overcoming of a world divided into a minority of extremely wealthy and a majority of sheer destitution

The G77The G77Mission of the G 77 is to:

promote the collective economic interests of the member states

To enhance their joint negotiating capacity on all major international economic issues within the United Nations system

To promote South-South cooperation for development.

The G 24The G 24 It is a Chapter of the G 77

was established in 1971 to coordinate the positions of developing countries on:

• international monetary issue

• development finance issues

To ensure that the interests of developing countries were adequately represented in all relevant negotiations on international monetary issues

The group is officially called the Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development

G 24 Member statesG 24 Member states

G 24G 24Membership in the G-24 is limited to 24 countries, however any member of the G-77 can join the discussions

Membership is organised into 3 regions:

Region 1- AFRICARegion 1- AFRICA: Algeria, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Region 2 - LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBBEANRegion 2 - LATIN AMERICA and the CARIBBEAN: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, and Venezuela.

Region 3 - ASIARegion 3 - ASIA: India, Iran, Lebanon, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka and Syria.