The background field observation program in 2006 - AMMAamma-international.org/meetings/Workshops/Nov2006/present/lundi/... · The background field observation program in 2006

The background field observation program in 2006

International Coordination and Implementation Group,With specific contributions from:

B. Bourles, L. Descroix, S. Galle, M. Gosset, C. Lloyd, F. Métayer, E. Mougin, C. Peugeot, J.-L. Rajot, D. Ramier

SOP Meeting, Toulouse, Nov. 2006

Oceanic Campaigns (TT6)

The Dust Sahelian transect (TT2b)

The flux network (TT2a)

Hydrology and Vegetation on the meso-sites (TT3 – 4 – 5)

SOP ground instruments: AMF, Radars (MIT, Ronsard, UHF), SOP Aerosol setup (Bani, Djougou)

10 years of observation and research

Monsoon Phases 0 1 0

September

<----------------------------------> <------------------------------------------------->

AMMA SOPs

SOP0

_a1

SOP0

_a2

SOP2

_a2

SOP1

_a

3

October November DecemberJune July August

AMMA SOP Year: 2006

2

January March April MayFebruary

SOP1

<---- SOP Ground instruments remaining on site for the whole annual cycle (AMF, Aerosol Measurements, Lidars, …) ----->

<----------------->

SOP3

_a1

SOP3<------->

SOP2

_a3

SOP2

_a1

SOP0 SOP2

103

EEnhanced Period (EOP)

Long term Observations (LOP)

2002

WA + Ocean

Meso

Regional

Local

2005 2006 2007 2008

103

101

102

104

0 DR

Y0 W

ET

S O P

SOP0

_a3

?

LOP and EOP Instruments

LOP --->5 to 15 years of hydrological and vegetation data10 to 15 years of optical and emission/deposition data

28 LOP and 41 EOP instruments, representing several hundreds of sensors over the whole of West Africa

EOP2 EGGE cruises each yearAerosol Sahelian transectFlux stations and soil moistureXPORT radar and VHF radar.3 GPS stations and Ozone sounding in CotonouUpgrade of the PTU sounding network

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

22/7/05 23/7/05 24/7/05 25/7/05 26/7/05LE

, H

(W

/m²)

LE: Latent Heat Flux H: Sensible Heat Flux

AMMA …

:IDAF

GaoGao

: Radio Sounding

GOURMAGOURMA

OUEMEOUEME

NIAMEYNIAMEY

BamakoBamako

ParakouParakou

MM’’BourBour

: Photon Stations

BanizoumbouBanizoumbouSalSal CinzanaCinzana

IllorinIllorin

MaMaïïnnéé SoroaSoroa

: piezometer network

: recording raingauge network

: streamflow measurements

10

km0 10 20 30 40 50

1.5 2 2.5

9

9.5

10

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

DjougouDonga

Bira

Béléfoungou

km0 5 10 15 20

Nangatchori

Kopargo

Nalohou

Rain recorderRain bucketlimnigraphAutomatic piezometerDaily piezometerMeteorological stationWatershed bordersTransect

Network

Photometer

IDAF

21.59.6

9.9

576 km²

14600 km²9

9.5

LOP

AMMA …MM’’BourBour CinzanaCinzana NIAMEYNIAMEY

GOURMAGOURMA

BamakoBamako

OUEMEOUEME

ParakouParakou

: UHF, VHF: GPS EOP

GaoGao

: Aerosol& Lidars

EOP

AMMA …MM’’BourBour CinzanaCinzanaSalSal NIAMEYNIAMEY

GOURMAGOURMA

BamakoBamako

OUEMEOUEME

ParakouParakouRon Brown

Rvs Atalante, Meteor

TamanrassetTamanrassetTamanrasset

OuagaOuaga

SoundingsGPSMet. Radars

UHF, LidarsNephelometers

Research Aircraft

1. The Oceanic cruises


Contrasting temperatures in the Guinea Gulf in June

June 10, 2005 June 10, 2006

EOP perspective

Why, how, & consequences on regional climate

Oceanic Cruises in AMMA

EOP Oceanic program: 2 EGEE campaigns each year

2. 1 SOP campaign (2 cruises in June/July 2006), combined with SOP cruises by RVs Meteor and Ron Brown

3. 1 addtional 2006 cruise in November (RV Atalante)

1. 2 successfull campaigns in June and September 2005

ARGO/CORIOLIS profilers deployment during PIRATA FR13, EGEE 1 & EGEE 2

18 PROVOR(13 in May-July, 5 in September)+ 6 SOLO (4 in June-July, 2 in Sept.)

T/S profiles from 2000m to the surfaceevery 10 days transmitted in real time=> Information on the MLD

<-- profiler trajectories from May 25-Aug 28, 2005

EOP-1 (2005)

Oceanic CruisesSOP 1 & 2_a1

French ATALANTE / EGEE (2 cruises) East of the basin May 24 – July 6

3

21

German METEORWest & central basin

May 23– July 16

US RON BROWNNorth &

central basin June 6–July 9

Oceanic cruises during SOP 1: Highlights

3

2 1

During these three quasi-simultaneous cruises: a) Radiosoundings (real time GTS => ECMWF, MF…)b) Temp XBT profiles (0-800m) +

Temp/salinity CTD profiles (0-500 or 1000m) (transmitted quasi-real time, at least daily)(e.g CORIOLIS/ARGO & MERCATOR/GODAE)

(radiosoudings at least twice a day from each vessel

=> about 250 profiles)

(XBT profiles every ½° to 1°from Atalante and Ron Brown

=> about 250 profiles)

(CTD profiles every ½°along meridional sections at

35°W, 23°W, 10°W, 3°E and 6°E=> about 300 profiles)

Real time data:

2. The Sahelian Dust Transect


Cinzana (Mali, 13°N, 6°W)

M’Bour (Sénégal; 14°N, 16°W)

Banizoumbou (Niger, 13°N, 2°E)

Mainé Soroa(Niger, 14°N, 11°E)

Zonal Dust-Aerosol Transect : Measurement sites

Banizoumbou Cinzana

M’Bour

MétéoTEOMTotal DepositsDry/Wet DepositsPhotometerLidar

M’Bour

Station Operation

Normal Operation

No measurement in dry season

Problem

2005 2006 J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S

Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre

M'Bour Sénégal

LIDAR Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre

Cinzana Mali

LIDAR Météo TEOM (concentration) Dépôt Total Dépôt Sec/Humide Photomètre

Banizoumbou Niger

LIDAR

Mainé Soroa - Niger Photomètre

Concentration (5mn) à 6m - Déc. 2005 / Sept. 2006 - EOP Aérosol

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

29/1

1

09/1

2

19/1

2

29/1

2

08/0

1

18/0

1

28/0

1

07/0

2

17/0

2

27/0

2

09/0

3

19/0

3

29/0

3

08/0

4

18/0

4

28/0

4

08/0

5

18/0

5

28/0

5

07/0

6

17/0

6

27/0

6

07/0

7

17/0

7

27/0

7

06/0

8

16/0

8

26/0

8

05/0

9

15/0

9

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g m

-3)

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

360


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

29/1

1

09/1

2

19/1

2

29/1

2

08/0

1

18/0

1

28/0

1

07/0

2

17/0

2

27/0

2

09/0

3

19/0

3

29/0

3

08/0

4

18/0

4

28/0

4

08/0

5

18/0

5

28/0

5

07/0

6

17/0

6

27/0

6

07/0

7

17/0

7

27/0

7

06/0

8

16/0

8

26/0

8

05/0

9

15/0

9

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g m

-3)

0

45

90

135

180

225

270

315

360

Wind

Direction (°)

M’B

our


0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

29/1

1

09/1

2

19/1

2

29/1

2

08/0

1

18/0

1

28/0

1

07/0

2

17/0

2

27/0

2

09/0

3

19/0

3

29/0

3

08/0

4

18/0

4

28/0

4

08/0

5

18/0

5

28/0

5

07/0

6

17/0

6

27/0

6

07/0

7

17/0

7

27/0

7

06/0

8

16/0

8

26/0

8

05/0

9

15/0

9

Con

cent

ratio

n (µ

g m

-3)

0

45

90

135180

225

270

315

360

Cin

zana

Ban

izou

mbo

u

3. The Flux Network (TT2a)


The AMMA Flux Network

Operation assessmentWeek 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Mali Agoufou Fire Damaged until March --->-->BambaHedgeritKelema

Benin BelefoungouBira Logger InstalledNahalou Logger InstalledPobe Installed

NigerWankama Fallow Logger InstalledWankama Millet Logger InstalledWankama Bottom Logger InstalledKomakoukou

WankamaFallow

Dry, Wet

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)

H fallow LE fallow Rain

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)

H millet LE millet Rain

Flux Stations of theNiger Site:

1 16 July late startof therainyseason

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)


-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)


Flux Stations ofthe Niger Site:

16 31 Aug, Peak of therainyseason

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

25/09/2006 30/09/2006 05/10/2006 10/10/2006 15/10/2006 20/10/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)


-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

25/09/2006 30/09/2006 05/10/2006 10/10/2006 15/10/2006 20/10/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)


Flux Stations ofthe Niger Site:

October, Dry Down

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

30/06/2006 02/07/2006 04/07/2006 06/07/2006 08/07/2006 10/07/2006 12/07/2006 14/07/2006 16/07/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)

LE millet LE fallow Rain

-100

0

100

200

300

400

16/08/2006 18/08/2006 20/08/2006 22/08/2006 24/08/2006 26/08/2006 28/08/2006 30/08/2006Date

Flux

(W.m

-2)

10

20

30

40

50

60

Rai

n in

tens

ity (m

m/3

0min

)

500 0

LE millet LE fallow Rain

Comparisonof Latent Heat on themillet andfallowstations

Hydrology and Vegetation on the meso-sites (TT3 – 4 - 5)


0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

01-mai 31-mai 30-juin 30-juil 29-août 28-sept 28-oct

Cum

ul (1

0em

e m

m)

Cumul moyen 51-70 *Cumul moyen 71-90 **Cumul Hombori 2006Cumul Agoufou 2006Cumul Tera 2006

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

avr mai mai juin juil août sept oct

Date des pluies

Cum

ul (1

0em

e m

m)

Cumul moyen 51-70 *

Cumul moyen 71-90 **

Beri Koira

Niamey Aeroport

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

01/0

1/20

06

31/0

1/20

06

02/0

3/20

06

01/0

4/20

06

01/0

5/20

06

31/0

5/20

06

30/0

6/20

06

30/0

7/20

06

29/0

8/20

06

28/0

9/20

06

28/1

0/20

06

27/1

1/20

06

27/1

2/20

06

DJOUGOUNANGATCHORIMoy Djougou 50-70Moy Djougou 70-90Moy Parakou 50-70Moy Parakou 70-90PARAKOU-Asecna-Impetus

Déficit au 28/08/06 (par rap. à référence sèche) :

Djougou : 20% (178 mm)Parakou : 32% (208 mm)

Déficit au 15/09/06 (par rap. à référence sèche) :

Djougou : 18% (186 mm)Nangatchori : 13% (142 mm)

Deficit (27/10/06) (versus dry period) :Djougou : 17% (207 mm)Nangatchori : 6% (74 mm)

1. Late starting everywhere

2. Close to average over the Sahel

3. Deficit in the South

4. Strong local gradients, as usually observed in preceding years

Niger 2005-2006

Gourma 2006

North Benin 2006

Rainy Season 2006 on the 3 mesosites

The Niger meso-site :focus on rainfall studies


1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

13

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

Guilahel

Niamey IRD

TanaberiTorodi

Wankama

450 470 490 510 530 550 570 590Cumul (mm)

Average annual rainfall 1990-2006 from the 30 AMMA- CATCH recording raingauges

The Niger meso-site: focus on rainfall studies (1/4)

Courtesy: Frédéric Metayer

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

14

14.2

Alkama

Tillaberi

Torodi

Wankama

Yillade

Beri Koira

Niamey Aéreoport

380 420 460 500 540 580 620Cumul (mm)

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

14

14.2



Gradient: 300 mm over 30 km

1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2

13

13.2

13.4

13.6

13.8

-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25Pourcentages

2006 Anomalies with respect to the 1990 - 2006 period



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

8/6 15/6

22/6

29/6 6/7 13/7

20/7

27/7 3/8 10/8

17/8

24/8

31/8 7/9 14/9

21/9

Date des pluies

Haut

eur d

e pl

uie

(mm

)

AeroportBeri Koira

Studying local gradients:Niamey Airport and Beri Koira chronology of rain events for 2006



hydrogramme de la station Wankama AMZE, 2004

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

01-mai-04

11-mai-04

21-mai-04

31-mai-04

10-juin-04

20-juin-04

30-juin-04

10-juil-04

20-juil-04

30-juil-04

09-août-04

19-août-04

29-août-04

08-sept-04

18-sept-04

28-sept-04

08-oct-04

18-oct-04

débi

t en

m3/

s

0

20

40

60

80

100

120pl

uie

en m

m

débit en m3/spluie en mm

hydrogramme de la station AMZE, 2005

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

01-mai-05

11-mai-05

21-mai-05

31-mai-05

10-juin-05

20-juin-05

30-juin-05

10-juil-05

20-juil-05

30-juil-05

09-août-05

19-août-05

29-août-05

08-sept-05

18-sept-05

28-sept-05

08-oct-05

18-oct-05

débi

t en

m3/

s

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

plui

e en

mm

débit en m3/spluie en mm

The Niger meso-site: Runoff

hydrogramme de la station Wankama AMZE, 2006

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 mai 2006

11 mai 2006

21 mai 2006

31 mai 2006

10 juin 2006

20 juin 2006

30 juin 2006

10 juillet 2006

20 juillet 2006

30 juillet 2006

9 août 2006

19 août 2006

29 août 2006

8 septembre 2006

18 septembre 2006

28 septembre 2006

8 octobre 2006

18 octobre 2006

débi

t en

m3/

s0

20

40

60

80

100

120

plui

e en

mm

débit en m3/spluie

Much Higher RunoffCoefficient in 2006

The Ouémé meso-site :focus on the water cycle


The Ouémé instrumentation

1 2 3 46

8

10

12

km0 10 20 30 40 50

9

9.5

10

Rain recorder

Daily rain

limnigraph

Automatic piezometer

Daily piezometer

Meteorological station

Radiosounding

Ozone radiosounding

Flux

Parakou

Djougou

1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2

9.6

9.7

9.8

9.9

DjougouDonga

Bira

Béléfoungou

km0 5 10 15 20

Nangatchori

Kopargo

Nalohou

Rain recorder

Rain bucket

limnigraph

Automatic piezometer

Daily piezometer

Meteorological station

Watershed borders

Transect (fig A1.1)

scintillometer

radar

Disdrometer

VAN

Network :

Photometer

GPS

IDAF

X-Port

VHF + UHF

==Accumulated rainfall before runoff startsBénin site – Oueme sub-catchments

Basin area (km2)

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 10000 10500

Acc

. Rai

nfal

l bef

ore

runo

ff (%

rain

fall)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

OuemeDongaTerouOther Tributaries

Mean values and std on the 2000-2004 period

BeterouRunoff

Rainfall

The Ouémé meso-site: focus on the water cycle

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

01/01 30/01 28/02 29/03 27/04 26/05 24/06 23/07 21/08 19/09

Wat

er d

epth

(cm

)

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

cum

. rai

nfal

l (1/

10 m

m)

Djougou: point rainfall

Parakou : point rainfall

water level, Oueme-River(Beterou, 10 080 km2)

Beg. Runoff :22/07 (21/06 +/- 11 d)

Beg. Rainfall :15/02 (21/02 +/- 34 d)

361 mm (395 +/-71 mm)

Oueme River – Beterou2006 vs. stat. 2000-2004

Beterou, 2006

0

100

200

300

400

500

01/07/05 21/07/05 10/08/05 30/08/05 19/09/05 09/10/055

55

105

155

205

EC Sub-surface

EC Rainfall

EC Fractured rock aquifer

Wat

er d

epth

(cm

)

Elec

tric

al C

ondu

ctiv

ity (u

S/cm

)

The Gourmameso-site :

focus on vegetation

studies


HOMBORI (1922 - 2006)

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

ANNEES

AN

OM

ALI

E (m

m)

Gourma meso-site: long term rainfall

May 29June 06

July 15July 17

20062005

August 20August 19

Vegetation, Agoufou

Overall Biomassproduction notaffected

Extremly dry conditions untilmid-July

EOP-2007, more data to come, likely in a different climatic

context


Documents

The background field observation program in 2006 - AMMAamma-international.org/meetings/Workshops/Nov2006/present/lundi/... · The background field observation program in 2006