The Awards of Science:Beyond the Nobel Prfze. Part 2.

The Wfnners and Their Most-Cited Papers

Number 50 December 10, 1984

In part one of this essay, 1we provideda list of 52 prizes described as “non-Nobel” awards. The reason for choosing

this term was somewhat tongue-in-cheek. The Nobel Prize has attainedsuch a position of prestige with bothscientists and the general public thatother scientific awards seem to pale incomparison. This generalization is con-firmed by the public’s attitude toward

Nobel Prize winners. Like movie stars,Nobelists are often idolized and consult-ed by the press on topics for which theyhave little training. Nobelist RosalynYalow,z Veterans Administration Re-search Center, Bronx, New York, whosename is almost synonymous with radio-immunoassay, notes, “The Nobel Prizegives you the opportunity to make a foolof yourself in public. ”a

Although the Nobel is the most covet-

ed and visible scienttilc award, hundredsof other prestigious awards recognizeexcellence in science. Several of these,including the Fields Medal in mathemat-ics and the Holger Crafoord Prizes inmathematics, astronomy, biological sci-

ence, geological science, and arthritisresearch, are in a sense “Nobels” forfields the Nobel does not honor. Others

are what Harriet Zuckerman, ColumbiaUniversity, New York, terms “premoni-tory prizes,” which gauge their successby the extent to which they anticipatethe Nobel.’r The Lasker Awards areprobably the best-known example. For-

ty Lasker winners have won the Nobel—39 of them before and 1 after winning theNobel, S according to Alice Fordyce, di-rector, Albert Lasker Medical ResearchAwards.

Another award that has often antici-pated the Nobel is the Gairdner Founda-tion Award. Sally-Anne Hrica, execu-tive director, Gairdner Foundation,

notes that 27 Gairdner winners went onto win the Nobel, while 2 received theGairdner after the Nobel.G Recently, the

John Scott Award7 of Philadelphia wasgiven to Georges J.F. Kohler, Basel In-stitute of Immunology, and Cesar Mil-stein, Medical Research Council’s Labo-ratory, Cambridge. This selection wasmade almost a year before the NobelPrize announcements.

In the first part of this study, we iden-tified the names and sponsors of morethan 50 non-Nobel awards. The individ-

uals who received these as well as threeother awards are discussed below. Oneof these additional prizes is the Ernest-Jung-Preis fur Medizin, awarded annual-ly since 1976 by Ernest Jung Stiftung inHamburg, Federal Republic of Ger-

many. This prize carries an honorariumof 100,000 to 300,000 DM ($42,000 to

$126,000) for pioneering research thathas been translated into clinical prac-tice. The Passano Award for medical re-search is administered by the PassanoFoundation, Baltimore, Maryland. Thisannual prize has been awarded since

CURRENl CONTENTSQO 4964 by 1S10405

1945 and is accompanied by a cash prizeof $15,000. The Badenwerk Foundationand University of Karlsruhe, FederalRepublic of Germany, jointly sponsorthe triennial Heinrich Hertz Preis. Thatprize was first awarded in 1975 and in-

cludes an honorarium of 50,000 DM

($21 ,Ooo) for scientific and technicalachievements in the generation, distri-bution, and application of electricity.Two awards listed in part one, thePremio National de Ciencias (Colombia)and the King Faisal International Prizefor Science, are not discussed here. Wewere unable to locate the organization

that awards the first of these prizes, andthe King Faisal Prize was not awarded in1983. Also, the two Lasker Awards andthe three Gairdner Foundation Awardsin Table 2 were each treated as singleawards in part one.

The awards discussed in this essay areonly a few of the many prizes that recog-nize scientific excellence. There hasbeen an incredible proliferation of scien-

tific awards. To establish a practical

limit for the essay, we set an arbitrarythreshold. We have only included thoseawards that bestow an honorarium of atleast $15,000. Although a fairly exhaus-tive search was conducted, we may haveinadvertently omitted some awards. Weintend to follow up with additionalreports on less remunerative, but per-

haps even more prestigious, awards. An

alphabetic list of the 1982 award winners

appears in Table 1.When a prize was not awarded in

1982, we included the recipient for thenearest year. Our cutoff point for inclu-sion in this study was June 1983. We thencorresponded with all 94 winners. Thisproved to be a mammoth task and ex-

plains the delay in reporting the results.

Following each author’s name in Table 1

is a number (or numbers) that identifiesthe relevant prize (or prizes). Table 2 is

alphabetized by the name of the award.It includes each recipient’s most-citedpaper during the period from 1961 to1983 and the number of citations to it.Bibliographic and address information isprovided for each paper. The research

front for which each paper is a core doc-

ument is also identified where applica-ble. A research front is established byidentifying a group of current papersthat collectively cite a cluster of earliercore papers in a specialty. Fif ty-one ofthe award winners’ papers proved to becore papers for 1981, 1982, and 1983 Sci-ence Citation Index@ (SCP ) research

fronts. Code numbers for seven papersthat were identified in 1981 and 1982ISI/BIOMEDm research fronts, but notin SCZ fronts, are also listed.

In assembling the data, we had initial-ly identified papers for which the prizewinners were the first authors. However,we asked all 94 winners to verify that

the papers we had identified were theirmost relevant or significant. Of the 76

authors who replied, 58 agreed that the

most-cited papers were their most im-portant. Some authors directed us toother papers on which they were not theprimary authors. Nineteen of these pa-pers were more highly cited than thosewe had first identified. So we includedthem instead of earlier choices. We alsoadded to the list those papers that 39

authors considered to be more impor-

tant than their most-cited works. These

appear after the author’s most-citedpaper, which is always first in Table 2.Unfortunately, 18 authors did not re-spond to our letters. They have been de-noted by a plus ( + ) sign in Table 2.

The Humboldt Prize for Senior USScientists was awarded to 58 individualsin 1982. The award, which was estab-

lished in 1972 by Winy Brandt, thenChancellor of the Federal Republic of

Germany, was created to honor Ameri-

406(34984 by lSl@ CURRENTCONTENTS@

Table I: An alphabetic list of non-Nobel awardwinners and the award(s) they won. A = winner’sname. B = award number (see Table 2).

A

Amelinckx, SeverinAnderson, Herbert L,Angst, JulesArnold, Vladimir 1,Ashton, NormanAshwell, GilbertAtiyah, Michael F.Axe], RichardBecker, Erwin-WinyBerry, R. StephenBishop, J, MichaelBlack, James W.Blobel, GunterBrady, Roscoe O.Braun, Annin C,Brown, Michael S.Burkitt, Dennis P.Buaae, Ewald W.Carlsson, AmidCastor, Cecil W,Changeux, Jean-PierreChantrenne, HubertClarke, Arthur C.Cohen, StanleyDeLuca, Hector F,Desty, D.H.Dober-ty, Peter C.Efron, BradleyE1-Shazly, Khalid A,Epstein, Michael A,Erikson, Raymond L.Felten, David L.Gallo, Robert C,Garwin, Richard L.Ghuysen, Jean-ManeGoldstein, Joseph L,Hanafuaa, HidesaburoHomrsfield, Godfrey N,Howell, David S.Hubbert, M. KingHughes, JohnJanssen, Paul A.J.Johnston, Harold S.Julesz, BelaKissmeyer-NieLsen, FlemmingKosterlitz, Hans W,Krein, Mark G,Laurens, PaulLederman, Leon M.Levy, Ronald G.Lower, Richard R.Mayer, Marrfred M.McCarty, Daniel J.McCIintock, BarbaraMeyer, Paul-AndreMolina, Mario J.Nachbhr, LeopoldoNayfeh, Ali H.Neddermeyer, Seth H.Neufeld, Elizabeth F.

B

441138

748131053203229,395513,313041182,364

135

55443549

934

83228

22932295647182914

5524313513224435542551625135

21,33,414051222a1130

A

Nirenberg, LouisOkamoto, ShunzoPatz, AmalfPaul, William E.Perl, MartinL.Peskin, Charles S.Peters, WallacePimentel, George C.Polanyi, John C.Potter, MichaelPuech, PaulRobinson, JuIia B.Roelofs, Wendell L.Rowland, F. SherwoodSarrdorfy, CamilleSieh, Kerry E.Siminovitch, LouisSkipper, Howard E,Snyder, Solomon H,Spiegelman, SolStevenson, George T,Trmegawa, SusumaTrouet, AndreUmezawa, SumiOVarmus, Harold E,Verstraete, MarcWeinberg, Alvin M.Weissmann, CharlesWestheimer, Frank H.Whitney, HasslerWiddowsmr, Elsie M.Wigler, Michael H.Wrighton, Mark S.Zinkemagel, Rolf M.

B

‘11248w5532275555

8423255514637152655101621451229,394717196,54

5531

328

can scientists with international reputa-tions who have promoted the inter-

change of ideas between German andAmerican researchers and research in-stitutions. For obvious reasons of spaceand time, we could not list or contact the58 recipients, but we feel that this awarddeserves mention in this essay.

An asterisk in Table 2 indicates the 13papers that have been discussed in Cita-tion Classic ‘“ commentaries. The issue,year, and edition of Current Contents@in which each author’s commentary ap-peared follows the reference, afterwhich is given the author’s institution. If

a paper appeared in ISI”’s study of the1,000 authors most cited from 1965 to1978,s a dagger (t) follows the author’sname.

The list includes 94 authors. Eight oftheir publications are “kiloclassics”-

CURRENTCONTENTS@@1984 by ISIO407

Table 2: Awards and recipients, The name of each award and the year it was given are presented as nurrr-bered, centered headers. Highly ci!ed publications by the awardees are given after each award. Awardees’names are in bold. Citations to each paper are given in bold in parentheses after the publication informa-tion. A plus sign (+) indicates author dld not respond. If the recipient was previously identified in ISP’sstudy of tbe 1,0130most-cited scientists, 1965-1978, it is indicated by a dagger (t). A number symbol (U) in-dicates the article appeared in the study of the articles most cited from 1961 to 1982, Parts 1-5. An asterisk(”) indicates tbe item was the subject of a Citation C/amic ‘M commentary. The citation to the Classic isgiven after the item. If the item is a core document in an 1S1 research front, the number is given. The re-cipients’ current affiliations are fisted,

1. Amerfcan BrrdrieaaCancer Resemcb Formdritfon Award. 1982+ Wfgler M, Silveratein S, Lee L-S, PeUicer A, Cheng Y & Axel R. Transfer of purified herpes virus

thymidine kinaw gene to cultured mouse cells. Cell 11:223-32, 1977. SCI 83-6764. Cold Spring

2.

3.

4.

s.

6.

7.

8.

Harbor Lab., NY (253)

Brfstol-Myers Award for Dfatfngufaberf Acblevement fnCancer Research, 1982

“Burkftt D P. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28:3-13, 1971. ( 12/81/CPIBiomed 81-0273. Univ. London, St. Thomas’s Hosp. Med. Sch., UK (446)

“Epstein M A, Achong B G & Barr Y M. Virus particles in cultured Iymphoblasts from Burkitt’sIymphoma. Lane-ef 1:702-3, 1964. ( 14/79/LS) SCI 83-1209. Univ. Bristol Med. Sch., UK (625)

Br&tol-Myers Award for Dfatfngufsbed Acfrfevemerrt frrNutrftiorr Research, 1982McCance R A, Wfddowson E M, Paul A A & Southgate D A T. Composition of foods.

New York: Elsetier/North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978.417 p. Univ. Cambridge,Addenbrooke’s Hosp., UK (S87)

Brookdafe Awards for Research in Gerumtolugy, 1982Btrsse E W & Pfeiffer E, eds. Behavior and adaptation in late life. Boston, MA: Lhtle, Brown,

1977.382 p, SCI 83-3874 (32)Buaae E W & Blazer D G, eds, Handbook of geria tn’c psychiatry. New York: Van Nostrand

Reinhold, 1980, 542 p. Duke Univ. Med. Ctr., Durham, NC I1O)

Cfha.GeJgy fLAR Rheumatology Prfze, 1982Castor C W & Muirden K D. ColJagen formation in monolayer cultures of human fibroblasts. Lab.

Irrve$t. 13:5074, 1964. [73)Castor C W, MWer J W & Walz D A. Structural and biological characteristics of connective tissue

activating peptide (CTAP-111), a major human platelet-derived growth factor. Proc. Nat. A cad.Sci. US—Biol. Sci. 8Ch76S-9, 1983. Univ. Michigan Med. Sch., Ann Arbor, MI (2)

Howeff D S, Pita J C, Marquez J F & Madruga J E. Partition of calcium, phosphate, and proteinin the fluid phaae aspirated at calcifying sites in epiphyseal cartifage. J. C/in. In ve$t. 47:1121-32,1968. Vet. Admin. Hosp. Med. Ctr., Miami, FL (89)

McCarty D J, Kohn N N & Faires J S. The significance of calcium phosphate crystals in thesynotial fluid of arthritic patients: the “pwudogout syndrome. ” I. Cfinical aspects. Ann. Intern,Med. 56:711-37, 1%2. SCI 83-0308 (289)

McCarty D J & Hollander J L. Identification of urate crystafs in gouty synovial fluid, Arm. Interrr.Med. 54:452-60, 1%1. Med. COIL Wisconsin, Dept. Med., Milwaukee, WI (184)

Artbrrr C. Cop Award, 1982Westbeferrer F H. Pseudmrotation in the hydrolysis of phosphate esters Account, Chem. Res,

1:708, 1968. SCI 83-1156 (605)Singh A, Thornton E R & Weatbefmer F H. The photolysis of diazmacetylchymotrypsin. J. Biol.

C/rem. 237: PCNXM-8, 1%2. Harvard Univ., Dept. Chem., Cambridge, MA (108)

Hofger Crafoord Piizes, 1982Arnold V I & Avez A. Prob/emes ergodiques de /a mecanique classique. (Ergodic problems of

clasaical mechanics. ) Paris: Gauthier-Viflars Editeur, 1%7. 243 p. SC[ 81-0580. Univ. Moscow,Dept. Math., USSR (265)

Nfrenberg L. Remarks on strongly efliptic partial differential equations. Commun, Pure App/,Math. 8:649-75, 1955. New York Univ., Courant Inst. Math. Sci,, NY (116)

Paul EJrrMch-Ludwfg-Darmstaedter Prfae, 1983“Doherty P C, Blanden R V & Zfnkenmgel R M. SpecW1city of virus-immune effecter T cells for

H-2K or H-2D compatible interactions: implications for H-antigen diversity, Tnmsplarrt. Rev.29:89-124, 1976. (18/83/LS) SCI 81-1438 (569)

408@4984 by ISIC@CURt?EM CGNTENTS@

Zfnkermagel R M & Doherty PC. Restriction of in vitro T ceff-medmted cytotoxicity inlymphocytic choriomeningitia within a syrrgeneic or semiallogeneic system. Nafure 248:701-2,1974, SCI 83-1491. Univ. Zurich, Inst. Pathol., Switzerland; Australian Natl. Univ., John CurtinSch. Med. Res,, Canberra, Australia (394)

+Potter Mt. Immunoglobufin-producing tumors and myeloma proteins of mice. Physio/. Rev.52:631-719, 1972. NIH, NCI, Bethesda, MD (321)

9. FASEB Award for Reseerch fn the Lffe Sciences, 1982Garabedian M, Holick M F, DeLucs H Ft & Boyle I T. Control of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol

metabolism by parathyroid glands, Proc. Nat. A cad, Sri, US 69: 167&6, 1972. SCI W-6203 (436)Holick M F, Schnoes H K, DeLuca H Ft, Suds T & Cousins R J, Isolation and identilcation of

1,25-dihydroxycholccalciferol. A metabolize of vitamin D active in intestine. Biochemistry10:2799-804, 1971. Univ. Wisconsin, Dept. Biochem., Madison, WI (280)

10. Antmsfo Feltrfnefff Prfzes, W82Atfyah M F & Singer I M. The index of elliptic operators. Ann. Ma(h. 87:484-604, 1968. SCI

83-1324, Univ. Oxford, Math. Inst., UK (137)#“Gillespie D & Splegefman S ,’t A quantitative assay for DNA-RNA hybrids with DNA immobtlzed

on a membrane, J. Mol. Bio/. 12:829-42, 1%5. (11/77) Columb]a Univ., Jnst. Cancer Rex., NewYork, NY (1,755)

Il. Enrfco Fermi Memorial Award, 1982+ Anderson H L. Bharadwai V K. Booth N E. Fine R M. Francis W R, Gordon B A. Heixterbefi R

H, Hicks R G, Kirk T B W, Kirkbride G I, Loomis W A, Matis H S, Mo L W, Myrianthop~ulosL C, Plpkin F M, Pordes S H, Quirk T W, Shambroom W D, Skuja A, Verhey L J, Wiffiarns WS C, Wilson R & Wright S C. Measurement of nucleon structure function in muon scattering at147 GeV/c. Phys. Rev, f,en. 37:4-7, 1976. Univ. Chicago, Dept. Phys., JL (97)

Neddermeyer S H & Anderson C D. Note on the nature of cosmic-ray particles, Phys, Rev.51:884-6, 1937. Univ. Washington, Dept. Phys., Seattle, WA (18)

12.

13.

Fujffmra Prfze, 1982Okamoto S. Introduction to earthquake engineering. New York: Wiley, 1973.571 p, Saitama

Univ., Urewa Chy, Japan [21)Umezawa S. Structures and syntheacs of aminoglycoxide antibiotics. Advan. Carbohyd, Chem.

fJiochem. 30:111-82, 1974. Microbial Chem. Res. Fdn., Inst. Bioorgan. Chem., KawasakL Japan(109)

Gafrrfner Foundation Internatfonxf Awards, 1982AshweU G & MoreU A G. The role of surface carbohydrates in the hepatic recogrrition and

transport of circulating glycoproteins. Advan. Enzyme/. Relat. Areas Me/. 41:99-128, 1974. NDf,NJAMDD, Bethesda, MD (636)

#Blohal CT & Dobberstein B. Transfer of proteins across membranes. I. Presence ofproteolyticaJfy processed and unprocessed nascent immunoglobulin light chains on membrane-bound ribosomes of murine myeloma. J. Cell Bio/. 67:835-51, 1975. SCI 83-2966 [I,0!30)

Blohel Gt. Intracellular protein topogenesis. Proc, Nat. A cad. Sci. US—Bio/. Sci. 77: 149&500,1980. SC1 83-2%6. Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY (167)

#“Bertler A, Cdason At & Rosengren E. A method for the fluorimetric determination ofadrenaline and noradrenaline in tissues. Acts Physiol, Stand. 44:273-92, 1958. (49/79/LS) SCI83-2640 (I,108)

Cmfsson At, Lhdqvist M, Magnusson T & Waldeck B. On the presence of 3-hydroxy-tyramine inbrain. Science 127:471, 1958. Univ. Gothenburg, Dept. PharmacoL, Sweden (2621

)anssen P A J, Niemegeers C J E & Schellekens K H L. Is it possible to predict the clinical effectsof neuroleptic drugs (major tranquillisers) from animal data? Part 1. “Neuroleptic activityspectra” for rats. A rzneim, -For$ch. -Drug Res. 15:104-17, 1%5. (385)

hmsen P A J, Niemegeers C J E & ScheUekens K H L. Is it possible to predict the cfinical effectsof neuroleptic drugs (major tranquilizers) from animal data? Part 11. “Neuroleptic activityspectra” for dogs. A rzneim. -Forsch. -Drug Res. 15:1196206, 1%5. Janssen Pharmaceu t., Beerse,Belgium (103)

Kabat E A & Mayer M M. Experimental immunochemistry. Sprin@leld, IL: Thomas, 1961.905 p.SCI 83-5122 (6,207)

Mayer M M. The complement system. Sci. Amer. 229(5):54-66, 1973. Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch.Med., Baltimore, MD (81)

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15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

Gafrdner Foundation International Award of Merft, 1976+ Hounsfleld G N. Computerized transveme axial scanning (tomography). Part 1. Description of

system. En’t. J. Radio/. 46:1016-22, 1973. SC1 83-0710. EMI Ltd., Middlesex, UK (748)

Gafrdner Foundation Wightman Award, 1981● Rothfels K H & !Nndnovitch Lt. An air-d@g technique for flattening chromosomes in

mammalian cells grown in }itro. Stain Techno/. 33:7>7, 1958. [43/84/LS) (510)Sfmfnovltch L.t On the nature of hereditable variation in cultured somatic cells. Cc// 7:1-11, 1976.

SC] 83-9209. Hosp. Sick Child., Toronto, Canada (281)

Arrimnd Hammer Prfze fn Cancer, 1982Levy R & Kaplan H S. Impaired 1ymphocyte function in untreated Hodgkin’s disease, N. Eng/, J.

Med. 2W: 181-6, 1974. Biomed 82-1732 (223)Miller R A, Maloney D G, Wamke R & L-evy R. Treatment of B-cell Iymphoma with monoclomd

anti-idiot ype antibody. N. Eng/, J. Med. 306:517-22, 1982. SC] 83-3616. Stanford Univ. Med.Ctr., CA (91)

Stevenson G T & Dorrington K J. The recombination of dimers of immunoglobulin peptidechains. Biochem. J. 118:703-12, 1970. (102)

Stevenson G T & Stevenson F K. Antibody to a molecularly-defined antigen confined to a tumourcell surface. Nafure 254:714-6, 19’75. Univ. Southampton, Lymphoma Res. Unit, UK [42)

Harvey Frfze, 1982+ Weinberg A M & Wigner E P. The physics/ (heory of neutron chain reacrors. Chicago: University

of Chicago Press, 1958.801 p, SC1 83-0471. Inst. Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge, TN (572)

Lita Amrenberg Hmen Awa,d for Exceffence in Clfnkal Research, 1982Goldstefn I Lt, Anderson R G W & Brnwn M St. Coated pits, coated vesicles, and receptor-

mediated endocytosis. Nature 279:679-85, 1979. SCI 83-0860 (722)Goldatefn J Lt & Brown M ST. The low-density lipoprotein pathway and its relation to

atherosclerosis. Anrw. Rev. Biochem 46:897-930, 1977. SC1 83-0776. Univ. Texas Hlth. Sci.Ctr,, Dallas, TX (6J9)

Dr. H.P. Hefneken Prize, 1982Schaffner W & Wefssmann C. A rapid, sensitive, and specific method for the determination of

protein in dilute solution. Anal. Biochem. 56:502-14, 1973. 0501)FlaveO R A, Sabo D L, Bandle E F & Weissmann C. Site-directed mutagenesis: generation of an

extracistronic mutation in bacteriophage Q/3 RNA. J. .Mo/. Bio/ 89:2 S5-72. 1974. Univ. Zurich,Inst. Mol. Biol. I, Switzerland (78)

He fnrfch Hertz Prek, 1982Becker E W, Bier K & Henkes W. Strahlen aus kondensierten Atomen und Molekeln im

Hochvakuum. (Radiation of condensed atoms and molecules in a high vacuum. ) Z. Phy~.146:333-8, 1956. (57)

Becker E W, Separation nozzle. (Villani S, cd. ) Umnium enn’chmen(. New York: Springer-Verlag,1979. p, 245-68. Nucl. Res. Ctr., Karlsruhe Inst. Nucl. Proc. Tech., FRG (2)

Loufxa Gross Honvltz Prfze, 1982+ McCffntock B. Chromosome organization and genie expression. Cold Spring Harbor .Yymp.

16:13-47, 1951. Cold Spring Harbor Lab., NY (322)+Tonegawa S, Maxam A M, Tizard R, Bernard O & Gilbert W. Sequence of a mouse germ-line

gene for a variable region of an immunoglobulin fight chain. Proc. Na[. A cad. Sci. US75:1485-9, 1978. Biomed 824X)15. MIT, Dept. Biol., Cambridge, MA (2381

Bernardo A. Houssny Science Prfze, 1982Nachhfn L. Topology and order. Huntington, NY: Krieger, 1976. 122 p.

Dept. Math., NY (J03}

Hsrmboldt Prfze for Senior US Scientists, 1982

Uni\. Rochester,

There were 58 awardees in 1982.

24. Anders Jahres Medfsfnskl Prfser. 1982“Kfssmeyer-Niefsen F, Olsen S, Peterxen V P & Fjeldborg 0. Hyperacute rejection of kidney

allografts, associated with pre-existing humoral antibodies against donor cells. Lancet 2:662-51966, (23/81/CP) SCI 83-1704. Uni\. Aarhus, Dept. Clin. Immunol.. Denmark (348)

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25. Enreat-Jung-Prais fur Medfzfn, 1983Lower R R, Stofer R C & Shumway N E. Homovital transplantation of the heart. J. Thor-at.

Cardiova$c. Surg. 41:196-204, 1961. Virginia Commonwealth Univ., Med. COJL Virginia Hosp.,Richmond, VA (139)

26. Chafes F. Ketterfng Prize, 1982“Skipper H E, Schabel F M & Wifcox W S, Experimental evaluation of potential anticancer agents.

XIII. On the criteria and kinetics associated with “curability” of experimental leukemia. CancerChemother. Rep. 35:1-111, 1964. (2/81/CP) SCI 83-1333. Southern Res. Inst., Birmingham, AL(555)

27. Kfng Faiaaf lntematlonal Prize for Medfcfne, 1983Peters W. Chemothempy and drug resistance in malaria, New York: Academic Press, 1970.876 p.

SCI 83-3315. London Sch. Hyg. Trop, Med., Dept. Med. Protozool., UK (157)

28. Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences Prfze, 1981E1-Siuzly K. Degradation of protein in the rumen of sheep. 1, Some volatile fatty acids, including

branched-chain isomerx found in viuo, Biochem. J. 51:643-7, 1952. Univ. Alexandria, Fac,Agricult., Egypt (115)

Nayfeh A H. Perturbation method$. New York: Wiley, 1973.425 p, SC] 83-8712, Yannouk Univ.,Fat. Eng., Irbid, Jordan [431)

29. Alherl Lasker Basic Medfcal Research Award, 1982+ Collett M S & Erikson R L. Protein kinase activity associated with the avian sarcoma virus mc

gene product. F’mc. Nat. Acad. .$ci. US 75:2021-4, 1978. SC1 8MM69. Harvard Univ., Dept. CeUDevelop. Bini., Cambridge, MA (509)

Morgan D A, Ruscetti F M & Gafio R Ct. Selective in vitro growth of T lymphocytes fromnormal human bone marrows. Science 193: 1(X37-8, 1976. SC1 &3-2933 (452)

Poiesz B J, Ruscetti F W, Gazdar A F, Bunn P A, Minna J D & GdJo R C?, Detection andisolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient withcutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc-. Nat, A cad. Sci, US—Biol. Sci. 77:7415-9, 1980. SCI 83-2933.NIH, NCI, Bethesda, MD (210)

Hanafusa H, Hanafuaa T & Rubin H. The defectiveness of Rous sarcoma virus, Proc. Nat. A cad,Sci. US 49:572-80, 1%3, (252)

Hanafuaa H, Halpem C C, Buchhagen D L & Kawai S. Recovery of avian sarcoma virus fromtumors induced by transformation-defective mutants. J. Exp. Med. 146:1735-47, 1977. Biomed82-C027. Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY (112)

Stehelin D, Vannus H E, Bfahnp J Mt & Vogt P K. DNA related to the transforming gene(s) ofavian sarcoma viruses is present in normal avian DNA. Nature 260:1703, 1976. SCI 83-C069.Univ. Caliiomia Med. Sch., San Francisco, CA (336)

30. Aibert Lasker CfJnicaJ Medical Research Award, 1982Brady R Ot, Kanfer J N & Shapiro D. Metabolism of glucncerebrosides. IL Evidence of an

enzymatic deficiency in Gaucher’s disease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 18:221-5, 1965.SCI 83-3331 (231)

Brady R OT, Kanfer J N, Bradley R M & Shapiro D. Demonstration of a deficiency ofglucocerebroside-cleaving enzyme in Gaucher’s disease, J. C/in. Jnve$t. 45:1112-5, 1966. NIH,NINCDS, Bethesda, MD (146)

Hickman S & Nenfeld E F, A hypothesis for I-ceii disease: defective hydrolyses that do not enterIysosomes. Biochem. Biophy.r. R... Commun. 49:992-9, 1972. SCI 83-0864) [315)

Fratantoni J C, Hall C W & Neuield E F. The defect in Hurler’s and Hunter’s syndromes: faultydegradation of mucopolysaccharide. Pro.. Nat. A cad. Sci. US &3:699-706, 1968. NfH, NIADDK,Bethesda, MD (276)

31. Rkbard Lormsberry Prize, 1983Blobel G. See #13.

32. MacArthur Prfze FeUow Awards, 1982+ “Berry R S. Correlation of rates of intramolecular tunneling procesxes, with application to some

group V compounds. J, Chem, Phys. 32:933-8, 1960, (8/81 /ET& AS, PC&ES) SCI 83-2624. Univ.Chicago, Dept. Chem., IL (547)

Efron B & Morris C. Stein’s estimation ruie and its competitors-an empirical Bayes approach,J, Amer. Statist. Assn. 68:1 17-X), 1973. SC1 83-2497 (63)

CUWEM CONTENTSQ3C) !984 by ISI@411

EJPon B. The jnckkn~e, the bootstmp and other rescrmpling plans. Phfladelphia, PA: SfAM, 1982.92 p. Stanford Univ., Dept. Stat., Palo Alto, CA (3)

Felten D L, Laties A M & Carpenter M B. Monoamine-containing cell bodies in the squirrelmonkey brain. Amer. J. Anar. 139:153-66, 1974. Biomed 82-1514 [82)

Felterr D L & Sladek J R. Monoamine distribution in primate brain. V. Monoaminergic nuclei:anatomy, pathways and local organization. Brrrin Res. Bull. 10:171-284, 1983. Univ. RochesterMed. Ctr., NY (0)

Julaaz B. Foundations of cyclopean perception. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971.406 p.Bell Labs., Sensory Percept, Dept., Murray Hill, NJ (420)

+ Peskfn C S. Flow patterns around heart valves: a numerical method. J. Compu( Phys 10:252-71,1972. New York Univ., Coumnt Inst. Math. Sci., NY (15)

Davfa M, Mmtljasevic Y & RobJnson J. Hilbert’s tenth problem, Diophantine equations: positiveaspects of a negative solution. Proc. Symp, Pure Maf/I. 28:323-78, 1976. Univ, Cafifomia, Dept.Math., Berkeley, CA (21)

Ellis A B, Kaiser S W & WrJghton M S. Letter to editor. (Vtilble light to electrical energyconversion. Stable cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide photoelectrcrdes in aqueouselectrolytes, ) J. Amer. Chem. .SOC.98:1635-7, 1976. SCI 83-1775. MIT, Dep!. Chem.,Cambridge, MA (131)

33. MacArthur Prize Feffow Laureate Award, 1981McCffrrtock B, See #21.

34. MacRobert Award, 1982Dest y D H, Haresnape J N & W hyman B H F, Construction of long lengths of coiled glass

capillary. Aria/. Chem. 2:302-4, 1960. (119)Dewy D H. No smoke with fire. Proc. Inst. hfech. Eng. A—Po wer 197:159-70, 1983. British

Petroleum Co. Res. Ctr., London, UK [0)

35. Guglfelmo Marcord Jnterrratiorul Feffowshlp, 1982Cfarke A C, Extra-terrestrial relays. Wire/e$$ Wor/d 61:335-8, 1945. Univ. Moratuwa, Sri Lanka

(J6)

36. CfurJes S. Mott Prfze, 1982Burkitt D P. See #2.

37. NAS Award for JnJtfativ~ fn Reaearcb, 1982+ Sfeh K E. Prehistoric large earthquakes produced by slip on the San Andreas fault at Pallett

Creek, California. J. Geophys. Res. 83:3907-39, 1978, CalTech, Div. Geol, Planet. Sci,,Pasadena, CA (3J)

38. Otto NaegelJ-PreSa, 1983Angst J. Zur Aetiologie und Nosologie endogener depressive Psychosen, (On the etiology and

nosology of endoge nous depressive psychoses, ) Berfin: Springer- Verlag, 1966. 118 p. [Jniv,Zurich, Psychtat. Clin., Switzerland (2S6)

39. Passano Award, 1983Bhhop J M & Varmus H E. See #29.

40. Prfx Ampera de f’ElectrJclte de Fmnce, 1983Dellacherie C & Meyer P-A. Probcrbi/ities and poren(ial. New York: North-Holland, 1978. 189 p,

SCI 83-0S26. Univ. Strasbourg, Dept. Math., France (576)

41. PA Cfmries Leopold-Mayer, 1982Braun A C, A demonstration of the recovery of the crown-gall tumor cell with the use of complex

tumors of single-cell origin. Proc. Nat. A cad. Sci. 45:932-8, 1959. (119)Braun A C, An epigenetic model for the origin of cancer, Quarf. Re) Bio/. 56:33-60, 1981.

Rockefeller Univ., New York, NY (3)McCfJntock B, See //21.

42. Prfx Cbrud@-AdolpJw Natfvelfe Pour f’Art et la Medfcfne, 1977+ Lmrrans P. Considerations sur f’origirre des bruits du coeur, (Considerations of the origin of heart

murmurs. ) ActII Cardio/, 19:327-44, 1%4. INSERM, Brousaais Hosp., Paris, France (J8)+ Puecb P & Grolleau R. L hctivi[e du faisceau de Hit nornra/e el pathologique. (The activity of

normal and pathological His bundles. ) Paris: Sandoz, 1972. St. Eloi Hosp., Montpelier, France(69)

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43. ?Mx de fa Fondation Prolesseur Lucian Dautrabande, 1982#“Hughes J, Smith T W, Kuateriftz H W, Fothergill L A, Morgan B A & Morris H R. Identification

of two related pentapeptides from the brain with potent opiate agonist activity. Nature258:577-9, 1975. (38/82/LS) SCI 83-7424 (1,354)1

Lord J A H, Watefileld A A, Hughes J & Knsterfftz H W. Endogenous opioid pep tides: multipleagonists and receptors, Nature 267:495-9, 1977. SC I 83-3271. Parke-Davis Res. Unit, Cambridge,UK; Univ. Aberdeen, Unit Res. Addictive Drugs, UK (9S0)

44. J%fxDocteur A. de Leeuw-Darury-Bouriarl & Prfjs Doctor A. de Leeuw-Damry-Bouriart, 1980+ Cbantrerme H, Bum y A & Marbaix G. The search for the messenger RNA of hemoglobin. Prog.

Nucl. Acid Re$. Mol. Biol. 7:173-94, 1967. Free Univ., Biochem. Lab., Brussels, Belgium I108)Amelinckx S, The direcr observation of didocations, New York: Academic Press, 1964.487 p.

Nut), Energy Res. Ctr. (SCK/CEN), Brussels, Belgium (294)

4s. Prfx Franqrrl, 19.S1de Duve C, de Barsy T, Puole B, Truuet A, Tulkens P & Van Hoff F. Lysosomotropic agents.

Biochem. Pharmacol. 23:2495-531, 1974. SCI 83-0860 (3731Trnuet A, Masquelier M, Baumin R & Deprez-DeCampeneere D, A covalent Jinkage between

daunorubicin and proteins that is stable in serum and reversible by Iysosomal hydrolyses, asrequired for a lysosomotropic drug-carrier conjugate: in vi!ro and in vivo studies. Proc. Nat.A cad, Sci. US—Biol. Sri, 79:626-9, 1982. Intl. Inst. Cell. Mol. Pathol., Brussels, Belgium (13)

46. Pdx Marfe-Vktorln, 1982Sandorfy C. JNectronic $pecrm and quantum chemistry. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1964.

385 p. Univ. Montreal, Dept. Chem., Canada (92)

47. Prfx Scientffique Joseph Malsin & WetenschappefJjke Prfjs Juacph Ma&In, 1980Ghuysen J-M, Use of bactmiolytic enzymes in determination of wall structure and their role in cell

metabolism. Eacten”ol. Rev. 32:425-64, 1968. Univ, Liege, Fac. Med., Belgium (383)‘Verstraete M, Vemrylen C, Vermylen J & Vandenbroucke J. Excessive consumption of blood

coagulation components m cause of hemorrhagic diathesis, Amer. J. Med. 38:899-908, 1965.(46/83/CP) (1811

Verstraete M. Are agents affecting platelet functions clinically useful? Amer. J. Med. 61:897-914,1976. Cathofic Univ., Dept. Med. Res., Louvain, Belgium (S4)

48. RPB-JIIfes Stefn Award, 1981Ashton N, Ward B & Serpelf G, Effect of oxygen on developing retinal vesseis with particular

reference to the problem of retrolental fibropfasia. Bn”t. 1 OphthalmoI. 3S:397-432, 1954. Roy.CoIl. Surgs. England, London, UK (126)

Patz A, Eastham A, Higginbotham D H & Kleh T. Oxygen studies in retrolental fibroplasia. II.The production of the microscopic changes of retrolental Jibroplasia in experimental animafs.Amer. J. Ophthalmol. 36:1511-22, 1953. Johns Hopkins Univ., Wilmer Ophthalmol. Inst.,Baltimore, MD (94)

49. Alfrad P. Sloan Prize, 1982+ Cohen S. fsolation of a mouse submaxillary gland protein accelerating incisor eruption and eyelid

opening in the new-born animal. J. Bio/. Chem. 237:1555-62, 1%2. Biomed 82-0310. VanderbiltUniv. Sch. Med., Nashville, TN (387)

so. Texas Instruments Foundation Foundem’ Prfse, 1979“Odell W D, Wilber J F & ParIi W Et. Radioimmunoassay of thyrotropin in human serum.

J. C/in. Endocrine/. 25:1179-88, 1965. (43/80/CP) (414)Paul W Et & Benacerraf B. Functional specifkity of thymus-dependent lymphocytes. Science

195:1293-300, 1977. Biomed 82-1386. NIH, NJAID, Bethesda, MD (258)

51. Iofm and AUce Tyler Ecology-Energy PrJze, 1983Johnston H S, Gas phase reaction mte [heory. New York: Ronald Press, 1966.362 p. SCI 83-&125

(722)Johnston H S. Reduction of stratospheric ozone by nitrogen oxide catalysts from supersonic

transport exhaust. Science 173:517-22, 1971. SCI 83-2756. Univ. California, Dept. Cbem.,Berkeley, CA (301 I

Moiina M 1 & Rowfand F S. Stratospheric sink for chlorofluoromethanes: chlorine atom-catalyseddestruction of ozone. Nature 249:811?-2, 1974. SCI 83-8321 (373)

Rowfand F S & Mofina M 1. Chlorofluoromethanes in the environment. Re\,. Geophys. SpacePhys. 13:1-35, 1975. Univ. Caliiomia, Dept. Chem., Irvine, CA; CalTech, Jet Propulsion Lab.,Pasadena, CA (237)

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52. Vetl@sen Prfze, 1981Hubberi M K & Rubey W W. Role of fluid preaaure in mechanics of overthrust faulting. 1.

Mechanics of fluid-filled porous solids and its application to overthrust faulting. Bu//. Gee/. Sot.Amer. 70:115-66, 1959. SC] 83-1145. US Geol. Sur\ey, Reston, VA (281)

53. Alan T. Waterman Award, 1982+Garel A & Axel R. Selective digestion of transcriptionally active ovalbumin genes from oviduct

nuclei. Proc. NaI. Acad Sci US 73:3966-70, 1976. SCf 83-2808. Columbia [Jniv., Inst. CancerRes., New York, NY (4WJ)

54. Robert A. Welch Award fn Chemkhy, 1982Westhefmer F H. See #6.

55. Wolf prfzes, 1982+#Bfack J W, Duncan W A M, Durant C J, GanelIin C R & Pamons E M. Definition and antagonism

of histamine H?-receptors. Nature 236:385-90, 1972. SCf 83-1253. Wellcome Res. Lab.,Beckenham, UK (1,181)

#Monod J, Wyman J & Changeux J-Pt. On the nature of allosleric transitions: a plausible model.J, Mol. Bio/ 12:8+-118, 1965. SCI 83-1014 (2,771)

#Changeux J.Pt. The acet ylcholine receptor: an “allostetic” membrane protein. Harvey .Lecture.r75:85-254, 1981. SCI 83-4227. Inst. Pasteur, Dept. Mol. Neumbiol., Paris, France (85)

Krehs M G & Rutman M A. Linear operators leaving invariant a cone in a Banach space. LIsP.Mat. Nauk 3( 1):3-95, 1948. SCI 83-0189 (122)

Krefa M G. Topics in dtfferentid and {ntegml equations and operator theory. Boston: B[rkhauserVerlag, 1983.302 p. Acad. Sci. UkSSR, Inst. Phys. Chem., Odessa, USSR (0)

Herb S W, Hom D C, Lederman L M, Sens J C, Snyder H D, Yoh J K, Appel 1 A, Brown B C,Brown C N, hmes W R, (Jeno K, Yamanouchi T, I{o A S, Jostlein H, Kaplan D M & KephartR D. Observation of a dimuon resonance at 9.5 GeV in 4tW-GeV proton-nucleus collisions.Phys. Rev. Lett. 39:252-5, 1977. SCI 83-0922, Fermi Natl. Accelerat. Lab., Batavia, IL (413)

Augustin J-E, Boyarski A M, Breidenbach M, Bulos F, Dakin J T, Feldman G J, Fischer G E,Fryberger D, Hanson G, Jean-Marie B, Larsen R R, Luth V, Lynch H L, Lyon D, Morehouse CC, Paterson J M, Perf M LT, Richter B, Rapidk P, Schwitters R F, Tanenbaum W M, VannucciF, Abrams G S, Briggs D, Chinowsky W, Friedberg C E, Goldhaber G, HoOebeek R J, Kadyk JA, Lulu B, Pierre F, Trilling G H, Whitaker J S, Wiss J & Zipse J E. Discovery of a narrowresonance in e + e- annihlfation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 33:1406-8, 1974. SC I 82-0661 (714]

Perl M Lt, Abrams G S, Boyarski A M, Breidenbach M, Briggs D D, Bulos F, Chinowsky W,Dakin J T, Feldman G J, Friedberg C E, Fryberger D, Goldhaber G, Hanson G, Heile F B,Jean-Marie B, Kadyk J A, La~en R R, Litke A M, Luke D, Lulu B A, Luth V, Lyon D,Morehouse C C, Paterson J M, Pierre F M, Pun T P, Rapidis P A, Richter B, Sadoulet B,Schwiltera R F, Tanenbaum W, Trilling G H, Vannucci F, Whitaker J S, Winkelman F C &Wiss J E, Evidence for anomalous Iepton production in e+ e- annihilation. Phys Rev. Lert,35:1489-92, 1975. SCI 81-0183. Stanford Uni\., Stanford Linear Accelerat. Ctr., CA (3%1

“Pfmentel G C & McClellan A L. The hydrogen bond, San Francisco: Freeman, 1960.475 p.

(36/82/PC) (2,976)Kasper J V V & Pfmentel G C. HC1 chemical laser. Phys. Rev. LetI. 14:352-4, 1965. Univ.

California, Lab. Chem. Biodynam., Berkeley, CA (1831Polanyl 3 Ct. Some concepts in reaction dynamics. Account, Chem. Res, 5:161-8, 1972. Univ.

Toronto, Dept. Chem., Canada (235)Roelofs W, Comeau A, Hill A & Milicevic G. Sex attractant of the codling moth: characterization

with electroantennogram technique. Science 174;297 -9, 1971. Cornell Univ,, New York StateAgricult, Exp. Station, Geneva, NY (116)

+Pert C B & Snyder S Ht. Opiate receptor: demonstration in nervous tissue. Science 179:1011-4,

S6.

1973. SCI 83-7424. Johns Hopkins Univ. Sch. Med., Baltimore, MD (759)Whftmey H, On the abstract properties of linear dependence, A mer, J, Math. 57:509-33, 1935, SCI

83-5525 (1141Wldtney H. On the topology of differentiable manifolds. (Wilder R L & Ayres W L, eds. )

.Lecture$ in tnpology, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1941. p, 101-41, Inst.Advan. Study, Princetnn, NJ (22)

Wrfght Prfze, 1983Garwfn R L, Ledernxan L M & ‘vVeinrich M. Letter 10 the editor. (Observations of the failure of

conservation of parity and charge conjugation in meson decays: the magnetic moment of thefree muon. ) Phys. Re), 105:1415-7, 1957. IBM, Thomas J. Watson Res. Ctr., Yorktown Heights,NY (304)

414@1984 by ISI (3 CURRENT CONTENTS@

publications that have received morethan 1,000 citations. The most-cited ofthese is a book entitled ExperimentalImmunochemistry. It was cited over6,200 times between 1961 and 1983. Thelate Manfred M. Mayer, Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Medicine, Balti-more, Maryland, honored by a GairdnerFoundation International Award for hiswork on the complement system, wrote

this book with E.A. Kabat, ColumbiaUniversity. The second edition of thisbook includes a chapter by Mayer on thecomplement system, a group of proteinsthat act in concert with antibodies toprotect the body from foreign antigens.

Mayer asked that we add his ScientificAmerican paper to Table 2 because itsreprint distribution exceeds 40,000.

The oldest publication in Table 2 is a1935 paper by Hassler Whitney, Prince-ton, New Jersey. Whitney won the WolfPrize in mathematics for his work inalgebraic and differential topology.

In many of the citation studies that1S1 publishes, we single out Nobel Prizewinners to illustrate that citation fre-quency often correlates with peer esti-mates of scientific accomplishment. A

paper becomes highly cited becausemany members of the scientific com-munity have found it valuable. This isnot to say that all significant research ishighly cited. Some Nobelists do not ap-pear on most-cited lists. And a numberof the papers mentioned in this essayreceived relatively few citations.

In some cases, prize winners’ most sig-nificant publications may have been so

quickly absorbed into the common wis-dom of the field that the explicit citation

of these works was obliterated. Suchcases are rare. Another reason for lowcitation frequency may be publication ina language not read by most scientists.Shunzo Okamoto, Saitama University,Japan, awarded the 1982 Fujihara Prize,is well-known to earthquake engineers

in both the US and Japan. According to

Joseph Penzien, professor of structuralengineering, University of California,Berkeley, Okamoto has published pri-marily in Japanese joumals,q which mayhave limited his citation frequency out-

side his own country.Papers reporting work in relatively

small fields may receive few citationswhen compared to those in larger fields.

In our studies of disciplinary citationrates, we found that geoscientistslo tendto receive fewer citations than do neuro-

scientist. 11Consequently, someone likeKerry E. Sieh, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, who won the

National Academy of Sciences Awardfor Initiatives in Research for contribu-tions to earthquake engineering, wouldbe expected to receive fewer citationsthan someone working on opiate recep-tor research, a field that has attractedmany scientists.

Several of the papers in Table 2 re-ceived few citations simply because theywere published quite recently. Thesepapers were identified when we contact-ed the prize winners in this study. Someof these authors requested that we in-clude these more recent but less-citedworks because they consider them to bemore significant.

As mentioned above, prize winningwork may not be highly cited because itis “obliterated’’-so integrated into afield’s common wisdom that scientistsneglect to cite it explicitly. For this rea-son, I was surprised to learn that ArthurC. Clarke’s 1945 Wireless World article

on extraterrestrial relays had been ex-plicitly cited at all. Clarke received the

Guglielmo Marconi International Fel-lowship. He is widely known for his con-tributions to the invention of the com-munications satellite, but he is even bet.ter known as a master of science fiction.

There isn’t always a simple explana-

tion for the paucity of citations to the

CURfifM CONTENLS@@ ~984 by lSl@I415

work of some authors. For a variety of

reasons, good research is sometimes un-appreciated or ignored by the scientificcommunity. It may achieve delayed rec-

ognition. 12And there may even be casesof systematic citation amnesia, I3 al-though these are hard to document.However, one must also add the simpleexplanation that award groups are hu-man and selections may be made for rea-sons other than purely scientific impact.Many choices, such as earlier Nobel

Prizes, are controversial to say the least.

Several awards in Table 2 and theirassociated core papers have been select-ed from the same basic research front,for example, oncogenes and the cancer-virus connection. Several papers by win-ners of the 1982 Lasker Basic MedicalResearch Award helped identify thesefronts. Two papers by Robert C. Gallo,National Cancer Institute, Bethesda,

Maryland, are core to SCZ front#83-2933, “Human T-cell Iymphoma vi-

rus and adult T-cell leukemia: nucleicacid analysis and expression of virus in-duced by interleukin 2.” Gallo won theLasker for his discovery of the humanT-cell leukemia virus, the first retrovirusknown to be associated with a humanmalignancy.

Three of the five Lasker Basic MedicalResearch Award winners are represent-

ed in SCI front #83-0069, “Effects of epi-dermal, platelet-derived, and othergrowth factors on tyrosine and proteinphosphorylation by protein kinase.” J.Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus,University of California, San Francisco,and Raymond L. Erikson, Harvard Uni-versity, Cambridge, Massachusetts,shared the Lasker with Gallo for discov-

ering links between viruses and can-

cer. 14Papers by Lasker Clinical Medical

Research awardee Elizabeth F. Neufeld,National Institute of Arthritis, Diabe-

tes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases

(NIADDKD), Bethesda, and Prix Fran-qui winner Andr6 Trouet, InternationalInstitute of Cellular and Molecular Pa-thology, Brussels, are core in SCI front#83-0860, “Receptor-mediated endocy-tosis and role of coated vesicles in plas-ma membrane recycling. ” Pnx de laFondation Professeur Lucien Dautre-bande winners John Hughes, Parke-Davis Research Unit, Cambridge, En-gland, and Hans W. Kosterlitz, Universi-ty of Aberdeen, Scotland, and Solomon

H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University,who won the Wolf Prize in medicine, areclassic authors in SCI front #83-7424,“Synthesis and properties of beta-endor-phins, opioid peptides, enkephalins, andtheir receptors. ”

Contributions by Gunter Blobel,Rockefeller University, New York, toresearch on intracellular protein trans-

port are reflected by his two core papersfor research front #83-2966, “Membrane

biogenesis and mechanism of proteininsertion and secretion: use of cDNAprobes in protein processing.” Blobel re-ceived both the Richard LounsberryPrize and the Gairdner Foundation In-ternational Award.

It may not be a surprise that many ofthe award recipients in Table 2 have won

other prestigious awards. For example,Godfrey N. Hounsfield, EMI Ltd., Mid-dlesex, UK, a 1979 Nobelist, 15 had al-ready received the 1976 Gairdner Foun-dation International Award of Merit fordevelopment of the computed axialtomography (CAT) scan. BarbaraMcClintock, Cold Spring Harbor Labo-ratory, New York, a 1983 Nobelist, not

only received the Louisa Gross Horwitz

Prize and the Prix Charles Lc$opold-Mayer in 1982 but also, in 1981, she wonthe Lasker Basic Medical ResearchAward and was named the first MacAr-thur Prize Fellow Laureate. McClintock

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is credited with having contributed sub-stantially to our understanding of the

“mobility” of genes on chromosomes,so-called “jumping genes. ” In a subse-quent report, I’ll have more to say aboutthe mythologies concerning the delayedrecognition of her work.

Five of the authors in th~ list won twoawards. As mentioned earlier, Bishopand Varmus won both the Albert LaskerBasic Medical Research Award and the1983 Passano Award. They were recog-nized for demonstrating that certaincancer-causing genes from viruses arealmost identical to some genes normallyfound in animals and for thus discover-ing what are now called oncogenes.Blobel, also mentioned earlier, wonboth the Gairdner Foundation Interna-tional Award and the Lounsberry Prize.

Both the Bristol-Myers Award for Dis-tinguished Achievement in Cancer Re-search and the Charles S. Mott Prizewent to Dennis P. Burkitt, St. Thomas’sHospital Medical School, London. Bur-kitt discovered the role played by a virusin the development of a form of cancer

that bears his name, Burkitt’s lympho-ma. He shared the Bristol-Myers awardwith Michael A. Epstein, University of

Bristol Medical School, who isolated thepreviously unidenttled Epstein-Barrvirus from Burkitt’s lymphoma. FrankH. W estheimer, Harvard University, re-ceived both the Robert A. Welch Awardin Chemistry and the Arthur C. CopeAward, Westheimer, a pioneer bio-or-

ganic chemist, is probably best knownfor his contributions to photo-affinity la-beling, a method for identifying in mem-

branes those compounds that bind tospecific hormones or drugs.

A number of award recipients are pastwinners of other prizes listed in Table 2.Burkitt won the Gairdner FoundationInternational Award in 1973 and theEhrlich Award in 1972. In 1965, Daniel

J. McCarty, Medical College of Wiscon-sin, Mifwaukee, also received the Gaird-ner Foundation International Award. In

1982, he won the Ciba-Geigy ILAR Prizefor rheumatology research, Howard E.Skipper, Southern Research Institute,Birmingham, Alabama, who receivedthe 1982 Charles F. Kettering Prize forhis research on the treatment of dissem-inated cancers and Amall Patz, JohnsHopkins University, who received the1981 RPB-Jules Stein Award, are previ-ous Lasker awardees. Patz was the firstperson to discover that oxygen was re-sponsible for retrolental fibroplasia, adisorder that is responsible for blindnessin premature infants. Hounsfield wonthe Lasker Clinical Medical ResearchAward in 1975.

Hughes and Kosterlitz, won the 1982Dautrebande Prize for their work onopiate receptors-sites in the brain thatbind opiates with a high affinity. Snyder,as I mentioned, was named a Wolf Prizerecipient for the development of waysfor labeling neurotransmitter receptors.Hughes, Kosterlitz, and Snyder wereLasker Basic Medical Research Awardwinners in 1978. Kosterlitz and Snyderalso received Harvey Prizes in 1981 and

1978, respectively.Of the 94 scientists identtiled in th~

essay, 16 were included in our study ofthe 1,000 authors most cited from 1965to 1978.8 Three of the Gairdner Founda-tion Award winners are in the 1,000

most-cited author list. Blobel won theaward for his work on intracellular pro-tein transport. Arvid Carlsson, Universi-ty of Gothenburg, Sweden, won it for re-

search on the roIe of amines, particular-ly dopamine, as neurotransmitters. Louis

Siminovitch, Hospital for Sick Children,Toronto, Canada, received the GairdnerFoundation Wightman Award in 1981for his many contributions to geneticsresearch. The Wightman Award is given

CURRENT CONTENISO@ 19@d by lSl@417

from time to time to a Canadian who hasdemonstrated leadership in medicineand medical science.

Four of the Wolf Prize winners wereon the list of 1,OCQmost-cited authors:Snyder, mentioned earlier; Martin L.Perl, Stanford Linear Accelerator Cen-ter, California, who won the Wolf Prizein physics; John C. Polanyi, Universityof Toronto, who won the chemistryprize; and Jean-Pierre Changeux, Insti-

tut Pasteur, Paris, who won the prize inmedicine. Michael S. Brown and JosephL. Goldstein, tJniversity of Texas Health

Science Center, Dallas, received the LitaAnnenberg Hazen Award for Excellencein Clinical Research for identifying low-density lipoprotein receptor pathways.Three Lasker Award winners were alsoon the 1,000 most-cited authors list: Gal-10, Bishop, and Roscoe O. Brady, Na-tional Institute of Neurological and

Communicative Disorders and Stroke

(NINCDS), Bethesda. Brady shared tbeLasker Clinical Medical ResearchAward with Neufeld for their work cmlipid storage diseases and mucopolysac-charide storage diseases, both childhooddisorders.

Other scientists who appeared on ourlist of 1,000 most-cited authors include

Hector F. DeLuca, University of Wis-

consin, Madison, who won the Feder-

ation of American Societies for Experi-mental Biology (FASEB) Award; Wil-liam E. Paul, National Institute of Aller-

gy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), Be-thesda, who won tbe Texas InstrumentsFoundation Founders’ Prize; MichaelPotter, National Cancer Institute (NCI),Bethesda, who won the Paul Ehrlich-

Ludwig-Darmstaedter Prize; and Sol

Spiegelman, Columbia University, whowon the Antonio Feltrinelli Prize.

It is significant that six of the award-winning papers were included in our re-

cent study of 500 Citation Clas.rics. lfI I

would expect that most of these papers

would become Citation Classics. Blobeland Carlsson, winners of the GairdnerFoundation International Award, arementioned in that study. So are twoWolf Prize recipients—Changeux andJames W. Black. Black, Wellcome Re-search Laboratory, Beckenham, En-gland, received the prize for developingagents that block beta-adrenergic andhistamine receptors. Others identified in

that study are Feh-inelli winner Spiegel-man and Dautrebande winners Hughes

and Kosterlitz.Although the awards that are dis-

cussed in this essay may not receive thesame public acclaim as a Nobel Prize,they serve many important and usefulfunctions. The first is to recognize thatoutstanding work is done by many scien-tists today. Scientific research can belonely and frustrating at times, and

researchers, no less than Hollywood

celebrities, deserve and enjoy recogni-tion from their peers. A second andequally important function concerns in-terdisciplinary scientific communica-tion. While the papers in Table 2 havegenerally had widespread impact, as evi-denced by the citations they’ve ac-quired, most of this influence is or was

originally limited to each prize winner’sfield, By recognizing ideas and discover-ies that at first seemed very specialized,awarding committees heighten the visi-bility and, therefore, the potential appli-cability of the prize winning work.

Our purpose in this essay has been (a)to identify the many prestigious non-Nobel awards; (b) to name recent recipi-ents of these awards; (c) to identify their

most-cited and most-significant papers;

and (d) to point out the multiplicity of

awards given to the same persons.Considering that many important sci-

entists never receive any of the presti-gious awards we’ve named, can we dare

418,@1984 by ISI .9 CURRENT CONTENTS@)

to suggest that one Nobel Prize ought tobe enough for a lifetime? If one assumesthat awards are meant to spur the recipi-ents on to even greater heights, then we

are caught in a vicious trap. Scientistsmust either be allowed and encouragedto receive both second Nobels and otherprizes or we must create a Super NobelPrize. I suppose that some of the morerecent prizes were created with this needin mind. Science awards benefit both

those who receive them and the mem-bers of their invisible colleges as well.These prizes provide pubiic recognition

of past research frontiers that havebecome today’s accepted wisdom.

Since it is almost two years since webegan this study, 1many readers may nothave convenient access to part one.Reprints are available upon request.

*****

My thanks to Joan Lipinsky Cochmn,Janet Robertson, and Be[la Teperov fortheir help in the preparation n of this

I e.r.ray E.19ad,s,

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