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The Articles of Confederation to The Articles of Confederation to Ratification of the ConstitutionRatification of the Constitution
Essential QuestionsEssential Questions
1) What was the Articles of 1) What was the Articles of Confederation? What were the Confederation? What were the weaknesses of the Articles of weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Confederation?
2) What debates did the founders have 2) What debates did the founders have when drafting the Constitution? when drafting the Constitution?
3) How was the Constitution finally 3) How was the Constitution finally ratified? ratified?
1) What was the Articles of 1) What was the Articles of Confederation? What were the Confederation? What were the weaknesses of the Articles of weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation? Confederation?
Articles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation
Need for new Need for new gov’t after gov’t after IndependenceIndependence
Every state had Every state had own constitutionown constitution
Necessary to Necessary to create a create a central central gov’tgov’t
Articles of Confederation cont.Articles of Confederation cont. Congress Congress adopted Articles of adopted Articles of
Confederation Nov 1777: first national Confederation Nov 1777: first national constitution constitution ““League of Friendship” between statesLeague of Friendship” between states
Congressional Powers includedCongressional Powers included Make war and peace, send/receive Make war and peace, send/receive
ambassadors, enter into treaties, regulate ambassadors, enter into treaties, regulate Indian affairsIndian affairs
Maintain army/navy, appoint military officersMaintain army/navy, appoint military officers Establish post offices, coin money Establish post offices, coin money
StrengthsStrengths
Land Ordinance of 1785: plan for Land Ordinance of 1785: plan for surveying, selling and settling surveying, selling and settling western territorywestern territory Each township 36 sections, each section Each township 36 sections, each section
1 square mile1 square mile 4 square miles – gov’t, 1 square mile – 4 square miles – gov’t, 1 square mile –
schoolschool Northwest Ordinance of 1787Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Plan for how new states are admittedPlan for how new states are admitted
Weaknesses ofWeaknesses of Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation
No power to enforce No power to enforce policiespolicies
No No executiveexecutive No No power to taxpower to tax 9 of 13 states had to 9 of 13 states had to
agree to pass lawsagree to pass laws 13 had to agree to 13 had to agree to
amendamend
Shay’s Rebellion Shay’s Rebellion Farmers went bankrupt Farmers went bankrupt
after warafter war Daniel Shays led a rebellion Daniel Shays led a rebellion
in Massachusetts in an in Massachusetts in an attempt to shut down attempt to shut down debtor courts debtor courts
Rebellion put down Rebellion put down by by Massachusetts militiaMassachusetts militia
Important question came Important question came up: up: what if the state can’t what if the state can’t put down a rebellion? put down a rebellion?
2) What debates did the founders have 2) What debates did the founders have when drafting the Constitution? when drafting the Constitution?
Constitutional ConventionConstitutional Convention
• Congress called for delegates to meet in Philadelphia 1787
• Washington presided • Madison is considered “the father”• Heated debates about representation in Congress
compromises creation of the Constitution
Representation Based on Representation Based on Population?Population?
Big States: Big States:
Virginia PlanVirginia Plan states would get reps states would get reps
based on population.based on population. Small states thought this Small states thought this
was unfair because they was unfair because they would be overpowered by would be overpowered by the larger states.the larger states.
Small States:Small States:
New Jersey PlanNew Jersey Plan Every state would get Every state would get
the same number of the same number of reps.reps.
Big states did not like Big states did not like this because thought this because thought they deserved more they deserved more votes because they votes because they had more people to had more people to represent.represent.
Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan
Should Slaves Count in Population? Should Slaves Count in Population?
Northern StatesNorthern States Low slave populationsLow slave populations WantedWanted only white only white
populations to count populations to count toward representation in toward representation in CongressCongress
Northerners did not Northerners did not want the southerners to want the southerners to get more votes in get more votes in CongressCongress
Southern StatesSouthern States High slave populationsHigh slave populations Wanted slave Wanted slave
populations to count populations to count because then southern because then southern states would get more states would get more votes in Congressvotes in Congress
Three-Fifths Three-Fifths CompromiseCompromise
Slaves would be Slaves would be counted as 3/5 of counted as 3/5 of one person when one person when calculating a statecalculating a state’’s s populationpopulation
End Slavery? End Slavery?
Another important debate was over Another important debate was over the issue of slavery and the slave the issue of slavery and the slave trade. trade.
Northern states wanted to abolish it, Northern states wanted to abolish it, Southern states did not. Southern states did not.
Founding fathers decided to keep Founding fathers decided to keep slavery out of the Constitution.slavery out of the Constitution.
Left the issue for future generations to Left the issue for future generations to decide. decide.
3) How was the Constitution finally 3) How was the Constitution finally ratified? ratified?
Federalists vs. Anti-FederalistsFederalists vs. Anti-Federalists Feds: supporters of the ConstitutionFeds: supporters of the Constitution
Favored strong national gov’t Favored strong national gov’t Believed separation of powers limited Believed separation of powers limited
gov’tgov’t Anti-Feds: opponents Anti-Feds: opponents of the of the
Constitution Constitution Opposed to strong national gov’t Opposed to strong national gov’t = lead = lead
to tyranny and abuse of to tyranny and abuse of individual/states rights!individual/states rights!
Federalists PapersFederalists Papers 85 essays in support of 85 essays in support of
the Constitutionthe Constitution Published anonymously Published anonymously
in a NY newspaperin a NY newspaper Eventually collected Eventually collected
into a book called into a book called The The FederalistFederalist
James Madison, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton and John Jay were and John Jay were authorsauthors
The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights
Anti-Federalists wanted Anti-Federalists wanted a Bill of Rightsa Bill of Rights States ratified with the promise of Bill States ratified with the promise of Bill
of Rightsof Rights In 1791 In 1791 the first 10 amendments the first 10 amendments
which protected individual and states which protected individual and states rights were approved rights were approved
DON’T FORGET YOUR SUMMARY!DON’T FORGET YOUR SUMMARY!