The Arkansas Story, Report No. 1

8/8/2019 The Arkansas Story, Report No. 1

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TheArkansastoryReport No.1Energy Conservation Ideas'To Build On

OWENS/CORNING,EIBERGIAS_ TRAOMARK

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THE ARKANSAS S TOR YA study in building energy conserving homes

Section Subject

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 OBJECTIVES

Objective of Arkansas energyconservation study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Benefits and estimated costsavings ......................... 3Origin of the concept. . . . . . . . . . . 4

3 CONSTRUCTIONConstruction analysis . . . . . . . . . . . 5Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9Material Requirements . . . . . . . . . . 10Plans and Details . . . . . . . . . . . 11-26

4 CALCULATIONSHeat gain and loss calcula-tions ....................... 27-37

5 ENERGY SAVINGS,Comparative energy consumption and conditioning costsof t es t homes versus conven-tional homes ................ 38-39

6 CONSTRUCTION AND COSTS . . . . . . . 40-4l7 COMFORT

Designing for comfort . . . . . . . 42-438 ORIGINAL SAVINGS FORECAST . . . . 44-459 APPENDIX ........................ 46

10 CREDITS ......................... 47


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E X E CUT I V E S U M M A R YF A C I N G REAL ITYThe Arkansas Story . . A Demonstration inEnergy Conserving Home Construction

With th e competitive desire and need tokeep the cost of homes as low as possible th ehome building industry has, until recently,had l i t t l e incentive to inform prospectivecustomers of th e fact that heating andcooling costs fo r th e l i fe of th e mortgageexceed th e cost of preventing much of th eenergy loss. While low construction cost iss t i l l important, reduced energy consumptionand costs have become essential to the nationand a marketable home benefit for the builder. 1_ A forecast by Townsend-Greenspan made inth e Fall of 1974, anticipated that between1972 and 1985 the cost of No. 2 (residential)fuel oil would increase 613% and electricity157%. No 1985 forecast on natural gas isavailable bu t natural gas fo r uti l i ty us ewas expected to rise 409% by 19&1. Becauseof th e unpredictable pressures on fuelprices these forecasts may change, but thetrend is Glear, energy fo r heating andcooling is going to increase by a muchgreater order of magnitude than we haveexperienced to date.

Homeowners and renters are alreadyprotesting loudly at today's increases inenergy costs which at this point ar e onlyaveraging 33% above 1973. If homes continueto be built to conventional pre--energycris is low insulation standards and energycosts continue rising beyond 1985, few willbe able to afford their home heating andcooling costs by the turn of the century.The Arkansas study ha s indicated that bybuilding homes designed for energy conservation we can avoid th e need for such al i fe style of austerity and discomfort withou t necessarily increasing the in i t ial costof th e home.

Why th e Home was DevelopedIn Litt le Rock, Arkansas an electr ic

ut i l i ty , interested in adding customers touti l ize existing capacity together with ana ir conditioning engineer dedicated tomaking heat pumps provide.economy as wellas comfort and a HUD construction analystwith innovative ideas in constructionand a desire to provide homes that lowincome families can afford, joined

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forces to design an energy conserving house.Thirty percent of th e framing was eliminatedby using 6" studs spaced 24" on centers andimproved design, window areas were reduced,insulation thicknesses increased and everymeasurable heat leak traced and eliminated.Thirty-five electrically heated andcooled homes, most of them three bedrooms,two baths, 1040 to 1200 square foot in areahave been built . Ten of these are eachequipped with two meters so heating, coolingand a ir conditioning use can be measuredseparately from lighting and equipment. Thetarget: annual heat pump heating and coolingcosts under $100. Success to date, for sixmonths operation: total HVAC costs between$30 to $45 with every likelihood of achievingth e annual objective.Homeowners vouch for their greatercomfort and th e quietness of these energyconserving homes.Owens-Corning Fiberglas has been askedfor the facts by many of i t s customers. Thisis what we found out, this is The ArkansasStory.

lHouse and Home, May, 1975 quotes Whit Ward,Secretary Treasurer of_ Ward Properties inTampa, Florida as saying that . . . Tenants areincreasingly sophisticated about the costs ofenergy. His firm can even use as a marketingstrategy th e quality of insulation in a com-plex because over th e last six months tenantshave begun to ask detailed questions about i t .


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THE ARKANSAS S TO R YThe Objectives of th e Energy ConservationDesign

When reports came out of Litt le Rockthat homes were being heated and cooled fo r$60 to $100 annually many of Owens-Corning'scustomers were incredulous and startedasking our representatives i f i t was: trueand i f so , how could such savings be accomplished.Because after seven months heating andcooling experience on te n of these tes thomes th e total bil l ing fo r heating hndcooling alone, for those using heat pumps,has been from $30.53 to $50.58 1 th e targetcosts or some very close to them appearl ikely to be met. In support of nationalenergy conservation and as a service tothose involved in designing, constructing,sel l ing or buying new homes Owens-Corningis publishing this report on how the.seenergy and cost savings ar e being accomplished in Arkansas.This report, based on interviews withthe engineers, builders, contractors, areal tor and homeowners, is designed tocol late the necessary information in oneplace and explain the many departures fromstandard practice. These changes were madedesirable by recent increases in energy costand th e forecasts for continuing increaseswhich ar e changing th e major emphasis fromachieving low construction costs to loweririgth e long term operating costs and energyconsumption.ASHRAE heat loss calculations lised asth e guide for thermo-dynamic heat loss calculations in util izing cheap and plentiful

energy ar e now under review by that:association. We would no t presume to anticipatethe outcome of their review bu t bring upthis point because one of the departures inth e Arkansas project was th e development ofa new heat loss calculation chart based no tjust on thermo-dynamics bu t also on'physiological factors. 2 Simply explained, eventhough a home may be warm, i f i t s occupants'feet feel cold they will tend to raise th ethermostats which wastes energy. A recentresearch project by th e Electr ici ty CouncilResearch Center, England3 has substantiatedthis phenomenon. Studies on th e l i ~ e support systems for the astronauts haveprovided additional information on th e a irmovement and humidity requirements' fo rhuman comfort.

Although th e developers of th e Arkansasproject were unaware of these independentstudies, their research led to the same con-

clusions which explains why th e owners ofthese new homes are so complimentary re garding th e comfort they ar e experiencingin addition to th e energy savings and costs.The objective in Litt le Rock was togain maximum control over th e interiorenvironment of th e home. In other words, toisolate th e interior environment from th evariable exterior environment. By erectinga thicker and more continuous than usualinsulation barrier to do this they were ableto provide the desired comfort and the fuelsaving. What was so ingenious about th e waythis was accomplished was that th e new designis reported to cost no more to construct thanth e same size energy leaking conventionalhomes.This low cost is 'based on a variety offactors. One is that 2" x 6" studs beingavailable in softer , faster growing types oflumber, that require less waste at th e millpe r board foot thlJ.n 2" x 4" studs, are lessexpensive per board foot. In addition, 30%less framing is used saving material andlabor costs.That th e basic heating fo r these homesis electr ical does no t diminish th e value ofth e specifications fo r other areas of th ecountry. Due to th e shortage of natural gas,i t appears many new homes ar e going to haveto be electrically heated. Gas l ines ar e no tbeing extended to the new development areasin many parts of th e country. Due to therelat ively a ir t ight construction and polyethylene vapor barrier envelope a ir consumingflame type heating and cooling was not'considered in Litt le Rock.Because this report is of necessity,

somewhat lengthy we believe th e summation ofbenefits to each participant involved thatfollows will justify consideration of TheArkansas Story by every ' reader.

1This is based on uti l i ty rates that havevaried from,1.7 to 2.0 pe r KWH dependingon which fuel (oil or coal) th e uti l l ty wasutil izing for homes equipped with heat pumps.2The difference between room temperature andth e outside a ir was used for heat loss calculations. But a uerson is no t at 72 0 p, theyar e normally 98 0 p, so in calculating th einsulation thickness in th e crawl space, 26 0of additional difference should be considered'to provide sufficient direct floor contactwarmth in winter.

3See Research Summary Pages 42-43.

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S 0 ME BEN E F IT S PRO V ID E DB Y ENE R G Y CON S E R V A T IONHOM E CON S T R U C T ION

I t is claimed that homes bui l t tothese specifications will us e about halfthe heating and cooling energy requiredfo r a conventional home.Home Buyers

The homeowner will benefit from ahome which, at l i t t l e or no extra cost,will provide superior sound isolat ion,greater comfort as well as heating andcooling costs considerably lower than,comparable conventional homes. The onlycompromises necessary ar e th e acceptanceof less window area than normal andeither thinner interior walls (2" x 3"studs) or a sl ight loss of living spacewithin th e same outside dimensions.\

The homeowner buying under VA/FHAinsured mortgages should be able toqualify for a larger more expensive homebased on th e anticipated fuel savings.When i t comes time to sel l th e homethe records showing lower uti l i ty costsshould prove strong inducement fo r aprospective buyer to select th e energyconserving home over others on th e market.Builders

These plans enable a builder to sella more desirable home l with added featuresat l i t t l e , i f any, increase in cost. Thefuel economy may e n ~ b l e many new buyersto qualify for mortgages and others topurchase larger homes with th e same downpayment and financial capability. Theconstruction requires no new tools orski l ls . The number of parts to beassembJed ar e fewer and a bi g bonus tobe gained is customer satisfaction.

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Insulation ContractorsThese new homes ar e designed to sim-plify insulation installation whilerequiring greater thicknesses fo r higher

volume and income.The Electric Utili ty Company

Because these homes make i t bothpractical and desirable to uti l ize elec-t r ic heating and cooling th e uti l i ty maybe able to add new customers withoutincreasing their present capacity. Themore even use of power can reduce uti l i tycosts for everyone and make better us eof our energy resources. This is becausee lectric uti l i t ies over th e years can beadapted to consume and convert whicheverfuel the nation can best afford to uti l ize .

lI n a recent survey (See Appendix) 78% ofdetached-home buyers and 63.3% of attached-home buyers expressed a willingness to spend$600 more for a new home in order to save$100 a year on heating and cooling bi l l s .


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E VOL UT I 0 N o F T HE ENE R G YThe te s t homes ranged from 1,040 to1,200 square feet of living area with threebedrooms and two full baths. Accurate measure-ment of th e heating and cooling was recordedseparately. The second meter recorded th etotal electr ic consumption of each horne.Heating and cooling amounted to 12% to 32% oftotal energy consumption. Compared to th esame size conventional homes, th e total

'averaged monthly electric costs of th e tes thomes were about 37% less.

Origin of th e Concept

Built to new mlnlmum constructionstandards for energy conservation homesissued by th e Litt le Rock area office of HUD,and designed by Mr. Frank Holtzclaw, HUDConstruction Analyst, in cooperation with th eArkansas Power and Light Company, these newhomes were th e culmination of 12 years oftest ing and experimentation.During th e late 1950's a series of re-search studies on owner sat isfact ion of con-ventional homes around Litt le Rock equippedwith heat pumps indicated some were unhappywith the high energy costs and dissat isf iedwith th e comfort provided. House by houseinspection of th e homes of th e dissat isf iedowners revealed that th e problems were no tdue to th e equipment but to insufficient orimproper insulating, uninsulated ducts, con-struction changes after th e equipment hadbeen instal led and lack of humidity control.Mr. Harry Tschumi, President of HarryTschumi Company, a ir conditioning wholesaledistr ibutor consulted with th e late Mr. Les

Blades, then heating and a ir conditioningcoordinator for Arkansas Power and LightCompany. Together they started testing th eeffects of changing th e insulation thickness,insulating doors, using double glazed windowsand measured th e resul ts . The conclusions werethat a super insulated horne with as small as

CON S E R V I N G HOM E

practical heat pump would prove th e mosteconomical application and provide th e mostcomfort. The problem was that they couldn'tconvince horne builders or buyers to invest inthe extra materials. Then carne the fuel crisiswith rocketing energy costs and a demand fo rlower ut i l i ty costs.The late Les Blades working with Frank

Holtzclaw and using th e earl ier findings carneup with an ingenious solution, a house designthat is reported to have equal or greaterstrength yet uses less wood, more insulationand includes a number of cost saving inno-vations. I t is claimed this constructioncosts no more than th e conventional horneconstruction i t is designed to replace.

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TH E SECRETS o F T H ESUP E R I N S U L A T E D ~ ENERGYCON S E R V I N G HOM EWall Construction

The Litt le Rock HUD designed energyconservation home is bui l t with 6" stud .walls,24" on center. This allows fo r compressionof 6" of fiber glass insulation in th e 5 ~ " walls. 1 But there ar e other design differences, too. Since th e ceiling is insulatedwith 12" of insulation the sheathing isattached to the vert ical truss member flushwith th e wall a ll th e way to th e top of th einsulation.The studs in th e house corners ar e se tso one is flush to the outside sheathing andthe other starting the connecting wall is atright angles 6" from and paral lel to th esheathing. I t will be seen that instead ofleaving an uninsulated box in each corner ofth e house this permits the corner to beinsulated. Similarly, where a part i t ion meetsan outside wall a single stud is used. At th ecenter bottom of each' stud through whichwiring is going to be passed a hole isaugeredor vee cut. This avoids having wiring interfere with insulation instal lat ion. One other

m a j ~ r difference in wall construction is thatth e total window area of the house must berestr icted to 8% of th e living area. Inaddition, these must be double windows orwindows suitably insulated with a stormwindow. Boxing around windows is simplifiedto permit insulation to be placed betweenth e front and back 2" headers. 2 The soleplate is set;on a' ful l bed of caulking. Thesingle to p plate serves to t ie th e walllateral ly. The second story studs and/or ,roof t russ, also 24" on center.are requiredto rest on top of studs. Use is made ofmetal perforated t ie plates at wood jointsand back-up clips ar e used to hold th e d r y ~ wall. A polyethylene vapor barrier completelycovers both studs and insulation.Many people reviewing these specifications ask i f they couldn't re ta in theirstandard 2" x 4" , 16" o.c. standard wall andjust add foam insulation to th e exterior. A

quick' calculation will show that th e old 16"o.c. wall contains a greater area of semiconductive studs and unless the inside vaporbarrier is better than the. exterior insulatingfoam water will condense in th e wall nullifying th e thermal resistance of th e insulation.Just based on thermal resistance th e 6"insulated stud design 24" on centers is 30%more efficient and much less expensive to

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build. You will find in most parts of th ecountry that 2" x 6" lumber in short lengthsused fo r studs is considerably less expensiveper board foot than 2" x 4" studs. Also , i tshould be possible to us e 2" x 6" lumber inth e No. 3 or ut i l i ty grade of most speciesrather than the higher "Stud" grade of 2" x 4" .For example, in Litt le Rock this past week(July, 1975) 2" x 6" pine studs cost $147 perthousand board feet compared to $210 fo r"Stud" grade 2" x 4"'s . These prices may beexceptional, bu t nonetheless, th e energyconserving home requires less lumber whencompared with conventional 16" member spacing,and u s e ~ lumber at lower cost per board foot.Crawl Space and Slab Insulation

While i t is true, that i f sufficient temperature difference exists , hot a ir r ises i t isalso true that heat flows to cold. Where wallsand ceiling ar e well insulated th e heat will beattracted to and dissipate through th e coldestsurface even i f this is th e floor.Since people are quickly chilled i f theirfeet feel cold this tends to make them desirea higher thermostat. setting. For both energymanagement and comfort th e floor areas must bemaintained as close as possible to room temperature. This, i t has been found, requires6" of insulation over crawl spaces and a minimum of l ~ " polyurethane rigid foam insulationaround the perimeter of th e slab. Becausedampness can chill and require greater use ofenergy to operate a dehumidifier, or can ra iseth e humidity level higher than desirable forcomfort by overloading th e dehumidifier th ecomplete area under th e slab must be providedwith a vapor barrier. Likewise, th e finishgrade in a crawl space must be fully coveredwi th a vapor barrier and since another vaporbarrier is installed above th e floor insulation th e crawl space must be ventilated.

CeilingsSavings estimates jus t i fy th e instal lat ionof 12" (R-38) Friction F it Batts in these Litt leRock homes. As with the walls and floor, acomplete vapor barrier under th e ceiling insulation is specified. To permit. easier and saferinstal lat ion of th e insulation the designershave specified an inspection catwalk.

lYhis reduces insulating efficiency of th einsulation from R-19 to R-18.2An alternate system util izing plywood in placeof sheathing as a header permits th e ful l 5 ~ " of insulation to be instal led. See Page 20.


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CON S T R U C T IONEssentials of th e Arkansas EnergyConservation House

This review of th e Arkansas specification for energy conservation will help youunderstand statements made in this report.I f exception is taken to any required partof th e specification there will be measurable consequences in higher in i t ia l cost,higher operating cost or reduced comfortsatisfaction. Substituting alternateconstruction can prove costly. For example,retaining the 2" x 4" insulated stud wallwith 3 ~ " R-ll insulation and adding 1" offoam in the siding instead of using thespecified 2" x 6" studs with 6" R-19 f iberglass insulation resul ts in an increase inconstruction costs (more framing plus costof install ing foam) without providing anycompensating benefit.

Does i t pay to add more insulation,say 18" instead of 12" in th e att ic?This cannot be answered with a "no" or"yes" unti l calculations are worked ou tfor a part icular house. I ts size, shape,geographic location and energy rates mayallow fo r a reduction in tonnage ofheating and cooling equipment only i f th eadditional insulation i s used. In thisparticular case, the cost difference inequipment may more than compensate fo rth e added insulation. The greater efficiency provided by a smaller unit willprovide energy savings.

Les Blades, one of the pioneers ofthis Arkansas Energy Conservation House,foresaw the increase in energy costs andinstal led 18" in the attic of hi s homeback in th e early 1960's.

S P E C I F I CAT ION S

The following m1n1mum constructionstandards ar e at present being util ized onhouses being bui l t to th e Litt le Rockexperimental energy conservation standards.Standards being issued by th e Litt le RockOffice of HUD and th e Arkansas Power andLight Company fo r national considerationeliminate some of these elements. Forexample, th e installation of a dehumidif ier in a desert area of Nevada would beunnecessary. Items identified with a "+"symbol require regional consideratiQn.Comments in brackets are not part of th eHUD specification. - - -\

Sole plate - Si l l insulation or full bed ofcaulking shall be instal led around completeperimeter.Concrete slab floor - l ~ " Rigid UrethaneFoam Perimeter Insulation . . . R-lO.7 1Crawl space floor - 6" Fiber Glass FrictionFit Batts . . . R-19 1Exterior walls - 6" Fiber Glass Friction FitBatts . . . R-19 1Ceiling - Two 6" Fiber Glass Friction FitBatts of Insulation . . . R-38 1

1. Vapor barriers:Walls, ceilings and floors shall be providedwith a positive vapor barrier covering theentire surface and having a transmissionrate not exceeding one perm. (The us e ofpolyethylene sheeting ha s been assumed to bemore effective than vapor barriers attachedto insulation because this covers th e entirestud area and permits visual inspection ofth e insulation and vapor barrier beforeproceeding with drywall installation, etc.Foil backed drywall has been used wherepolyethylene has been unavailable.)Polyethylene shall be lapped 6" at alljoints .

lInsulation batts come.in a limited number ofpreformed sizes and shapes and may not conformto the exact amount of insulation specified ina continuous analysis. But in this discretecase, the l as t available increment of insulation whose Marginal Energy Savings (MS)/Marginal Cost (MC) ratio is closest to th e optimalMS/MCratio (without falling below i t) providesth e optimal "feasible" solution. This feasiblesolution is indeed optimal fo r in reali ty themarginal cost could be quite high fo r an increment that would exactly meet that level determined in a continuous analysis. This isbecause production and distribution costsassociated with a very large number of sizeswould be higher than that of a limited numberof sizes.(Reprinted from Building Science Series 64by Stephen R. Petersen, National Bureau ofStandards published by th e U.S. Departmentof Commerce in cooperation with th eFederal Energy Commission.)

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DESIGN FEATURES OF THE ARKANSASENERGY CONSERVATION HOME(Illustrative Perspectives)

1 0 - ~ ~ ~ ~ 14 g : t ~ _ t ~ L CLIP - f j f ! ? I M i * * - - - , : : o o . 5 ~ + l - - - H t m m l

6" FRICTION FIT - - B l ? 9 f . i i i f i = i t : I ~ 1 1 INSULATION

DETAIL AT THE EAVES.CEILING INSULATIONEXTENDS OVER STUDWALL TO SHEATHING.

WINDOW FLASHING ASLAID OVER WINDOWFRAME DRAINING INTOBRICK MOTAR JOINT.

BASE FLASHINGEXTENDS FROMBEHIND SHEATHINGINTO COURSE OFBRICKS.

1/2 INCH PLYWOODHEADER GLUED ANDNAILED, IN PLACE OFSHEATHING, OVERWINDOW.

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14 TIE PLATE(TYPICAL)

6" FRICTION FITINSULATION

CRAWL SPACE

WALL CONSTRUCTION: VERTICAL PERSPECTIVE

POSITIONING OF NON-BEARING PARTITIONCORNER STUDS TO JOINS THE EXTERIOR WALLALLOW THE INSULATIONTO FILL CORNER.


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2. Windows:Prime window with storm window. Prime window must be caulked in place. Window areano t to exceed 8% of th e square footage ofthe living area. (In Litt le Rock they areinstal l ing as an acceptable alternate aluminum framed double glazed insulating windows with 3/16" air space between panes.Vinyl coated wood frame insulated windows,particularly with a storm window added, willprovide less heat transmission.) Over-hanging eaves to prevent direct entry ofsunlight are a necessary element of th edesign. Alternately any glass exposed tothe sun's direct radiation shall be provided with an acceptable shading device thatwill block at least 70% of th e sun's-radiation during th e cooling season.

3. Exterior Doors:1-3/4" metal faced doors with urethane coreand magnetic weather stripping . . . R - l ~ . S (Weather stripped thresholds with baSeflashing and caulking.)4. Attic space:Power roof ventilators with eave vents evenlyspaced along th e soffi ts with net free a irequal to 80 square inches per 100 CFM of th efan capacity. Gable louvers shal l n6t beused. Power ventilators shall be locatednear roof ridge and centrally positioned inorder to remove ho t air throughout th e at t icspace. Ventilators shall have a capacity toprovide not less than te n a ir changes pe rhour. 80 S q u a ~ e feet of soff i t vents shallbe provided fo r every 100 cubic feet of fancapacity. Thermostats shall be se t to turnon a t 1000 and turn off at 8SoF.No part of th e heating and cooling equipmentshall be located in th e at t ic space. ( i fhouse design dictates that a ir ducts mustpass through at t ic , ducts shall be madefrom 1" insulated duct board.)

5. An inspection catwalk shall be instal ledfrom th e at t ic access opening to th e extremeends of th e insulated at t ic space. (Twolayers of half inch thick plywood acrosssupports attached to th e trusses were usedin some of th e demonstration houses.)

6. All wlrlng and piping mus! be instal ledso as to permit correct placement of insulation. In walls, wiring should be allowed tol ie on th e s i l l plate by cutting suitablenotches in th e base of wall studs. In th eat t ic , wiring should be attached to or

through roof trusses a t a point higher than12" from th e ceil ing. (Wiring must complywith local ordinances.)

7. Humidification:+A humidifier of suitable capacity capable ofproviding 50% humidity a t 70 0 F shall beprovided.

8. Dehumidification:+A dehumidifier capable of maintaining humidityof 40% at 76 0 F shall be provided.

9. Filtrat ion:An adequate a ir fi l tering device shall be provided. (The Litt le Rock experimental homesuti l ize an electrostat ic f i l ter . )

10. Si l l and Window flashing (for brick ormasonry walls):Suitable flashing will be placed to extendfrom behind th e sheathing down over th e s i l lplate into th e course of bricks. Similarly,suitable window flashing shall be placedover bottom window framing and door s i l l s todrain down into mortar course of brick facing.(No space shall be enclosed by two vaporbarriers. For example, do not us e foil facedgypsum over a polyethylene vapor barr ier orvapor barr ier foam insulation on th e exteriorthat has a bet ter vapor resistance thaninterior v a p ~ r barrier.)

11. Wall studs:Shall be 2" x 6" spaced 24" on centers,posit ioned pe r drawings to permit a l l spacesto be fully insulated.

12. -Window headers:For 40" windows and less , header shal l be notless than J-z" thick standard grade plywoodnailed and glued with 8d . common nai ls spaced4" along edges and intermediate members. Glueshall be elastomeric exterior glue conformingto U ~ S . Department of Commerce ProductStandard P.S. 1-66. Plywood will be attachedinstead of sheathing from top of windowopening to jus t above at t ic insulation leveland on either side of window opening tosecond stud. Face grain of plywood shall behorizontal. On larger windows, dual headers2" x 6" or larger, shall be instal led tointerior and exterior of studs to provide a

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void between fo r insulation instal lat ion.13. Structural support:All overhead loading must be placed direct lyon top of wall studs. In two story houses,windows must be placed upstairs so thatdirect support of studs is provided from si l lto raf ters on either side of window frame.Windows upstairs should be placed over windows or doors downstairs. I f stud continuityis broken, extra studs should be placedeither side and headers instal led to providenecessary structural support.

14. Tie plates and drywall back-up cl ips:Although no t a requirement, th e us e of t ieplates to join framing and back-up clips toattach drywall has been utilized in th eLitt le Rock Experimental Homes as a costsaving measure and to reduce th e number ofwall studs.

15. Ducts:Although no t a requirement, insulated ductsfo r sound absorption or lined metal ductswith flexible connections to th e fan chamberhave been used to reduce noise transmission.All ducts have been installed in passageways by dropping th e ceil ing and along upperperimeters of interior walls. Where ductsmust be placed outside of insulated livingspace they should have 3" of insulation orut i l ize insulated duct board. Because spaceis l imited, only rectangular ducts shouldbe used so they can provide adequate airflow.

16. Equipment placement:Wherever possible, heating, cooling, plumbingand att ic ventilat ing equipment shall becentrally located.

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17. Partition walls:Since part i t ion walls ar e not load bearingthey may be constructed of 2" x 3" studs toregain the living area sacrificed by th ethicker exterior walls.

18. Construction strength:With-the various changes in construction,th e 24" spacing of 6" studs, the reductionby approximately 30% of th e lumber used inth e framing i t i s natural to wonder i f th eloading is soundly engineered. Mr. FrankHoltzclaw, HUD Construction Nlalyst inLitt le Rock, reports architects werecommissioned to analyze the construction.Based on standard pine or f i r commercialgrade 2" x 6" lumber, with grain indirection indicated in drawings accom-panying th e specifications fo r a 30 ' widehouse a ll strength requirements under loadar e met with a two to one safety factoreven before th e addition of sheathing.NOTE: EquipmentToo few homes have been researched to makean evaluation of any specific equipment butth e efficiency and location of equipment inthe home is important and should be givenserious consideration by th e builder.For example, some t r ia l extrapolationsindicate that fan operation can cost anywhere from $12 to $70 pe r year so th e addedcost fo r a more eff icient fan will be quicklyrepaid-and resul t in considerable energysavings. Water heaters also vary in efficiency and adequacy of insulation. Becauseof th e high heat loss of some water heatersth e Litt le Rock developers have decided theyshould be kept out of th e equipment room.


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Material Requirements fo r EnergyConservation Home

Crawl space: 6" Friction Fit insulation,polyethylene vapor barrier - Tiger Teeth.Perimeter insulation: ll:!" polyurethane.Si l l plate: s i l l insulation or caulking,vapor barrier.2" X 6" studs, spaced 24" on centers.6" Friction Fit insulation in exteriorwalls and polyethylene vapor barrier orfoil backed gypsum.Back-up cl ips.Insulated glass windows, vapor barrier andcaulking.Metal door, urethane insulated with.s il lvapor barrier, caulking and m a g n e t i ~ weatherstripping.Ducts in living area: uninsulated or linedfo r acoustical reasons only.2" x 3" stud parti t ion walls: non+10adbearing.Prefabricated truss , t ie plates.Frieze board and sheathing to bottom of uppercord.Catwalk in att ic .Two 6" blankets of insulation in at t ic , poly-ethylene vapor barrier or foil b a c ~ e d gypsum.Heat pump (o r through wall heating/coolingunit and blower).Humidifier.Dehumidifier.Electronic a ir f i l t e r .Boiler (water heater).Attic power venti lator with thermostat.No gable louvers.Eave vents.Reduced electric requirements by Sp to 7S ampservice to minimum NEC.Vapor barriers: polyethylene (6 mil).

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LEFT ELEVATION

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FRONT -ELEVATION

REAR ELf:VATIOt-J'SCALE: I ; : : ~ , =J

R'16HT ELEVATION

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' .........0

ELECTRICAL LAYOUTSCALE: FOUR FEET

,-" - .....-0"" ' - - - - - - - -

2.74


18/50

1r====:J=::-:=. =. ==--==-r = _ - - - - - - , = ~ ~ ; : : = = = ~ " ' = = --.. I-..rL _ ~ +-++4._

t-------rr-----.....--

II1II1

Nt\J

E:""3

12 x


19/50

WIRINGRACEWAY

CAULK

REINF. STEEL(AS REQ'D.)

2x6 STUDS 24" O.C.6" FRICTION FIT INSULATION

) f 4 C . - ~ - - - VAPOR BARRIER

, ~ : : "

WIRE SUPPORTS

6" FRICTION FIT INSULATION

CRA\f.L SPACE CONSTRUCTION (INSULATION)

WIRINGRACEWAY

FINISH

2x 6 STUDS @ 24" O.C.

r-- 1 1 /2" URETHANEr-- VAPOR BARRIER

~ W E L D E D WIRE MESH

r- - CONCRETE SLABI- ' - -

G ~ E ~ ~ = = = = r - ____ ~ ~ ~ ~ -'--- BASE COURSE

SECTION THRU SLAB


20/50

Fiber Board-....Sheathing

S i d i n g ~ __ ....

Flashing1 1/2" Urethanewith cementasbestos face.

---++--- 6" Stud

. . . . . . . ~ Gypsum Board" " ' - : ! ~ I - - - 6" - R-19 Bat t

6 Mil Polyethylene.....H ... Vapor Barrier

Raceway (e lectr ical)

6 Mil PolyethyleneVapor Barrier

WALL SECTION - MONOLITHIC SLAB ENERGY CONSERVATION

17

4-10-75F. N. S.


21/50

SINGLE PANE

t"--+t--- DUAL PANESSTORM WINDOW

~ + - - 1 - 1 / 4 " AIR SPACEOR MORE

~ - t t - - SINGLE PANESTORM WINDOW

1-1/4" AIR SPACEOR MORE

~ - H - - - - - - - r - DUAL PANES

1/2" AIR SPACE

18

~ - - ~ D U A L P A N E S

3/16" AIR SPACE

WINDOW EXAMPLES


22/50

I'IlI! 7-74

IYDOoIAlA OOID, t1IlIf

".

s l e r ro .

! tOOl ' !


23/50

~ P : : S O R / I i\ /II II H I, L __ .J L ______, r - - - - ~ - ' r - - - - -- 1 \, I /I II II , PACE I\; GRAIIS . III I If-f---- _. . . lL _ - \ .;xJ H" I \ "\ ... /I

I \ ;! II \ !24" UP !O IIOI!IIAL 4 '-0" 24" I! 24"

\ I I ROUGH OPEllIllG \ II DOOR OPmIIIG\ ; .....;1/2" mICX WALL SBEAmIl!G OR :-- S = C ~ 4' x 8 ' SlLEE'l SIDII!G , \I I

\\\\II

ELEVAUOII OJ m:TERIOR LOAD mlARIRG WALL WIT!! PLYWOOD IIAILElMlLUED l!EADERS JOR SPAIISUP TO 1I0MIIIAL 4o:FEET, JOR BOtlSES BAVIIIG A I!A.XIMtlII DEPT!! OF ,6-FEET.S C A L . E ~ 0' . 1 FOOT I

PLYWOOD SIlALL BE ISOT LESS 1'IWJ 1/2" mICX STAIIDARD GRADE PLYWOOD wr m EXTERIOR GLUEC01llORIII1IG TO U.S. DEP'l. OF COI!IIERGE,PRODOC! STAIIDARD P.S. 1-66." AllY AlJIESIVE JilEETIRG TILE RB:lUIREKENTS OF AlIERICAlI PLYWOOD ASSOCIAUOIS SPECIFICATION APG - 01

:n . - 75 LR PLATE ISo. 4A

IiIII

'7 }/r. "I II /rHL __ - - __ u - _____r- - - -- , r --- - - ,I II II , FACE II GRAIl! II II I1- _ - - - _...lL - - ----4

1/

I/!

xJ48"

WII!DOW OPElfIl!G

1/2" mICXPLYWOOD

\

_.\II,

I II //

S ~ I O I S I - I

iI

PLYWOOD lIBADER IIAILEDo-GI.UXDWIT!! ELAS!OIIERIC AlJIESIVE"wnl! ad COIIM. lIAILS SPACED4' ALOIIG EDGES AIID III'l!ERXEDIAnREKIIERS.

2 X 6 CRIPPLESSPACED 24" O.C.


24/50

lt E 7-74

It 24" 24"II

READER lfOT REQUIRED

24"

I SPLICE MUST OCCUR OVER Cl!'HER LI D OP SfUDJlETAL TIE PLATE t.. .

24" 11 2 % 6 - 24" o. c. 24"11

( Tl'PICAL )

ELEVATIOIi OF 1I0li - LOAD BEARIIiG EXTERIOR wALLSCI'ILF.:

LR. PLAU 10 . 2


25/50


26/50

7-74

r !RUSSES 24 ' O. C. iPICAL

7 .

KEUI TIE PIATE \

112-2x READER

l_.

24"

OPEliING)24"

ELEVAUOJ OF WAD BEARIlIG EXTERIOR WALLseRLE'

24"

" ,t - - - SPLICE MUS! OCCUR

OVER C E I I ~ E R I I J E OJ! S=

II 2 x 6 - 2 . " Oa C.II ( TYPICAL )

[!1

I

24"


27/50

NOTES:1 . Cut a l l members to bear2 . Center a l l plates on jo in ts unless otherwise noted3. Lateral bracing required a t midpoint4. Top cord may be extended according to owner's desire


28/50

-se& C : S ~ " 'SIZE;-A2'AM I M: 'Mbe-K" '5


29/50

INSPECTION"CATWALK"

6" FRICTION FIT~ - H - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - BLANKET INSULATION

WIRING RACEWAY


30/50

PLAN 2741200 Squa r e Fee tForm 130 Rev. 1-74

A ENERGY CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTIONRKANSAS POWERtLiGHT

Fo r

MIDDLE SOUTHUTILITIES SYSTEM

of

HELPING BUILD ARKANSAS

No. StreetBuilt By__ ofComfort ConditioningBy

Winter5 OF75 OF70 OF---%

No.of No.

Outdoor Tempe!'atureIndoor Temperature

Temperature DifferentialIndoor Relative Humidity

Street

Street

Summer. 1 00 OF

75 OF25 OF

----%

Gross Exposed Wall Area .l3.3lsq. ft.Ceiling Area Outside Dim. l200sq . ft.Floor Area Inside Dim. __ q. ft.Total Glass Al'ea __ q. ft.

Glass Area % Floor AreaTotal Heat Loss l 6 l 5 ~ B T U H Unit Heat L o s s ~ L B T U H / S q . Ft .Total Heat Gain 10490 BTUH

Structure Faces__~ j q ' Q i t M ~ ~ " j ~ ' ~ ~ : " L ~ ~ l 1 i ! t ! 1 ~ g , ; j

City

City

City

Heat Pump & Supplementary: C o m p r e s s O l - - - . l 9 2 ~ B T U H , _ ~ ~ _ C F M , And Supplemenlary____BTUHManufacturel' & Model No.

Resistance Heating: Type _____ Capacity ____BTUH And ___ FMManufacturer & Model No.

Cooling Equipment: Capacity ___ TUH And ___ FMManufacturer & Model No.Filtel' Equipment: Type__ E ~ l , e c t r o s t a t j ~ ______________

Humidifier:

Dehumidifier:

Manufacturer & Model No.TypeManufacturer & Model No.Type Mechan ica lMantlfacturer & Model No.

Rating_____Gal./Day

Rating _-----.e4L--._Gal./Day

Attic Ventilation: Rating 790 CFM; Control The rmos t a t i cManufacturer & Model No.

Heating Season of__ Degree Hrs.__ KWH @__Cooling Season of___ Degree Hrs.__ KWH @__Heating & CoolingEstimated Cost of Total Electrical Usage of This HomeAppliances, Lighting, Heating & CoolingWith Levelized Billing

DESIGN NO.1 DESIGN NO.1 DESIGN NO.3" I

$. Yr. $, :Yr.$ . -JYr. $ .--,Yr.1$ . ~ Y r . $,--':--,-__Calculation of BTUH heat gain an d loss ar e based on thermal control as follows: Insulation of ceiling,R__ walls, R__ floor; vapor barrier type __ ceiling, ___ walls, ___ floor; ground cover type___ kitchen exhaust __ manual, __ auto.; otherAny change in thermal protection will affect the equipment size an d estimated operating cost.Date Signature______________

27


31/50

TABLE 1 LOAD CALCULATIONS1 Name of Room or Space ' ; \ M B R : ~ ; ' . (!BATHS, j!fjINING li;:jt'k\':,x.; ' ) " B R ~ 2 , ; ; ; ! : ; ~ 0 ! . J f R I : ~ f ~ t " ! ' ! " ' ) ' ! ! ; ! " ' ~ ; ..I,,';.T;'(':'!' ';;2 Ceiling Height 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5

1 ; ~ 2 ~ ~ : R ~ : Z . z . 1 ; . ; ' : 7 3 ~ / : f ~ ~ i ! 1 ' ; l ' ~ ~ f l ; ~ . ~ b ' ! 1 ; ; l ' N " ' ; ; : ; ! ~ ! : f i ; ; : ; : ; ; ' q ; l , ; ~ \ , lii!!;;;2}/ I,.'::(a) l i ; 2 R i ~ . f . ~ i ) 1 ~ 3 Linear-Ft. ofExposed Wall (b)4 Gross Exposed (a) Ir!!r;!! : i l l ' ~ - I : \ f ! i ; ' @ ; ~ f ~ ~ I i , ; t ( i ~ ! ; ~ " f ~ " ~ ; ~ ! : 1 ~ ~ ! ; F ~ ; ; : ~ . t ; ~ li:;*;i;! I ~ ~ t ; ; ; ; , { ! f ' l " I ; ; ;Wall Area (b) 27 1 76 352 285 105 2425 Window and (a) Jlindows I ( ~ f ; ~ i ; ~ a : i ' } 1 ! ! ; ) ; i . ( ~ ; 1 ~ i ; : ; ; . l i \ ; ! I : ~ l i ~ : ; ;.;','l!I:"!';'!';{ " ' E ; ~ i ~ ~ , ; ~ ; , : i ~ " ; ;;'\CZ I ; ; ~ ~ ! ~ : ; ~ . { I , . ,

Door Area (b) Doors 21 21(a) W ~ ~ ~ < ; ; k ; ; ~ ~ i ) ; . ; ~ ~ ; ; . ; : { .... .J'';;;; I ; f ~ : i ~ ~ ; f : t ~ . , .. If ' ~ ; i i ; ~ \ ; , ; t ( ; ; ' 1;!IJ:;i':;)'j,:!1'.;;':;.,:


32/50

DESIGN NO.1 DESiGN NO. 2 DESIGN NO. 3

-=======-Required Notes: _____________

(CFM Factor)

(Line 16) 29

TABLE 2. WINDOW & DOOR SCHEDULESq. Ft .Symbol Dimensions No. Type AreaEa. / Total

Ln.Ft.CraekageEa. / Total3-0 X 5-03-4 X 3-03-0 X 3-02-0 X 3-0

3-0 X 6- 82-8 X 6- 8

TABLE 3. SOLAR AREAS OF WEST ANDSOUTH ELEVATIONS

ENERGY CONSERVATION CONSTRUCTIONCeiling R-38Walls R-19Floor R-lO.7 (Slab)Storm WindowsInsulated Doors

Indicate NorthOUTLINE PLAN OF STRUCTURE

Use TheLarger OfThese TwoTotal AreasTo CalculateSolar Gain


33/50

DESIGN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL (TD)

WINDOWS (Weather stripped)iSiug!e Pane ..,.,.Single Pane and Storm 'WindowsInsulating Glass (U = 0.61)Triple Glazed

DOORS (Weather stripped)!Hollow Core . ,Hollow Core and Storm Door!Solid Core (1 %").Solid Core (1 % ") and Stol"In Door Therma-TruINFILTRATION (Doors and Windows)(Without Storm Sash or .Door .'Yith Stol"In Sash or .0001' .

WALLSFrame Standm'd Sheathed No InsulationBrick Standa"d Sheathed No Insulation

B"iek or FJ"ameStanda"dSheathed

8" Solid WallBrick or Stone4" Briek & 8"Conc"ete B l o d ~

Standar'dACfcrrcHatcC ~ ~ c r ~ t e Blod,

Light WeightAggregateConcrete Block

CEILING

Pitched Roof

Hipped 01' FlatRoof

Pitched,Hipped 01'Flat RoofFLOOR

Double'Voodand C"awlSpaceSlab onGl'Ound

~ 2" I n s u I a t i o ~ l , .." p:t:?O)") i ~ ; ~ ; ; l ~ ~ f ~ l i ~ ~ o n ' ; ~ ~ ~ ' ~ r ~ ; ' i ' . i ; ' ; " " , 2" Insulation (R-7.0) Cavity, Impreg-31h" Insulation ( H ~ 1 1 ) nated Vermiculite

6"Insulation (R:19) . Poured~ No Insulation 1Gypsum WallboaI'd, Furred With 2" Ins!. (R-7.0)\ No InsulationI Blocks, Impregnated Vermiculite Poured

No InsulationNo InsulationNo Insulationg:: m ~ ~ ~ 12" BlockIi " Block8" Block12" Block

Impregna ed Vermieuli e PouredImpregnated Vermiculite PouredImlJl"egnated Vermiculite Poured6" Block8" Block12" Block

No InsulationNo InsulationNo Insulation

I j" Block8" Block12" Block Impregnated Vermiculite PouredImpregnated Vermieulite PouredImpregnated Vermiculite Pouredf "Insl.ilation i,' :(Rcj9";"Ot; S I ~ r i d " a i d N l j n t i l a H ' 9 . r i . . ';8" Insulation (R-25.3) Standard Ventilation) 10" Inslllation (R-31.7) Standard Ventilation12" inslllation (R38.0) Standard Ventilation{'"I'''U;'li'U . ( R ~ 1 9 ; O W ' ShiUdal'i[Ve'ri.tfllifioQ8" Insulation (H-25.3) Standard Ventilation1O" insulation (H-:'l1.7) Standar'd Ventilation12" Insulation (Rc38.0) Stllhdb.1 iil Ventilation) Ij" Insulation (R-19.0) Controlled Ventilation8" Insulation (R-25.3) Contl'Olled Ventilationto" Insulation (R-31.7) Controlled Ventilationl12" Insulation (R-38.0) Controlled Ventilation

; , : . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : ,

HEAT TRANSFER FACTORS (HTF)HEAT LOSS HEAT GAIN

75 70 0 65 60 0 30 25 0 .20 0

18.2 16.9 15.7 14.5 7.3 6.1 4.920.0 18.6 17.3 16.0 8.0 6.7 5.38.6 8.1 7.5 6.9 3.5 2.9 2.4,6;1.., 'i13:fit , ' i . ! ) . : t ; ; i i : ! 4 J 9 j S ' ~ i . n ~ i ; i . S r f ~ n ~ ~ ! I ~ . j ; I 3.9 3.4 3.1 1.6 1.11.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 3.0 2.5 2.05.5 5.2 4.8 4.4 2.2 1.9 1.53.7 3.4 3.2 2.9 1.5 1.2 1.0

50.3 46.9 43.6 40.3 20.1 16.8 13.48.5 7.9 7.4 6.8 3.4 2.8 2.332.3 30.1 28.0 25.8. 13.0 10.8 8.923.3 21.7 20.2 18.6 9.3 7.8 6.242.1j 39.8 '36.9 34.1 17.1 14.2 11.438.3 35.7 33.2 30.6 15.3 12.8 10.235.2 32.9 30.5 28.2 14.1 11.7 9.427.0 25.2 23.4 21.6 10.8 9.0 7.225.5 23.8 22.1 20.4 10.2 8.5 6.824.8 23.1 21.1 19.8 9.9 8.3 6.628.3 26.4 24.5 22.6 11.3 9.4 7.525.8 24.1 22.4 20.7 10.3 8.6 6.922.9 21.4 19.9 18.3 9.2 7.7 6.117.6 16.4 15.2 14.0 7.0 5.9 4.716.6 15.5 14.4 13.6 6.6 5.6 4.516.1 15.0 13.7 12.9 6.4 5A 4.3

3,9'P. ,'P3Jj>;',; i , 3 ; ~ ; 0 % N ; ; ! f t ~ : ! i . J ! J t 2 H ' f l l ~ t l f i H ~ ~ ~ 1 i j ; 1 6 1 3.0 2.8 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.22.4 2.3 2.1 1.9 1.3 .1.1 1.02.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.8

2.1 1.9 1.7 1.9 1.6 1.31.7 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.4 1.13.4 3.2 2.9 2.7 1.5 1.3 1.0

~ 2 . 7 . 2.5 2.3 2.1 1.4 1.2 0.92.3 INI 1.9 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.61.8 1.6 1.5 0.8 10.71 0.5

Note: (A) Fo r additional factors, use the Amedcan Society of Heating, Refrigerating an d Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Guide & Data Book.(B) All above factors include correctly applied vapor barriers.(C) Above factors ar e based on blanket insulation; ~ d j t J s t for blown material.

30


34/50

Form 130 Rev. 1-74

For

Built By

MIDDLE SOUTHUTILITIES SYSTEM

PLAN 2741200 Square FeetA . MINIMUM PROPERTY STANDARDSRKANSAS POWER LIGHT

HELPING BUILD ARKANSAS

of No. Streetof No. Street

Comfort ConditioningBy

Winter5 OF75 OF70 OF---%

of No.

Outdoor TemperatureIndoor Temperature

Temperature DifferentialIndoor Relative Humidity

,ii:!"" ..T : ~ 1 RIS'rICS,?j' ; } l ? z S J ; 1 : J : : S , } . ~ ; ~ T ' ; h l : ; , ; - ! : : ~

Street

Summer100 of75 OF25 OF____ /0

Gross Exposed Wall Area __ q. ft.Ceiling Area Outside Dim.l2OO.sq. ft.Floor Area Inside mm . 1154sq. ft.Total Glass Area 124 sq. ft.

Glass Area 1.0. 7 % Floor AreaTotal Heat Loss 46542 BTUHUnit Heat L o s s ~ ~ B T U H / S q . Ft .Total Heat Gain 27576 BTUH

Structure Faces ___

CityCity

City

Heat Pump & Supplementary: Compressor____BTUH,____CFM, And Supplementary____BTUHManufacturer & Model No.

Resistance Heating: Type _____ C a p ~ c i t y ___ TUH And ___ FMCooling Equipment:

Filter Equipment:

Humidifier:

Dehumidifier:

Attic Ventilation:

Manufacturer & Model No.Capacity___ TUH And ___ CFMManufacturer & Model No.Type,___Manufacturer & Model No.TypeManufacturer & Model No.TypeManufacturer & Model No.Rating ____CFM; Controll______Manufacturer & Model No.

Heating Season of__ Degree Hrs.__ KWH. @__ =Cooling Season of__ Degree Hrs.__ KWH @__Heating & CoolingEstimated Cost of Total Electrical Usage of This HomeAppliances, Lighting, Heating & CoolingWith Levelized BillingCalculation of BTUH heat gain and loss are based on thermal control as follows:

Rating____Gal./DayRating____Gal/Day

DESIGN NO.3r.r.

o.Insulation of R-- ceiling,

R__ walls, R__ floor; vapor barrier type __ ceiling, ___ walls, ___ floor; ground cover type___ kitchen exhaust __ manual, __ auto.; other ____________________Any change in thermal protection will affect the equipment size an d estimated operating cost.Date'__________ Signature'___________________

31


35/50

TABLE 1. LOAD CALCULATIONS1 Name of Room or Space2 Ceiling Height3 Linear-Ft. of (a)Exposed Wall (b)4 Gross Exposed (a)Wall Area (b)5 Window and (a)Door Area (b)6 Net Exposed (a)Wall Area (b)7 Window & Door Crackage - Linear Feet8 Ceiling Area (Outside Dimensions)9 Floor (Outside (a) Sq-Ft AreaDimensions) (b) LnFt Perimeter (Slab)

Gain8-'-Size Equipment On Cooling LoadDESIGN NO. 1

Sensible Gain (Line 22, '};able 1) _____________________ _Latent Gain, 30% Sensible Gain ______________________ _Solar Gain, (Table 3) 83.5 X__ q. fL _____p e o p : : b - t - o t - a - L ~ ~ _ ~ : ~ ~ ~ __ : _ : ~ : : __ __ : : : : 1iiiifDuct Gain __% of SubtotaL ______________________ . J R ~ i l l l l Total BTUH Heat Gain _______________________________________

32

DESIGN NO. :tTOTAL HEAT GAIN AND LOSS

DESIGN NO.3 Losses--Design Room CFM On HStructural Loss (Line 15, TabDuct Loss . . lL% of StructuTotal BTUH Heat Loss __________Based On 400 CFM/TonFo r Heating Pe r Room By t46.542 +27.576(Tot. Loss BTUID (Tot. Gain BTUID

Room Loss (Line 15) + CFM


36/50

DESIGN NO . 1 DESIGNNO. l DESIGN NO.3

-.. ---..........-... ~ ! t Required Notes: _____________50.6

(CFM Factor)

CFM (Line 16)33

TABLE 2. WINDOW & DOOR SCHEDULESq. Ft. Ln. Ft.Symbol Dimensions No. Type Area CrackageEa. / Total Ea. / Total/;A 3-0 X 5-0 4 S.H 15 /60 19/76

. 8".". 3-4 X 3-0 2 S.H 10 /20 16/32.C 3-0 X 3-0 4 S.H 9 /36 15 /60'0 ' 2-8 X 3-0 1 S,H 8/ 8 14/14

... c; ,124

..... 'r:: /1, 3-0 X 6-8 1 H.C 21/212 2-8 X 6-8 1 . H.C 21/21

i->i.;;/. j , \ 4 2 ~ > .....\ 1 . /..... ...... ; ; : ~ 1TABLE 3. SOLAR AREAS OF WEST ANDSOUTH ELEVATIONS

west SoutbSymbol No. Total Area No. Total Area

/g/20/20

20/20/40///;222

~ ~ m - - - - r ~ ~ ~ ~ + - - - - r ~ ~ - - ~ Use TheLarger Of~ ~ m - - - - r ~ ~ ~ " " ' - " + - - - - r - - - - - - ' ; " ~ These TwoTotal Areas~ ~ + - - - - P - - ' - " - - : : " ' : " " ' ~ - ' / - - - I - ' - - ' - ~ - - - - . . . : . . . t To Calculate~ ~ + - - - P ' - " - - : : " ' : " " ' ' ' ' ; - ~ - ' / - - - I - ' - ' ' - - . . ; . . - . . - - , . - - . . . : . . . t Solar Gain

MINIMUM PROPERTY STANDARDSCeiling R-19Walls R-llFloor R-3.5Single Pane WindowsHollowcore Doors

Indicate NorthOUTLINE PLAN OF STRUCTURE


37/50

DESIGN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL (TD)

WINDOWS (Weather stripped)tsl i iglePape, ", , ' , ' , , : , ; ' ~ ' ' C Single Pane and Storm 'VindowsInsl)iating GlassTriple Glazed

DOORS (Weather stripped)

INFILTRATION (Doors an d Windows)

WALLSFrame Standard Sheathed No InsulationBrick Standard Sheathed No Insulation

HEAT TRANSFER FACTORS (HTF)HEAT LOSS

75 70 65 60

18.2 16.9 15.7 14.520.0 18.6 17.3 16.0

HEAT GAIN30

7.38.0

25

6.16.7

20

4.95.3Brick or FrameStandardSheathed

~ r ~ . ~ ~ ~ I ~ I ~ i j l k t L ( j i i l " ; ~ , r ~ i ~ l ~ ~ f l l ~ ~ : i ; ; ; ~ i ~ ~ t ~ ~ [ ~ ~ ~ ? [ j : j : ' f } l ; i ; ~ \ ~ ~ i l f ! l l 2 g t l L l ! ! ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ; 1 ' 1 ~ ~ ~ f i ~ ~ ~ ) 6" Insulation (R-19) 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.1 1.6 1.3 1.1

8" Solid WallBrick or Stone4" Brick & 8"Concrete Block

StandardAggregateConcrete Block

Light WeightAggregateConcrcte Block

CEILING

Pitched Roof

Hipped or FlatRoof

Pitched,Hipped orFlat RoofFLOOR

Double Woodand CrawlSpaceSlab onGround

, 2" Insulation (R-7.0) Cavity, Impreg- 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 3.0 2.5 2.03%" Insulation (R-l1) nated Vermiculite 5.5 5.2 4.8 4.4 2.2 1.9 1.56"Insulation (R-19) Poured 3.7 304 3.2 2.9 1.5 1.2 1.050.3 46.9 43.6 40.3 20.1 16.8 13.48.5 7.9 7.4 6.8 3.4 2.8 2.3No Insulation1Gypsum Wallboard, Furred With 2" Ins! . (R-7.0)No Insulation 32.3 30.1 28.0 25.8 13.0 10.8 8.9Blocks, Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 23.3 21.7 20.2 18.6 9.3 7.8 6.20" Block No Insulation 42.6 39.8 36.9 34.1 17.1 14.2 11.48" Block No Insulation 38.3 35.7 33.2 30.6 15.3 12.8 10.212" Block No Insulation 35.2 32.9 30.5 28.2 14.1 11.7 9.46" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 27.0 25.2 23.4 21.6 10.8 9.0 7.28" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 25.5 23.8 22.1 2(jA 10.2 8.5 6.812" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 24.8 23.1 21.1 Hl.8 9.9 8.3 6.66" Block No Insulation 28.3 26.4 24.5 22.6 11.3 9.4 7.58" Block No Insulation 25.8 24.1 22.4 20.7 10.3 8.6 6.912" Block No Insulation 22.9 21.4 19.9 18.3 9.2 7.7 6.116" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 17.6 16.4 15.2 14.0 7.0 5.9 4.78" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 16.6 15.5 14.4 13.6 6.6 5.6 4.5

12" Block Impregnated Vermiculite Poured 16.1 15.0 13.7 12.9 6.4 5.4 4.3~ i i : { J f i i S I f l a t i ( } l i i ~ f ! R ~ i I r ; f f } . [ f a i f a m ~ ~ P l 1 r : l : f l t 1 D J f r l j 3 m ; ? t ' f : a 6 ' l j : ~ ' 3 ' f ~ i : . ~ { 1 ~ i i \ f J j z t l f J f l [ ? t 1 " : 8 i l ~ 1 z 1 1 ? ! 6 ~ 8" Insulation (R-25.3) Standard Ventilation 3.0 2.8 '2.6 2.4 1.6 1.4 1.210" Insulation (R-31.7) Standard Ventilation 2.4 2.3 2;1 1.9 1.3. 1.1 1.012" Insulation (R-38.0) Standard Ventilation 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.1 1.0 0.8

( 6" Insulation! 8!' Insulation110" Insulation{ 12" Insulation(R-19.0)(R-25.3)(R-31.7)(R-38.0)

Controlled VentilationControlled VentilationControlled VentilationControlled Ventilation

3.42.72.31.83.22.52.11.7

2.92.31.91.62.72.11.71.5

1.51.41.00.81.31.20.80.7

1.0,0.90.60.5

Note: (A) For additional factors, use the American' Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. Guide & Data Book.(B) All above factors include correctly applied vapor. barriers.(C) Above factors ar e based on blanket insulation; adjust for blown material.

34


38/50


39/50

SUPPLEMENTARY DATA FOR BROADER TEMPERATURE RANGE HEAT TRANSFER FACTORS (HTF)DESIGN TEMPERATURE DIFFERENTIAL (TD)

800HEAT LOSS

WINDOWS (Weather stripped)Single PaneInsulating GlassTriple GlazedDOORS (Weather stripped)

90.548.933.6Hollow Core 90.5Solid Core (1-3/4") 38.4Solid Core ,(1-3/4" ) & Storm Door 24.9Therma-Thru (Urethan/Steel R-13.8)5.9INFILTRATION (Doors & Windows)Without Storm Sash or Door 39.0With Storm Sash or Door 25.3

WALLS~ / 2 " Insulation (R-ll)6" Insulation (R-19)CEILING6" Insulation (R-19.0)1Standard Ventilation12" Insulation (R-38.0)1Standard Ventilation6" Insulation (R-19.0)2Standard Ventilation12" Insulation (R-38.0)2Standard Ventilation6" Insulation (R-19.0)3Controlled Ventilation

12" Insulation (R-38.0)3Controlled VentilationFLOOR

6. 44.2

4. 22. 33. 61.93.61.9

75084.845.831. 584.836.023.35. 536.523.7

6. 13. 9

3. 92. 13.41. 83.41. 8

--2-I-Insulat ion (R-7) 5. 1 4. 86" Insulation (R-19) 2.2 2.02" Insulation (R-7)Standard System 38.2 35.81-1/2" Urethane Foam InsulationStandard System (R-10.7), 23.9 23.3

79.142.729.479.133.621.75.134.022.1

5. 83.6

3. 61.93. 21.73. 21. 7

73.539.727.373.531. 220.24. 731.620.5

5.33.4

3.41. 82. 91. 62.91.6

67.836.625.267.828.818.64. 329.219.0

3. 11.72.71.52. 71.5

4.5 4.2 3. 91. 8 1.6 1.533.4 32.6 31.822.7 22.1 21.5

HEAT GAIN

31.818.312.631.814.49. 32. 214.69. 5

2. 51. 6

2. 11. 13. 11. 71.50. 8

26.515.310.526.512.07. 81.912.27. 9

2. 11. 3

1. 81.02. 61.41. 30.7

1.5 1.20.8 0. 6.0 .0.0 .0

21. 212.28. 421. 29. 66. 21.5

9. 76. 31.71.1

1. 60. 82. 11.11.00. 51. 00. 5

.0

.0

15.97.24. 61.1

1. 30.9

1.40. 61.60. 80.70. 30.80.4

.0

.0Note: (A) For additional factors, us e th e American Society 'of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers, Inc. Guide & Data Book.(B) Al l above factors include correctly applied vapor barriers.(C) Above factors are based on blanket insulation; adjust fo r blown material.Key: lpitched roof 2Hipped and f la t roof 3Pitched, hipped and f la t roof

10.66. 04. 210.64.83.00. 7

4. 73. 1

1.20.41. 10.50. 40. 10. 60. 3

.0

.0


40/5037

HEAT LOSS COMPARISON CHART lPLAN #2741/1/75

FHAEnergy MinimumConservation PropertyConstruction StandardsFloor 3,179 8,722Walls 4,411 6,757Ceiling 2,041 4,320Windows &Doors 3,050 13,131Inf i l tration 3,007 7,548Sub Total 15,688 40,478Duct Loss 3% 471 15% 6,072TOTAL BTUH HEAT LOSS 16,159 46,550

TOTAL HEAT LOSS REDUCTION 65%

lFrom Arkansas Power and Light Load Calculation Formsa t 70 0 TD Heating and 25 0 TD Cooling.


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Actual Costs fo r 3 Conventional vs 3 Energy conserving 1040 sq . f t . homesin Jacksonville, Arkansas. Total E 1 e c t ~ i c i t y Usage and Billing.3 Conventional Homes( 2 ~ Ton Furnaces)Month Days KWH Amount KWH Amount KWH Amount

Dec 1974 29 1962 $43.38 2396 $50.56 2426 $51. 06Ja n 1975 34 3051 70.78 3296 75.58 2703 65.70Feb 28 1915 46.72 2248 52.94 2451 56.73March 34 2198 54.00 2095 52.00 2515 61.66April 25 1214 34.91 1317 36.94 1565 41.82May 33 68,5 23.87 698 24.35 1034 36.606 mos avg. $45.60 $48.73 $52.26Avg. fo r 3 homes $48.86

3 Homes Built to Energy Conserving Standards(1 Ton thru-the-wa11 units)KWH Amoun t KWH Amoun t KWH Amoun t

854 $21. 05 1219 $31. 09 1152 $29.971268 35.79 1414 38.67 1284 36.111105 31. 58 1101 31.51 1042 30.421152 33.55 1118 32.88 1119 32.90866 27.43 701 22.50 769 24.77907 31.97 617 21. 38 1240 43.89$30.23 $29.67 $33.02$30.98

Saving 37% over conventional home cost fo r to talElectricity usage.


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Energy Consumption and Costs Showing portion for heating and cooling.3 Energy Conserving Homes, Arkansas (1200 sq . f t . , 3BR, 2Bath)Home A-Benton2 Home B-Benton22 Ton Heat Pump 2 Ton Heat PumpTotal Heat Pump Total Total Heat PumpMonth Days KWH KWH 1 Billing KWH KWH 1Nov 1974 31 1059 220 $27.10 1361 148Dec 1974 28 1171 248 30.29 1382 316Ja n 1975 33 1590 301 42.10 1540 510Feb 29 1444 293 37.81 1544 453March 33 1718 335 44.24 1747 615April 31 1273 153 35.76 1300 276May 26 1057 105 37.13 1103 207Heating &Cooling7 month total KWH 1655 25257 month avg KWH 236 3617 mth avg mth1y cost fo r Htg &C1g $ 4.49Tt l E1ec Cost 3 & " $36.35% fo r heating &cooling 12% 19%

lAdd KWH fo r indoor fan.2Arkansas Power &Light Company R1 Rate applied to provide comparison.3Tota1 Cost includes the heating and cooling cost shown.

TotalBilling$31. 7233.7941.1339.6744.8136.2938.80

$ 7.22$38.03

"Increased by 13% from 1000 to 1200 sq . f t . basis , th e comparative average monthlycost of th e comparative conventional homes in Jacksonville, Arkansas, would be$55.21 versus th e average above of $35.73 representing about a 35% saving.

Home C-North Litt le Rock2Ton FurnaceFurnace/orTotal Compress TotalDays KWH KWH Billing35 920 '1 $25.7734 1150 J 2118 32.1833 1200 33.2738 920 456 28.4029 840 488 26.4733 1180 70/136 41.5930 1280 46/370 42.02

3684526 $10.44$32.8132%

Actual Energy Consumption and Costs fo rSingle 1200 sq . f t . Energy Conserving Homein Marion, Arkansas.Heat Pump,Total Total Compressor and FanMonth KWH Cost KWH Cost

Feb 1487 $41.47 465 $ 9.30March 1501 40.53 226 4.52April 1509 52.06 124 2.48May 1529 49.41 447 11.18June 2350 63.50 902 22.555 mth avg $49.39 $10.01cost per mthBased on a winter rate of 2 pe r KWH throughApril and a summer rate of 2.5 pe r KWH inMay and June.


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ENERGY CONSERVATION HOMES AND CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

40


44/50

COS T S o F THE ENERGYCON S E R V A T ION HOM ECON S T R ue T ION

One would expect a house that savesup to 65% of heating and cooling costs tocost more. Particularly because this homeoffers additional benefits and equipment -humidification, dehumidification, electronica ir f i l ter and sound insulation. In rea l i ty ,i t is reported to cost th e same or lessdepending on local costs of materialsandlabor. Where do th e savings come from?

With windows restr icted to 8% of totalfloor living area there is a reduction ofapproximately one third of glazing costscompared to conventional houses.The Litt le Rock builders advised thatth e 2" x 6" studs usually cost less perboard foot than 2" x 4" studs and 30% fewerboard feet are required.The prefabricated trusses, th e 24" studspacing, 2" x 3" part i t ion walls, reduced oreliminated headers, single to p plate (nonload bearing) and reduced framing aroundopenings plus reduced man hours are reportedto offer potential additional savings ofabout 35 per square foot over conventionalhomes.The insulated metal door with 1-3/4"of polyurethane costs no more than a solidwood door with a storm door yet offers better

thermal efficiency.The centralization of plumbing and th eshorter uninsulated ducts offer savings, too.In addition, in Litt le Rock th e electr ical

service ha s been reduced from 200 amps to150 amps or 100 amps. Whether this ispractical in other homes will depend onanticipated load, including a l l electricequipment. The elimination of gable louverscompensates for th e cost of th e att ic powerventilator.Of major importance in reducing costsis th e lower equipment tonnage required forheating and cooling.While each person should figure his owncosts, the builders in Litt le Rock report thesavings at least equal th e extra costs fo rth e additional insulation and equipment.

However, to achieve th e savings i t is important to fai thful ly comply with th e energyconservation specification in every detai lwithout compromise. Larger windows, externalducts or any change will be likely to havemaj or repercussions in construction and

41

operating cost. In other words, i f you wantth e savings comply with th e specifications.Of course you can add improvements: vinylcoated wood window frames with duo-panes andperhaps storm sash; additional storm doors,fo r example. Use of white shingles and treeshading may reduce th e hours th e att ic powerventilator has to operate. However, i t wouldbe advisable to check with your local uti l i tyon likely consequences before making changesin th e specifications.

RAT ION ALE FO R THE D ES I G No F THE THERMALLYE F FIe lE N T HOM E

We choose to live in homes because we canprotect ourselves from th e elements, controlour environment, enjoying comfort and privacywith security for ou r possessions. In th epast , we have had to accept compromises basedon finances between ini t ia l cost and operatingcost, size and comfort. I t ha s been assumedfo r many years that gaining complete controlover a home's environment to achieve maximumcomfort would be very expensive ini t ial ly. Therise in energy costs has now made home buyersaware of a fact , that was always true but previously not cr i t ica l , that operating costsover th e mortgage l i fe of th e home can be farlarger than th e cost of th e insulation andother steps necessary to reduce operatingcosts. As a result , almost every home bui l tin th e United States up to th e present time hasbeen bui l t fo r lower construction costs at th esacrif ice of comfort and energy conservation.Unfortunately, once buil t , a home can neverachieve maximum economy, although improvementsin energy conservation can be achieved byadding att ic and crawl space insulation, stormdoors, caulking windows, etc. Since theseexisting conventional homes were designed onthermo-dynamic calculations ignoring th eharder to measure physiological factors theyare never likely to provide th e comfort andeconomy of th e Litt le Rock thermally efficienttes t homes.


45/50

WHAT IS REAL COMFORT?

Comfort is no t only a very important benefit of a thermally protected home, i t is a necessary condition to th erealization of energy savings. Therefore, i t is important that we comprehend th e meaning of real comfort.Real, of course, means actually existing. Comfort is a condition. For a bet ter explanation, Real Comfort canbe referred to as the Ideal Comfort Level.Firs t : The individual or occupant must be considered. Because th e average healthy human being, evenwhen asleep is a "heat producing machine." I t follows that th e problem of establishing a thermallycomfortable environment is no t one of supplying heat, bu t rather controlling th e ra te a t which th eindividual loses heat.Second: The conditioned space must be considered. The fundamental purpose of a heating system is tosupply heat to th e occupied space and no t th e occupant. In a ir conditioning, the system conditionsth e space, not the occupant.Third: The surface temperatures must be considered. In winter cold surfaces pull heat from one's bodycausing a feeling of chi l l and discomfort. In summer th e body at t rac ts heat from ho t surfaces, so th eelimination of all hot surfaces in summer and cold surfaces in winter i s essential to real comfort.For th e occupant to be really comfortable the Ideal Comfort Level must be maintained.1. Controlled effective temperature2. Controlled humidity3. Controlled a ir circulation4. Controlled surface temperaturesWe must have a minimum of air circulation and properly controlled humidity before we can determine th e effectivetemperature level.Thermal Protection i s a must i f we are to control ou r four factors and enjoy the Ideal Comfort Level.A well insulated (better thermally protected) home i s th e only truly comfortable home.Assuming ou r home air conditioning is properly designed and we have th e proper humidity level with a minimum of

air movement, here ar e examples of various comfort levels (or discomfort levels) in th e same home with varieddegrees of Thermal Protection.Well Constructed Home with:

Example Ill. Ceiling - 4" Insulation and approved vapor barrierWalls - 1" Insulating board#' 4" 78 0

+ 550.v 7SAIR1"- 133

0Effective Temperature 66.5

0

40 - 5 0 - 5 5 Average monthly heating and cooling cost $26.57 10"

'/ / /

Example. 112. Ceiling - 6" Insulation and approved vapor barrierWalls - 4" Insulation and approved vapor barrierFloor - 2" Insulation and approved vapor barrier

2) 1440 Effestive Temperature 72 0Average monthly heating and cooling cost $22.86 1

2"

42


46/50

Example 113. Ceiling - 12" Insulation and approved vapor barrierWalls ' 6" Insulation and approved vapor barrierFloors 6" Insulation and approved vapor barrier12/1 73 0

+ nO7201440 2 ) 1440 Effective Temperature 720

Average monthly heating and cooling cost $14.25 1

In th e above examples i t will be noted that th e comfort level was attained only by assuming th e proper humiditylevel with a minimum of air circulation, then we averaged th e exterior wall temperature and th e a ir (space)temperature.One very important factor should be noted "as th e thermal protection was increased th e wall temperatureautomatically raised as th e air (space) temperature decreased." Excessive air temperatures are not necessary fo rcomfort and are only needed to offset cold walls--high temperatures and cold walls are the makers of discomfort(likened to , in a sense, sitt ing before a campfire).

At this point there is only one conclusion:Comfort is th e prime benefit received from more and better Thermal Protection (insulation, storm sash and vaporbarriers). I t follows that th e homeowner will receive a more economical operation, a lower equipment cost (thesesavings will mere than pay fo r better Thermal Protection) and th e final result will be much lower owning andoperating cost.'As mentioned earl ier , th e human body is a heat producing machine and fo r comfort we must control th e rate atwhich this heat is dissipated. Our body loses heat through radiation to any cold surface in th e proximity, throughair movement (convection) and through evaporation of moisture from th e surface of our skin. By controlling th ehumidity we can retard or increase th e rate at which our body loses i ts heat.Increasing the relative humidity to 45% to 50% we retard th e loss rate and by decreasing th e relative humidityto 30%-40% in summer, we increase the heat loss rate . Controlled humidity permits us to maintain lower room airtemperatures in winter and higher air temperatures in summer, enjoying better comfort while using less fuel andreducing operating costs.Ai r movement should be held to a m1n1mum. Excessive air movement causes drafts and discomfort. Therefore,th e velocity (o r amount of air movement) must be controlled to provide th e exact volume needed in each room. Theamount of air is determined by the heat load in each room or space.

Reprinted from "Do You Have Money To Burn?"by permission of : Harry Tschumi6600 Geyer Springs RoadLitt le Rock, Arkansas

IThese estimates are from th e table on Page 48 based on fuel rates in 1962 of 48 pe r MCF of natural gas and 1.2 pe rKWH fo r electr ici ty .

43


47/50

WHAT THERMAL PRO T E C T IONRanch Style HomeFloor Area 2214 square feetGlass Area 300 square feet

CAN D 0

Home with: 4" Insulation in cei l ing, 1" insulating sheathing0" Insulation in floor and single glass

Required: Heating 146,742 BTUH Loss - 150,000 BTUH furnaceCooling 41,415 BTUH Gain - 4 to n Alc Unit

F O R YOU

Cost of complete Alc & Heating System $2,166.77Average monthly H &C operating cost l 26.57Home with: 6" Insulation in ceiling4" Insulation in walls2" Insulation in floor and storm sash(Minimum requirements fo r Heat Pumps = 6" - 4" - 2")Required: Heating 56,489 BTUH LossCooling 31,710 BTUH Gain = 3 to n Heat PumpCost of complete AIC & Heating System $2,011.77

Average monthly H & C operating costl

22.86Savings with minimum required Thermal"Protection fo r 25 year Mortgage Period 1,568.00Added Thermal Protection Cost was 552.00Net Saving 1,016.00Saving per square foot .46Home with: 12" Insulation in ceiling

6" Insulation in wall

Required:6" Insulation in floor and storm sash

Heating 37,231 BTUH LossCooling 22,429 BTUH Gain 2 to n Heat PumpRecommended for Ideal Comfort Level and Better InvestmentAdditional Comfort Equipment: Humidifier, Dehumidifier, andElectronic Air CleanerCost of Complete Comfort SystemAverage Monthly H & C Operating cost lSavings with Ideal Comfort Thermal ProtectionFor 25 year Mortgage PeriodCost of additional Thermal ProtectionNet savingsSavings per square foot

$2,131.6514.253,731.12876.00$2,855.12$ 1.29

Reprinted by permission of Harry TschumiLitt le Rock, ArkansaslBased on 4 8 ~ per MCF of natural gas and 1.2 per KWHfor electricity in effect in 1962.

44


48/5045

An Earlier Forecast by Les Blades

The 1960's savings forecast for energyconserving homes using 12"/6"/6" insulationand a heat pump compared to a minimallyinsulated home using a furnace and 4 to nA/e unit is interesting to compare with themetered results being obtained in th e Litt leRock area today.Les Blades showed a 47% savings fo rheating and cooling for the energy conservinghome. The available comparisons are fo rtotal energy costs in three conventional1040 square foot conventional homes versusthree similar energy conserving homes inJacksonville showing a 36.5% total energysavings;Les Blades di d not forecast total usagedifference. Unfortunately, none of th econventional homes have dual meters toseparate heating and cooling costs from th etotal but i f we assume other usage of energyfor other than heating and cooling per squarefoot was th e same for each type of home th eaverage energy cost for heating and cooling

for the conventional home works ou t a t 47.6%more than th e energy conserving home.Until comparative metered results onconventional homes ar e available we cannot becertain , but this rough estimate appears tosupport Les Blades forecast.


49/50

THE E L E C T R IC I T Y COUNC ILC E N T R ECapenhurst, Chester Ch 16 ES, England.ECRC/N723THE EFFECTS o F ADD E DC LO T H I N G ON WARMTH ANDCOMFORT I N COO LCON D I T ION SbyD. A. McIntyre and I . D. Griffiths

SUMMARY

Forty subjects were exposed to two ambienttemperatures, IS and 19 0 C, both of which arebelow th e optimum temperature for sedentarysubjects. They described their feelings ofwarmth and discomfort on five seven-pointrating scales. An added woolen sweaterover their clothes increased th e meanwarmth vote by 0.7 of a scale interval;this is equivalent to raising th e temperature by about 2oC. The rating of discomfortdi d no t change i .e . while-the added sweatermade people warmer, i t did not alleviatetheir discomfort. The feelings of discom-fort were apparently associated with coldfeet. In general, therefore, i t is no tpossible to compensate fo r low ambienttemperatures by added clothing withoutreducing the standard of comfort.This Note is published as part of th eElectricity Council's Research Programme andany technical query on th e contents orrequests for permission to reproduce anypart of i t should be addressed to th eAuthors. May 1974

ENERGY SAVINGS: BUYERS WILL PAY FOR MOREQuestion: Suppose a builder told you that by spending$600 more at the time of construction, he could cutYO!,lrheating and cooling bills by $100 per year. Whatwould be your reaction?

% %Detached Attached Regionbuyers buyers East Central South West

Spend the additional $600 78.0 63.6 75.8 78.3 78.2 81.8Not spend the $600 because the savingstakes too long to recover 4.1 9.1 3.8 4.3 3.6 4.5Not spend the $600 becausethe savings are not believable 16.0 27.3 18.2 15.7 16.4 12.1

Question: What energy conservation features are mostimportant to you when selecting a home? (Ranked inorder of importance.)Detached Atlached Region

Maximum insulation 01 buyers buyer. East Central South Wttstceilings &. walis 1 2Knowing cost ofutilities 2 2 3 2 2Use of insulatedwindows 3 3 "3 4 3 3Having storm windows& screens 4 4 4 2 4 5Having an atticexhaust fan 5 5 5 5 5 4

Reprinted with permission of "Professional Builder".

46~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ____________________


50/50

Offices of Owens-Corning Fiberglas CorporationALABAMA INDIANABirmingham 205-786-3461 Elkhart 219-294-3627Mobile 205-471-5465 Evansville 812-425-5124Fort Wayne 219-483-9552ALASKA Indianapolis 317-898-1140Anchorage 907-272-6425 IOWAARIZONA Des Moines 515-274-4746Phoenix 602-277-6217 KANSASARKANSAS Kansas City 913-281-4322Little Rock 501-664-2133 Wichita 316-265-2522CALIFORNIA KENTUCKYFresno 209-266-4193 Louisville 502-456-4230Los Angeles 213-724-5383Sacramento 916-927-1896 LOUISIANASan Bernardino 714-885-3496 New Orleans 504-837-2902San Diego 714-239-2800 Shreveport 318-222-7100San Francisco 415-873-7950Santa Clara 408-296-2525 MARYLANDBaltimore 301-792-4424COLORADODenver 303-757-6121 MASSACHUSETTSBoston 617-235-7540CONNECTICUTEast Hartford 203-289-6411 MICHIGANWindsor 203-524-5987 Detroit 313-547-8000Flint 313-787-6573DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Grand Rapids 616-452-8788Wash. (Gov'l.) 202-296-3296 Lansing 517-372-4930Wash. (Sales) 301-779-7878 MINNESOTAFLORIDA Minneapolis .612-884-5375Jacksonville 904-786-5880 SI. Paul 612-488-7297Miami 305-651-2113Orlando 305-843-2432 MISSISSIPPITampa 813-877-7516 Jackson 601-982-0810GEORGIA MISSOURIAlbany 912-883-6317 Kansas City 816-753-7725Atlanta 404-355-6821 SI. Louis 314-991-2640HAWAII MONTANAHonolulu 808-537-3832 Billings 406--252-8496

NEBRASKAIDAHOBoise 208--342-9311 Omaha 4 0 2 - 3 9 7 ~ 2 0 7 2 NEW JERSEYILLINOISChicago 312-583-0100 Berlin 609--767-3300Rock Island 309-788-6309 Cherry Hill 609--428-8590Newark 201-484-8800

NEW MEXICO TEXASAlbuquerque 505-294-5511 Dallas 214-233-9241Houston 713-869-9363NEW YORK San Antonio 512-828-0658Albany 518--869-0221Buffalo 716--832-1410 UTAHNew York 212-759-3810 Salt Lake City 801-487-6204Rochester 716-381-0340Scarsdale 914-472-3400 VIRGINIASyracuse 315--455-5601 Norfolk 804-461-8114Richmond 804-272-5851NORTH CAROLINACharlotte 704-372-7065 WASHINGTONSeattle 206--762-4250Greensboro 919-273-0528 SpokaneRaleigh 919-872-0823 509--924-6532OHIO WEST VIRGINIAAkron 216-867-5770 Charleston 304-744-2291Cincinnati 513--281-1173 WISCONSINCleveland 216--884-9440 Milwaukee 414-259-0700Columbus 614-451-6420Toledo 419-259-3030OKLAHOMA INTERNATIONAL GENERALOklahoma City 405-848-6761 OFFICE:Tulsa 918-627-1220 Toledo, Ohio 419-259-3492OREGON EXPORT SALES OFFICES:Portland 503-620-1014 Caparra Hgts., P.R. 809-781-5165PENNSYLVANIA Miami, Florida 305-377-0974Berwyn 215-647-2700 New York, N.Y. 212-759-3810Toledo, Ohio 419---'-'259"3023-Bethlehem 215-865-0427Harrisburg 717-761-0430 EUROPEAN HEAD OFFICE:Philadelphia 215-688-8650 Brussels, Belgium 02/672.23.26Pittsburgh 412-563-7766 L,EUROPEAN SALES OFFICES:RHODE ISLAND Ascot, Berkshire, Eng. 990/24888Cumberland 401-333-6071 Brussels, BelgiumProvidence 401-434-7437 (Benelux Sales) 02/672.23.26Milan, Italy 2/6887-851SOUTH CAROLINA Survilliers, France 1/471-9210Columbia 803-252-9983 Wiesbaden, Ger. 061211562031Greenville 803-271-9331TENNESSEE SOUTH AMERICAN OFFICES:Bogota, Colombia 348020Knoxville 615-584-6161 Porto Alegre, Brazil 22/7505Memphis 901-362-2010 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 222-0768Nashville 615-297-9592 Sao Paulo, Brazil 257-8966

Documents

The Arkansas Story, Report No. 1