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The ArchiMate modelling structures

Monica Scannapieco

ESTP Training Course “Enterprise Architecture and the different EA layers, application to the ESS context – Advanced course”

Rome, 11 – 14 October 2016

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Process Modelling

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Process Modeling

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Need of different perspectives - 1 • Control-Flow

• Which tasks need to be executed and in what order

• Data

• What data elements exist, to whom are they visible, how are they passed on

• Resources

• Who is authorised to execute certain tasks, are tasked assigned by the system or can participants volunteer for their execution, on what basis is work assigned

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Need of different perspectives - 2

• Sometimes these perspectives are explained in terms of Who (Resource), What (Data) and When (Control-flow)

• S. Jablonski and C. Bussler’s classification

• Workflow Management: Modeling Concepts, Architecture, and Implementation. International Thomson Computer Press, 1996

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Process Modeling - 1

• No consensus has been reached to describe executable processes

• Several alternatives have been proposed, but none has become a standard commonly recognised

• Type 1 languages: Some process modelling languages are based on a formal unambiguous semantics that can be input for BPMS (Business process Management Systems)

• Explicit representation of control flow dependencies and resourcing strategies

• A formal background is required by process designers

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Process Modeling - 2

• Type 2 languages: Some languages are high level and intended for non-expert users

• They came with nice graphical representations that are vague but useful for an initial insight

• Example type 1 Language: BPEL

• Example type 2 language: BPMN

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BPEL

• Merger of IBM’s WSFL and Microsoft’s XLANG

• Largely, though not fully, block-structured

• More powerful than predecessors

• No support for involvement of human resources

• No graphical representation (rather XML is used)

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BPMN

• Graphical front-end

• Not executable directly, transformation required

• Graph-structured rather than block-structured

• Mapping to BPEL not straightforward

• Fairly strong support for specification of control-flow dependencies

• Lacking sufficient support for involvement of human resources

• Not formally defined

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Business Process Management Systems

Graphical User Interface

Workflow Engine

Invoked

Applications

Workflow Model

Repository

Workflow Modeling

Process Designer Process Participant

Fig 7.2. Workflow management systems architecture

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Store

Order

Check

Inventory

Handle

Shipment

Archive

Prepare

Invoice

Send

Invoice

Order Management

System

Office Application

Archiving System

Inventory

Management SystemOffice Application

Prepare

Invoice

Prepare

Shipment

Fig 2.20. Sample human interaction workflow

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ArchiMate

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Generalities

• ArchiMate a visual language for dealing with the development of architecture descriptions

• standard by Open Group: http://www.opengroup.org/subjectareas/enterprise/archimate

• current version 3.0

• ArchiMate is an enterprise modelling language

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Enterprise Modeling Language

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Notation

• Most concepts have two notations:

• Icon

• Box with icon

• Sharp corners = structure

• Rounded corners = behaviour

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Core Concepts: Layers

1. Business layer: offers products and services realized in the organization by business processes

2. Application layer: supports the business layer with application services by (software) application components

3. Technology layer: offers infrastructural services (e.g., processing, storage, and communication services) needed to run applications

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Core Concepts: Dimensions - 1

• Active structure: ‘subjects’ of activities

• Behaviour: way according to which activities are perfomed

• Passive structure: objects on which behaviour is perfomed

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Core Concepts: Dimensions - 2

• External view:

• Service concept: unit of essential functionality that a system exposes to its environment

• Services interface: external view of structural aspects

• Internal view:

• Internal realization of services and interfaces

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Overview of main concepts

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Overview of main concepts

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Business Level Concepts

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Application Level Concepts

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Technology Level Concepts

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realization

assignment

composition realization

realization realization

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A Use case: Istat Revision of Organizational Structure

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Istat Modernization Programme

• In Autumn 2014, the just nominated Istat’s President launched a modernization programme aimed at re-engineering statistical production around some pillars

• A system of integrated registers

• A rationalization of statistical production processes overcoming silos-based production

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Istat Modernization Programme: Revision of

the Organizational Structure (ROS) Project

• Within the programme, the project of revising the internal organizational structure had particularly strict deadlines due to external factors

• Such a project was based on using an EA approach

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Role of EA in the ROS Project

• Starting from the silos-based world (as-is) of the statistical production, modeling business processes cross-cutting subject matter domains (to-be)

• Design migration roadmaps from the As-is status to the to be one

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Scope of the ROS Project

• Given the time-constraints of the project, focus on the «worst-case» example of business processes in the As-is: data collection

• Data collection is indeed:

• Highly fragmented among subject-matter domains

• Does not follow any defined process

• Does not adopt standard methods and tools

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c

Economic Stats Dept

– As Is

c c

Registers’Dept. – As Is

c

Data Collection –

To Be

Mapping

Mapping

Mapping

Social Stat Dept– As Is

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Input to the ROS projects • System of Integrated Registers

Register-based statistics, Wallgren and Wallgren, 2014, Wiley

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Input to the ROS Project

• Process Modelling guided by the System of Integrated Registers (SIR)

• Single-point to populate SIR Data

collection systems centralized

• Use of registers as input to survey analysis Check if data are in SIR before

starting new data collection

• Populated SIR with collected data Data

integration activities starting early in the data collection process

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Input to the ROS Project: SN Business Activity Model

• Focus: Production/Data

Collection

• Level 3 Activities

Specialization

Level 3

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Methodology

• As-is Analysis

• Interviews

• Study of available documentation

• Some organiztional units produced ad-hoc documentation

• To-be Modelling

• Business Layer Architecture Views

• Mapping Design

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ArchiMate Modelling Step

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Overall Picture: First Refinement

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Example of Second and Third Refinement

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How to get to a revised organizational structure?

• Process-Roles View

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Organizational roles

Subject matter

Data Collection and Integration

Admnistrative & Legal

Methodology

Territorial offices

IT

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Processes assigned to Roles

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Collaboration among Roles

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Further activities

• Mapping of roles into organizational structures

• From business processes to business functions of the organizational structures

EA Work: • Roles/Actors-Functions view

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Further activities

• Design of business services to implement collaborations

• From business processes to business services realizing them

EA Work: • Processes/Services view

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Further activities

• Design of SLA/OLA governance

EA Work: Modeling of supporting strategic

and operational processes

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Further activities

• Design of a surveys migration roadmap

• surveys classified according to their «closeness» to the To-be model

• «Closeness» measured in terms of:

(i) already performing trasversal activities;

(ii) presence of standardized IT tools and systems;

(iii)use of «external» service providers

(iv)survey periodicity

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Conclusions

• Impact of the change • All the surveys carried out in Istat will be interested by the change

(about 250)

• To-be migration roadmap to mitigate migration risks

• EA work will continue supporting the whole modernization programme in terms of:

• Definition of a continuum framework of artefacts

• Support to the adoption in both statistical production processes and supporting processes