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THE APPLICATION OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND
WEB-BASED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR
INDOOR ASSET MANAGEMENT
LEE SZUE YANN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
THE APPLICATION OF TERRESTRIAL LASER SCANNING AND
WEB-BASED GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR
INDOOR ASSET MANAGEMENT
LEE SZUE YANN
A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Science (Geoinformatics)
Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
APRIL 2015
iii
DEDICATION
This thesis is special dedicated to my beloved family members, especially my parents,
Lee Kam Chooi and Kok Weng Ho, who have supported me all the way since the
beginning of my studies. You have been a source of encouragement and inspiration
to me throughout my life especially for the myriad of ways.
I lovingly dedicate this thesis to my dearest Wong Chin Liang, who has been a great
source of motivation and supported me each step of the way.
To my dearest friends, thank you for all the support, accompany and encouragement
throughout my study.
Finally, I am dedicating this to all those who have helped me during the process of
conducting this research whose names are not mentioned here.
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave
me the possibility to complete this thesis. I am deeply indebted to my supervisors,
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Zulkepli Majid and Prof. Dr. Halim Setan, whose gave me
encouragement, critics, advices and valuable comments. They helped me in all the
time of research and writing of this thesis. Without having their stimulating support
and interest, this thesis would not be able presented here.
To all my fellow friends and PLS research group members, thank you for
always lend me a helping hand when I need help especially helping me in collecting
data using instrument and sharing their knowledge and ideas with each other.
Unfortunately, it is not possible to mention all of them in this limited space.
I would like to express my warm thanks to my friend, Joyce for her
encouragement and help along the way of my research and thesis proofreading. My
sincere appreciation also extends to the faculty staffs, Madam Salwana and Mr
Muhamad Saad, who had provided me the valuable and useful information to
accomplish this thesis.
Last but not least, my heartfelt thanks to my family for giving me patient,
love, caring and support inspired me to overcome all the difficulties throughout my
academic life.
v
ABSTRACT
In this era of information technology, majority of organizations have started
using information system to record and store information for the existing assets for
more effective asset management. However, there are some organizations are still
practicing the manual filing system to keep the records. Geographic Information
System had been introduced to the asset management. Recently, the Geographical
Information System based on three-dimensional technology and internet environment
are one of the emerging issues in Geographical Information System field. Thus, this
research attempts to improve the weaknesses of the current asset management
practice by developing a web-based asset information management system with map
visualization and spatial information. Leica ScanStation C10 was used to capture
three-dimensional indoor asset models to support the spatial data and store the
attribute data of assets into a Geographical Information System database. Several
software are used in this study which included Autodesk Revit Architecture, Trimble
SketchUp, XAMPP, phpMyAdmin, Netbeans IDE and VRML viewer. The asset
management system enables users to manage asset information and database. An
added-value designed in the system has enabled spatially query regarding asset
information and retrieve asset location through three-dimensional model. This
system was designed and developed based on the user requirements. The system
performance had been tested by end-users and experts in related field. The results of
user testing had proved the developed system is helpful for managing indoor assets.
The computerized asset management system enables asset records store in an
organized database system. Lastly, new feature of integrating map and three-
dimensional viewing in the asset management system can benefits in analysis with
Geographic Information System concept such as doing location query, zoom-in and
zoom-out, as well as visualize asset location from three-dimension map.
vi
ABSTRAK
Dalam era teknologi maklumat ini, kebanyakan organisasi menggunakan
sistem maklumat untuk merekod dan menyimpan maklumat bagi aset yang sedia ada
bagi pengurusan aset yang berkesan. Namun, terdapat juga organisasi masih
mengamalkan pendekatan manual untuk menyimpan rekod dalam fail. Sistem
Maklumat Geografi telah diperkenalkan untuk pengurusan aset. Baru-baru ini,
Sistem Maklumat Geografi berasaskan teknologi tiga-dimensi dan internet
merupakan salah satu kemuculan isu dalam bidang Sistem Maklumat Geografi. Oleh
itu, kajian ini bertujuan memperbaiki kelemahan amalan pegurusan aset semasa
dengan membangunkan satu sistem pengurusan maklumat aset berasaskan web yang
mempunyai peta visualisasi dan maklumat ruangan. Leica ScanStation C10 telah
digunakan untuk menangkap aset dalaman model tiga dimensi untuk menyokong
data ruangan dan menyimpan data atribut aset di dalam pangkalan data Sistem
Maklumat Geografi. Beberapa perisian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini termasuk
Autodesk Revit Architecture, Trimble SketchUp, XAMPP, phpMyAdmin, Netbeans
IDE, dan pemapar VRML. Sistem pengurusan aset ini memudahkan pengguna untuk
menguruskan maklumat dan pangkalan data aset. Rekaan bentuk yang bertambah-
nilai dalam sistem ini mempunyai fungsi yang membolehkan pertanyaan ruangan ke
atas maklumat aset dan mendapatkan lokasi aset melalui model tiga dimensi. Sistem
ini direka dan dibangun berdasarkan keperluan pengguna. Prestasi sistem ini telah
diuji oleh pengguna akhir dan pakar-pakar dalam bidang berkaitan. Keputusan
daripada ujian pengguna telah membukti sistem yang dibangunkan adalah membantu
untuk mengurus aset dalaman. Sistem pengurusan aset yang berkomputer
membolehkan rekod aset disimpan dalam sistem pangkalan data yang teratur.
Akhirnya, fungsi baru yang menginterasi peta dan visualisasi tiga dimensi dalam
sistem pengurusan aset boleh memanfaatkan analisis berdsasar konsep Sistem
Maklumat Geografi seperti pencarian lokasi, pembesaran dan pengecilan dan melihat
lokasi aset dari peta tiga-dimensi.
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
ABSTRAK vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
LIST OF SYMBOLS
LIST OF APPENDICES
vii
xii
xiii
xviii
xix
xx
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Background of Study
1.3 Research Problem
1.4 Research Objectives
1.5 Research Questions
1.6 Scope of Study
1.7 Significance of Study
1.8 Thesis Structure
1
1
3
6
6
7
9
10
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Asset Management
12
12
viii
2.2.1 Defining Asset
2.2.2 Defining Asset Management
2.2.3 Asset Management Process and Asset
Lifecycle
2.2.4 Asset Inventory Management in GIS
2.2.5 The Importance of Asset Management
and Inventories
2.3 Existing Asset Management Practices and
Solutions
2.3.1 Asset Tracking using Wireless
Technologies
2.3.1.1 Infrared System
2.3.1.2 Radio Frequency Identification
(RFID) System
2.3.1.3 Wi-Fi based System
2.3.2 Information Management System (Web-
based System)
2.3.2.1 Case Study 1: Sistem
Pengurusan Aset (SPA)
2.3.2.2 Case Study 2: Faculty of
Chemical Engineering
2.3.2.3 Case Study 3: Archibus
Software
2.4 GIS and Its Capabilities
2.5 GIS for Asset Management
2.6 2D GIS to 3D GIS
2.7 3D GIS Data Acquisition Techniques
2.7.1 Image-based Technique
2.7.2 Ground-based Laser Scanning
Technique
2.8 Terrestrial Laser Scanning Applications
2.9 Three-Dimensional (3D) Visualization
2.10 3D Interactive Visualization
14
16
18
20
21
22
23
23
23
25
27
28
29
30
33
35
38
41
42
43
45
47
49
ix
2.11 3D GIS Database
2.12 Desktop-based versus Web-based Application
Systems
2.13 System Interface Design
2.14 Chapter Summary
50
51
52
54
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Phase 1: Preliminary Study and Data
Collection
3.2.1 Preliminary Study
3.2.2 Data Collection
3.2.3 Data Processing and Management
3.2.3.1 Spatial Data
3.2.3.2 Attribute Data
3.3 Phase 2: Design and Develop Database and
Web-based System
3.3.1 User Requirement Analysis (URA)
3.3.2 Database Design
3.3.2.1 Conceptual Design
3.3.2.2 Logical Design
3.3.2.3 Physical Design
3.3.3 System Development
3.4 Phase 3: System Testing
3.5 Chapter Summary
55
57
57
58
64
64
70
71
71
73
75
76
78
80
80
82
4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
4.1 Introduction
4.2 System Design
4.3 Use Case
4.4 System Architecture Design
4.5 XAMPP Software for Database Management
4.6 Data Preparation
83
83
85
87
89
92
x
4.7 System Development in NetBeans IDE
4.7.1 Technologies Used
4.7.2 Web-based System Interface Design
4.7.3 Connecting to Database with PHP Script
4.7.4 Spatial Query
4.7.5 Display 3D Model
4.8 System Modules Design
4.8.1 User Login Module
4.8.2 Asset Registration Module
4.8.3 Asset Database Maintenance Module
4.8.4 2D and 3D Map Module
4.9 Chapter Summary
92
92
95
97
97
98
98
99
99
100
100
100
5 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Data Preparation
5.2.1 3D Building Map and Asset Models
(Spatial Data)
5.2.2 Attribute Information of Assets (Non-
Spatial Data)
5.2.3 Result of User Requirement Analysis
(URA)
5.3 System Interface and Module Implementation
5.3.1 Login Module
5.3.2 Asset Management Module
5.3.3 Staff Management Module
5.3.4 Supplier Management Module
5.4 System Testing
5.4.1 Unit Testing
5.4.2 User Acceptance Testing
5.5 Comparisons of Asset Management Practices
5.6 Improvement from Current Asset Management
Practice
102
103
104
105
106
108
108
109
116
116
117
118
120
133
135
xi
5.7 Chapter Summary
137
6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conclusion
6.3 Limitations and Recommendations
6.4 Chapter Summary
138
138
144
145
REFERENCES
APPENDIX (A-O )
146
162
xii
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Research objectives and research questions
7
1.2 Software used
9
2.1 Comparison among asset tracking system technologies
27
2.2 Phases and modules in SPA system
28
2.3 Classification of GIS operations
33
2.4 Comparison of photogrammetry and terrestrial laser
scanning
45
2.5 Comparisons of desktop-based and web-based system
52
3.1 Data collected and description
59
3.2 Specification of Leica ScanStation C10
60
3.3 Weaknesses of existing system and system
improvements to be done
72
3.4 Logical design of database
78
3.5 Physical design of database
79
4.1 Use case description (Actor)
86
4.2 Use case description (System functions)
87
5.1 Navigation toolbar and functions
115
5.2 System testing with black-box method
118
5.3 Comparisons of asset management approaches
135
5.4 Advantages of the developed system 137
xiii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Location of Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate,
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
6
1.2 Block C05 of Faculty of Geoinformation and Real
Estate
8
2.1 Asset management components
13
2.2 Asset classification in Malaysian Government
15
2.3 Asset Lifecycle in asset management
18
2.4 Components of an RFID system
24
2.5 Components in Wi-Fi based system
25
2.6 System interface of Ekahau
26
2.7 New asset registration page of SPA system
29
2.8 Screenshot of Asset Management System from Faculty
of Chemical Engineering (FChE)
30
2.9(a) Login page of Archibus software via University of
Nevada, Las Vegas website
32
2.9(b) Asset Management tasks available in Archibus software
system
32
2.10 GIS allows organizations to see their asset information
across all scales
36
2.11 GIS system can shows attribute (table) and spatial data
(graphic) for easier data storing and analyzing
36
2.12 GIS roles in educational institutions
38
2.13 2D and 3D visualization of utilities 39
xiv
2.14 The principle of close-range photogrammetry
42
2.15 3D modelling process using photogrammetry technique
in photogrammetry modelling software, PhotoModeler
43
2.16 Principle of terrestrial laser scanning based on spatial
polar method
44
2.17 High precision survey by TLS technology
46
2.18 The result of pipelines generated from TLS
47
2.19 Analysis and comprehension through visualization
48
3.1 Workflow of the study
56
3.2 Leica ScanStation C10 captures the scene in 360°
horizontally and 270° vertically
59
3.3 BW paper target and HDS target
60
3.4 Workflow of data collection using TLS
61
3.5 Sketch of positions of scanners in the scanned area
61
3.6 A total of 26 scan stations and its distribution around the
building
62
3.7 Point cloud of the building exterior and interior
63
3.8 Example of label attached on every asset
63
3.9 Procedure of point cloud data processing
64
3.10 Remove erroneous and unnecessary point clouds outside
the red boundary
65
3.11 Point clouds data of Block C05 (exterior and interior)
after pre-processing
66
3.12 Point cloud data was imported to Revit software and
ready to start the 3D modeling process
67
3.13 Point cloud – planar view of first floor, Block C05
68
3.14 Floor and wall construction in Revit Architecture
69
3.15 Indoor asset modelling using Revit Architecture
software
70
xv
3.16 General process for user requirement analysis
71
3.17 System components consist in asset management system
74
3.18 Entity-Relationship (ER) diagram of database
76
4.1 GIS system development stages
84
4.2 Process of asset registration based on the university
guideline
85
4.3 Use case diagram for a staff
85
4.4 System architecture design for web-based asset
management system
88
4.5 Database server information in localhost
89
4.6 Message of complete installation of XAMPP software
on the computer
90
4.7 XAMPP control panel enables start/stop servers
90
4.8 The XAMPP status shows MySQL database and PHP are
activated and working on the system
91
4.9 Paragraph style was defined using inline CSS style
93
4.10 Internal and external CSS stylesheets applied in web
coding
94
4.11 Executing SQL command in PHP script
94
4.12 Show alert message and open new window using
JavaScript
95
4.13 The web page general layout and arrangement: (a) header,
(b) navigation column, (c) content/body (d) footer
96
4.14 HTML coding for hyperlink
96
4.15 Establishing database connection through PHP scripting
and MySQL function
97
4.16 Dropdown list used for data validation
100
5.1 Structure and flow chart of the web-based asset
management system
103
xvi
5.2 3D models of building and indoor assets were completed
in Revit Architecture software
104
5.3 3D model visualize in VRML format
105
5.4 MySQL database stored in server-side environment
(XAMPP software)
105
5.5 Example of an asset (table) with label
107
5.6 User login page
109
5.7 Main page of the system consists of (a) navigation
column and (b) task selection
110
5.8 New Inventory registration form
111
5.9 Interface of update/edit existing asset records
111
5.10 Search results asset records display from the search
keyword
112
5.11 Select location and date to generate report of KEW.PA-5
113
5.12 Floor plan layout of building
114
5.13 3D view of a room and asset information
114
5.14 Navigation toolbar
115
5.15 Interface of Staff Management module
116
5.16 Interface of Supplier Management module
117
5.17 Education background of respondents
121
5.18 Position of respondents
121
5.19 Computer skills of respondents
122
5.20 Feedback from respondents towards interface design and
user friendliness of system
123
5.21 Use of terms and instruction in the system
125
5.22 Respondents’ level of agreement for the asset
information records and reports format
126
xvii
5.23 Respondents’ opinion about the usefulness of 2D
and 3D map visualization assist in finding asset
location
127
5.24 Overall performance of system rated by respondents
129
5.25 The asset management experts’ evaluation of the
system from the asset management process and
asset lifecycle process
131
5.26 The usefulness and potential of system in asset
management field
132
6.1 Workflow of develop 3D asset models
139
6.2 3D models format interchange from Revit
Architecture to SketchUp and VRML format
140
xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
2D - Two dimensional
3D - Three dimensional
BIM - Building Information Modelling
CAD - Computer-aided design
CK - Candidate Key
CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
DBMS - Database Management System
ER - Entity-Relationship
FK - Foreign Key
GIS - Geographic Information System
GPS - Global Positioning System
HTML - HyperText Markup Language
IDE - Integrated Development Environment
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
PHP - Hypertext Pre-processor
PK - Primary Key
RAM - Random Access Memory
RFID - Radio Frequency Identification
SQL - Structured Query Language
TLS - Terrestrial Laser Scanning
TOF - Time of Flight
URA - User Requirement Analysis
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
VRML - Virtual Reality Markup Language
Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity
xix
LIST OF SYMBOLS
r - Laser beam
x - x-axis
y - y-axis
z - z-axis
φ - Horizontal direction
θ - Vertical angle
xx
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A User Requirements Analysis Questionnaire
162
B Results of User Requirements Analysis
166
C KEW.PA-3 Form
169
D KEW.PA-5 Form
170
E KEW.PA-7 Form
171
F Example of Filling Form KEW.PA
172
G User Acceptance Test Questionnaire
175
H User Acceptance Test Results
177
I Inventory registration form (KEW.PA-3) generated from
the developed system
182
J List of registered inventory form (KEW.PA-5) generated
from the developed system
183
K List of assets (By location) form (KEW.PA-7) generated
from the developed system
184
L Example of asset label generated from the developed
system
185
M System User Manual
186
N Attribute Data
194
O System Source Code
199
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter gives the general overview of the main topics and highlight the
main ideas of this research. Components presented in this chapter including
background of study, research problems, research objectives, research questions,
scope of study, significance of study and thesis structure.
1.2 Background of Study
In modern society, people are living in an artificial ecosystem where there are
vast assemblage of interdependent living and non-living components (Rich and
Davis, 2010). Man-made components also known as assets where assets include
buildings, tool, piece of equipment, pipe or machinery used in the operation of a
utility. Assets can also include mankind such as operator or asset manager.
Assets play an important role in an organization. Moreover, every
organizations will strive to improve its operation and management of assets.
Information systems are implemented for improving the ways to operate whereas
asset management aims to increase productivity, cost efficiency, better asset quality,
and better environment performance. However, large number of assets presents some
asset management challenges to organizations (Zhang et al., 2009). Tracking and
2
managing various types of assets are extremely difficult. Real time monitoring,
management controlling, and maintenance may be necessary and helpful to ensure a
smooth running facility at cost efficient levels, which can lead to increase the
sustainability.
Asset management approach is traditionally about manual filing system. The
record and information of assets recorded in paper-based form is practiced for the
asset management processes till now. The development of information technologies
helps people works easier and more systematic in daily activities, especially in the
context of management. It offers efficient processing and large amount of
information storage for asset management process. A recent developed concept of
Geographic Information System (GIS) is an example of innovative solutions and as a
tool for management. GIS technology has been introduced few decades ago. It is an
information system that is designed to store, manage, manipulate, analyse, and
display of spatial information for solving complex planning and management
problems (Ramlal, 2005).
To enhance asset management performance, 3D GIS approach is applied for
managing and maintaining assets with 3D information models. The 3D GIS approach
of asset management relies on accurate locating, mapping, and reporting asset
information in a complex 3D context to support the effective asset management (Liu
and Yu, 2010). The emerging technologies are utilized to improve the maintenance
operation which is considered having higher impacts. In this study, terrestrial laser
scanning (TLS) for asset management is a newly emerging application. The laser
scanning tool could be used for data collection while GIS approach could provide
both data visualization and representations.
There are various types of possible data are suitable to represent 3D GIS data.
In this study, the 3D data was acquired from terrestrial laser scanner. According to
Ceesay (2014), TLS is suitable for a small area or individual building modelling.
TLS technology is an efficient tool, which can acquire high density point data in an
accurate and fast way then provide 3D information of real-world objects down to
millimetre details (Arayici, 2007). Besides, Arayici (2007) also mentioned that the
3
laser scanning technology attains advantages over current survey techniques that
including EDM, GPS, and photogrammetry; furthermore, its accuracy is ranging
from 5mm to 25mm. Considering the remarkable performance of the TLS devices, it
can be used as spatial data; emerging GIS approach can improve the asset
management.
Today, internet has become an important resource for obtaining information.
Traditional information management systems are all migrating to the World Wide
Web (www) for integrating the information and improving facility management
(Federal Facilities Council, 2001). A web GIS system is independent from platforms
and operating systems. It is designed with tools and features on web pages with
emerging of GIS tools. Users can access free GIS applications from web browsers
instead of purchasing commercial desktop GIS software packages. Other advantages
of web GIS system are all users can access, view, analyze, and share information
timely via internet. A management activity with information technology through the
connection of network enables users to retrieve related information rapidly in the
limited time and space.
1.3 Research Problems
Asset and facilities give institutions excellent physical appearance of the
university. The development and growth of university has increased the assets and
facilities to improve the students’ teaching and learning environment; and to provide
the staff a good working atmosphere. However, increasing numbers of assets have
reflected the limitations of current asset management system. As reported by Xiao
and Sun (2012), assets of higher education institutions has increased the equipments
for teaching, research and administrating. The issue of a large number of assets has
highlighted the management effectiveness in every sector of management. Although
there are various management system in markets, there is no any fixed standard. and
thus fails to meet the requirements of each organization. Therefore, a suitable asset
management system is needed to improve the asset management level.
4
Basically, every organization or institution has its own guidelines and
practices for asset management. There are different asset management guidelines for
every organization; however, the design is based on the asset management lifecycle.
In Malaysia, Government Movable Assets Management Procedures has provided a
standard asset management regulation for all government agencies in year 2007. This
regulation provides a framework and guideline from acquisition phase, operation and
maintenance phase to disposal phase. In 2009, an online asset management system or
known as Sistem Pengurusan Aset (SPA) has been developed and implemented at
overall local authorities. This system was planned to be implemented on phases
starting from the Headquarters of Ministry to districts and schools management. Yet,
some local agencies and universities seem not fully to use information systems at all
levels of management. As addressed by Berahim et al. (2013), the local government
has encountered difficulties in determining quantity and type of assets. This issue is
reported in Audit General Report every year.
According to Buang (2011), Audit Report have reported inefficient and
ineffective manners in asset management over the years. Besides, Mahadi and Hussin
(2007) had pointed out some issues reported in Audit Report, namely, ineffective use
of assets procured, improper records of assets and failure of running annual
inspection. These issues should be eliminated and improved in a management of
assets.
Some organizations often rely on the conventional asset management system
which is hard-copy filing system or spreadsheet process system (Panduit Corporation,
2012). The accuracy of data and information can never be guaranteed due to
unpredictable human error. Besides this, there is no central database that can provide
instant information. Lacking of information and errors within this manual method
can render insufficient databases. The current filing management system is less
efficient in managing large number of asset records especially when users wish to
extract certain information through all the records. This system may cause
ineffectiveness to the entire management process (Panduit Corporation, 2012).
5
Furthermore, information security is always an emphasizing issue to an
organization. The hard-copy filing system may cause insecurity or incompleteness of
data storage. The asset management processes typically involve general paper works
such as invoices, acquisitions and dispositions. The manual spreadsheet and filing
system are difficult to keep up-to-date or data lost, especially the process involves
more than one person. Under this method, multiple copies of records are made for
the related department. It may have different changes applied to each copy by
different people and this has added the risks of eventual data loss.
Majority operating in many organizations are paperless in general; people
find it more convenient to keep their data in less bulky packages. The computerized
asset management systems can eliminate the strenuous paperworks by creating a
database system for storing asset information as well as automating the entire
management and maintenance procedures. This system also reduces the workload
and provides organizations a neat and tidy environment.
Another difficulty of the current management approach is the descriptive
information that is separated with spatial location such as map. In some
circumstances, map visualization can play an important role in helping users to gain
full understanding about a location and environment. Sometimes, staff cannot have
full understanding of an asset appearance and its location when they only read from
the text information. Moreover, location plans or layout plans of building are usually
in 2D computer-aided design (CAD) format. However, administrative staff may not
fully understand CAD drawings in planar view. Consequently, this problem has
identified the role of showing location plan in 3D visualization which is helpful and
understandable.
From the issues above, one of the faculties in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) is selected to study its asset management. Faculty of Geoinformation and
Real Estate (FGRE) was selected to implement an integrate information management
system with map visualization to manage indoor assets. FGRE is located at the centre
point in UTM and its location is as shown in Figure 1.1.
6
Figure 1.1: Location of Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate, Universiti
Teknologi Malaysia
1.4 Research Objectives
The study aims to improve the weaknesses of the current asset management
practice. To achieve the aim of the study, there are three objectives need to be
fulfilled as follows:
i. To develop 3D model of asset using TLS technology
ii. To develop a web-based system for asset management process
iii. To evaluate the functionalities and usability of the developed system
1.5 Research Questions
The following research questions are addressed andshould be answered in
order to fulfil the research objectives:
Faculty of Geoinformation
and Real Estate
7
Table 1.1: Research objectives and research questions
Research objectives Related research questions
1 To develop 3D model of asset
using TLS technology
• How to develop 3D model of assets by
using TLS technology?
• What kind of data format can be produced
for the 3D model of asset?
2 To develop a web-based GIS
asset management system in
assisting asset management
process
• How to develop a web-based asset
management system in order to improve
the current asset management practice?
• How does the developed system can assist
the asset management process?
3 To evaluate the functionalities
and usability of the developed
system
• What kind of functions the developed
system performs?
• How to evaluate usability of the system?
1.6 Scope of Study
There are four buildings belong to FGRE, namely B08, C02, C03, C04 and
C05. Block C05 would be the focus in this research as this building has lecture
rooms and research laboratories. The subject of this study is the management of
physical indoor assets located in Block C05. Block C05 is a building with height of
four levels. Figure 1.2 shows the facade of the building.
8
Figure 1.2: Block C05 of Faculty of Geoinformation and Real Estate
Assets involved in this research are known as inventory where the asset value
costs below RM3,000 (according to UTM regulation). In this study, map
visualization with spatial information is intended to be applicable in the faculty asset
management system.
There are spatial data and attribute data used in this research. Spatial data are
building and indoor map while attribute data are asset information collected from
field. The map visualizations used in this research are 2D building floor plan map
and 3D room visualization. The 2D floor plan map is obtained using the TLS
technology while the 3D room models are used in Virtual Reality Modelling
Language (VRML) format, hence it can display the models using web browser
VRML viewer. In addition, asset information collected was stored in GIS database.
The system is developed as a web-based system. System interface is
important for users to operate the system. Thus, there are few types of software used
for the system development in this research. Table 1.2 lists the software used in this
research.
9
Table 1.2: Software used
Software Purpose / Use
Autodesk Revit Architecture To construct 3D building and asset models
from point clouds
Trimble SketchUp To export 3D modelsinto VRML format
XAMPP (Apache) Localhost web server
MySQL Database (phpMyAdmin) To store asset attribute in database
NetBeans IDE Source code editor and debugger for
application
VRML viewer (browser plug-in) To view 3D asset models in VRML format
The final stage is to evaluate the ability of the developed asset management
system. The evaluation of the developed system is needed to ensure every function
can be operated. The developed system will also be tested its ability and benefits in
managing assets.
1.7 Significance of Study
The integration of 2D and 3D map visualization in asset management system
will help to improve the efficiency and effectiveness for asset management in terms
of storing asset information and monitor assets condition. Asset managers will be the
most benefited as the system can store information, manage and update the database
of assets in the way of easier and more systematic. The system can also present the
information about asset locations through 3D visualization.
Furthermore, the system developed as web-based information system with
ease-of-use system interface can be easy operated by users through web browser
without having knowledge of GIS or other specific skills.
10
Lastly, this research also shows 3D models generated from point cloud can be
used in GIS applications to make the application more interactive with 3D
visualization. It is hoped that laser scanning technology would become more widely
used as a data collection tool for GIS applications.
1.8 Thesis Structure
The thesis comprises of six chapters and the structure of the thesis is
organized in the following way:
Chapter 1 provides an introduction and background information to the
research. This chapter has outlined the research problem, research objectives,
research questions, scope of study, and significant of study.
Chapter 2 tells the review of relevant literatures. Literature review provides
the necessary background about asset management and concept of both integration of
GIS and indoor asset management. The literature also reviews the asset management
definitions in different contexts, for example, GIS application for asset management,
as well as integration of database and 3D model.
Chapter 3explains the methodologies used in this study. It includes the
process of data collection during the fieldwork conducted, process of 3D models
construction and system development processes. It also explains how GIS can be
applied in asset management. The methodology proposed is intended to accomplish
research objectives and answer research questions in Chapter 1.
In Chapter 4, the activity sequences of system design and development are
described in detail. This chapter begins with analysis of user requirements, and then
followed by describing methods of designing the database and system interface.
11
Chapter 5 presents the results and analysis of this study. Results and analysis
from this research are discussed to achieve or fail the objectives of this study.
Chapter 6 provides a conclusion according to research questions. Strengths
and limitations of the system are highlighted and future implications are discussed
for improvement.
146
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