The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and ...article.aascit.org/file/pdf/9320753.pdf · ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. ICT can be viewed as facilitating

Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61

http://www.aascit.org/journal/llc

The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)

Prince Awojoodu Soji

Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Oduduwa University, Ile-Ife Kingdom, Nigeria

Email address

Citation Prince Awojoodu Soji. The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in Our Society, (A Case

Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled). Language, Literature and Culture. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2019, pp. 49-61.

Received: February 14, 2019; Accepted: March 27, 2019; Published: April 19, 2019

Abstract: This research work was carried out, to find the application of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology

and its sustainability in the 4 Local governments, namely: (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North), local government areas,

in Ile – Ife Kingdom of Osun State, Nigeria. 2,800 open questionnaires were distributed to 4 Local Governments, out of which

700 was used in each local government. A total of 28 different locations were visited and sampled in all the four Local

Governments, out of which 100 questionnaires were used in each location. It was gathered that above 70% of the people from the

four local governments, supported that the application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology,

was important in our society while below 30% of the people could not even understand whether the application and sustainability

of Information and Communication Technology, has importance or not. The results from the questionnaires when using Pearson

two-tailed correlation coefficient, however revealed that there was a significant difference from all the business centre visited

and sampled, (p> 0.01) and (p > 0.05 respectively, table 5. This shows a strong positive correlation, which implying that, the

application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology, is strongly influenced and enhanced the

people’s support in our society, had therefore, made this research work to become a reality, (p>0.01) and (p > 0.05, table 5. The

reasons may be due to the fact that, there was only a few aspects of our life nowadays which are unaffected by ICT. For example,

in the office, factory or at home, visiting a bank, supermarket or garage and in many other places, etc. Barchart was used to depict

the summary data of each of the local government areas sampled in Ile – Ife Kingdom, of Osun State Nigeria.

Keywords: 4 Local Governments, Osun State, Different Locations, Pearson Correlation

1. Introduction

ICT application for research and development is quite

sustainable in our society because of the technology derived,

that had unique properties, which made them highly versatile

[1, 2]. People can use ICT to support them in their work, such

as for calculation, word processing, producing spreadsheets,

diagrams, tables, and even for computer aided design and

manufacturing (CAD/CAM system) [3]. Without data, there

would be no information. And if the information is not

understood, it could not be used or be meaningful to the users,

thus it could not add value [4, 5]. ICT can be used to analyse

the information that is used during the transaction and

administrative procedures necessary to deal with day-to-day

operations so as to provide insight into the organisation and

how it works. Local governments are also using information

capabilities of ICT to improve and fine–tune their service

provisions [6]. Private and Public organisations are beginning

to exploit the information of ICT property in creative ways

such as to understand the demographics of their customer base,

the buying habits of customers, the popular product types,

monitoring sales trends, machine performance, capacity

utilisation etc. ICT application, amplifies human intelligent

activities and support management in the decision-making

process, planning, organising, coordinating, and control [7, 8].

According to Wodbuc, [20].“..... ICT is the study or

business of developing and using technology to process

information and aid communication. It is an umbrella term

that includes any communication device or application such as

radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network,

hardware and software, satellite systems and so on as well as

the various services and applications associated with them,

such as videoconferencing and distance learning......”.

50 Prince Awojoodu Soji: The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and Development, Its Sustainability; in

Our Society, (A Case Study of 2,800 Business Centre Sampled)

According to Prince Soji Awojoodu.“.....ICT (Information

and Communication Technology), its application in business

and social life has opened up new possibilities for running and

managing organisations, for marketing products and services

and for communication between individuals and groups.

There are few aspects of life nowadays which are unaffected

by ICT. In the office, factory or at home, visiting a bank,

supermarket or garage and in many other places. ICT are used

to carry out transactions, provide information, record data,

make decisions and perform an ever-increasing range of tasks.

ICT, not only comprise the hardware and software, but also

incorporate the network and communication structures, data

structures and information, together with control and access

levels for different users, user interfaces, operating procedures,

and organizational arrangements and policies for their use. In

relation to communications, ICT enables electronic

communication through facsimile (fax), email, voicemail, and

video conferring, possible and have led to the widespread

employment of networking technologies such as the internet,

the world Wide Web, intranets, extranets, online databases,

integration of information systems and mobile communication.

ICT can be defined as the dissemination of Information in the

Global World.

ICTs are often spoken of in a particular context, such as

ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. ICT can be viewed

as facilitating technologies, replacement technologies and

enhancement technologies. As facilitating technologies, the

internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), facilitate people

in communicating and accessing remote information from

worldwide sources and hence, remove the constraints of time

and distance. ICT also facilitate humans in the analysis of

complex information. Moreover, they have the potential to

facilitate the emergence of virtual forms of business operation

(e.g. as in e-commerce).

Examples of ICT as replacement technologies include

robots in car assembly, line tasks and computer

automation,(where computers replace people in certain

business processes). ICT can be programmed in automate

certain routine mechanical and business operations and thus

replace humans totally or partially. ICT-based computer

systems enhance the effectiveness of managers through

enabling effective information management, business

coordination, control, decision making and strategic planning.

ICT also enhance organizational communication through

e-mail, video conferencing and chat room facilities on the

Internet. In addition, they enhance the ability of humans to

access and analyse data more efficiently.

ICT is also known as IT (Information Technology), which

covers the process of storing, creating, transmitting and

retrieving data. The term “Information Technology” first

came about in the 1970s, ICT came about more

recently................”

2. Study Area

The study area is Ife. Ife (popularly known as Ile-Ife) is the

2nd

largest city in Osun State and has been selected for the

proposed research work. Ife is an ancient Yoruba city in South

Western Nigeria. The city is located in present day of Osun

State. Ile – Ife is famous Worldwide for its ancient and

naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures dating back

to between 1200 and 1400. It has a population of 262,000

(1991 population estimate). The city is the oldest Yoruba city

in South Western Nigeria and evidence of habitation at the site

has been discovered to date-back to as early as 600 BCE. The

city was the most powerful Yoruba Kingdom until the late 17th

century when Oyo surpassed it. (Encyclopaedia Britannica).

Figure 1. Study Area Map of Ife (Known as Ile-Ife.

3. Material and Methods

The responses of the people in different locations of the four

local government areas can be seen from the decision table as

below:

Table 1. The Decision Table.

Sub Above 70% Below 30% Open headed Questionnaires

ICT is Importantin our society X

I do not know X

State open questionnaires X

The below are the points ticked by the majority of the

people (above 70% table 1) from the questionnaires who

understood and supported that, the application and

sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication

Technology, was important in our society.

[a]. ICT application can be employed to support business

organisation.

Language, Literature and Culture 2019; 2(2): 49-61 51

Figure 2. How ICT application can support business organisation.

[b]. Timely, better and cheaper access to knowledge and information.

Figure 3. Application of ICT to knowledge and information.

[c]. Better management to information knowledge [9].

Figure 4. Example of management information knowledge.

[d]. ICT application causes human beings to interact with each other in new ways.

Figure 5. How human beings interact with each other in new ways.

[e]. ICT application enhanced public image [10].

Figure 6. Example of public image in application program.



[f]. In ICT application, distance becomes irrelevant in businesstransaction and dealings.

Figure 7. How distance becomes relevant in business and dealings.

[g]. ICT application enables better managed manufacturing and increased productivity.

Figure 8. How system for processing orders in a manufacturing company can increase productivity.

[h]. In ICT application searching for data is much faster.

Figure 9. How searching for data is much faster.

[i]. ICT application enables information to interact with others worldwide [11, 12].

Figure 10. How information interact with others worldwide.


[j]. In ICT application, data communications are fast and accurate.

Figure 11. How data communication are fast and accurate.

[k]. In ICT application data storage capacity is almost limitless in a computer system.

Figure 12. How data storage is almost limitless.

[l]. Innovative ways of interaction.

Figure 13. Innovative ways of interaction.



[m]. Better administration, communications and coordination.

Figure 14. Better administration, communication and coordination.

[n]. ICT Impact on Employment: The application of ICT in workplace made people benefited tobe retrained and earned more

skilled with added promotions to use the new ICT equipments.

Figure 15. ICT impact on employment.

[o]. Lifelong Learning: In ICT application, knowledge and skills needs to be kept up-to-date, Our learning should continue

and take a new leave so as to reflect the new changes [13, 14].

Figure 16. Life-long learning.

[p]. Technology driven: ICT application brings about new development in technology.

Figure 17. Technology driven.


[q]. ICT application brings about an increased understanding of other people and their cultures [15].

Figure 18. Increase in understanding, cultures etc., with other people.

[r]. Knowledge based: ICT application brings about increase in access to Education.

Figure 19. Knowledge based.

[s]. ICT application brings increase in opportunities for e-commerce (i.e. buying and selling goods on-line) [16, 17].

Figure 20. Increase in opportunities in (buying and selling).

4. Results and Discussion

Questionnaires were distributed to 4 Local government areas that is, (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North). The results

from the questionnaires however revealed that the application and sustainability of (ICT), Information and Communication

Technology, in our society, are manifold:

There was a significant difference on the people in all the local government areas visited, (p> 0.01) and (p> 0.05) respectively.

Table 2. People’s respondent.

Wards

Ife East Ife South Ife Central Ife North

ICT is

important

I do not

know

ICT is

important

I do not

know

ICT is

important

I do not

know

ICT is

important

I do not

know

People’s Response 502, 71.7% 198, 28.3% 506, 72.3% 194, 27.7% 493, 70.4% 207, 29.6% 492, 70.3% 208 29.7%

From the above table 2, in Ife East, there are 502 people’s

response with 71.7%, Ife South, 506 with 72.3%, Ife Central,

493 with 70.4%, and Ife North, 492 with 70.3%, were those

People who supported that the application and sustainability

of (ICT), Information and Communication Technology, was

important in our society while in Ife East, 198 with 28.3%, Ife

South, 194 with 27.7%, Ife Central, 207 with 29.6%, and Ife

North, 208 with 29.7% respectively, could not even know

whether the application and sustainability in our society was

important or not.



Table 3. The different locations as (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G,) and the local government areas as (IFE EAST, IFE SOUTH, IFECENTRAL, AND IFE NORTH

respectively). And the summary data collected, from the 4 Local Governments sampled, out of which 700 were used in each local government.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT LOCATION IFE EAST IFE SOUTH IFE CENTRAL IFE NORTH

A 76 24 78 22 70 30 72 28

B 63 37 67 33 64 36 64 36

C 71 29 68 32 75 25 68 32

D 77 23 72 28 73 27 79 21

E 76 24 70 30 68 32 67 33

F 74 26 75 25 67 33 68 32

G 65 35 76 24 76 24 74 26

TOTAL= 7 502 198 506 194 493 207 492 208

Grand Total = 7 700 700 700 700

Table 4. The descriptive statistics.

CORRELATIONS

/VARIABLES=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH

/PRINT=TWOTAIL NOSIG

/STATISTICS DESCRIPTIVES

/MISSING=PAIRWISE.

Descriptive Statistics

Mean Std. Deviation N

IFEEAST 71.7143 5.64843 7

IFESOUTH 72.2857 4.19183 7

IFECENTRAL 70.4286 4.42934 7

IFENORTH 70.2857 5.05682 7

Table 5. The Pearson Correlation of the 4 local governments.

Correlations

IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH

IFEEAST

Pearson Correlation 1 .307 .059 .383

Sig. (2-tailed) .503 .900 .397

N 7 7 7 7

IFESOUTH

Pearson Correlation .307 1 .253 .514

Sig. (2-tailed) .503 .585 .237

N 7 7 7 7

IFECENTRAL

Pearson Correlation .059 .253 1 .656

Sig. (2-tailed) .900 .585 .110

N 7 7 7 7

IFENORTH

Pearson Correlation .383 .514 .656 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .397 .237 .110

N 7 7 7 7

Table 6. The Statistics, i.e., valid missing, std. Error of mean, mean, mode, median, variance, skewness, std. Deviation, sum, calculated group data, percentiles,

minimum and maximum, etc., of the 4 local government areas.

FREQUENCIES VARIABLES=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH

/NTILES=4

/NTILES=10

/STATISTICS=STDDEV VARIANCE RANGE MINIMUM MAXIMUM SEMEAN MEAN MEDIAN MODE SUM SKEWNESS SESKEW

KURTOSIS SEKURT

/GROUPED=IFEEAST IFESOUTH IFECENTRAL IFENORTH

/ORDER=ANALYSIS.

Statistics


N Valid 7 7 7 7

Missing 0 0 0 0

Mean 71.7143 72.2857 70.4286 70.2857

Std. Error of Mean 2.13491 1.58436 1.67413 1.91130

Median 74.0000a 72.0000a 70.0000a 69.3333a

Mode 76.00 67.00c 64.00c 68.00

Std. Deviation 5.64843 4.19183 4.42934 5.05682

Variance 31.905 17.571 19.619 25.571

Skewness -.839 .062 -.094 .740

Std. Error of Skewness .794 .794 .794 .794



Kurtosis -1.145 -1.688 -1.369 .094

Std. Error of Kurtosis 1.587 1.587 1.587 1.587

Range 14.00 11.00 12.00 15.00

Minimum 63.00 67.00 64.00 64.00

Maximum 77.00 78.00 76.00 79.00

Sum 502.00 506.00 493.00 492.00

Percentiles

10 63.4000b 67.2000b 64.6000b 64.6000b

20 64.8000 67.9000 66.7000 66.7000

25 66.5000 68.5000 67.2500 67.1667

30 68.6000 69.2000 67.6000 67.4000

40 71.9000 70.6000 68.6000 67.8667

50 74.0000 72.0000 70.0000 69.3333

60 74.9333 74.1000 72.1000 71.2000

70 75.8667 75.4000 73.8000 72.8000

75 76.1667 75.7500 74.5000 73.5000

80 76.4000 76.2000 75.1000 74.5000

90 76.8667 77.6000 75.8000 78.0000

a. Calculated from grouped data.

b. Percentiles are calculated from grouped data.

c. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

Frequency Table

Tables (7, 8, 9, and 10). The frequency Tables, valid and cumulative percentage for (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife

North).

Table 7. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife East.

IFEEAST

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent

Valid

63.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3

65.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6

71.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9

74.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1

76.00 2 28.6 28.6 85.7

77.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 7 100.0 100.0

Table 8. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife South.

IFESOUTH


Valid

67.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3

68.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6

70.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9

72.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1

75.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4

76.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7

78.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 7 100.0 100.0

Table 9. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife Central.

IFECENTRAL


Valid

64.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3

67.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6

68.00 1 14.3 14.3 42.9

70.00 1 14.3 14.3 57.1

73.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4

75.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7

76.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 7 100.0 100.0



Table 10. Frequency Table, valid and cumulative percentage of Ife North.

IFENORTH


Valid

64.00 1 14.3 14.3 14.3

67.00 1 14.3 14.3 28.6

68.00 2 28.6 28.6 57.1

72.00 1 14.3 14.3 71.4

74.00 1 14.3 14.3 85.7

79.00 1 14.3 14.3 100.0

Total 7 100.0 100.0

Figures: (21, 22, 23, and 24). The Bar Charts, for (Ife East, Ife South, Ife Central and Ife North).

Bar Chart

Figure 21. The Bar Chart of Ife East.

The vertical coordinates represent the frequency (that is, the rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis while

the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the valid data in Table 7, that is; based on 1 unit interval as 63, 65, 71, 74, 76,

and 77, respectively.

Figure 22. The Bar Chart of IfeSouth.




76, and 78, respectively.

Figure 23. The Bar Chart of Ife Central.



75, and 76, respectively.

Figure 24. The Bar Chart of Ife North.

The vertical coordinates represent the frequency that is; the

rate of observations or occurrences) from the data analysis

while the horizontal coordinates represent the range from the

valid data in Table 10, (that is, based on 1 unit interval as 64,

67, 68, 72, 74 and 79, respectively.

5. Recommendations

Adult computer awareness training should be made

possible and effective in all the local governments, in both the

rural and urban areas of Nigeria. Computer workshops should

be encouraged in Ile-Ife Kingdom, and Osun State, to enable

computer users be knowledgeable and current in computer

maintenance and operations in Nigeria and our society at large.

The environment of the users should always be clean, neat and

free from dust; and users should always use current anti-virus

version so as to have current update. The users should make

sure that external disks are not allowed on the computer



systems without first scanning them. All computers should be

anti-virus protected (by installing the latest anti-virus) so as to

be freed from frequent damages, and sources of viruses,

example: infected diskettes, e-mail, internet downloads,

illegal duplication of software etc., should be avoided by all

users. Computer users must make sure that their floppy disks

are checked before use on a machine, to prevent virus

propagation, as long as they can be detected with an anti-virus

package. The users, should also be extremely cautious while

opening emails with attachments because the most common

source of symptoms of computer virus is the attachments that

accompany emails. The users, should however, make sure that

the computer systems essential files should always be turned

to read only, and also remember to change the write protect of

the disk after use.

6. Conclusion

The following conclusions are made based on the

findings of this study. Since ICT is the study or business of

developing and using technology to process information

and aid communication, and also an umbrella term that

includes any communication device or application such as

radio, television, cellular phones, computer and network,

hardware and software, satellite systems and so on as well

as the various services and applications associated with

them, such as videoconferencing and distance learning; the

results of this study provide the empirical evidence that the

importance of ICT in our society enhance people’s

achievement in Osun State in general and Nigeria societies

at large. The society, therefore should use the ICT

technologies to argument their business techniques and

decision aids, in order to attain minimum goal needed for

everybody in the society.

Acknowledgements

The Author wishes to express his appreciations to all

especially those whose papers that are shown in my references

to provide the premise for this study, and Dr. / Chief Ramond

Adedoyin, (The ATOBATELE of The “SOURCE” AND

MAYE of The Yoruba Kingdom), The Chancellor and

Founder of Oduduwa University for providing the fund and

space to carry out this research work / study.

References

[1] Aro O. Olusegun, 2011. Multi-Disciplinary Questions and Answers in Computer Science. Published by Nigeria by: Sedon Business Concepts, 8 Ayinde Street, Ikate, Surulere, Lagos. ISBN 978-978-912-049-9.

[2] Byron S. Gottfried, 2001. Theory and Problems of Programming with Visual Basic. Byron S. Gottfried, Professor Emeritus, University of Pittsburgh. Schams outline Series Mcgraw Hill, Inc., New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Mexico city, Milan, New Delhi, San Juan, Seoul, Singapore, Sydney, Toronto.

[3] Carl Feingold, C. P. A., C. D. P., 1979. Fundamentals of Cobol Programming. Second Edition. WM. C. Brown Company Publishers, Dubuque, Lowa. W. M. C. Brown Company Publishers, Library of Congress, Catalogue Card. Printed in the United State of America.

[4] Colin Ritchie, 2003. Operating Systems. In corpora ting Unix& Windows [4th Edition]. YHT. Ltd., London. IJ International, Palsow, Comwall, U.K. Thomson Learning, High Holborn House 50–51 Bedford Row, London WCIR, 41R, or visit World Wide Web at: http://www.thomasonlearning.co.uk. British library. Typeset by YHT Ltd., London. Printedin the U.K. by T. J. International, Padstow, Comwall.

[5] David M. Hadenhe, 2006. Database Processing, Fundamentals, Design and Implementation, 8th Edition.© 2002 by Prentice-Hall.Inc. [now known as Pearson Education, Inc. Upper saddle River, New Jersey 07458, USA. All rights reserved. Microsoft Excel, solver, and windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft corporation in the U.S.A., and other countries. Screen slots and Icons reprinted with permission from the Microsoft corporation. ISBN-81-203-2225-8. Published by ASOK K. Ghosh, Prentice-Hall of India Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus, New Delhi-110001 and Printed by V. K. Batra at Pearl Offset Press Private Limited, New Delhi-110015.

[6] Dornald H. Ford, 1974. Basic Fortran IV Programming. Richard D. Irwin Inc. Homewood, llliono is 60430 Irwin–Dorsey international London, England WCH9NJ, Irwin – Dorsey Limited Georgetown, Ontario L7G483. Library of Congress Catalogue Card No. 73 – 87258. Printed in the United State of America.

[7] Dr. T. Seravanan, 2008. The World of Internet. APH publishing corporation. 4435-367, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi – 110002. Ph.; 23274050. Typesetting at paragon computer, New Delhi – 110059.

[8] FYI4 Malkin G. And Marine A., 1992. FYI on Questions and Answers: Answers to commonly asked “New Internet Users” Questions. FYI4. RFC 1325, Xylogies, SRI, May 1992.

[9] G. A. V. Pai, 2012. Data Structures and Algorithms Concept, Techniques and Applications. Tata Mc Graw-Hill Education Private Limited, New Delhi, New York, St lois San Francisco Aukkard Bogola Caracas Kuala Lumpur Lisbon London Madrib Mexico city Milan Montreal San Juan Sanilago Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto. ISBN-13978-4-47-4016726-6. ISBN-1010-47-066776-8. Publishing by Tata McGraw-Hill Education Private Limited, 7, West Patel Nagar, New Delhi 110008. Typeset at Composers, 260 CA Apt. Paschin Wihar, New Delhi 110063 and printed at Pashupati Printers Pvt. Ltd, Delhi 110095.

[10] George Coulouris, Jean Dollimore and Tim Kindberg, 2011. Distributed Systems, Concepts and Design, 4th Edition. Published by Dorling Kindersley [India] Pvt. Ltd. Licensees of Pearson Education in South Asia. Head Office: 7th floor, Knowledge Bouleward. A-8 [A], Sector-62. Noida-201309, U. P. India Registered Office: 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park. New Delhi 110017, India. Printed in India by Manipal Press Ltd. ISBN 978-81-317-1840-7. Authorized adaptation from the United Kingdom Edition, Entitled Distributed System Concepts and Design. Forth Edition, ISBN: 9780321263544 by Coulouris, George: Dollimore, Jean; Kindberg, Tim; Published by Education, Ltd. Copyright @ 2005. Indian Subcontinent Adaptation copyright@2009 Dorling Kindersley [India] Pvt. Ltd.


[11] Gopal K. Kapur, 1973. Programming in Standard COBOL. Science Research Associates, Inc., All right reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 72-97018. Chicago, Palo Alto, Toronto Henley-on-Thames, Sydney, Paris. A Subsidiary of IBM. Data System Languages (CODASYL) and Printed by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

[12] J. Glenn Brooks hear, 2013. Computer Science an Overview. Pearson Education Limited. Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England. Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo. British Library Cataloguing – in-Publication Data. 10987654321141312. Typeset in Veljovic-book by Laser-words Pvt Ltd. Printed and bound in Malaysia.

[13] Jaiyesimi S. B., 1984. Programming the computer with Fortran IV. Printed by W. Giradet Press [W. A] Co. Ib. First Published by the University of Ife Press Ltd.

[14] Kolawole S, Owolabi, 2011. Progmatic Approach to Computer with Dictionary. Progmatic Education Press, P. O. Box 7314, Shomolu P. O. Lagos, Nigeria New Edition, Published and Printed by Pregmatic Education Press. 1, Ajidagba Crescent, off Tokunbo Macaulay St., Shangisha / Magodo, Kehi, Lagos State, Nigeria.

[15] LAQUEY La Quey T (with J. Ryer), 1992. The Internet Companion: A Beginner’s Guide to Global Networking. Reading, MA: Addison. Wesley.

[16] MALAMUD Malamud C., 1992. Analyzing Sun Net York, NY: Van No-strand Reinhold.

[17] Morris Hamburg, 1977. Statistical Analysis for Decision Making. Second Edition. The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York, Chicago San Francisco, Atlanta, Library of catalogue Card Number:– 53989. Printed in the United State of America.

[18] O. A. Aliyu, 2013. Essential Components of a Personal Computer and their Basic Installations. Printed by HAFCIM. ISBN–978-978-084-187-4.0805-227-4446.0805-470-2241.

[19] Patricia Ward and George Dafoulas, 2006. Database management Systems. Published by Thomson Learning. Registered trademark used herein under license. Thomson Learning High Holborn House 50-51 Bedford Row London WC1R 4LR. ISBN-13: 978-184480-452-8. ISBN-10: 184480-452-6. British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data.

[20] Wodbuc, 2011. Computer Studies for Basic Education. Google, yahoo, Trademark Company. Windows, Word excel, Power point, Access, Trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Based on both Federal and State Curriculum. Printed in Nigeria.

Documents

The Application of (ICT), in Nigeria, for Research and ...article.aascit.org/file/pdf/9320753.pdf · ICTs in education, health care, or libraries. ICT can be viewed as facilitating