Slide 1

The AncientMiddle EastA View of Egypt by Satellite

The NileLongest in worldSouth to NorthDelta MediterraneanSeasonal floodingFertile valley agriculture by 5000 BCESahara west; Red Sea east

The Fertile Nile Valley

Floods every fall from rains in Central AfricaProsperity /food surplusUnifying factor Transportation / communicationOrderly and cyclical view of universe (unlike Mesopotamia)

Natural barriersNile and desertsFew foreign incursions unlike Mesopotamia

The Annual Flooding of the Nile

Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf

Ancient Egyptian HistoryPeriodsTime FrameNile Culture Begins3900 B. C. E.Archaic3100 2650 B. C. E.Old Kingdom2650 2134 B. C. E.Middle Kingdom2040 1640 B. C. E.New Kingdom1550 1070 B. C. E.Late Period750 332 B. C. E.Greek Ptolemaic Era332 30 B. C. E.Roman Period30 B. C. E. 395 C. E.Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt

c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

Egyptian Social Hierarchy

BureaucracyGod-Kings30 yr renewal ritualAbsolute power therefore no need for written code like HammurabisReturn to Ra @ deathBuilt temples to ensure contd goodwill of godsProvide priests for upkeepBalance, order (goes back to Nile)Upright souls believed their spirits would live eternally)

Egyptian Nobility

Egyptian Priestly Class

Egyptian Scribe

Ancient Egyptian Housing

Middle Class HomesPeasant HomesScenes of Ancient EgyptianDaily Life

Making Ancient Egyptian Beer

Making Ancient Egyptian Wine

An Egyptian Womans Must-Haves

PerfumeWigsMirrorDaily Life Married young; arranged by parentsMonogamousAdditional wives if first is barrenDivorces occurred; women compensatedHusband: head of houseWife: well respected; educated childrenWomen's rightsControlled own property and inheritanceOperate businesses, few involved in politicsPriestesses, 4 became pharaohs

Papyrus Paper

Papyrus Plant

Hieratic Scroll PieceEgyptian Math & Draftsmanship110100100010,000100,0001,000,000

What number is this?Champollion & the Rosetta Stone

Hieroglyphic Cartouche

Hieroglyphics Alphabet 24 letters + 700 phonetic symbols

Egyptian Creation Myth

The Goddess NutCreation Myths

Sun god Ra (Ra-Atum)Waters of chaosCreated gods of wetness and dryness (Tefnut/Shu) male Geb (earth) female Nut (sky) 2 sons (Osiris/Seth) 2 females (Isis/Nephthys)Isis/Osiris king of EgyptSeth kills Osiris takes throne I/N patch Osiris up (Anubis) conceives son (Horus)Horus def. Seth & becomes king of earthOsiris king of underworld Humans from tears of Ras eye

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcxgzMwcqN8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:The Sacred Trinity

Osiris Isis HorusIconographyHathor (cow/love-fertitlty)

Thoth (ibis/writing-sci-law)

Maat (feather/truth-order-justice)

Anubis (jackal/embalm-cemetery)

Bastet (cat/daughter of Ra)

ConventionsCustomary way to represent people and worldAccepted by both artist and patronsImages based on memoryCharacteristic viewpointsFormulas & proportions

Preparations for the UnderworldPriests protected your KA, or soul-spirit

ANUBIS weighs the dead persons heart against a feather.

The Mummification Process

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-MQ5dL9cQX0&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 1. Linen 6. Natron2. Sawdust 7. Onion3. Lichen 8. Nile Mud4. Beeswax 9. Linen Pads5. Resin 10. FrankinsensePreparation for the Afterlife

Egyptian Mummieshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReCxCL64p9k&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 Seti I1291-1278 B. C. E.

Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II1210-1200 B. C. E.Ramses II1279-1212 B. C. E.

Funerary ArchitectureKa (life spirit lives after death)Sculpted likenesses work!Comfy home for departed kings ka so he continues to ensure well-being if EgyptSafety in moving from one world to next (preservation)

Mastaba (flat topped one story bldgs / slanted walls above burial chamber)Serdab: small sealed room for ka statue & chapel for mourning vertical shaft to burial chamber w/sarcophagusNecropolis: city of dead on edge of desertSaqqara and Giza

Djoser & SaqqaraDjoser & Saqqara3rd DynastyDjoser 3650-2631Imhotep 1st architectMastaba step pyramid (like ziggurat)Intentions: Stairway to RaProtecting tomb Adjacent funerary temple for rituals

Old Kingdom c.2575 2150 BCEGiza (3) 4th dynastyKhufu (2551-2528)13acres, 481, Khafre (2520-2494)Menkaure (2490-2472)Site follows east-westCauseway to valley temple

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5GPpVCtH5A&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

4th dynasty, c. 2520-2494, anorthosite gneiss (from Nubia, changes color), 56 1/8 tallHorusLions-thrones legs, lotus(upper, papyrus (lower), short pleated kilt, linen headress w/cobra (Ra), false beard (royalty), 42

Menkaure and a Queen (Khamerernebty?)4th dynasty (2490-2472)Queens symbolic embraceKing: athletic, young, nude to waist, kilt, headcloth, Balanced pose (one foot forward) Queen smaller steps

Journey to the UnderworldA boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.The dead travel on the Solar Bark.

Egyptian Book of the Dead

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnO3XsDFHe8&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1 The Final Judgement

Anubis Horus OsirisShabtis: The Pharaohs Servants in the Afterlife

Stepped Pyramid at Saqqara

Bent Pyramid of King Sneferu

Giza Pyramid Complex

Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Hatshepsut 1st female ruler(r. 1473-1458) Daughter of Queen Ahmose and the god Amun (really Thutmose I)Married half brother who became Thutmose IIBecame regent for his son w/concubineClaimed throne herself declared king by priests of AmunWore many male trappings Known for trade expeditions to Land of PuntDied of bone cancerMummy found and identified by missing tooth

Deir el-BahriFunerary temple (created by her lover)Not intended for tomb, was supposed to go to ValleyCharacteristicsRaised causeway w/sphinxes from NileShrines to Anubis/HathorOpen garden spaces (myrrh trees) poolsHypostyle halls

AkhenatenAmenhotep IV (r. 1353-1336)New religion to honor single supreme sun god Aten (disk) (polytheistic)Moved capital from Thebes to AmarnaSon of AtenPresided over worship as divine priestAltars in courtyards to receive sunPortrayed in informal situations

Akhenaten16In front of KarnakSoft, swellingBonelessAndrogenousElongated featuresFlail (protection)Shepherd's crook (absolute sovereignty)

Akhenaten and His Familypainted limestone relief (sunken)Tell el-AmarnaNefertitiPainted limestone20 (Tell el-Armana)

The Valley of the Kings

Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)

Entrance to King Tuts Tomb

King Tutankhamons Death Mask

1336-1327 B. C. E.

Treasures From Tuts Tomb

King Tutankhamon

King Tutankhamuns Tomb

Ramses II

c. 1279-1213Nefertari (main wife)Aggressive expansionTreaties w/ HittitesMarried Hittite princessMany wives, 90+ kids Monuments atKarnak, Luxor, Abu Simbel Abu-Simbel2 lrg temples (not funerary mnmts)Actually buried in ValleyMany paintings (Nefs temp)Outline and rich colorMore hues to depict dimensionalityDarker skin tonesFocus on eyes and lipsHieroglyphs to design

Abu Simbel65Family and NefertariRA

LuxorThe Valley of the QueensTemple of Queen Hatshepsut

1473-1458 B. C. E.Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?

1352-1336 B. C. E.The Ankh The Cross of Life

QueenNefertiti