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Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
THE AMERICAN JOURNEY A HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES
Brief Sixth Edition
Chapter
The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian Republicanism 1800-1824
9
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Triumph and Collapse of Jeffersonian
Republicanism 1800-1824
• Jefferson’s Presidency
• Madison and the Coming of War
• The War of 1812
• The Era of Good Feelings
• The Breakdown of Unity
• Conclusion
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The British bombardment of Fort McHenry,
Baltimore, on September 13–14, 1814, inspired the
writing of “The Star Spangled Banner.”
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Learning Objectives
• Why was the expansion of the United
States so important to Jefferson?
• What factors pushed Madison into a war
with Britain?
• What were the consequences of the War
of 1812?
• How did rising nationalism contribute to
the spirit of the Era of Good Feelings?
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Learning Objectives (cont'd)
• Why did slavery become such a divisive
issue in the years preceding the Missouri
Compromise?
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Jefferson’s Presidency
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Reform at Home
• Jefferson set the style and tone of his
administration by his unpretentious
inauguration in Washington, D.C. and
eliminating the aristocratic practices of the
Federalists.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Reform at Home (cont'd)
• The Republican domestic policy was
based on retrenchment. Jefferson reduced
the national debt from $83 million in 1800
to $57 million in 1809 by cutting
government spending and taxes.
• Jefferson replaced many Federalist Party
officeholders with Republicans and the
Republican Congress repealed the
Judiciary Act of 1801.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Reform at Home (cont'd)
• The Marbury v. Madison case established
the power of the Supreme Court to rule on
the constitutionality of legislation.
Marbury v. Madison: Supreme Court
decision of 1803 that created the precedent
of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional
part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The classical design and bucolic setting of
Monticello, Jefferson’s home outside Charlottesville,
Virginia
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Louisiana Purchase
• The revolution in Haiti led Napoleon to sell
the huge Louisiana territory to the United
States.
• The Louisiana Purchase doubled the size
of the United States.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 9–1 The Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis
and Clark Expedition
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Masterful hunters, the Plains Indians encountered by
Lewis and Clark depended on the buffalo for their
economic survival.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Corn fields now stretch across the plains crossed by
Lewis and Clark.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Amerindian Sacajawea was an indispensable
guide for Lewis and Clark on their famed expedition.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Florida and Western Schemes
• Jefferson’s failure to buy West Florida from
Spain led to a failed attempt to grab land
from Spain in the lower Mississippi Valley
and possibly create a separate nation.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency
• The war between France and Spain
embroiled the United States in a dispute
over neutral rights, blockades, ship
seizures, and imprisonment of American
sailors.
• A confrontation with the British at sea led
to the Embargo Act of 1807 that hurt
nearly all American economic groups
except manufacturers.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency
(cont'd)
• James Madison won the presidential
election of 1808 but the Federalist
candidate received twice as many votes
as in 1804.
Impressment
- The British policy of forcibly enlisting American
sailors into the British navy.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Embargo and a Crippled Presidency
(cont'd)
Chesapeake Incident
- Attack in 1807 by the British ship Leopard on the
American ship Chesapeake in American territorial
waters that nearly provoked an Anglo-American
war.
Embargo Act of 1807
- Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting
American ships from leaving for any foreign port.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
This Federalist cartoon satirizes Jefferson, in the
form of a prairie dog, coughing up the $2 million
bribe to Napoleon for the acquisition of West
Florida
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Madison and the Coming of War
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Failure of Economic Sanctions
• The Nonintercourse Act that had replaced
the Embargo Act convinced Madison that
Anglo-American relations would improve.
• A failed agreement between the United
States and Britain led Congress to pass
Macon’s Bill No. 2.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Frontier and Indian Resistance
• The unceasing demand for land stimulated
a pan-Indian resistance movement led by
Tecumseh and his brother Tenkswatawa.
• The Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811 led
Tecumseh to ally with the British.
• The Warhawks aggressively promoted war
with Britain.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Frontier and Indian
Resistance(cont'd)
Pan-Indian resistance movement
- Movement calling for the political and cultural
unification of Indian tribes in the late eighteenth
and early nineteenth centuries.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Prophet Tenkswatawa was the spiritual leader of
the pan-Indian movement
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Decision for War
• Madison prepared for war by increasing
the army from 10,000 to 35,000 men.
• Madison sent a war message to Congress
on June 1, 1812 and a divided Congress
passed the resolution. Federalists
opposed the war.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Decision for War (cont’d)
• Support for the war was strongest in
regions whose economies had been
damaged most by the British blockade and
control of Atlantic commerce, namely the
South and the West.
War Hawks
- Members of Congress, predominantly from the
South and West, who aggressively pushed for a
war against Britain after their election in 1810.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The War of 1812
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Setbacks in Canada
• Three offensives against Canada in 1812
failed and one led to the loss of Detroit to
the British. Most Canadians fought against
the Americans.
• War setbacks and antiwar feelings hurt the
Republicans and Madison won a narrow
victory in 1812.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Setbacks in Canada (cont'd)
War of 1812
- War fought between the United States and Britain
from June 1812 to January 1815 largely over
British restrictions on American shipping.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 9–2 The War of 1812
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 9–2 (continued) The War of 1812
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Western Victories and British
Offensives
• An American victory on Lake Erie led to
British attacks at a time when the
American government was nearly
bankrupt and political dissent in New
England was reaching a climax.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Western Victories and British
Offensives (cont’d)
• Though the British torched Washington,
D.C., their advance was stopped at
Baltimore and Americans won the battle of
Plattsburgh, turning the tide of the war.
Battle of Put-in-Bay
- American naval victory on Lake Erie in September
1813 in the War of 1812 that denied the British
strategic control over the Great Lakes.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Western Victories and British
Offensives (cont’d)
Battle of Plattsburgh
- American naval victory on Lake Champlain in
September 1814 in the War of 1812 that thwarted
a British invasion from Canada.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of
New Orleans
• The defeat of Napoleon led the British to
sign the Treaty of Ghent ending the War of
1812.
• During the period when the treaty was to
be ratified, Andrew Jackson defeated the
British at the Battle of New Orleans.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of
New Orleans (cont’d)
• Jackson’s victory ended any British hopes
of establishing a sphere of influence in
Louisiana and sounded the death knell for
the Federalist Party.
Treaty of Ghent
- Treaty signed in December 1814 between the
United States and Britain that ended the War of
1812.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Treaty of Ghent and the Battle of
New Orleans (cont’d)
Battle of New Orleans
- Decisive American War of 1812 victory over
British troops in January 1815 that ended any
British hopes of gaining control of the lower
Mississippi River Valley.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Among the troops that Jackson led to victory at the
Battle of New Orleans were a contingent of African
Americans, the Free Men of Color from New
Orleans.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Era of Good Feelings
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Era of Good Feelings
• The expression “Era of Good Feelings”
nicely captured the spirit of political
harmony and sectional unity that washed
over the republic in the postwar years.
Era of Good Feelings
- The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the
disappearance of the Federalists enabled the
Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly
nonpartisan harmony.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Economic Nationalism
• The War of 1812 converted Republicans to
the Federalist doctrine of centralized
national power.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Economic Nationalism (cont’d)
• Madison supported an economic program
pushed through Congress by Henry Clay
and John C. Calhoun that established the
Second Bank of the United States and set
up the protective Tariff of 1816. But
Madison vetoed an internal improvements
bill.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Economic Nationalism (cont’d)
Second Bank of the United States
- A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816
with extensive regulatory powers over currency
and credit.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Judicial Nationalism
• In a series of cases, the Supreme Court
led by John Marshall established the
principle that the Supreme Court had final
jurisdiction over matters of constitutional
interpretation and the sanctity of property
rights.
Fletcher v. Peck
- Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a
state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Judicial Nationalism (cont’d)
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
- Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited
states from interfering with the privileges granted
to a private corporation.
McCulloch v. Maryland
- Supreme Court decision of 1819 upholding the
constitutionality of the Second Bank of the United
States and the exercise of federal powers within a
state.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Toward a Continental Empire
• Secretary of State John Quincy Adams
negotiated several treaties that influenced
the future of the United States.
• A new era of Anglo-American cooperation
was opened with the signing of the Rush-
Bagot Agreement and the Anglo-American
Accords.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
• The Transcontinental Treaty with Spain
ceded Florida to the United States and
established the boundary between the
Louisiana Territory and the Spanish
southwest.
Rush–Bagot Agreement
- Treaty of 1817 between the United States and
Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great
Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships
each power could station on them.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
Anglo–American Accords
- Series of agreements reached in the British–
American Convention of 1818 that fixed the
western boundary between the United States and
Canada at the 49th parallel, allowed for the joint
occupation of the Oregon Country, and restored to
Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Toward a Continental Empire (cont'd)
Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819
- Treaty between the United States and Spain in
which Spain ceded Florida to the United States,
surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest,
and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana
Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.
Monroe Doctrine
- Declaration by President James Monroe in 1823
that the Western Hemisphere was to be closed off
to further European colonization and that the
United States would not interfere in the internal
affairs of European nations.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 9–3 The Missouri Compromise of 1820 and
Territorial Treaties with Britain and Spain, 1818–
1819
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Fittingly placing President James Monroe next to a
globe, this painting depicts one of the cabinet
meetings that led to the formulation of the Monroe
Doctrine.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Breakdown of Unity
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Panic of 1819
• Americans enjoyed a wave of prosperity
between 1815 and 1818 that fueled land
speculation and credit amid rising crop
prices.
• Reduced demand for cotton and food in
Europe led to a credit contraction that
caused a sharp decline in commodity
prices and real estate values.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Panic of 1819 (cont'd)
• The Bank of the United States stopped all
loans and called in debts stimulating a
depression that hit the West hardest.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
As Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams
was unrelenting in his pursuit of a
continental empire for the United States.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Missouri Compromise
• The dispute over the admission of
Missouri as a slave state increased
northern resentment over the expansion of
slavery and southern dominance in
national affairs.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)
• The congressional stalemate was broken
by a compromise engineered by Henry
Clay that admitted Missouri to the Union
as a slave state balanced by Maine’s
admission as a free state. Slavery was
prohibited north of the southern boundary
of Missouri.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Missouri Compromise (cont'd)
Missouri Compromise
- Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that
admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state
and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery
in the Louisiana Purchase territory above 36º30’
north latitude.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Election of 1824
• Four candidates vied for the presidency in
1824, William Crawford, John Quincy
Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay.
• Jackson won the most popular votes but
none had an electoral college majority.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
The Election of 1824 (cont'd)
• In the House of Representatives, Adams
was elected when Clay supported him.
Jackson called the election a corrupt
bargain after Clay was named Secretary of
State.
American System
- The program of government subsidies favored by
Henry Clay and his followers to promote American
economic growth and protect domestic
manufacturers from foreign competition.
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
MAP 9–4 The Election of 1824
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
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The American Journey: A History of the United States, Brief Sixth Edition
Goldfield • Abbott • Argersinger • DeJohn Anderson • Barney • Weir • Argersinger
Conclusion
• In 1800, the Republicans were just testing
their power while the Federalists were in
decline.
• The Republicans became empire builders
and paved the way for the nation to evolve
as a democratic republic.
• In the mid-1820s, the Republicans fell
victim to their own success and changing
conditions.