The Ama Handbook of Business Writing

THEAMAHANDBOOKOFBUSINESSWRITING

TheAMAHandBookofBusinessWriting

TheUltimateGuidetoStyleGrammarUsagePunctuationConstructionandFormatting

KEVINWILSONand

JENNIFERWAUSON

BulkdiscountsavailableFordetailsvisitwwwamacombooksorggospecialsalesOrcontactspecialsalesPhone800-250-5308EmailspecialslsamanetorgViewalltheAMACOMtitlesatwwwamacombooksorg

ThispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmattercoveredItissoldwiththeunderstandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderinglegalaccountingorotherprofessionalserviceIflegaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequiredtheservicesofacompetentprofessionalpersonshouldbesought

LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationDataAMAhandbookofbusinesswritingtheultimateguidetostylegrammarusagepunctuationconstructionandformattingKevinWilsonandJenniferWausonpcmIncludesbibliographicalreferencesandindexISBN-13978-0-8144-1589-4Isbn-100-8144-1589-x1Commercialcorrespondence--Handbooksmanualsetc2BusinesswritingmdashHandbooksmanualsetc3EnglishlanguagemdashBusinessEnglishmdashHandbooksmanualsetcIWilsonK(Kevin)1958ndashIIWausonJenniferIIIAmericanManagementAssociationHF5726A4851996808rsquo06665mdashdc222009050050

copy2010KevinWilsonandJenniferWausonAllrightsreservedPrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica

ThispublicationmaynotbereproducedstoredinaretrievalsystemortransmittedinwholeorinpartinanyformorbyanymeanselectronicmechanicalphotocopyingrecordingorotherwisewithoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofAMACOMadivisionofAmericanManagementAssociation1601BroadwayNewYorkNY10019

AboutAMAAmericanManagementAssociation(wwwamanetorg)isaworldleaderintalentdevelopmentadvancingtheskillsofindividualstodrivebusinesssuccessOurmissionistosupportthegoalsofindividualsandorganizationsthroughacompleterangeofproductsandservicesincludingclassroomandvirtualseminarswebcastswebinarspodcastsconferencescorporateandgovernmentsolutionsbusinessbooksandresearchAMArsquosapproachtoimprovingperformancecombinesexperientiallearningmdashlearningthroughdoingmdash

withopportunitiesforongoingprofessionalgrowthateverystepofonersquoscareerjourney

Printingnumber10987654321

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

SECTION1TheWritingProcess

AudienceAnalysisBrainstormingResearchInterviewingOutliningWritingaDraftBusinessWritingStyleUsingVisualsPageDesignPublicationDesignEditingProofreadingDocumentReviewRevisionsDocumentingSourcesFootnotesandEndnotesBibliographies

GlobalCommunicationsCollaborativeWritingPromotionalWriting

SECTION2TheBusinessWriterrsquosAlphabeticalReference

AAnAbbreviationsTitlesBeforeandAfterNamesNamesMathematicalUnitsandMeasurementsLongPhrasesWordsUsedwithNumbersCommonLatinTerms

StatesandTerritoriesThingsYouShouldNotAbbreviateSpacingandPeriodsforAbbreviationsGuidelinesforUsingAbbreviationsinYourWriting

AbbreviationsforMeasurementsAbbreviationsforNumbersAboveBelowAbsoluteFormofanAdjectiveAbsolutePhraseAbsolutelyAbstractNounsAccentMarksAcceptExceptAccessExcessAcronymsActionVerbsActiveVoiceADAdjectivalNounAdjectivalOppositesAdjectivePhraseAdjectivesPlacementofAdjectivesinaSentenceUseofMultipleAdjectivesDegreesofAdjectivesIrregularFormAdjectivesA-Adjectives

AdjunctsDisjunctsandConjunctsAdverbialClauseAdverbialPhraseAdverbsPrepositionalPhrasesActingasAdverbsInfinitivePhrasesActingasAdverbsAdverbsinaNumberedListAdverbstoAvoidPositioningAdverbsinaSentenceOrderofAdverbs

InappropriateAdverbOrderViewpointAdverbsFocusAdverbsNegativeAdverbs

AdviceAdviseAffectEffectAffixesAfrican-AmericanAgeAgentsAgreementAidAideAlikeALittleAllegoriesAlliterationAllRightAlrightAllusionIllusionAloneLonelyALotAlotAllotAlreadyAllReadyAltogetherAllTogetherAmbitransitiveVerbsAmericanEnglishBritishEnglishAmongBetweenAmpersandAMPMAnAnadiplosisAnaphoraAndAlsoAndOrAngryMadAnimateNounsAntagonymsAntecedentAnti-

AntimetaboleAntonymsAnyEitherAnySomeApartAPartApodosisApostropheAppearsDisplaysAppendixAppositionAppositivesArticlesAsLikeAssureInsureEnsureAsterisksAstoWhetherAsWellAsAutoantonymsAuxiliaryVerbsAverageMeanMedianAWhileAwhileAwfulAwfullyBadBadlyBack-ChannelingBackslashSlashBackupBackupBaseFormofaVerbBasicallyEssentiallyTotallyBCBecauseSinceAsBeenGoneBeingThatBeingAsBelowBesideBesidesBetweenAmongBiasBiasedBiasedorSexistLanguage

BibliographyBillionBiweeklyBimonthlySemiweeklySemimonthlyBlindBlogWeblogBoldFontsBoredBoringBothAlikeBothEachBracketsChangestoQuotedMaterialDigressionswithinParentheses

BrakeBreakBrandNamesBreathBreatheBringTakeBritishEnglishBulletedListBushelBusinessRightBuzzwordsByByeBuyByUntilCallBackCallbackCallOutCalloutCalloutsCameByCanMayCannotCanrsquotSeemCanvasCanvassCapitalLettersCapitalCapitolCapitalizationActsofCongressAssociationsBookTitlesandTheirSubdivisions

RailroadCarsandAutomobileModelsChurchesandChurchDignitariesCitiesClubsLegalCodesCompassPointsDesignatingaSpecificRegionConstitutionsCorporationsCourts

DecorationsDegrees(Academic)DistrictsEducationalCoursesEpithetsFleetsFoundationsGeographicDivisionsGovernmentDivisionsHistoricalTermsHolidaysLibrariesLocalitiesMilitaryServicesNobilityandRoyaltyOceansandContinentsParksPeoplesandTribesPersonificationPlanetsandOtherHeavenlyBodiesRiversSportsStadiumsTeamsandTerms

CaptionsCardinalandOrdinalNumbersCaseCataphoraCausativeVerbsCautionNoticeCDDVD

CensorCensureSensorCenserChampaignChampagneCheckControlChiasmusChicanoLatinoHispanicChooseChoseCiteSiteSightCitingPublicationsClausesCleanupCleanUpCleftSentencesClicheacutesClickClickandDragClickOnClosedCompoundsColeman-LiauIndexCollectiveAdjectivesCollectiveNounsCollocationsColloquialColonEmphasisorAnticipationTimeTitles

CombinationCommaCompoundandComplexSentencesIntroductoryExpressionsOtherTransitionalWordsPrepositionalPhrasesContrastingPhrasesNonrestrictiveModifiersInfinitivePhrasesDesignatingDialogueRepeatedWordsWordOmission

TransposedAdjectiveOrderNumbersAddressesTitlesCompanyNames

CommonAdjectivesCommonNounsCompanyandProductNamesComparativesComparedtoComparedwithComplementComplimentComplementsComplexPrepositionsCompoundNounsCompoundPredicatesCompoundSentencesCompoundingSentenceElementsCompoundWordsOpenCompoundsClosedCompoundsHyphenatedCompounds

ComptrollerControllerConcordConcreteNounsConditionalPerfectConditionalsConjunctionsAndButOrPunctuationforCoordinatingConjunctionsOtherConjunctionsSubordinatingConjunctionsCorrelativeConjunctions

ConjunctiveAdverbsConjunctsConnoteDenote

ConsideredtoBeConsonantsContinuousVerbsContractionsContranymsControlConvincePersuadeCooperateCoordinatedAdjectivesCoordinatingConjunctionsCopulaVerbsCopyrightCorrelativeConjunctionCouldofMightofCouncilCounselConsulCountNounsCredibleCredulousCross-ReferenceCut-and-PasteDangerNoticeDanglingModifiersCharacteristicsofDanglingModifiersRevisingDanglingModifiers

DanglingParticiplesDashDataDatesDeaforHardofHearingDealDecimalsDeclarativeMoodDeclarativeSentenceDefiningRelativeClauseDefiniteArticleDefuseDiffuseDegreeAdverbsDegreeTitles

DeixisDemonstrativeAdjectivesDemonstrativePronounsDenominalAdjectivesDenoteConnoteDependentClausesDescriptiveWritingDesertDessertDeterminersDeviceDeviseDiacriticDifferentfromDifferentthanDiffuseDefuseDimensionsDirectObjectsDisabilityDiscDiskDiscreetDiscreteDiseaseNamesDisjunctsDisplayMonitorScreenDisyllabicDitransitiveVerbsDittoMarksDoDoesDidDollarsandCentsDollarandCentSignsDecimalPoints

DonrsquotDoesnrsquotDorsquosandDonrsquotsDot-ComDoubleNegativesDoublePossessivesDouble-ClickDownloadUploadDowntonersDrag-and-Drop

DuetotheFactThatDVDDynamicAdjectivesDynamicVerbsEachOtherOneAnotherEachTheirEffectAffectEggcornegieEitherNeitherElicitIllicitEllipsesEllipticalClausesEmailEmbeddedQuestionsEmDashEmigrateImmigrateEminentImminentImmanentEmoticonsEmpathicFormsEmpathySympathyEnDashEndnotesEndResultEndophoraEngineMotorEnoughNotEnoughEnquireInquireEnsureAssureInsureEnthuseEnthusiasticEntitledEnvelopEnvelopeEpanadiplosisEpanalepsisEpistemicModalityEpistropheEpizeuxis

EquallyasImportantEquationsErgativeVerbsEssentiallyetaletcEuphemismsEverydayEveryoneEveryOneEveryTimeExceptUnlessExcessAccessExclamationPointExclamatorySentenceExclusiveAdverbsExistentialThereExitExophoricExpectExpletiveConstructionsExpositoryWritingExtranetExtrapositionFactitiveVerbsFaintFairFareFANBOYSFartherFurtherFazePhaseFeintFaintFemaleWomanFewerLessFewAFewFigurativelyFigureofSpeechFiguresFiniteVerbs

FirstConditionalFixSituationFlairFlareFlesch-KincaidIndexFlierFlyerFocusAdverbFogIndexFontTypefaceFootFeetFootnotesEndnotesForegoForgoForeignWordsandPhrasesForeverForEverForForeFourFormattingFormulasForwardForwardsForewordFractionsFragmentsFullTimeFull-timeFurtherFusedSentencesFuturePerfectFuturePerfectProgressiveFutureProgressiveGageGaugeGenderGenitiveMarkerGerundGigabyteGigahertzGlossaryGoneWentGoodWellGotGottenGrammaticalHierarchyGrayGrey

GuessHandicapDisabilityHardDiskHardDriveHeadingsandSubheadingsHelpingVerbsHendiatrisHeteronymsHighlightingHispanicLatinoChicanoHitHomographsHomonymsHomophonesHypallageHyperbatonHyperboleHyperlinksHyphensLineBreaksSubstituteWordsPronunciationCompoundAdjectives

HyphenatedCompoundWordsHyphenatedNumbersHyponymsHypophoraHypotheticalQuestionsHysteronProteronIdiolectIdioms230ieegIfWhenWhetherIllicitElicitIllusionAllusionIllustrationsIMeMyselfImmanentEminentImmigrateEmigrate

ImperativeMoodImplyInferInanimateNounsInaugurateInchoativeVerbsIndefiniteArticlesIndefinitePronounsIndependentClausesIndexIndicativeMoodIndirectObjectsIndirectSpeechInductiveAntonomasiaInfinitivesInfinitivePhrase

InflectionInherentandNoninherentAdjectivesInitialismsAcronymsInnuendoInOrdertoInquireEnquireIn-SentenceListsInsideofWithinInsureEnsureAssureIntensivePronounsInterjectionsInternetIntranetExtranetInterrogativePronounsInterrogativeSentencesIntranetIntransitiveVerbsIntroductoryModifierInviteIronyIrregularPluralsIrregularSpellingIrregularVerbs

IsocolonItalicsItsItrsquosJargonJobTitlesJointPossessivesJrSrKenningKeyboardTerminologyKilobyteKilohertzKindKindsKindofSortofLatinoHispanicChicanoLatinTermsLatitudeLongitudeLayLieLayOutLayoutLeadLedLearnTeachLeaveLetLedLeadLendLoanLessenLessonLessFewerLetLeaveLetsLetrsquosLexicalDensityLiableLikelyLieLayLightedLitLikeAsLineLinkingVerbsListsIn-SentenceListsVerticalLists

NumberedListsBulletedListsMulticolumnLists

LiterallyFigurativelyLitLightedLitotesLittleALittleLoanLendLogOnLogOffLogonLogoffLonelyAloneLongitudeLatitudeLooseLoseLostLostOutLotsMadAngryMarginNotesMassNounsMathematicalEquationsMaybeMayBeMayCanMayMightMeanMedianAverageMegabyteMegahertzMeiosisMeMyselfIMetaphorMetonymyMfrMfgMightCouldMightMayMightofShouldofWouldofCouldofMinimalPairsMisplacedModifiersMixedConditionalsMixedMetaphorMnemonics

ModifiersInitialModifiersMidsentenceModifiersTerminalModifiersCombiningModifiersMisplacedModifiers

MonitorMonosyllabicMoodMoreThanOverMorphemeMostofAllAlmostMotorEngineMouseTerminologyMulticolumnListsMyselfMeNamesNegativeAdverbsNegativeFormationsNegativePronounsNeitherEitherNeologismNeverNominalAdjectivesNominativeAbsolutesNominativeCaseNominativePossessivesNoncountNounsNondefiningRelativeClauseNonfiniteVerbsNoninherentAdjectivesNonrestrictiveClausesNoticesNounCaseNounClauseNounPhraseNounPlurals

NounsNounsofAddressNumberAbbreviationsNumberedListNumbersorWordsPrintedTextandProseTextAttheBeginningofaSentenceLegalDocumentsRoundNumbersSetsofNumbersLargeNumbersSeparatingDigits

ObjectObjectComplementObjectiveCaseOffOfflineOnAccountofOneOneAnotherEachOtherOnlineOfflineOnlyOnomatopoeiaOpenOpenCompoundsOrdinalNumbersOverMoreThanOxfordCommaOxymoronPageBreaksPageNumberingPageNumberFormats

PalindromesParagraphsElementsofaParagraphParagraphDevelopmentWhentoStartaNewParagraph

ParagraphTransitionsParallelConstructionParaphrasingParenthesesParentheticalElementsParticipleParticipialPhrasePartsofSpeechPartyPassedPastPassiveVoicePastPerfectProgressiveTensePastPerfectTensePastProgressiveTensePastSimpleTensePeoplePerPercentPercentagePerfectAspectPerfectInfinitivePerfectTensePeriodPersonPersonalPronounsPersonificationPersuadeConvincePhaseFazePhaticSpeechPhrasalVerbsPhrasesPhrasesandWordstoOmitPidginPlagiarismPleonasmPluperfectPlurals

PluralsofNumbersPlusPMPointinTimePolyptotonPolysemePolysyllabicPossessiveAdjectivesPossessiveCasePossessivePronounsPossessivesPostedInformedPostmodifierPrecedeProceedPredeterminersPredicatesPrefacePrefixesPremodifierPrepositionalPhrasePrepositionsTimeAtOnInForandSincePlaceAtOnInLocationAtOnInMovementToTowardCombinations

PresentInfinitivePresentParticiplePresentPerfectTensePresentProgressiveTensePresentSimpleTensePressTypeClickStrikeHitSelectPreviousPrincipalPrincipleProblemPronounsINominativeCaseNeveranObjectSheHeNominativeCaseNeveranObject

TheyNominativeCaseNeveranObjectWeNominativeCaseNeveranObjectMeUsHerHimThemObjectiveCaseNeveraSubject

ProceedPrecedeProgressiveVerbsPronounsPronounsandAntecedentAgreementProperAdjectivesProperNounsProtatisQuantifiersQuestionMarkQuestionTypesQuitclaimQuitExitQuotationMarksQuotationswithinQuotationsQuotationsforTitlesQuotationMarksandPunctuation

RaiseRiseRationalRationaleRealReciprocalPronounsRecurReoccurRedundancyReflexivePronounsRegardRegardsRegularVerbsRelativeAdverbsRelativeClausesRelativePronounsReoccurReportedSpeechRestrictiveClausesResultativeAdjectiveResumptiveModifierRhetoricalQuestion

RhymeRightBusinessRight-clickRiseRaiseRomanNumeralsRootRoutRouteRunRun-OnSentencesSameSarcasmSatireScreenScreenTerminologySecondConditionalSelectSemicolonSemiweeklySemimonthlySensorCensorSentenceSentenceFragmentsSentenceSubjectSentenceTypesSentenceVarietySetupSetUpSexistLanguageShallWillShapeShouldMustShouldofShouldWouldShutDownShutdownSicSignInSignOutSignOnSignUpSimileSinceBecauseSingularSitSet

SiteSightCiteSlangSlashAndOrCombinationsIndicatingOtherRelationships

SmallCapsSoSoftwareMenusandCommandsSolidusSomeAnySometimeSomeTimeSortofKindofSpacesAfterPeriodsSplitInfinitiveSrJrStativeAdjectiveStativeVerbSubheadingsSubjectSubjectComplementSubjectiveCaseSubjectivePronounsSubject-VerbAgreementSubject-VerbInversionSubjunctiveSubmittalSubmissionSubordinateClauseSubordinatingConjunctionsSuffixSummativeModifierSuperlativeSyllableSymbolsandSpecialCharactersSympathyEmpathySynecdocheSynonymsTableofContents

TablesTagQuestionTakeBringTautologyTeachLearnTelephoneNumbersTemperatureTenseTerabyteThanIThanMeThanThenThatWhichThereTheirTheyrsquoreThirdConditionalTimeDates

TimeZonesTitledEntitledTitlesFormattingtheTitleofaManuscript

TmesisToAtToneTopicSentenceTotallyTowardTowardsTransitionsTransitionalExpressionsRepeatingKeyWordsPronounReferenceParallelism

TransitiveVerbTryandComeandBeSureandTypeEnterTypefaceFontUnbiasedLanguageSexistLanguage

UncountableNounUnderliningUnderstatementUntilByUploadDownloadUppercaseURLUSUsedtoUtteranceVainVaneVeinVerbalPhraseVerbComplementVerbFormsVerbGroupVerbiageVerbMoodVerboseExpressionsVerbsVerbTenseVersusvsVerticalListsVisuallyImpairedBlindVoiceVoiceMailVowelsWaitOnWanderWonderWebWeblogWebPagesWebSiteWeightsandMeasuresWellGoodWentGoneWhenWhetherWhereWhetherorNot

WhichWhorsquosWhoseWhoWhichWhoWhomWillShallWithinInsideofWomanFemaleWonderWanderWordClassesWordsorFiguresWordyExpressionsWouldofWouldShouldXmasChristmasYesNoQuestionsZeroArticleZeroConditionalZeugmaZipCode

SECTION3SampleBusinessDocuments

AbstractsAcceptanceLetterAcknowledgmentLetterAdjustmentLetterAnnouncementLetterAnnualReportApplicationLetterBrochuresBusinessLetterBusinessLetterWritingStyleBusinessLetterFormat

BusinessPlanCollectionLetterCommendationLetterComplaintLetterCoverLetters

DirectivesEmailEndorsementLetterFormsFund-RaisingLetterGrantProposalsInstructionsIntroductionsInquiryLetterJobDescriptionsJobOfferLetterMeetingAgendaMeetingMinutesCorporateMinutesCorporateResolutions

MemorandumMissionStatementsNewslettersNewsletterArticles

NoticesPermissionLetterPoliciesRulesorGuidelinesPowerPointPresentationsPlanningaPresentation

PressReleasesProceduresProgressReportsProposalsQuestionnairesandSurveysReferenceLettersRefusalLetterReportsMemorandumReportLetterReportShortReportFormalReport

RequestLetters

ResearchReportResignationLetterReacutesumeacutesSalesLettersSeasonalCorrespondenceSpecificationsSpeechesandOralPresentationsSummariesTerminationofEmploymentLetterTrainingManualTripReportUserGuideWarningLetterWebSitesWhitePapers

LISTOFBUSINESSDOCUMENTSFIGURES

Figure31DescriptiveAbstract

Figure32InformativeAbstract

Figure33AcceptanceLetter

Figure34AcknowledgmentLetter

Figure35AdjustmentLetter

Figure36AnnouncementLetter

Figure37AnnualReportCoverPage

Figure38AnnualReportTableofContents

Figure39AnnualReportLetterfromtheChairman

Figure310AnnualReportOrganizationalOverview

Figure311AnnualReportOverviewofOrganizationrsquosPerformance

Figure312ApplicationLetter

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

Figure315PartsofaBusinessLetter

Figure316BlockLetter

Figure317ModifiedBockLetter

Figure318ModifiedSemiblockLetter

Figure319SimplifiedLetter

Figure320BusinessPlan

Figure321CollectionLetter

Figure322CommendationLetter

Figure323ComplaintLetter

Figure324CoverLetter

Exhibit325Directive

Figure326EndorsementLetter

Figure327Contract

Figure328NotaryFormforanIndividual

Figure329NotaryFormforaCorporation

Figure330NotaryFormforaPartnership

Figure331Fund-RaisingLetter

Figure332GrantProposal

Figure333Instructions

Figure334Introduction

Figure335InquiryLetter

Figure336JobDescription

Figure337JobOfferLetter

Figure338MeetingAgenda

Figure339MeetingMinutes

Figure340Memo

Figure341MissionStatement

Figure342Newsletter

Figure343NewsletterArticle

Figure344Note

Figure345Tip

Figure346WarningNotice

Figure347CautionNotice

Figure348DangerNotice

Figure349PermissionLetterGrantingPermission

Figure350PermissionLetterRequestingPermission

Figure351Policy

Figure352SlidewithBulletedListsaGraphicalBackgroundandPhoto

Figure353SlidewithTitleBulletedSubtitleandPieChart

Figure354SlidewithPowerPointWordArt

Figure355SlidewithGraphicsRatherThanText

Figure356PressRelease

Figure357Procedures

Figure358ProgressReport

Figure359ProposalforVideoProductionServices

Figure360Survey

Figure361ReferenceLetter

Figure362RefusalLetter

Figure363HeadingNumberingSystems

Figure364ReportCover

Figure365ReportTransmittalLetter

Figure366ReportTableofContents

Figure367ReportListofFigures

Figure368ReportBody

Figure369RequestLetter

Figure370AnalyticalResearchReport

Figure371ResignationLetter

Figure372ChronologicalFormatReacutesumeacute

Figure373SkillsFormatReacutesumeacute

Figure374SalesLetter

Figure376SeasonalCorrespondence

Figure377Specifications

Figure378SpeechbyJohnFKennedy

Figure379Summary

Figure380TerminationLetter

Figure381Instructor-LedTrainingManual

Exhibit382Self-StudyTrainingManual

Figure383TrainingManualCover

Figure384TrainingManualTableofContents

Figure385TrainingManualGetting-StartedPage

Figure386TrainingManualQuiz

Figure387TrainingManualCourseEvaluation

Figure388TrainingManualCourseObjectives

Figure389TrainingManualLessonContentsandObjectives

Figure390TrainingManualTableReference

Figure391TrainingManualInstructions

Figure392TrainingManualGroupActivity

Figure393TripReport

Figure394OnlineUserGuide

Figure395UserGuideTutorial

Figure396UserGuideCover

Figure397UserGuideInstructions

Figure398UserGuideReferenceInformation

Figure399UserGuideQuickStart

Figure3100WarningLetter

Figure3101WebSite

Figure3102WhitePaper

INTRODUCTION

TheAMAHandbookofBusinessWritingisadesktopjobaidforallcorporatecommunicatorsThebookisacollectionofeasy-to-findinformationonstylegrammarusagepunctuationlanguageconstructionformattingandbusinessdocuments

InwritingthreeeditionsoftheAdministrativeAssistantrsquosandSecretaryrsquosHandbookwehavedoneextensiveresearchonlanguageusageInadditionwearethefoundersofacorporatecommunicationsconsultingbusinesswithover25yearsrsquoexperienceworkingformanyFortune500companieslikeIBMATampTSonyChevronHewlettPackardandCoxEnterprisesInourworkwersquovedevelopedhundredsofbusinessdocumentsincludingWebsitesbrochuresreportspresentationsmarketingplanspolicymanualsvideoprogramssoftwaretutorialsandtrainingmaterialsInTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWritingwetakethebestofthesecorporatebusinesswritingguidelinesandorganizetheminawaycorporatewriterswillfinduseful

WersquovewrittenthebooksoyoucaneasilyfindinformationonaparticulartopicandquicklygetbacktoyourwritingprojectWehavealphabetizedmostofthebookandincludedcross-referencestoassistyouinfindingalternativelywordedentries

ThebookisorganizedintothreesectionsSection1TheWritingProcessSection2TheBusinessWriterrsquosAlphabeticalReferenceSection3SampleBusinessDocuments

Thebookalsoincludesadetailedtableofcontentsandindexthatwillassistyouinquicklyfindingwhatyouareseeking

TheSampleBusinessDocumentssectionincludesguidelinestipsandawidevarietyofbusinessdocumentsincludingannualreportsbrochuresbusinesslettersbusinessplansgrantproposalsmissionstatementsnewsletterspoliciespressreleasesproposalsreacutesumeacutessurveysspeechestrainingmanualsuserguidesandwhitepapers

WebelieveTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWritingisanessentialdeskreferenceforthefollowingbusinesswritersCorporatecommunicationswritersandmanagersMarketingwritersandmanagersHumanresourcesadministratorsandmanagersSalesrepresentativesandmanagersTrainingdevelopersandmanagers

TechnicalwritersGrantwritersPublicrelationswritersAdministrativeassistants

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

InwritingthisbookwereferencedmanysourcestoconfirmguidelinesweusedthroughoutourprofessionalcareerswhileworkingwithavarietyofFortune500companiesInadditionweusedourownbooktheAdministrativeAssistantrsquosandSecretaryrsquosHandbookasasourceforcontentonlanguageusagegrammarandpunctuationWethereforethankJamesStromanwhocoauthoredtheAdministrativeAssistantrsquosandSecretaryrsquosHandbook

ThefollowingisalistofsourceswereferencedwhilewritingthisbooktoconfirmtheaccuracyofourcontentJamesStromanKevinWilsonandJenniferWausonTheAdministrativeAssistantrsquosandSecretaryrsquosHandbook3rded(NewYorkAMACOMBooks2007)

MicrosoftCorporationEditorialStyleBoardMicrosoftManualofStyleforTechnicalPublications3rded(RedmondWAMicrosoftPress2004)

DavidAMcMurreyOnlineTechnicalWriting2009lthttpwwwiocom~hcexrestextbookacctochtmlintroductiongtSeealsoDavidAMcMurreyPowerToolsforTechnicalCommunication(Heinle2001)

UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana-ChampaignTheCenterforWritingStudies2009lthttpwwwcwsillinoiseduworkshopwritersgt

PurdueUniversityThePurdueOnlineWritingLab(OWL)2009lthttpowlenglishpurdueedugt

UsingEnglishcomEnglishGlossaryofGrammarTerms2009lthttpwwwusingenglishcomglossaryhtmlgt

AUDIENCEANALYSIS

WhenplanningtowriteabusinessdocumentthemostimportantconsiderationistounderstandyouraudienceYoumustadaptyourwritingtotheneedsandinterestsoftheaudience

FormostbusinessdocumentstheaudiencefallsintooneofthefollowingcategoriesSubjectmatterexpertsmdashindividualswhoknowthecontentcompletelyandwhofocusonthedetails

Technologistsmdashpeoplewhomanufactureoperateandmaintainproductsandservicesandwhohaveafirmpracticalknowledge

Managementmdashpeoplewhomakedecisionsaboutwhethertoproduceandmarketproductsandservicesbutwhohavelittletechnicalknowledgeaboutthedetails

Generalaudiencemdashpeoplewhomayknowaboutaproductorservicebutwhohavelittletechnicalknowledgeaboutthedetails

AnotherwaytoanalyzeyouraudienceistoconsideritscharacteristicsWhataretheirbackgroundeducationandexperienceDoesyourwritinghavetostartwiththebasicsorcanyouworkatamoreadvancedlevel

ExampleIfyouarewritingaboutaWindows-basedsoftwareproductcanyouassumetheaudiencealreadyhasabasicunderstandingofWindowshowtouseamouseandsoforth

WhatwilltheaudienceexpectandneedfromyourdocumentHowwillyourdocumentbeusedWillusersreaditcovertocoverorjustskimthehighpointsWilltheyuseyourdocumentasareferencetolookupinformationwhenitisneededWhatarethedemographicsofyouraudienceConsidertheagesexlocationandothercharacteristicsofyouraudience

YourwritingmayhavemorethanoneaudienceoranaudiencewithawidevarietyofbackgroundsWithanaudienceofbothexpertsandlaypeopleitisbesttoorganizeyourdocumentintosectionswitheasy-to-understandheadingssothattheindividualuserscanfindtheareasthatinterestthemYoumayneedtooff-loadthemoretechnicalinformationtoanappendix

OnceyouhaveanalyzedyouraudienceyouneedtoadaptyourdocumenttoconformtoitsinterestsandneedsYoumayneedtoaddinformationYoumayneedtoomitinformationYoumayneedtoaddexamplestohelpreadersunderstandYoumayneedtowritetoalowerorhigherlevelYoumayneedtoincludebackgroundinformationYoumayneedtostrengthentransitionsbetweensentencesparagraphsandsectionsYoumayneedtowritelongerintroductionsandclearertopicsentencesYoumayneedtochangeyoursentencestyleYoumayneedchangethetypeofgraphicsusedYoumayneedtoaddcross-referencesYoumayneedtoorganizeyourcontentintoheadingswithlistsYoumayneedtousespecialfontsfontsizesfontstylesandlinespacingforemphasis

BRAINSTORMING

BrainstormingbyjottingdownnotesisagreatwaytogathercontentideasforawritingprojectDonrsquotworryabouttheorderoftheideasLetoneidealeadyoutootherrelatedideas

BrowsetheWebtogenerateideasReviewmagazinesjournalsandperiodicalindexesforideasUsefreeassociationtoletyourmindroamfreelythroughoutthesubjectareaUsefreeassociationwhilecommutingwhileridingabikewhilewalkingorevenwhiletakingashower

Keepapenandnotepadoradigitalrecordernearby

AsyouthinkaboutthesubjectmatterconsiderthefollowinganglesArethereanyproblemsorneedsIsthereacause-and-effectrelationshipWhatarethesolutionstotheproblemsWhatisthehistoryofthesubjectmatterWhatprocessesareinvolved

WhatneedstobedescribedtoreadersHowcanthesubjectmatterbedividedintosmallerpiecesAreanycomparisonsinvolvedWhatneedstobeillustratedwithagraphicorphotographHowisthesubjectmatterappliedCanyoulistanyadvantagesandbenefitsWhatarethedisadvantagesandlimitationsArethereanywarningscautionstipsorguidelinesWhatarethefinancialimplicationsofthesubjectmatterWhatisitsimportanceWhatdoesthefuturelikelyholdWhatarethesocialpoliticalandlegalimplicationsofthesubjectmatterCanyoudrawanyconclusionsaboutthesubjectmatterDoyouhaveanyrecommendationsWhatarethealternativestothesubjectmatterWhattestsandmethodsareusedCanyouuserelevantstatisticsArethereanylegalissuesShouldyouconsiderapplicablebusinesssituations

AfterbrainstormingthenextstepistonarrowthelistofideastothescopeoftheprojectHowdoeseachbrainstormideaapplytoyouraudienceWillyouraudiencecareabouteachbrainstormingitemDoestheideahelpyouraudienceunderstandthetopicCouldyoueliminateoneormoreideaswithoutsacrificinganythingIstheideatoogeneraltootechnicalornottechnicalenough

AfternarrowingthelistoftopicsdecidehowtocovereachanddeterminehowtoobtainthecontentdetailsResearchonlineTalktosubjectmatterexpertsUsereferencebooksTestandevaluatetheproductorserviceyourselfGettestimonialsfromcustomersorusers

ConducttestsRecorddemonstrationsusingsoftwareorvideo

ForthenarrowedlistoftopicsdeterminetheaudiencelevelforeachDeterminewhichtopicsapplytoallaudiencesandshouldbemoregeneralDeterminewhichtopicsapplytoindividualaudiencesandshouldbemorespecificincludemoredetailsorusedtocreateseparateaudience-specificdocuments

RESEARCH

TheresearchphaseofabusinesswritingprojectconsistsofReviewingexistingpublicationsperiodicalsWebsitesandcompanydocumentsEvaluatingproductsandservicesConductingtestsofproductsandservicesRunningtestsStudyingusersInterviewingexpertsConductingsurveysusingquestionnairesorobservations

TraditionalprintsourcesusedinresearchincludeanythingpublishedinprintformthatisavailableinlibrariesandbookstoresBooksTextbooksNewspapersScholarlyjournalsTradepublicationsMagazines

MaterialsavailableforresearchpurposesontheInternetincludeWebpagesandblogsPDFdocumentseBooksVideoandaudioOnlineversionsofprintpublicationsPressreleases

MessageboardsDiscussionlists

ChatroomsWeb-basedgovernmentreports

WhensearchingforinformationatalibraryorontheInternetMakealistofkeywordsrelatedtoyoursubjectmatterthatwilllikelyproducesearchresults

UsetheLibraryofCongresssubjectheadingstosearchforkeywordsCheckBooksinPrintbysubjectsforanyrelatedkeywordsChecktheReaderrsquosGuidetoPeriodicLiteratureforrelatedarticlesUseGoogleScholaratwwwscholargooglecomtosearchforarticlesacrossmanydisciplinesandsources

ChecktheNewYorkTimesIndexforrelevantnewspaperarticlesCheckageneralencyclopediaforinformationaboutyourtopic

KeepalistofthesourcesusedinyourresearchinordertodocumenttheminfootnotesendnotesandabibliographyKeepyournotesorganizedonnotecardsorinawordprocessorForresearchfrombooksincludethetitleauthorscityofpublicationpublisherdateofpublicationandthepagesforspecificquotesandotherinformation

Forresearchfrommagazinesincludethetitleofthearticlethemagazinersquosnametheissuedateandbeginningandendingpagenumbersofthearticle

Forencyclopediaarticlesincludethetitleeditionnumberdateofpublicationandtheauthorrsquosname

Forgovernmentdocumentsincludenotesaboutthedepartmentadministrationoragencynamealongwithanycatalogingnumber

Forprivatesourcesofresearchfrominterviewsmakenotesaboutthedateofthecommunicationthesourcersquosfullnametitleandorganization

Whenmakingnotesfromyourresearchsourcesyoucanrecordanyofthefollowing

AfewsentencesorsomestatisticsDirectquotesfromapublicationParaphrasedinformationinyourownwordsSummariesthatcondensethemainideasinanarticle

INTERVIEWING

Interviewswithsubjectmatterexpertscustomersendusersandmembersofyourgeneralaudienceprovideyouwithinsightandtestimonialsforuseinyourwritingproject

InterviewscanbeconductedinanumberofwaysFace-to-faceInfocusgroupsBytelephoneInacomputerchatViaemailOnamessageboardBymeansofadiscussionlistBymail

Interviewsthatareconductedface-to-faceoronthetelephonecanberecordedwiththeintervieweersquospermissionandlatertranscribedIninformalconversationalinterviewsinterviewquestionsoftenflowfromthecontextofthediscussion

Structuredinterviewsfollowachecklisttomakesureallrelevanttopicsarecoveredandtheinterviewermayaskimpromptuquestionsbasedontheanswers

Inanopen-endedinterviewopen-endedquestionsareaskedallowingthesubjecttoshareopinionsandideas

WhenaskinginterviewquestionsconsiderthefollowingAskclearquestionswhoselanguagemakessensetotheintervieweesAskonequestionatatimeratherthanmultipartquestionsAskopened-endedquestionswithnopredeterminedanswersAskquestionsaboutintervieweesrsquoexperiencewiththesubjectmatterbeforeaskingfortheiropinionsonit

OrderthequestionsfromgeneraltospecificfrombroadtonarrowAskprobingandfollow-upquestionswhenadifferentlevelofresponseordetailisneededBeabletointerprettheanswersandclarifytheresponsestoconfirmthatwhatyouheardiswhattheintervieweemeant

AvoidsensitiveordeepquestionsthatmayirritatetheintervieweeAllowfree-formdiscussionbutkeeptheinterviewsessionundercontrolbyhavinga

checklistofquestionsyouwanttoaskEstablishandmaintainarapportwiththeintervieweethroughattentivelisteningpurposefulvoicetoneandresponsiveexpressionsandgestures

OUTLINING

OutlinesareusefulinthewritingprocessasastrategyforbrainstormingandthelogicalorderingofcontentAnoutlineliststheheadingsandsubheadingsforvarioustopicsandideasSeverallevelsofsubheadingsmaybeusedtogroupideas

TocreateanoutlineDeterminethepurposeofthedocumentDeterminetheaudienceBrainstormideastoincludeinthedocumentOrganizetheideasbygroupingsimilaronestogether

DeterminealogicalorderfortheideasLabelthegroupsofideasforuseasheadingsandsubheadingsintheoutline

InthemostcommonoutlineformatnumbersorlettersareassignedtoeachlevelofheadingorsubheadingForexampleIRomannumeralsACapitalizedletters1ArabicnumeralsaLowercaseletters

KeepthefollowingideasinmindwhencreatinganoutlineUseparallelstructureforheadingsandsubheadingsHeadingcontentatthesamelevelshouldbeequallysignificantAheadingcancontainjustafewwordsoranentiresentenceEachheadingshouldhaveatleasttwoormoreitemsofsubordinatedcontentorsubheadings

Headingsshouldbegeneralandsubheadingsshouldbemorespecific

ExampleIIntroducingthetransactionalWebsiteAWhatisatransactionalWebsite

BWhousesthistypeofWebsiteIIFindingatransactionalWebhostingserviceABandwidthpricingBShoppingcartserviceCCreditcardmerchantservice

IIITypicalWebtransactionsAServicesBResearchCDownloadablesoftwareDProducts

WRITINGADRAFT

AftercompletingtheprewritingstagesofaudienceanalysisbrainstormingresearchinterviewingandoutliningyoucanbeginthewritingprocessbycreatingafirstdraftStartbycopyingyourresearchnotesintotherelatedsectionsofyouroutlinePhraseyournotesascompletesentencesandfillinthegapswithtransitionsandothercommentaryAsyouworkonyourfirstdraftkeepthefollowingtipsinmindAddintroductionsandconclusionstothevarioussectionsoftheoutlineDonrsquotworryaboutchoosingthebestwordingwhenwritingyourdraftyoursquollhaveanopportunitytoreadandrewritelater

IfyougetstuckonasectionleaveitandmoveontothenextoneIfyoudonrsquotlikehowaparticularsectionsoundskeepwritingandreviseitlaterWritenotestoyourselfwithideasforadditionalcontentorrevisionsusingadifferent-coloredfontorhighlightingtool

Aftercompletingthefirstdraftlookforwaystoimproveitbyproofreadingandrevising

BUSINESSWRITINGSTYLE

TheoveralltoneofabusinessdocumentasseenthroughthechoiceofwordsandcommentaryreflectsthewriterrsquosattitudeBusinesswritersmustconsidertheoveralltoneoftheirmessageswhethertheyarewritingaletteroraformalreport

TodecideontheappropriatetoneforyourdocumentsmakesureyoucananswerthefollowingquestionsWhyamIwritingthisdocument

ForwhomamIwritingitWhatdoIwantthereaderstounderstand

TheoveralltoneofabusinessdocumentshouldbeconfidentcourteousandsincereItshouldusenondiscriminatorylanguageandbewrittenattheappropriatelevelfortheaudienceInadditionyourwritingshouldfocusonthebenefitstothereaderTowritewiththeappropriatetoneBeknowledgeableandpreparedsothatreaderswillacceptyourideasBepersuasivesothatreaderswillfollowyourinstructionsDonrsquotbearrogantorpresumptuousStriveforpolitenesswithsinceritytoavoidsoundingcondescendingConsideryourwordchoicesandthinkabouthowthereaderwillperceivethemUsestrategiestoemphasizekeypointsbyusingshortsentencesplacingkeypointsatthebeginningofparagraphsandpositioningsubordinateinformationinthemiddleofparagraphs

Usetheactivevoicetodescribewhatareadershoulddoandusethepassivevoicetodescribeactionsbeingperformed

Avoidlanguagethatissexistorbiasedbasedonraceethnicityreligionagesexualorientationordisability

WritefromyourreadersrsquoperspectiveandclearlyexplainthebenefitsforthemUselanguageanddetailsthatareappropriatetothetargetaudiencersquoslevelofunderstanding

USINGVISUALS

VisualsinabusinessdocumentshouldsupportthetextandavoidconfusingthereaderVisualsareapartoftheoverallmessageandshouldbeusedtocommunicateimportantideasWhencreatingandplacingvisualskeepthefollowinginmindReadersmustbeabletounderstandafigurewithouthavingtoreadanyofthesurroundingtext

IntroduceallfiguresbyreferringtotheminthetextPlacevisualsinalogicalplaceclosetothereferencetextChartswithcontentofinterestonlytospecificaudiencesshouldbesavedforanappendixVisualsshouldnotrepeatthecontentofthetextNeverusechartstodistortresearchfindingsBeawareofwhatmulticoloredimagesandgraphswilllooklikeinblackandwhite

StatisticalinformationcanbepresentedintablesorgraphsGraphsinparticularhelpthe

readerconceptualizeinformationthatisnotaseasilyseenintabularformGraphscandisplaytherelationshipsbetweensetsofdataWhencreatinggraphsDonrsquotoverlycomplicategraphswithgridlinesanddatapointsUselinegraphstoshowarelationshipbetweentwovaluesEmploypiechartstoshowarelationshipbetweenmultiplevaluesthatmakeupawholeUtilizebarchartstoshowcomparisonsdistributionsandtrendsUsepictographslikebarchartsbutwithsymbolstomakeupeachbarUseorganizationalchartstoshowthehierarchyofanorganizationEmployflowchartstoshowthestepsinaprocess

AvarietyofothertypesofillustrationscanbeusedeffectivelyinbusinessdocumentsDiagramsshowthestructuresmechanismsororganismsthatmakeupanobjectDrawingsdepictanobjectororganismMapsshowgeographicdemographicagriculturalorweatherdataPhotographspresentrealisticviewsofasubject

PAGEDESIGN

PagedesigninvolvestheuseoftypographicalelementsandformattingtechniquestolayoutcontentinapleasingwaythathelpscommunicatethemessagePagedesigninvolvestheuseofthefollowingHeadingsListsTablesFontsandcolorFontstylesMarginsIndentionAlignmentFootersGraphicalelementsVisuals

Thefirststepincreatingapagedesignforadocumentusingawordprocessoristhedocumentsetup

SettingthepagesizeSettingthemarginsCreatingparagraphstylesCustomizingthecolorpalletSelectingadocumenttemplate

ThetextusedinadocumentcantakeonmanydifferentformsYoucanapplydifferentfontsfontcolorsstyles(bolditalicunderlined)andparagraphstyles(blockparagraphhanging)TextcanbeorganizedvisuallyonthepagebyusingheadingsandlistsWhenformattingtextonapageMakeheadingsdescriptiveofthecontentthatfollowsUsedifferentfontstylesandmarginsforheadingstomakethemstandoutUseparallelwordingforallheadingsonthesamelevelUsenumberedlistsforthingsthatmustbedoneinaspecifiedorderUsebulletedlistsforitemswhennoparticularorderisrequiredIntroducealllistswithalead-insentencePunctuatelistitemswithaperiodonlyiftheyarecompletesentencesUsefontstylessuchasboldoritalicforemphasisIndentparagraphmarginsforemphasisUsedifferentfontcolorsforheadingsforartisticdesignpurposesUsefontsforheadingsthataredifferentfromthetextfontUsebackgroundshadingandlight-coloredtextfortablecolumnheadings

PUBLICATIONDESIGN

PublicationdesigninvolvescreatingandorganizingthecomponentsofabusinessdocumentThecomponentsvarydependingonwhetherthedocumentisaletterbrochureorreportNosinglepublicationusesallthepossiblepublicationcomponentsNoristhereasinglestyleguideforhowthesecomponentsshouldbeusedandorganizedbecausestylevariesdependingontheneedsandrequirementsoftheindividualbusiness

ThefollowingpublicationdesigncomponentsarecommonlyusedinbusinessdocumentsFrontandbackcoversmdashtheorganizationrsquosnamepublicationtitlelogoorartworkanddateTitlepagemdashinformationonthefrontcoverthatisoftenduplicatedonthetitlepageEditionnoticesmdashpublicationeditionpublicationdateandcopyrightnoticeincludedonthebacksideofthetitlepage

Disclaimersmdashlegalwordingincludedaspartoftheeditionnoticesonthebacksideofthetitlepagestatingthedocumentmaynotbefreefromerrors

Trademarklistsmdashalistoftrademarksusedinthedocumentaseparateelementorpartoftheeditionnotices

Warrantiesmdashadditionallegalwordingregardingthecompanyrsquosproductsorservicessometimesonaseparatepage

Safetynoticesmdashpublicationsaboutproductspossiblyincludingasummaryofallsafetywarningsfoundelsewhereinthepublication

CommunicationstatementsmdashstatementsrequiredbygovernmentregulationPrefacemdashabriefpassagethatdescribesthecontentandpurposeofthepublicationaswellasthetargetaudienceincludedjustbeforethetableofcontents

Tableofcontentsmdashalistofchaptersandofatleastasecondlevelofheadingdetailincludedsothatreaderscanfindinformationtheyneedwhenusingthepublicationasareference

ListoffiguresmdashalistofallthefiguresusedinthepublicationalongwiththeircaptiontitlesContentchaptersmdashtheactualtextofthepublicationpossiblyorganizedaschapterstopicsandsections

Appendixesmdashdetailsandcontentthatisonlysuitableforsubsectionsofyouraudienceandthatisincludedattheendofthepublication

Glossarymdashalistofspecializedtermsalongwiththeirdefinitionspositionedattheendofthepublication

IndexmdashreferencestospecifictopicsandtermsalongwithpagenumbersReaderresponseformmdashadocumentthatreaderscanfillouttoprovidefeedbackandtoaskquestions

EDITING

EditingconsistsofreadingadraftdocumentscheckingforerrorsrewritingsentencesaddingmissingcontentanddeletingunnecessarycontentYoucanusewordprocessinggrammarandspellingcheckerstopointoutpotentialproblemsbutdonrsquotrelyonthesetoolsinplaceofathorougheditingandproofreadingDuringtheeditingprocesskeepthefollowingprinciplesinmindTobeverbs(iswaswereetc)shouldbereplacedwithstrongactiveverbs

ExampleTheformwasfiledbyAllan

RevisionAllanfiledthereport

Rewritetheexcessiveuseofprepositions

ExampleThecompanyrsquosannualreportisovershadowedbythecompanyrsquosfeelingofdreadovertheupcominglegislationpendingintheirstategovernment

RevisionAfeelingofdreadovertheupcomingstategovernmentlegislationpervadedthecompanyrsquosannualreport

Eliminatewordsthataddnomeaningorareredundant

ExampleHecarelesslyandnonchalantlytossedtheconfidentialreportintothenonsecuretrashbin

RevisionHecarelesslytossedtheconfidentialreportintothenonsecuretrashbin

VarysentencestructureandsentencelengthDonrsquotstarteverysentencewiththemainsubjectfollowedbyaverbIftherearetoomanysentencesofthesamelengthrewritethemintocompoundsentences

ExampleIstoppedcheckingmyemailwhenIwentonvacationTherewereover300messageswaitingformewhenIreturned

RevisionBecauseIdidnotcheckemailwhileonvacationover300messageswerewaitingwhenIreturned

Addtransitionalwordsandphrasestoconnectsentencesandshowarelationshipbetweensentencesandparagraphs

ExampleThecopieronourfloorbrokeIwentdowntothecopycenterinthebasementtocopythereport

RevisionThecopieronourfloorbrokeSoIwentdowntothecopycenterinthebasementtocopythereport

UsethefollowingchecklistwheneditingadocumentAretheheadingsandsubheadingsconsistentlyusedIsthespellingcorrectAreallpropernamesaccurateArealllistsparallelinstructureDoallnounsandverbsagree

ArenumberedlistscorrectlynumberedArealldatescorrectAreallalphabeticallistsinalphabeticalorderIsallpunctuationcorrectandconsistentIsallcapitalizationcorrectandconsistentAreallbibliographicalreferencesaccurateandconsistent

PROOFREADING

ProofreadingisthecheckingofyourdocumentsforgrammarspellingandpunctuationaswellasforaccuracywithrespecttotheeditedversionandadherencetostyleIfsomeoneelseproofreadsyourdocumentsthereadernotesanyneededcorrectionsusingproofreadingmarksandabbreviationsFigure11liststhestandardproofreadingsymbolsandabbreviations

Figure11ProofreadingSymbols

Usethefollowingchecklistwhenproofreadingadocument

AreallheadingsandothertextelementsconsistentinstyleandlayoutForlettersarethedatelinereferencelineinitialsenclosureandcarbon-copynotationaccurate

Areallcross-referencesaccurateAreallmarginsconsistentandproperArealltablesalignedconsistentlyHaveanyfootnotesbeenomittedAreallend-of-lineworddivisionsaccurateAreanywordsaccidentallyrepeatedinthesamesentenceorparagraphArethepagenumberscorrectAreallheadingsandcaptionsseparateelementsthatisonlinesbythemselves

RatherthanmakeeditsonpaperyoucanmakeeditselectronicallyinawordprocessingdocumentusingtheTrackChangesfeature(inMicrosoftWord)TherevisionsshowupinadifferentcolorWhenyouproofreadthedocumentyoucanrevieweachrevisionandeitheracceptorrejectit

DOCUMENTREVIEW

PriortoitsreleaseorpublicationadocumentshouldbereviewedbysubjectmatterexpertsmanagementoryourpeersThepurposeofthisreviewistoevaluatethedocumentcriticizeitandsuggestimprovementsWritersareoftenuneasyabouthavingtheirdocumentsreviewedoutoffeartheiregoswillbebruisedPeoplewhoareaskedtoreviewadocumentarealsooftenuneasyaboutofferingcriticismPriortothereviewthewritershouldmeetwiththereviewersanddiscussthefollowingpointsThewriterrsquosgoalsandconcernsforthedocumentincludingitstopicaudienceandpurposePotentialproblemsandconcernsuncoveredduringthewritingprocessQuestionsaboutaccuracythatsubjectmatterexpertsneedtoanswer

WhenaskedtoreviewanotherwriterrsquosdocumentreviewthedocumentseveraltimesandlookforGrammarspellingandpunctuationissuesAppropriatetoneandlevelforthetargetaudienceOrganizationofthecontentClarityofthewritingSentencestyleUseofgraphics

WhenofferingfeedbackavoidmakingcriticismsbasedonyourownwritingstyleInsteaddothefollowingBaseyourcommentsonguidelinesconceptsandrulesDocumentyourcommentsinthemarginsofthereviewcopyoronaseparatedocumentProvidespecificdetailstoexplainyourcommentsOffersuggestionsforcorrectinganyproblemsyouseeAvoidgoingoverboardandrewritingthedraftcompletely

REVISIONS

IntherevisionprocessyourewritecontenttomakeimprovementstothelanguagelevelofclaritycontentorganizationandtonethatmaybetheresultofareviewerrsquoscommentsoryourownreviewAsyoureviseyourdocumentconsiderthefollowingquestionsHaveyouadequatelydefinedallthekeytermsusedinthedocumentDosomethingsinthedocumentsuchasproductsservicesorpeopleneedtobedescribedinmoredetail

DosomeprocessesinthedocumentneedmoredescriptionDoyouneedtoaddanalogiesorcomparisonstomakeaparticularconcepteasiertounderstand

Doesthedocumenthavesubcategoriesofinformationthatneedtheirownsubheadingsandintroductorysentences

IsthecontentinthecorrectorderHaveyouprovidedsufficientexamplesDoyouneedtoprovidemorehistoricalbackgroundtohelpreadersbetterunderstandthecontent

Haveyouprovidedanynecessaryinstructionsinthecorrectstep-by-stepformatDoyouneedtoinsertoverviewsatkeypointstosummarizetopicsDoyouneedtoaddtopicsentencesthatintroducenewtopicsDothetransitionsbetweenparagraphsandtopicsallowtheideastologicallyflowfromonetoanother

DoyouneedtobreaklongparagraphsintoshorteronesDoyouneedtorewriteredundantorwordyphrasesDoyouneedtorewritepassivesentencesintheactivevoiceArethereanysubject-verbmismatchesinyoursentencesArethereseriesofsentencesthatareeitherallthesamelengthalltoolongoralltooshort

DOCUMENTINGSOURCES

Alwaysacknowledgetheworkofotherwriterstoallowreadersnotonlytojudgethequalityoftheinformationbasedonitssourcebutalsotoverifytheinformation

SomewritersdocumentsourcesinparentheticalreferencesOthersusefootnotesorendnotes

YoushoulddocumentyoursourceswhenTheinformationisnotalreadycommonknowledgeYouuseadirectquotationTheconceptsareuniquetothesource

FootnotesandEndnotes

FootnotesareshortnotessetatthebottomofthepageEndnotesareplacedattheendofadocumentUsuallybothfootnotesandendnotesarenumberedAsmall(so-calledsuperior)numberisinsertedattheendofthetextinquestionTheneitheracorrespondinglynumberedfootnoteisplacedatthebottomofthepageoranumberedendnoteislistedattheendofthedocument

Bookinformationinfootnotesandendnotesshouldincludetheauthorsrsquonamesthebooktitlethecityofpublicationthepublishertheyearofpublicationandthepagereference

ExampleKevinWilsonandJenniferWausonTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWriting(NewYorkAMACOMBooks2010)page24

Parentheticalreferencesareinsertedwithinadocumentinparentheses

Examplehellip(WilsonandWauson2010)

Sometimesafootnoteisusedforthefirstusageofareferencesourceandinsubsequentreferencesjusttheauthornamesandpagenumberarelisted

Example1KevinWilsonandJenniferWausonTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWriting(NewYorkAMACOMBooks2010)page24

2WilsonandWausonpage43

Magazineinformationshouldincludetheauthorsrsquonamesfollowedbyaperiodthetitleofthe

articleinquotesandendingwithaperiodfollowedbythenameofthemagazineinitalicsfollowedbyaperiodthenthedateoftheissuefollowedbythebeginningandendingpagenumbers

ExampleJenniferWausonldquoPositivelyPranicCookingrdquoYogicCookingJournal(March12011)32ndash42

Governmentreportinformationdoesnotneedtoincludetheauthorrsquosnamebutshouldincludethegrouporagencynamewithacommathetitleofthereportinitalicswithaperiodthenthereportnumberwithaperiodthecityofpublicationwithacolonthenameofthepublisherwithacommaandthepublicationdateendedwithaperiod

ExampleSecurityandExchangeCommissionSEC2010AnnualReportNAA64633WashingtonDCUSGovernmentPrintingOffice2012

Personalinterviewinformationshouldincludethenameofthesourcefollowedbyacommathepersonrsquostitlewithaperiodthepersonrsquosorganizationwithaperiodtheinterviewlocationwithaperiodthetypeofinformationwithaperiodfollowedbytheinterviewdateendedwithaperiod

ExampleJamesHStromanAdministrativeAssistanttotheGovernorofOklahomaGovernorRaymondGaryrsquosOfficeOklahomaCityOKEmailinterviewJuly12012

Productbrochureinformationshouldincludethecompanynameasauthorfollowedbyaperiodtheproductnameormodelnumberwithaperiodthetitleofthebrochureinitalicswithaperiodthetypeofinformationwithaperiodandadateendedwithaperiod

ExampleGreenwayManufacturingGreenHarvesterFarmProductsCatalogAcresincultivation2012

OnlinesourceinformationshouldincludetheauthorrsquosnamewithaperiodthetitleoftheworkinitalicwithaperiodthedateofthepublicationwithaperiodthedateofaccessfollowedbyaperiodandtheURLinanglebrackets

ExampleVideologiesIncGrammarGotchas2012RetrievedMarch202012lthttpwwwvideologiescomamahandbookgt

ExampleWilwauMBFamousBananaRecipesforFunandProfitApril212012

RetrievedJuly12012lthttpwwwbananafuncomrecipeshtmgt

EmailmessagesourceinformationshouldincludetheauthorrsquosnamewithaperiodthesubjectoftheemailinquoteswithaperiodthewordsldquoEmailtotheauthorrdquowithaperiodandthenthedatewithaperiod

ExampleWilsonBrianldquoEditingTechniquesontheMacrdquoEmailtotheauthorAugust222012

Bibliographies

BibliographieslistalltheworkscitiedinreportfootnotesorparentheticalreferencesResearchsourcesthatwerenotcitedinafoot-orendnotebutthatwereusedtocreatethereportmayalsobelisted

ThebibliographylistingsareorderedalphabeticallybyauthorrsquoslastnameIftherersquosnomainauthorthenusethebooktitleTheauthorrsquossurnamecomesfirstAdditionalauthorsarelistedinthenormalorderfirstnamelastname

ExampleWilsonKevinandJenniferWausonTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWriting(NewYorkAMACOMBooks2010)page26

GLOBALCOMMUNICATIONS

WhenwritingforaninternationalaudienceyoucaneasilycreateproblemswithclarityandmiscommunicationToovercomethisproblemyouneedtoavoidusingslangorwordswithdoublemeaningsthatcanbemisunderstoodbynon-nativeEnglishspeakersToadjustyourwritingforaninternationalaudienceUseboththeactiveandpassivevoice(someculturesmdashforexampleinJapanandChinamdashconsidertheactivevoicetobecondescendingandpreferthepassivevoice)

UseadirectratherthanindirectstyletheindirectstylecanbeconfusingAvoidusingabbreviations(egldquotobedoneasaprdquo)andbrandnames(egldquoXeroxtwocopiesrdquo)unlessyouarewritingaboutaspecificbrand(egldquoXeroxrsquosColorCubeTM9200Seriesrdquo)

UseshortsentencesandsimplesentenceconstructionsAvoidphrasalverbslikecallupputupdropdownandthelikesuchphrasescaneasilybeusedasasingleword(callputdrop)andmeanthesamething

Makeantecedentsextremelyclearwhenusingpronouns

AvoidclicheacutesandslangBecarefulwithhumoranon-English-speakingpersonmaynotunderstanditDonrsquotusecontractionstheymaketranslationmoredifficultAvoidculturalmetaphorsthatarerecognizedintheUnitedStatesbutaremeaninglesstoaninternationalaudience

ExamplesBigApplepigskinbrown-bagging

Whenusinggraphicsinyourdocumentavoidusinghumanhandsanimalsorreligioussymbols

UseandrogynousfiguresforhumansMakesureyouusewhichandthatcorrectlyWriteoutdatesbyspellingthemonth(September232012not09232012)IfyoumustrefertogenderusethetermsmanandwomanratherthanmaleandfemaleDonotusetheworddomestictorefertotheUnitedStatesAvoidusingsymbolsandspecialcharacters

ExamplesUsepoundnotwritedollarsnot$avoidthedittomark([ ])spellinchesnot[ ]spellfeetnot[ ]askforhelpdonrsquottype

Whenyourdocumentwillbetranslatedkeepinmindthatthesamecontentmayexpandby15ormoreinthenewlanguage

COLLABORATIVEWRITING

LargeprojectsofteninvolveteamsofwritersallworkingtogetheronthesamedocumentDuringtheplanningphaseoftheprojecttheteamleadershouldworktogetherwiththeteamtoDefinetheaudienceandpurposeofthedocumentCreatecontentoutlinePlantheresearcheffortCreateastandardsystemfortakingnotesandgatheringcontentPlangraphicsforuseinthedocumentAgreeonstyleanddocumentformattingstandardsCreateastyleguideforthedocumentDevelopaworkschedulefortheteammembers

AssignteammemberstovarioussectionsofthedocumentAssignteammemberstoresearchactivitiesCreateaformalprogressreportingprocessScheduleteammeetingstodiscussissuesSetupapeer-reviewprocesswhereteammembersrevieweachotherrsquoswork

PROMOTIONALWRITING

PromotionalwritingisusedforsaleslettersbrochuresandnewslettersThisstyleofwritingnotonlyexplainsaproductorservicebutcompelsthereadertotakeactionAwellwrittenpromotionalpiecedoesnrsquotprovideeverydetailinsteaditisacreativeintroductionthatcausesthereadertoseekmoreinformation

WhenwritingapromotionalpieceMakethedocumentreadablebyusingneutral-coloredpaperandasimplefontsuchas12-pointTimesNewRomanorArial

DonrsquotpacktoomuchinformationintothedocumentUseanattractivepagelayoutthatleavessomewhitespaceWritecompellingheadlinestitlesorheadingsthatconveyimportantinformationtothereader

AvoidtoomuchhypeandsensationalismthatcanrsquotbesupportedAvoidmakingclaimsorcomparisonsthatyoucanrsquotsupportinthecontentofthepieceUsedescriptivelanguagesothatthereaderscanimaginewhatyouaredescribingusingallfivesenses

ListthebenefitsandreasonswhyareadershouldrespondtoyourcallforactionAddressanyseriousobstaclesormisconceptionsthatmaybeinthereaderrsquosmindIncludeacompellingcalltoactionthatgivesthereaderspecificinstructionsonwhattodoProvidemultipleformsofcontactinformationsothatreaderscanreachyouusingemailontheWebbytelephoneorthroughthemail

AandanarearticlesthatproceedandidentifynounsAandancanalsobeusedtomeanoneofsomethingThechoiceofaoranbeforeanounisbasedonthephoneticsoundofthefirstletterinthewordnotthewrittenletterAisusedbeforeallwordsthatbeginwithconsonants

Exampleakiteamanatomatoalargeapple

ExceptionAnisusedbeforewordsthatbeginwithanunsoundedh

Exampleanhonoranhonestmistake

Anisusedbeforeallwordsthatbeginwithvowels

ExampleanappleanegganItaliananonionanumbrella

ExceptionWhenawordbeginswithuandsoundslikeyouthenaisusedasthearticle

Exampleaunionausedcar

Whenawordbeginswithoandsoundslikewonthenaisused

ExampleAone-timeoffer

Abbreviations

Abbreviationsareformedfromthefirstlettersofwordsorshortenedversionsofaword

ExampleAutomatedTellerMachineATM

ExampleProfessorProf

AbbreviationsareusedasspacesaversAbbreviationsthatcanbepronouncedarecalledacronyms

ExampleAIDSisanacronymHIVisanabbreviation

Donotuseperiodswithacronyms

ExampleNATONorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization

TitlesBeforeandAfterNamesUseabbreviationsfortitlesbeforenamesandaddaperiodaftertheabbreviation

ExampleDrMrMrsRep

ExceptionMissisnotanabbreviation

Useabbreviationsfortitlesordegreesafternames

ExampleSrJrMDPhD

ExceptionSomesourcesdonotrecommendusingperiodsfordegrees

Donrsquotuseperiodsforabbreviationsusedbothbeforeandafteranameatthesametime

ExampleDrGaryWilsonJr

DonrsquotuseacommatoseparateJrorSrattheendofsomeonersquosnameDonrsquotabbreviateatitlethatisnotattachedtoaname

CorrectIwenttothedoctoryesterday

IncorrectIwenttothedryesterday

NamesFamiliarinstitutionsareoftenabbreviated

ExampleMITFBIUN

Countriesareoftenabbreviated

ExampleUSA

USAcanalsobewrittenasUSAbutUSwithperiodsisbetterYoucanuseUSasamodifier(USforeignpolicy)butwriteitout(UnitedStates)whenusedasanoun

ExampleWewanttovisittheUnitedStates

Companynamesaresometimesabbreviated

ExampleIBMNBCITT

Famouspeoplersquosnamesaresometimesabbreviated

ExampleMLKJFKFDR

Familiarobjectsaresometimesabbreviated

ExampleCDTVDVRPC

MathematicalUnitsandMeasurements

MathematicalunitsandmeasurementscanbeabbreviatedintechnicalwritingAddaspacebetweenthenumberandtheabbreviation

Example20ft30lb

Whenusedasamodifieraddahyphenbetweenthenumberandunit

Examplea20-ftceiling

SeeAbbreviationsforMeasurementsandAbbreviationsforNumbers

LongPhrases

Longcommonphrasescanbeabbreviatedandusedwithoutperiods

Examplemilesperhourmphrevolutionsperminuterpm

WordsUsedwithNumbers

AMandPMcanbewritteninupperorlowercasewithperiodsADandBCarewritteninuppercasewithperiodsHerearesomeusagetipsADappearsbeforethedateBCappearsafterthedateADandBCaresometimesreplacedbyBCE(beforethecommonera)andCE(commonera)

CommonLatinTerms

CommonLatintermsareusuallyabbreviated

Exampleetcetceteraandsoforthieidestthatisegexempligratiaforexampleetaletaliiandothers

UseacommaafterieoregtosetthemapartasintroductorymodifiersDonotitalicizeorunderlinetheabbreviationsofLatintermsTheuseofperiodstopunctuateLatinabbreviationsvariesdependingonthetermTable21listsLatinabbreviationsandtheproperperiodpunctuation

Table21PunctuationandEnglishMeaningsofLatinAbbreviations

StatesandTerritories

StatesandterritoriescanbeabbreviatedinreferencesandaddressesbutdonotabbreviatestatesandterritoriesinnormalwritingAbbreviationsacceptedbytheUSPostalServicearelistedonitsWebsiteDonotuseperiodswithstateabbreviations

ForaddressesonenvelopesyoudonotneedacommatoseparateacityfromastateabbreviationIfyouspelloutthestatenameyoudoneedacomma

ExampleDallasTXorDallasTexas

FortheDistrictofColumbiaDCcanbewrittenwithorwithoutperiods

YoucanabbreviateSaintinplacenames

ExampleStLouis

ThingsYouShouldNotAbbreviate

ForformalbusinesswritingdonotabbreviatethefollowingWordslikethrough(thru)ornight(nite)DaysoftheweekMonthsWordsthatbeginasentencePeoplersquosnamessuchasCharles(Chas)orJames(Jas)StatenameswhennotpartofanaddressMilitarytitles

SpacingandPeriodsforAbbreviations

ConsiderthefollowingtipsontheuseofspacingandperiodsinabbreviationsAbbreviationsofunitsofmeasurearewrittenwithoutperiods

Example30ft20lb

WhenabbreviatinginchesyouneedaperiodtoavoidconfusionwiththewordinUseperiodsforlowercaseabbreviationssuchasegandieCommonlongphraseabbreviationsdonotuseperiodssuchasmphmpgorrpmWhenanabbreviationwithperiodsendsasentencetheperiodfortheabbreviationisusedasthesentenceperiod

Academicdegreescanbewrittenwithorwithoutperiods

ExampleMBAorMBABSorBS

Peoplersquosinitialsshouldincludeaperiodandspace

ExampleTRSmith

Donrsquotletlinebreakscomeinthemiddleofsomeonersquosinitials

GuidelinesforUsingAbbreviationsinYourWriting

Whenintroducinganabbreviationintoyourwritingspelloutthetermthefirsttimeitisusedfollowedbytheabbreviationinparentheses

Examplecashondelivery(COD)

UsetheabbreviationaloneaftertheinitialdefinitionDonotfollowanabbreviationwithawordthatisincludedintheabbreviation

IncorrectATMmachine

CorrectATM

ToformthepluralofanabbreviationoracronymaddalowercasesDonotaddanapostropheDonotmakeupabbreviationstosavespaceinyourbusinessdocuments

AbbreviationsforMeasurements

YoucanuseabbreviationsforcommonmeasurementswhenspaceislimitedorwhenthemeasurementsappearinatableTable22liststhecommonabbreviationsformeasurements

Table22CommonAbbreviationsforMeasurements

AbbreviationsforNumbers

Theabbreviationfornumber(no)orthenumbersign()isnormallynotused

IncorrectBuildingNo48

CorrectBuilding48

IncorrectInvoice3219

CorrectInvoice3219

IncorrectPageno102

CorrectPage102

Insomesituationsyoumayaddthewordnumberandnotusetheabbreviation

ExampleWhenwereviewedthelistofchargesagainsthimnumberfivewasdiscussedthemostbythejury

ABOVEBELOW

DonotuseaboveorbelowtoreferencetablesvisualsorformsonthecurrentpageoronapreviousornextpageWhenthepageislaidoutthesetermsmaycauseconfusionRepeatthenamewhenreferencingatablevisualorform

ExampleYouwillseealistinTable3KeyboardShortcutshellip

ABSOLUTEFORMOFANADJECTIVE

Anabsoluteadjectiveisanadjectivethatfunctionsasanoun

Examplethepoor

ABSOLUTEPHRASE

Anabsolutephraseisagroupofwordsconsistingofanounorpronounaparticipleandmodifiers

ExamplePresidentoftheworkersrsquounionthreeoutoffouryears[absolutephrase]hisleadershipexperiencereallystoodout

AbsolutephrasesdonotconnecttoormodifyanyotherwordinasentenceinsteadtheymodifytheentiresentenceAbsolutephrasesareoftentreatedasparentheticalelementssetofffromtherestofthesentencewithacommaorapairofcommas

ABSOLUTELY

Thetermabsolutelyshouldnotbeusedinformalwriting

IncorrectIamabsolutelysurewersquollwinthecontract

CorrectIamverysurewersquollwinthecontract

ABSTRACTNOUNS

Abstractnounsdescribequalitiesfeelingsstatesconceptsandeventsthathavenophysical

existenceAbstractnounsareusedtodescribethingsthatcannotbedetectedbythefivesensesbutthatexistasideasorfeelings

Examplehopefreedomhappinessidea

AbstractnounscanbecountableoruncountableAbstractnounsthatrefertoeventsareusuallycountable

Exampleaconcept

ACCENTMARKS

ForeignlanguagewordsadoptedintotheEnglishlanguagesometimesusetheaccentmarksfromtheirsourcelanguageMostwordprocessingsoftwareautomaticallyaddsaccentmarkstothewordsthatrequirethem

Examplefianceacuteproteacutegeacuteclicheacute

FrenchandItaliansourcewordsoftencontaingrave(left-leaning)accentmarks(egegrave)Adiaeresis(uml)overalettersignalsthespeakerthattheletterbeginsanewsyllable

Examplenoeumllandnaiumlve

Anumlaut(eguuml)lookssimilartoadiaeresisbutitmodifiesthesoundofthevowel

SomeSpanishwordsuseatilde(ntilde)whichtellsyouthatthenispronouncedlikeay

Examplepintildeatanintildeo

ACCEPTEXCEPT

Acceptisaverbthatmeanstoagreetotakesomethingfromsomeone

ExampleIalwaysacceptcriticismfrommymentorbecauseIgreatlyrespectheropinion

Exceptisaprepositionorconjunctionthatmeansnotincluding

ExampleIworkeverydayexceptSaturday

ACCESSEXCESS

ThinkofaccessaspartofthewordaccessiblewhendeterminingitsusageAccessmeanstheabilitytoapproachorenterawayofapproachorthetraitofbeingapproachable

AccesscanbeanounorverbNounTheonlyaccesstothestorageareaisthroughthebreakroomVerbIcanaccessmystockportfolioonline

ThinkofexcessaspartofthewordexcessivewhendeterminingusageExcessmeansoverabundanceoroverindulgence

ExcesscanbeanounoranadjectiveNounHewashappytohaveanexcessofredpensAdjectiveWewerechargedanexcessbaggagefeeof$25

ACRONYMS

Anacronymisatypeofabbreviationthatisformedbytakinglettersfromalongphrase

Exampleradarradiodetectionandranging

Acronymssavetimeinspeakingandwritingbuttheycanbeunclearandcomeacrossasjargonifusedtoomuchinbusinesswriting

Aninitialismisanacronymwhoselettersdonotmakeawordthelettersarepronouncedindividually

ExampleCBSCIANFL

ACTIONVERBS

Actionverbsexpressachievementorsomethingthatapersonplaceorthingdoes

Exampleeatsmilethinkrunjumpleapcry

ActionverbsareconcisepersuasiveandeasyforreaderstounderstandUseactionverbswhenwritingreacutesumeacutescoverlettersandsalescopy

Table23providessampleactionverbsforuseinyourwriting

ActiveVoice

Insentenceswithanactionverb(seeActionVerbs)thesubjectperformstheverbrsquosaction

ExampleJohnmailedtheletter

Becausethesubject(John)doestheaction(mailstheletter)thesentenceissaidtobeintheactivevoice

Whenthesubjectisactedonbytheverbthesentenceissaidtobeinthepassivevoice

ExampleTheletterwasmailedbyJohn

ForyourbusinesswritingyoushouldemphasizethewhoorwhatthatperformstheactionthatisyoushouldwriteusingtheactivevoiceTheactivevoiceisconciseeasytoreadandclearAlwaysusetheactivevoiceforpoliciesproceduresandinstructions

ExampleYoushouldreviewyouremailsbeforesendingthem

Nametheperformeroftheactiontomakeiteasiertoidentifythesubjectandavoidthepassivevoice

WeakItwasdiscoveredbythestudentsthattheirnewteacherhadbeenintheMarines

BetterThestudentsdiscoveredtheirteacherhadbeenintheMarines

ADcomesfromtheLatinphraseannoDominiwhichmeansldquointheyearoftheLordrdquoADshouldbewritteninallcapswithperiods

AdjectivalNoun

AnadjectivalnounisanadjectivethatfunctionsasanounAdjectivalnounsareusedtodescribegroupsofpeopleorthingsthatshareacommonattribute

Examplethepoortherichtheyoung

AdjectivalOpposites

WheneveryouneedtodescribetheoppositeofanadjectiveyoucanuseanantonymTheseoppositepairsofadjectivesarecalledadjectivaloppositesAthesauruscanhelpyoufindanappropriateantonym

ExampleTheoppositeofcoldishot

AnotherwaytoformanegativeadjectiveiswithaprefixConsiderthefollowingpairsFortunateunfortunatePrudentimprudentConsiderateinconsiderateHonorabledishonorableAlcoholicnonalcoholicFiledmisfiled

Athirdwaytoformanadjectivaloppositeistocombinetheadjectivewithlessorleast

ExampleThatistheleastexpensivebuildingontheblock

AdjectivePhrase

Anadjectivephraseisagroupofwordsusedasanadjectiveinasentence

ExampleTheCEOisfondofclassicrock[adjectivephrase]

Anadjectivephrasecanoftenincludeanadverbsuchasveryorextremely

ExampleThestatusreportisverylate

ExampleMylittlebrotherisextremelyafraidofthedark

SeeAdjectives

Adjectives

Adjectivesarewordsthatdescribeormodifyapersonplaceorthing

Exampletallsolidcoldgreen

Articlessuchasaanandtheareadjectives

AgroupofwordscontainingasubjectandverbmayactasanadjectiveSuchagroupiscalled

anadjectiveclause

ExampleMybestfriendwhoismucholderthanIam[adjectiveclause]isadoctor

Ifthesubjectandverbareremovedfromanadjectiveclausewhatrsquosleftisanadjectivephrase

ExampleHeisthemanwhoiskeepingmeemployed[adjectivephraseonceldquowhoisrdquoisremoved]

PlacementofAdjectivesinaSentence

AdjectivesalmostalwaysappearimmediatelybeforethenounornounphrasethattheymodifySometimesadjectivesappearinastringwhentheydotheymustappearinaparticularorderaccordingtocategory

Adjectivesappearinthefollowingorder

1Determinersmdasharticlesandotherlimiters

Exampleaanfiveherourthosethatseveralsome

2Observationmdashpostdeterminersandlimiteradjectivesandadjectivessubjecttosubjectivemeasure

Examplebeautifulexpensivegorgeousdilapidateddelicious

3Sizeandshapemdashadjectivessubjecttoobjectivemeasure

Examplebiglittleenormouslongshortsquare

4Agemdashadjectivesdescribingage

Exampleoldantiquenewyoung

5Colormdashadjectivesdenotingcolor

Exampleredwhiteblack

6Originmdashadjectivesdenotingthesourceofthenoun

ExampleAmericanFrenchCanadian

7Materialmdashadjectivesdescribingwhatsomethingismadeof

Examplesilkwoodensilvermetallic

8Qualifiermdashfinallimiterthatisoftenpartofthenoun

Examplerockingchairhuntingcabinpassengercarbookcover

ExampleanexpensivesquareantiqueblackFrenchwoodenchinawarecloset

Whenindefinitepronounsmdashsuchassomethingsomeoneandanybodymdasharemodifiedbyanadjectivetheadjectivecomesafterthepronoun

ExampleThatissomethingusefultoknow

UseofMultipleAdjectives

MultipleadjectivesofthesameclassarecalledcoordinatedadjectivesandrequireacommabetweentheminasentenceConsiderwhetheryoucouldhaveinsertedandorbutbetweentheadjectivesIfsothenuseacommabetweenthem

Exampleinexpensivebutcomfortablecar[Ifthebutwerenotinthesentenceyouwouldpunctuateitasldquoinexpensivecomfortablecarrdquo]

DegreesofAdjectives

AdjectivescanexpressdegreesofmodificationpositivecomparativeandsuperlativeUsethepositiveformwhennocomparisonsarebeingmade

Positiveformexamplerichlovelybeautiful

UsethecomparativeforcomparingtwothingsSometimesthewordthanaccompaniesthecomparableadjective

Comparableformexamplericherlovelierthanmorebeautiful

UsethesuperlativeforcomparingthreeormorethingsSometimesthewordtheprecedesthesuperlativeadjective

Superlativeformexamplerichesttheloveliest

Theinflectedsuffixes-erand-estareusedtoformmostcomparativeandsuperlativeadjectivesSometimesthesuffixes-ierand-iestareaddedwhenatwo-syllableadjectiveendsiny

Examplefriendlierlaziest

Becarefulnottousethewordmorealongwithacomparativeadjectiveformedwiththe-ersuffixorthewordmostalongwithasuperlativeadjectiveformedwiththe-estsuffix

Incorrectmorelargermostlargest

Correctlargerlargest

BecarefulnottoformcomparativeorsuperlativeadjectivesthatalreadydescribeauniqueconditionorextremeofcomparisonPerfectandpregnantaregoodexamples

Incorrectmostperfectmoreunique

Correctperfectunique

IrregularFormAdjectives

SomeadjectiveshaveirregularformsinthecomparativeandsuperlativedegreeasseeninTable24

Table24IrregularComparativeandSuperlativeDegreeForms

A-Adjectives

Theso-calleda-adjectivesallbeginwiththelettera

Exampleablazeafloatafraidaghastalertalikealivealonealoofashamedasleepaverseawakeaware

Theseadjectivesareusedafteralinkingverb

ExampleThemanwasashamed

Sometimesyoucanuseana-adjectivebeforetheworditmodifies

Examplethealertdriver

A-adjectivesaresometimesmodifiedwithverymuch

ExampleThemanwasverymuchashamed

ADJUNCTSDISJUNCTSANDCONJUNCTS

Whenadverbsareintegratedintotheflowofasentencetheadverbisanadjunct

ExampleRebecccaIdonrsquotreally[adjunctadverb]care

Whenanadverbdoesnotfitintothesentenceflowitissaidtobedisjunctive

DisjunctiveadverbsareusuallysetoffbyacommaoraseriesofcommasAdisjunctive

adverbactsasifitisevaluatingtherestofthesentence

ExampleHonestly[disjunctiveorconjunctiveadverb]RebeccaIdonrsquotreallycare

Conjunctiveadverbsserveasaconnectorwithintheflowofthetextsignalingatransition

ExampleIftheystarttalkingsportsthen[conjunctiveadverb]Irsquomleaving

Adverbialconjunctionsarewordslikehoweverandnevertheless

ExampleIlovethistownhoweverIdonrsquotthinkIcanaffordtolivehere

ADVERBIALCLAUSE

Agroupofwordscontainingasubjectandaverbactasanadverb(modifyinganotherverbinthesentence)thisiscalledanadverbialclause

ExampleWhenthisconferenceisover[adverbialclause]wersquoregoinghomefordinner

ADVERBIALPHRASE

Anadverbialphraseisagroupofwordsthatactasanadverbinasentence

ExampleOurdepartmentalbudgetsweredueinOctoberlastyear[adverbialphrase]

ADVERBS

AdverbsmodifyverbsadjectivesoranotheradverbAdverbsoftendescribewhenwherewhyorunderwhatcircumstancessomethinghappened

TherearefivemaintypesofadverbsAdverbsofmanner

ExampleShespokeslowlyandwalkedquietly[twoadverbsofmanner]

Adverbsofplace

ExampleShelivesthere[place]now

Adverbsoffrequency

ExampleShedrivestoworkdaily[frequency]

Adverbsoftime

ExampleShesleptlate[time]

Adverbsofpurpose

ExampleShebrokethewindowintentionally[purpose]

Adverbsusuallyendin-lyhowevermanywordsnotendingin-lycanserveasadverbs

ExampleShedrovefasthellipHebowledtheworstofus

Somewordsthatendin-lyarenotadverbs

ExampleLovelylonelyearlymotherlyandfriendlyareadjectives

Asmallgroupofadverbshavetwoformsthosethatendin-lyandthosethatdonrsquotInsomecasesthetwoformshavedifferentmeanings

ExampleTheydepartedlate

ExampleLatelytheycanrsquotseemtoarriveontime

Inmostcasestheformwithoutthe-lyshouldbereservedforcasualconversationandnotbusinesswriting

CasualexampleHedidherwrong

BusinesswritingexampleHetreatedherpoorly

Adverbscanmodifyadjectivesalthoughadjectivescanrsquotmodifyadverbs

ExampleTheexecutiveshowedawonderfullycasualattitude

Adverbscanhavecomparativeandsuperlativeforms

ComparativeexampleYoushouldwalkfasterifyouwanttogetsomeexercise

SuperlativeexampleThecandidatewhotypesfastestgetsthejob

Sometimeswordslikemoreandmostlessandleastareusedtoindicatethecomparativeorsuperlativeforms

ExampleThehousewasthemostbeautifullydecoratedhomeonthetour

ExampleHersoupwaslesstastilyseasonedthantheothers

Anotherconstructionusedtocreateadverbsistheuseofas-as

ExampleHecanrsquotreadasfastashiscubicalmate

AdverbsareoftenusedasintensifierstoconveyagreaterorlessermeaningIntensifiershavethreefunctionsEmphasize

ExampleIreally[intensifier]donrsquotlikehimHesimplyignoresme

Amplify

ExampleHecompletelywreckedhisnewcarhellipIabsolutelylovefreshfruit

Tonedown

ExampleIkindoflikethisrestaurantrsquosfoodhellipShemildlydisapprovedofhissmoking

PrepositionalPhrasesActingasAdverbs

Prepositionalphrasesfrequentlyfunctionasanadverb

ExampleSheworksonweekends[prepositionalphrase]

InfinitivePhrasesActingasAdverbs

Aninfinitivephrasecanactasanadverb

ExampleTheassistantrantocatchthebus[infinitivephrase]

AdverbsinaNumberedList

Whenyoucreateanumberedlistdonotuseadverbswithan-lyending(secondlythirdlyetc)Insteadusefirstsecondthirdandsoon

AdverbstoAvoid

AdverbslikeveryextremelyandreallydonrsquotintensifyanythingTheyareoftentooimpreciseforbusinesswriting

PositioningAdverbsinaSentence

AdverbshavetheuniqueabilitytobeplacedindifferentplaceswithinasentenceAdverbsofmannerareunusuallyflexibleaboutwheretheyarelocated

ExampleSolemnly[adverb]thepresidentreturnedthesalute

ExampleThepresidentsolemnlyreturnedthesalute

ExampleThepresidentreturnedthesalutesolemnly

AdverbsoffrequencyshouldappearatspecificpointsinasentenceBeforethemainverb

ExampleHenevergetsupbeforenoon

Betweentheauxiliaryverbandthemainverb

ExampleIhaverarelycalledmysisterwithoutagoodreason

Beforetheverbusedto

ExampleIalwaysusedtotalktohimonthephone

Indefiniteadverbsoftimecanappeareitherbeforetheverborbetweentheauxiliaryandthemainverb

ExampleHefinallyshowedupforthemeeting

ExampleHehasrecentlytraveledtoIndia

Theadverbtoousuallycomesbeforeadjectivesandotheradverbs

ExampleHeatetoofasthellipHeeatstooquickly

Whentooappearsinasentenceafteranadverbitisadisjunctandissetapartwithacomma

ExampleLindaworkshardSheworksquicklytoo

Theadverbtooandanotheradverbaresometimesfollowedbyaninfinitiveverb

ExampleHetalkstooslowlytokeepmyattention

Theadverbtoocanalsobefollowedbytheprepositionalphraseforplustheobjectiveoftheprepositionplusaninfinitive

ExampleThisfoodistoospicyforMarthatoeat

OrderofAdverbs

Whenasentencecontainsmorethanoneadverbtheadverbsshouldappearinacertainorder

ShorteradverbialphrasesshouldprecedelongeronesThemorespecificphraseshouldgofirst

Table25showsthecorrectorderforadverbs

Table25CorrectOrderofAdverbs

InappropriateAdverbOrder

Modifierscansometimesattachthemselvestothewrongword

ExampleTheyreportedthatMBWilwauhadwonthelotteryontheeveningnews[misplacedadverbialphrase]

Movethemodifierimmediatelyaftertheverbitismodifying(reported)ortothebeginningofthesentence

ExampleTheyreportedontheeveningnewsthatMBWilwauhadwonthelottery

AlternativeexampleOntheeveningnewstheyreportedthatMBWilwauhadwonthelottery

Theadverbsonlyandbarelyareoftenmisplacedmodifiers

UnclearHeonlygrewtobefivefeettall

ClearerHegrewtobeonlyfivefeettall

ViewpointAdverbs

Aviewpointadverbusuallycomesafteranounandisrelatedtoanadjectivethatprecedesthenoun

ExampleInvestingallourmoneyintechnologystockswasprobablynotagoodideafinancially

FocusAdverbs

Afocusadverbisusedtolimitaspecificaspectofthesentence

ExampleHegotapromotionjustforbeingthere

NegativeAdverbs

Negativeadverbscancreateanegativemeaninginasentencewithouttheuseofwordslikenonotneithernorornever

ExampleHeseldomsmiles

ExampleHehardlyeatsanythingsincehegotsick

ADVICEADVISE

Adviceisanounthatmeansanopinionofferedbysomeonesuggestinghowyoushouldactorrespond

ExampleIalwaystalkedtomyunclewheneverIwantedadviceaboutbusiness

Adviseisaverbthatmeanstoprovideinformationorguidance

ExampleIadvisemystudentstokeepadictionaryhandywhenevertheyarewriting

AFFECTEFFECT

AffectiscommonlyusedasaverbmeaningtoinfluenceAffectcanbeusedasanounonlyasapsychologicaltermmeaningfeelingoremotion

EffectisaverbmeaningtobringaboutItisalsousedasanounmeaningaresultor

consequenceoramentalimpression

IncorrectThelighteffectsmyvision

CorrectThelightaffectsmyvision

IncorrectCanyouaffectachangeintheoperation

CorrectCanyoueffectachangeintheoperation

AFFIXES

AnaffixconsistsofoneormorelettersaddedtoawordtochangeitsmeaningTherearetwotypesofaffixesPrefixmdashaddedtothebeginningofaword

Exampleim+possible=impossible

SuffixmdashaddedtotheendofthewordAdding-lytotheendofsomeadjectivescreatesanadverb

Examplewonderful+-ly=wonderfully

AFRICAN-AMERICAN

African-AmericanisatermusedtodescribeAmericansofAfricandescentItistraditionaltohyphenateAfrican-AmericanbutthehyphenisoptionalAlwaysuseahyphenifthetermisbeingusedasanadjective

ExampleHewasanAfricanAmericanwhoidolizedAfrican-Americanbusinessleaders

Whengivingtheageofapersonoraperiodoftimewriteoutuptoandincludingonehundredusefiguresoveronehundred

ExampleSheistwelveyearsold

ExampleHehasheldthesamepositionfortwenty-sixyears

ExampleSheisnow105yearsofage

ExampleThecompanyhasbeeninthiscityfor102years

Forcompoundadjectivesdenotingagethewordsdesignatingtimemaybeusedbeforeoldbutinthateventthewordsyearanddaymustappearinthesingular

Exampletwelve-day-oldbabyelephant

Examplesix-month-oldpony

Example200-year-oldbuilding

Examplethree-day-oldkitten

AGENTS

ThepersonorthingthatperformstheactiondescribedbyaverbiscalledanagentAgentsareoftenusedwhenwritinginthepassivevoicealongwiththewordby

ExampleThedoctorrsquoscareerwasruinedbythelawsuit[Inthisexamplethelawsuitistheagentbecauseitperformedtheactthatruinedthedoctorrsquoscareer]

AGREEMENT

Whentheelementsofasentencehaveagrammaticalrelationshipthataffectstheformofoneormoreofthewordsagreementoccurs

Examplefourboys[Thewordfourrequirestheformofthewordboytobecomethepluralboys]

Agreementisalsoknownasconcord

AIDAIDE

BothaidandaidemeanhelperorassistantAidecomesfromaide-de-campamilitarytitleUsethisformtodescribepeoplewhoserveasassistants

Exampleacongressionalaide

Aidisoftenusedforhelpfulobjects

Examplejobaidhearingaidvisualaid

SeeBothAlike

ALITTLE

SeeLittleALittle

ALLEGORIES

AnallegoryisanarrativethatsymbolicallysuggestssomethingelseAnallegoryisanextendedmetaphorwithtwomeaningsTheunderlyingmeaningofanallegoryusuallyhasmoralorsocialsignificance

FamousallegoriesareAesoprsquosFablesTheRepublicbyPlatoTheBookofRevelationfromtheBibleTheMasqueoftheRedDeathbyEdgarAllanPoeTheLordoftheFliesbyWilliamGoldingTheChroniclesofNarniabyCSLewis

ALLITERATION

Alliterationisanarrativetechniquethatuseswordsbeginningwiththesamelettertosoundpoetic

ExampleldquoThemoanofdovesinimmemorialelmsandthemurmuringofinnumerablebeesrdquomdashTennyson

ALLRIGHTALRIGHT

AllrightmeansokayacceptableorunhurtAlwaysspellallrightastwowordsneveroneAlrightisaninformalwaytospellallrightandshouldnotbeusedinformalbusinesswriting

IncorrectItwillbealrightifyouwishtogo

CorrectItwillbeallrightifyouwishtogo

ALLUSIONILLUSION

AnallusionisareferencetosomethingThewordsalludeoralludedaremorecommonlyusedinwritingAllusionsareoftenliteraryinnature

ExampleHisallusiontowaterinhiswritingforeshadowedthegreatfloodthatwouldappearattheendofthebook

Anillusionisamiragehallucinationormagictrick

ExampleTheperformanceinvolvedtheillusionofsawingawomaninhalf

ALONELONELY

AlonecanfunctionasanadjectiveoradverbAlonemeanstobewithoutotherpeopleortobeonyourown

ExampleRogerlikeslivingalone

ExampleThechildwasleftaloneinthehouse

LonelyisanadjectivethatmeansbeingunhappybecauseyouarealoneJustbeingalonedoesnotmakeapersonlonely

ExampleMarciafeltlonelyafterherhusbandpassedaway

ALOTALOTALLOT

AlotmeaningalargeamountornumbermaybeusedtomodifyanounUsingthewordmanyornumerousinsteadofalotisbetterform

ExampleWersquollneedalotofhandstofinishclearingtheland

BetterWersquollneedmanyhandstofinishclearingtheland

Alotcanalsobeusedasanadverbtomeanverymuchorveryoften

ExampleShelooksalotlikehermother

Alotisnotaword

Allotisaverbthatmeanstogiveorshareforaparticularpurpose

ExampleWewereallottedonepillowandblanketperperson

ALREADYALLREADY

AlreadydenotestimeandmeansbeforethepresenttimeorearlierthanexpectedAllreadydenotespreparationandmeanscompletelyready

ExampleShehadalreadyarrived

ExampleWeareallreadytoleave

ALTOGETHERALLTOGETHER

AltogetherisanadverbthatmeanscompletelyintotalquiteorinallAlltogetherisanadverbthatmeansinoneplaceortogetherasonegroup

ExampleSheisaltogetherpleasant

ExampleHisbillscametofifty-sevendollarsaltogether

ExampleThebookswerealltogetherononeshelf

AMBITRANSITIVEVERBS

Anambitransitiveverbcanbebothtransitiveandintransitivewithoutchangingtheverbform

ExampleIreadthebook[Readistransitiveandthebookisthedirectobject]

ExampleIalwaysreadintheden(Readisintransitiveandthereisnodirectobjectaftertheverb)

OtherambitransitiveverbsareBroke

ExampleIbrokethemirror[transitive]

ExampleThemirrorbroke[intransitive]

Change

ExampleIchangedmypants[transitive]

ExampleThepantswerechanged[intransitive]

ExampleIsunkthesailboat[transitive]

ExampleThesailboatsunk[intransitive]

AMERICANENGLISHBRITISHENGLISH

CertainwordsarespelleddifferentlyinAmericanEnglishthaninBritishEnglishTable26isalistofwordsthathavethispeculiartreatment

Table26DifferencesBetweenAmericanandBritishSpellings

AMONGBETWEEN

SeeBetweenAmong

AMPERSAND

Theampersand(amp)meansldquoandrdquoDonotusetheampersandintexttitlesorheadings

AMmeansantemeridiemwhichisLatinforldquobeforemiddayrdquoItstandsforthetimeaftermidnightandbeforenoonPMmeanspostmeridiemwhichisLatinforldquoaftermiddayrdquoItstandsforthetimeafternoonandbeforemidnight

WhenusingAMorPMDonrsquotwriteldquo12AMrdquoorldquo12PMrdquotheseformscauseconfusionInsteadwriteldquo12noonrdquo

orldquo12midnightrdquoYoucanuseupperorlowercaseandperiodsAMandPMoramandpmDonotaddthewordorsquoclockwhenwritingtimesandincludingAMorPM

SeeAAn

ANADIPLOSIS

Anadiplosisisanarrativeandspeechwritingtechniquewhereawordorphraseattheendofasentenceorphraseisrepeatedatthebeginningofthenextsentenceorphrase

ExampleHereweexpectcommitmentCommitmentisthekeytobeingsuccessfulinthisbusiness

ANAPHORA

Anaphorareferstotheuseofwordsorphrasessuchaspronounsthatpointbackwardtosomethingearlierinasentence

ExampleHewantedthenewspaperandaskedmetofinishreadingit[anaphoricreferstothenounldquonewspaperrdquo]

ANDALSO

AndalsoisaredundantphraseUseeitherwordseparatelybutnotthetwotogether

AndorisalegaltermthatmeansyoucanchoosebetweentwoalternativesorchoosebothUseandorsparinglyinyourbusinesswritingbecauseitisoftenseenasjargonChecktomakesureasimpleorwoulddoinyoursentenceIfchoosingoneofthealternativeseliminatestheotherthenitisnrsquotanandorsituation

ANGRYMAD

SeeMadAngry

ANIMATENOUNS

AnimatenounsrefertopeopleanimalsandlivingthingsInanimatenounsrefertononlivingthings

ANTAGONYMS

AntagonymsarewordsthatcanmeantheoppositeofthemselvesAntagonymsarealsoknownascontranymsorautoantonymsThefollowingaresomeexamplesofantagonymsClip

ExampleClip[attach]thereceiptstoyourexpensereport

ExampleClip[cutfrom]thehedges

ExampleHowmuchtimeisleft[remaining]

ExampleTheyhavealreadyleft[havegone]

ExampleIrsquombound[movingtoward]forLosAngeles

ExampleThecriminalwasbound[unabletomove]withhandcuffs

Buckle

ExampleYouhadbetterbuckle[holdtogether]yourseatbelt

ExampleHerkneesbuckled[collapsed]undertheweight

ExampleThosekidscut[gotinto]inline

ExampleThosekidscut[gotoutof]class

ExampleThemaidisgoingtodust[removedust]thelivingroom

ExampleThepolicearegoingtodust[applydust]forfingerprints

Citation

ExampleThecitycouncilgavemeacitation[anaward]formyvolunteereffortsinthecommunity

ExampleThepolicegavemeacitation[apenalty]forspeeding

ANTECEDENT

AnantecedentisawordphraseorclausereferredtobyapronounInaseriesofsentencestheantecedentisunderstoodafterbeingreferencedonceinasentenceorprevioussentenceandthereforeapronounisusedtoavoidrepetition

Inthefollowingexampletheantecedentandpronounareunderlined

ExampleTheTitanicwaslostonitsmaidenvoyageItwassaidtobeunsinkable

Third-personpronouns(hesheitthey)needanantecedenttobeclearFirst-personpronounslikeIandyoudonot

ApronounmustagreewithitsantecedentinthreewaysPersonmdashItmustspecifyaparticularpersonNumbermdashItmustdistinguishbetweensingularandpluralGendermdashItmustdistinguishbetweenmasculineandfeminine

Theprefixanti-comesfromGreekandmeansagainstAnti-isoftenaddedtowordstocreatenewwordsthatmeantheoppositeoftheoriginalword

Exampleanticrimeantisocialantiglare

ANTIMETABOLE

Antimetaboleisatechniquewhereawordorphraseinoneclauseorphraseisrepeatedintheoppositeorderinthenextclauseorphrase

ExampleldquoAsknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyouaskwhatyoucandoforyourcountryrdquomdashJohnFKennedy

ExampleldquoTheSabbathwasmadeformanandnotmanfortheSabbathrdquomdashJesus(Mark227)

ExampleldquoNowthisisnottheendItisnoteventhebeginningoftheendbutitisperhapstheendofthebeginningrdquomdashWinstonChurchill

ANTONYMS

Awordthatmeanstheoppositeofanotherwordisanantonym

ExampleHotistheantonymofcold

Antonymscanbemadebyaddingtheprefixun-

Exampleableunablehappyunhappysuitableunsuitablelikelyunlikely

Antonymscanbemadebyaddingtheprefixnon-

Examplesensenonsenseconformistnonconformist

Antonymscanbemadebyaddingtheprefixin-

Examplesensitiveinsensitivediscreetindiscreet

ANYEITHER

AnyreferstooneofseveralEitherreferstooneoftwo

CorrectYoumayhaveanyofthesixbooks

CorrectEitherofthosetwocarswillbeacceptable

ANYSOME

AnyandsomeareusedtotalkaboutindefinitequantitiesUsesomeforpositivestatementsandanyfornegativestatementsandquestions

ExampleIaskedthewaitertogetmesomewater

ExampleDoyouhaveanywater

ExampleTheydonrsquothaveany

APARTAPART

Apartisanadverbthatmeansseparatedbydistanceortime

ExampleIfeelsadwhenwersquoreapart

Apartisanounthatmeansapieceofsomething

ExampleIrsquodliketobeapartofyourteam

APODOSIS

Themainclauseinaconditionsentenceiscalledanapodosis

ExampleIfyouatethereyoursquodknowwhatImean[TheapodosisisldquoyoursquodknowwhatImeanrdquoandldquoifyouatethererdquoistheifclause]

APOSTROPHE

Anapostrophe(rsquo)maydenotethatawordhasbeencontractedintentionally

ExampleItrsquostimetogo

ExampleHavenrsquotyoufinishedthetask

AnapostrophecanbeusedtoshowpossessionToshowpossessionforasingularnounaddrsquos

Exampletheofficersquosconferenceroom

Toshowpossessionforapluralnounendinginsaddtheapostropheafterthes

Exampletheemployeesrsquoparkinglot

Toshowpossessionforpluralnounsnotendinginsaddrsquos

Examplemenrsquosroom

Thepluralofcompoundnounsandjointpossessivenounsisformedbyaddingrsquostothesecondwordonly

ExampleHiteshandKalpanarsquoshouse

Iftheitemsareseparatelyownedaddrsquostoeachofthecompoundnouns

ExampleMaryrsquosandJohnrsquoscoats

Forapropernameendinginsusersquos

ExampleLewisrsquoshat

ExampleMissBlissrsquosbook

NoteTwopropernamesaretraditionallyobservedasexceptionsMosesrsquorobeJesusrsquoparable

Forpluralpropernamesendinginsuseonlyanapostrophe

ExampleTheJonesesrsquobootswereleftinthehall

Noapostropheisusedwithpossessivepronouns

Examplehishersitsyoursourstheirs

Theapostropheisalsousedtoexpressdurationoftime

Exampleadayrsquosdrive

Exampleayearrsquosworthofhappiness

APPEARSDISPLAYS

Whenwritingaboutcomputersoftwarekeepinmindthattheworddisplaysrequiresadirectobjectwhileappearsdoesnotrequireadirectobject

IncorrectThelog-onscreendisplays

CorrectThelog-onscreenappears

CorrectThescreendisplaysawarningmessageifyouenteranincorrectpassword

APPENDIX

AnappendixisaseparatesectionattheendofadocumentthatprovidessupplementaryinformationAnappendixprovidesadditionalreferencematerialanddetailsthatwerenotnecessaryforallreadersofthemaindocument

Examplestatisticsdetailedproceduresmapsdiagrams

DocumentscanhavemorethanoneappendixeachcontainingadifferenttypeofinformationEachappendixislabeledAppendixAAppendixBAppendixCandsoforthWhenthereisjustoneappendixinadocumenttitleitAppendix

Ifappendixitemsarereferredtointhemaindocumentarrangetheminthesameorderastheyarementionedinthetext

Appendicesshouldappearinthedocumentrsquostableofcontents

APPOSITION

Anappositionisawritingtechniquethatinvolvesplacinganounornounphrasenexttoanotherthatexplainsit

ExampleJohnSullivanthemayor[inappositionexplainingwhoJohnSullivanis]willbevisitingthehighschoolonWednesday

APPOSITIVES

Anappositiveisanounorphrasethatrenamesoramplifiesawordthatimmediatelyprecedesit

ExampleGarymybrother[appositive]isapsychologist

AnappositivephraserenamesoramplifiesawordthatimmediatelyprecedesitUsecommastoseparatethenonessentialappositivefromtherestofthesentence

ExampleMyfavoriteprofessoraworldfamousauthor[nonessentialappositive]justwonaprestigiousliteraryaward

BecarefulaboutthecaseofanappositiveCheckthecasebysubstitutingthenounthattheappositivemodifies

IncorrectMymanagergavetwoofusTedandIabonusforourparticipationinthediversitytaskforce

CheckMymanagergaveIabonus

CorrectMymanagergavetwoofusTedandmeabonusforourparticipationinthediversitytaskforce

CheckMymanagergavemeabonus

ARTICLES

Articlesdeterminersandquantifiersarelittlewordsthatprecedeandmodifynouns

Examplethedogacatthosepeoplewhateverpurposeeitherwayyourchoice

SometimesthesewordstellyouwhetherthesubjectissomethingspecificormoregeneralSometimestheytellyouhowmuchorhowmany

ThefollowingisalistofdeterminercategoriesArticlesmdashanatheDeterminersmdasharticlesandotherlimiterssuchasaanfiveherourthosethatseveralsome

PossessivenounsmdashKevinrsquostheworkerrsquosmymotherrsquosPossessivepronounsmdashhisyourtheirwhoseNumbersmdashonetwothreeetcDemonstrativepronounsmdashthisthatthesethosesuch

ThethreearticlesaanandtheareatypeofadjectiveTheiscalledthedefinitearticlebecauseittendstonamesomethingspecificAandanarecalledindefinitearticlesbecausetheyrefertothingsinalessspecificwayTheisusedwithspecificnounsandisrequiredwhenthenounreferstosomethingunique

ExampleTheearthorbitsthesun

Theisalsousedforabstractnouns

ExampleTheCityofAtlantahasencouragedtheuseofmasstransit

Aisusedbeforesingularnounsthatbeginwithconsonants

Exampleadogacatamountain

Anisusedbeforesingularnounsthatbeginwithvowelsorvowel-likesounds

Exampleanappleaneagleaninvitation

ASLIKE

SeeLikeAs

ASSUREINSUREENSURE

SeeEnsureAssureInsure

ASTERISKS

AsterisksareusedtocalloutafootnoteonapageThefollowingaresomeusesforasterisksinyourwritingThreespacedasteriskscenteredonapagemaybeusedtosignalachangeinthoughtOneormoreasterisksaresometimesusedtostrikeoutletterswhenwritingprofanityAsterisksaresometimesusedasbulletswhencreatingalistIncomputerscienceanasteriskisusedtorepresentawildcardcharacterIntelephonyanasteriskisincludedonthetelephonekeypadandisreferredtoasldquostarrdquo

ASTOWHETHER

AvoidusingthephraseastowhetherThewordwhetherusuallysuffices

ASWELLAS

AswellasisasynonymforinadditiontoandforthewordandAvoidusingaswellasinbusinessdocumentsInsteaduseinadditiontoorand

CorrectWiththenewprinteryoucanprintbeautifulcolorphotographsinadditiontonormalblack-and-whitetextdocuments

AvoidWiththenewprinteryoucanprintbeautifulcolorphotographsaswellasnormalblack-and-whitetextdocuments

AUTOANTONYMS

SeeAntagonyms

AUXILIARYVERBS

AuxiliaryverbsareusedtoformverbphrasesTherearefourauxiliaryverbgroupsTobeTohaveModelauxiliariesTodo

Theauxiliaryverbtobeisusedinboththeprogressivetenseandthepassivevoice

ExampleofprogressivetenseYouarehitting

ExampleofpassivevoiceYouarehit

Theauxiliaryverbtohaveisusedintheperfecttense

ExampleIhavefinishedmydinner

ExampleIhadfinishedmydinner

ExampleIhavebeenfinishedwithmydinner

Modelauxiliariesdeterminewhetheraverbisafactdesirepossibilityorcommand

ExampleoffactIcanwalk

ExampleofcommandImustwalk

ExampleofdesireIshouldwalk

ExampleofpossibilityImaywalk

Theauxiliaryverbtodoisusedinquestionsnegativesoremphaticstatements

ExampleofquestionDoeshesmoke

ExampleofnegativeHesmokesdoesnrsquothe

ExampleofemphasisDespitethefacthersquoscoughinghedoessmoke

AVERAGEMEANMEDIAN

Averageisamathematicaltermthatisdeterminedbyaddingtwoormorenumberstogetheranddividingthesumbythenumberofitems

ExampleTheaverageof246810is6[2+4+6+8+10=3030divide5=6]

AverageisalsoknownmathematicallyasthearithmeticmeanThemiddlenumberinaseriesofnumbersisthemedian

ExampleThemedianof246810is6

AWHILEAWHILE

AwhileisaperiodoftimeAwhileisanadverbthatmeansforatimeandshouldneverbeused

astheobjectofapreposition(whichcanonlybeanounorpronoun)

IncorrectPleasecometomyhomeforawhilebeforeyoustartyourjourney

CorrectPleasecometomyhomeforawhilebeforeyoustartyourjourney

CorrectRelaxawhilebeforeyoubeginthetask

AWFULAWFULLY

Awfulcanmeanextremelydisagreeableorexceedinglygreat

ExampleItwasanawfulexperienceItwasanawfullotofmoney

Neveruseawfulorawfullyasasynonymforvery

IncorrectSheperformedanawfullydifficulttask

CorrectSheperformedaverydifficulttask

IncorrectBillisawfullysmart

CorrectBillisverysmart

BADBADLY

BadisanadjectiveandbadlyisanadverbUsetheadjectivebadwhenreferringtohumanfeeling

ExampleIfeltbad[IfyousaidldquoIfeltbadlyrdquoyoursquodbesayingthattherewassomethingwrongwithyoursenseoftouch]

Badlyisanadverbbutitisoftenmistakenlyusedasanadjective

IncorrectHewantedbadlytogowiththem

CorrectHewantedverymuchtogowiththem

IncorrectShefeltbadlyafterheroperation

CorrectShedidnotfeelwellafterheroperation

BACK-CHANNELING

Inconversationback-channelingisanaturalresponsethatshowsyouunderstandwhatapersonissayingbyusinginterjectionssuchasIseeyesokayanduh-huh

BACKSLASHSLASH

Theusualslash()issometimescalledaforwardslashSlashesareoftenusedtoindicatedirectoriesorfoldersinacomputerfilingsystemSlashesarealsousedinWebaddresses

Examplehttpwwwvideologiesco

Abackslash()isoftenusedincomputerprogramminglanguagesandtoindicatethedirectorystructureofacomputerharddrive

BACKUPBACKUP

Whenusedasaverbtodescribetheactionofbackingupbackupistwowords

ExampleItisimportanttobackupyourharddrive

Whenusedasanadjectiveornounbackupisoneword

ExampleIsearchedmycollectionofbackupCDsinordertorestoremyharddrive

BASEFORMOFAVERB

Thebaseformofaverbisthesameastheinfinitiveformwithoutto

Examplewaitspeakcomesee

BASICALLYESSENTIALLYTOTALLY

Thesewordsoftenaddnoadditionalmeaningtoasentenceandshouldberemovedfromyourwritingandspeech

BCstandsforbeforeChristSomepeopleuseBCEwhichstandsforbeforethecommonera

BCisalwayswritteninallcapswithperiods

BECAUSESINCEAS

Becauseisnottobeusedinplaceofthat

IncorrectThereasonhedidnotattendthecompanypartyisbecausehewasinChicago

CorrectThereasonhedidnotattendthecompanypartyisthathewasinChicago

BetterHedidnotattendthecompanypartybecausehewasinChicago

UsebecausewhenreferringtoareasonfordoingsomethingUsesincewhenreferringtoapassageoftimeAvoidusingasreferringtoareasonfordoingsomethingUsebecause

instead

IncorrectAsIforgottogetgasmycarstalledonthefreeway

CorrectBecauseIforgottogetgasmycarstalledonthefreeway

CorrectSincegettingthenewcomputerIhavenrsquothadanyproblemswithcrashes

BEENGONE

BeenisthepastparticipleofthewordbeGoneisthepastparticipleofthewordgoBeenisusedtodescribeapasttripapersonhastraveledsomewhereandreturned

ExampleJenniferhasbeentoIndiafourtimes

Goneisusedtodescribeatripfromwhichapersonhasnotreturned

ExampleJenniferhasgonetoIndiaforthemonthofMarch

BEINGTHATBEINGAS

Beingthatandbeingasarenonstandardsubstitutesforbecause

IncorrectBeingthathewastheonlymanagerthereonSaturdayeveryonelookedtohimforanswerswhenthenetworkwentdown

CorrectBecausehewastheonlymanagerthereonSaturdayeveryonelookedtohimforanswerswhenthenetworkwentdown

SeeAboveBelow

BESIDEBESIDES

Besideisaprepositionthatmeansclosetoornextto

ExampleThehouseisbesidetheriver

ExampleHesatbesidehisgirlfriend

Besidescanbeaprepositionthatmeansinadditiontoorotherthan

ExampleWhatareyoustudyingbesidesbusinessadministration

Besidescanbeanadverbthatmeansaswellorfurthermore

ExampleShewasarticulateandastrongleaderBesidesshewastheownerrsquosdaughter

BETWEENAMONG

BetweenisusedtodifferentiatetwoandonlytwoobjectsAmongisusedtodifferentiatemorethantwo

CorrectThedogwassittingbetweenJohnandme

CorrectTherewerethreegoodbooksamongthemanyhegaveme

BIASBIASED

Biasisanounusedtodescribeapreferencetowardaparticularideology

ExampleHisbiastowardHispanicspreventedhimfrommakingfriendswithhisnewneighbors

Biasedisaverbusedtodescribeanactionorjudgmentinfluencedbyprejudice

ExampleHisvoteonthejurywasbiasedbyhishatredforHispanics

BIASEDORSEXISTLANGUAGE

AvoidlanguagethatisstereotypedorbiasedinrespecttogendersexualorientationethnicityorraceStereotypicallanguageassumesastereotypeaboutaparticulargroupofpeople

IncorrectAlthoughhewasJewishhewasnrsquotgoodwithhisfinances

CorrectHewasnrsquotgoodwithhisfinances

Nonsexistwritingisessentialformostaudiences

IncorrectHeprovidesagreatservicetomankind

CorrectHeprovidesagreatservicetohumanity

IncorrectLandingonthemoonwasoneofmanrsquosgreatestachievements

CorrectLandingonthemoonwasoneofhumanityrsquosgreatestachievements

IncorrectThecommonmandoesnrsquotcareanythingaboutpolitics

CorrectTheaveragepersondoesnrsquotcareanythingaboutpolitics

IncorrectWeneedtomantheticketbooth

CorrectWeneedtostafftheticketbooth

Avoidtheuseofmanwhendescribingvariousoccupations

Incorrectbusinessman

Correctbusinessperson

Incorrectfireman

Correctfirefighter

Incorrectmailman

Correctmailcarrier

Incorrectstewardess

Correctflightattendant

Incorrectpoliceman

Correctpoliceofficer

Incorrectmalenurse

Correctnurse

BIBLIOGRAPHY

AbibliographyisalistingofbooksmagazinesInternetsourcesandotherreferencematerialsusedinwritingadocumentBibliographiesarelocatedattheendofadocument

AbibliographyisnormallyalphabetizedbyauthorrsquoslastnameIftheauthorrsquosnameisunknownalphabetizebytitle

AbibliographyisdifferentfromaseriesoffootnotesFootnotesareusedtositereferencesusedinthetextandarelistedatthebottomofthepageSeeFootnotesEndnotes

ForprintedmaterialsabibliographyshouldcontaintheAuthorrsquosnameTitleofthepublicationortitleofthemagazinearticlePlaceofpublicationPublishingcompanyPublicationdateVolumenumberofamagazinePagenumber(s)

ExampleofbookWilsonKevinTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWritingNewYorkAMACOMBooks201050ndash51

ExampleofjournalarticleWilsonKevinldquoAlaskanB-24FindsHomeinUtahrdquoAviationHistoryOctober2011

ForInternetsourcesabibliographyshouldcontaintheAuthorandeditornamesTitleofthepageDateofpublicationDateyouviewedthepageWebaddress

ExampleWilsonKevinldquoFormattingaBibliographyrdquoWritingToolkithttpwwwvideologiescomamahandbook2010RetrievedMay152011

BILLION

Abillionisequaltoathousandmillions(1000000000)Youcanwritethenumberinwordsornumbers

Examplefivebilliondollars$5billion

BIWEEKLYBIMONTHLYSEMIWEEKLYSEMIMONTHLY

TousethesetermscorrectlyconsiderthefollowingdefinitionsBiweeklymeansthatsomethingoccurseverytwoweeksSemiweeklymeansthatsomethingoccurstwiceinoneweekBimonthlymeansthatsomethingoccurseverytwomonthsSemimonthlymeansthatsomethingoccurstwiceinonemonth

SeeVisuallyImpairedBlind

BLOGWEBLOG

BlogandWeblogaresynonymoustermsthatdescribeWeb-basedjournalsBlogcanbebothanounandverbBlogasanounreferstotheWebsitewherethecontentispublishedBlogasaverbmeanstowritearticlesforablog

BOLDFONTS

BoldfontsareoftenusedtoidentifykeytermsorphraseswhenwritingtechnicaldocumentsormanualsConsiderthefollowingtipsforusingboldfontsUseboldfontsforemphasistomakecertainwordsorphrasesstandoutUseboldfontsforheadlinesandheadingsinyourdocumentsInproceduraldocumentsuseboldfontsforwarningorcautionmessagesDonrsquotaddboldtoanentireparagraphoftextUsetheboldfontversionofthetypefaceratherthantheboldstylefunction(theboldbutton)ofyoursoftwareUsetheboldstylefunctiononlyasalastresortifthereisnoboldtypefaceforthefontyouareusing

BOREDBORING

Boredisanadjectivethatdescribeswhensomeoneisuninterestedunhappyorunoccupied

ExampleHewassoboredthathestartedreadingthephonebook

Boringisanadjectivethatmeanssomethingisnotinterestingorexciting

ExampleTheseminarwassoboringthathefellasleep

BOTHALIKE

Donrsquotusethecombinationbothalike

IncorrectThecarsarebothalike

CorrectThetwocarsarealikeTheyareboththelatestmodel

BOTHEACH

BothisusedtodescribeaconditionthatappliestotwoentitiesEachisusedtodescribeasingleentity

IncorrectThereisapictureonbothsidesofthemantel

CorrectThereisapictureoneachsideofthemantel

BRACKETS

Bracketsandparenthesesaresometimesusedinterchangeably

ChangestoQuotedMaterial

IfyouarequotingsomeonebutmakeachangetothequoteforclarityyoushouldputyourchangewithinbracketsConsiderthefollowing

OriginalquoteldquoEveryoneknewitwasabouttobreakanydaynowrdquo

RevisedquoteldquoEveryoneknewit[thedam]wasabouttobreakanydaynowrdquo

DigressionsWithinParentheses

Sometimesyouwillfindsituationswhereyouneedanextrasetofparenthesesnestedwithinapreviouspair

ExampleThecomputerrsquosmemory(randomaccessmemory[RAM]andreadonlymemory[ROM])iswheresoftwareisloaded

BRAKEBREAK

Abrakeasanounmeansadevicethatslowsavehicle

ExampleIhadtopushhardonthebraketostop

BreakcanbeanounoraverbBreakasaverbmeanstodamagesomething

ExampleHeisgoingtobreakthechair

Breakasanounmeanstimeoff

ExampleIwanttogooutsideonmybreak

BRANDNAMES

CapitalizethebrandnamesofproductsSomecommonbrandnameslikeKleenexXeroxandBand-AidaretrademarkedbrandnamesandshouldbecapitalizedYoudonotneedtousethesymbolsregortradewhenwritingbrandnames

Iftheproductispartofthebrandnamethenitisalsocapitalized

ExampleWonderClassicWhiteBread

Iftheproductisnotpartofthebrandnamethentheproductisnotcapitalized

ExampleListerinemouthwash

BREATHBREATHE

Breathisanounthatdescribestheairpassingintoandoutofourlungs

ExampleTheyogateacheraskedustofocusonourbreath

Breatheisaverbmeaningtotakeabreath

ExampleCloseyoureyesbreathedeeplyandrelax

BRINGTAKE

BringisusedtodenotemovementtowardsomeoneorsomethingTakeisusedtodenotemovementawayfromsomeoneorsomething

ExampleBringmethebook

ExampleTakethebooktohim

BRITISHENGLISH

SeeAmericanEnglishBritishEnglish

BULLETEDLIST

BulletedlistsdrawattentiontoimportantinformationConsiderthesetipsfortheuseofbulletedlistsUseanumberedlistforasequenceofeventsorrankingitemsinalistUsebulletsymbolsorcheckmarkswhentheitemsinthelistarenotsequentialorrankedMakealltheentriesgrammaticallyparallelDonotmixclausesandsentenceswhencreatingbulletpointsIfthebulletpointsarenotcompletesentencestheydonotneedendpunctuationIndentsubtextbulletsthatprovideadditionaldetailsaboutamainbulletpoint

BUSHEL

Addanswhenreferringtomorethanonebushel

IncorrectEightbushelofoats

CorrectEightbushelsofoats

BUSINESSRIGHT

Donrsquotusebusinesswhenyoureallymeanright

IncorrectWhatbusinessisitoftheirstoquestionmyaction

CorrectWhatrighthavetheytoquestionmyaction

BUZZWORDS

BuzzwordsarepopularoverusedwordsthatarecommoninbusinessenvironmentsBuzzwordsareoftenpretentiousanddifficulttounderstandAvoidtheminyourbusinesswriting

Somebuzzwordsmaybeappropriateintherightcontext

IncorrectWeneedtoarchitectasoftwaresolution

CorrectJohnisthearchitectonthebuildingproject

CommonbuzzwordstoavoidareshowninTable27

Table27CommonBuzzwordstoAvoid

BYBYEBUY

Byisaprepositionandiscommonlyusedinprepositionalphrases

ExampleYoushouldhavelearnedthatbynow

Byeisanabbreviatedformofgood-byeorabreakinasportsteamschedule

ExampleBecausewehadthebestrecordwegotabyeforthefirstroundofthetournament

BuycanbebothanounandaverbAsanounbuymeansaveryaffordablepurchase

ExampleThesweaterwasagreatbuy

Buyasaverbmeanstomakeapurchase

ExampleIrsquomgoingtobuythesweater

BYUNTIL

Byanduntilbothindicateanytimebeforebutnotlaterthanacertaintime

Untilisusedtotellhowlongasituationcontinued

ExampleHelivedinAustinuntilMay2010

Untilisoftenusedinnegativesentences

ExampleTicketswillnotgoonsaleuntilJanuary15

ByisusedwhensomethingwillhappenbeforeorataspecifictimeItisoftenusedtoindicateadeadline

ExampleYouhavetofinishtheprojectbyDecember31

CALLBACKCALLBACK

Callbackistwowordswhenusedasaverb

ExampleIneedtocallbacktwoofthetopcandidatesfortheposition

Callbackisonewordwhenusedasanounoradjective

ExampleAftertheauditionChaitalhopedforacallback

CALLOUTCALLOUT

Calloutistwowordswhenusedasaverb

ExampleYoushouldcallouttheprocessesinthediagram

Calloutisonewordwhenusedasanounoradjective

ExampleTheillustrationhadacalloutcreatedasatextbox

CALLOUTS

Calloutsaretextlabelsinanillustrationthatpointoutspecificitemsthatshouldbenoticedbythereader(SeeFigure21)ConsiderthefollowingtipsforusingcalloutsCalloutsshouldhavethefirstlettercapitalizedDonotcapitalizecalloutsthatstartwithanellipsis(hellip)IfthecalloutisacompletesentenceenditwithaperiodAvoidagroupofcalloutsforasingleillustrationwheresomearecompletesentencesandothersaresentencefragments

Makeallthecalloutsconsistentgrammaticallyforasingleillustration

Figure21IllustrationwithCallouts

CAMEBY

Camebyisacolloquialphraseandshouldbeavoidedinbusinesswriting

IncorrectHecamebytoseeme

CorrectHecametoseeme

CANMAY

Usecantoindicatecapability

ExampleCanyoureadthebottomlineontheeyechart

ExampleYesIcanreadit

Usemaytoindicatepossibilityorwhenaskingforpermission

ExampleItmayraintoday

ExampleMayIhelpyou

CANNOT

Cannotisoneword

IncorrectWecannotmakeittotheperformance

CorrectWecannotmakeittotheperformance

CANrsquoTSEEM

SeemisaverbthatmeanslookorappearUsingcanrsquotwithseemisawkward

IncorrectIcanrsquotseemtomakethejourneyinanhour

CorrectItseemsimpossibleformetomakethejourneyinonehour

CANVASCANVASS

Acanvasisanounthatmeansaheavycloththatisforexamplestretchedonawoodframeforpaintingorusedtocoverthefloorofaboxingring

ExampleTheartistappliedpainttothecanvas

ExampleAfterthedevastatingpunchtheunconsciousboxerfelltothecanvas

Canvassisaverbmeaningtosurvey

ExampleWewentdoor-to-doortocanvassvoters

CAPITALLETTERS

CapitallettersareusedatthebeginningofasentenceorforapropernounCapitallettersarealsocalleduppercaseSeeCapitalization

CAPITALCAPITOL

CapitalcanbeanounoranadjectiveCapitalCanbetheseatofgovernmentforastateorcountryCanbeanuppercaseletterCanbemoneyorpropertyownedbyabusiness

CanbethetoppartofanarchitecturalcolumnCanalsomeanldquopunishablebydeathrdquo

ExampleMurderisacapitaloffense

Capitalasanadjectivemeansprincipalorchief

ExampleItwasthecapitalideaoftheconference

CapitolisthebuildingwheretheUSCongressmeetsItiscapitalizedwhenitreferstotheUSCapitolItisnotcapitalizedwhenitreferstothemaingovernmentbuildingforaUSstate

Capitalization

PropernounsthatdenotethenamesofspecificpersonsorplacesarecapitalizedthoughnamesthatarecommontoagrouparenotConsiderthefollowingcapitalizationguidelines

ActsofCongressCivilRightsActTaft-HartleyActChildLaborAmendmentEighteenthAmendment

AssociationsSocietyofProfessionalEngineersAmericanBusinessAssociationYoungWomenrsquosChristianAssociationAmericanHeartAssociation

BookTitlesandTheirSubdivisionsTheAmericanWayChapterVIRemembranceofThingsPastVolume11BulletinsandPeriodicalTitlesWallStreetJournal

RailroadCarsandAutomobileModelsCar54Train93PlymouthCadillac

ChurchesandChurchDignitariesFifthAvenuePresbyterianChurchtheArchbishopofNewYorkBishopJohnBarnes

CitiesJeffersonCityMissouriLosAngeles

ClubsLeonBookClubTheDo-GoodersUnionLeagueClubButmanyRepublicanclubsintheWest

LegalCodestheCodeofBuildingMaintenanceButthebuildingcodeCodeVI

CompassPointsDesignatingaSpecificRegiontheNortheast[sectionofthecountry]thePacificNorthwestButjustdrivenorththeWestButwestoftown

ConstitutionstheConstitutionofTexastheConstitutionoftheUnitedStates

Buttheconstitutionofanynation

CorporationsAmericanBrakeCorporationContainerCorporationofAmericaButThecorporationwasdissolved

CourtstheCriminalCourtofAppealsButacourtofappealstheSupremeCourttheMagistratersquosCourtButacountycourt

DecorationsPurpleHeartGoodConductMedalCroixdeGuerreButSoldiersaregivendecorationstosignaltheiractsofheroism

Degrees(Academic)BADDMDPhD

DistrictsFirstCongressionalDistrictButacongressionaldistrict

EducationalCoursesEnglish101SpanishGrammarMathematicsMadeEasyButHeisstudyingphysicsandchemistry

EpithetsFirstLadyoftheStateAlexandertheGreat

FleetstheThirdFleetButTheshipwaspartofthefleet

FoundationsCarnegieFoundationIshaFoundationButHeestablishedafoundation

GeographicDivisionsLoneStarStateSoonerStateButTherearefiftystatesinourcountryNorthernHemisphereSouthPoleOldWorldNearEast

GovernmentDivisionsFederalReserveBoardtheBostonFireDepartmentButThedepartmentwasheadedbyMrBrianWilson

HistoricalTermsDarkAgesRenaissanceChristianEraWorldWarIIBattleoftheBulgeDeclarationofIndependenceMagnaCarta

HolidaysThanksgivingDayPassoverEasterSundayNewYearrsquosEve

LibrariesLibraryofCongressAlbanyPublicLibraryButThelibraryisasourceofinformation

LocalitiesWesternEuropeEastAfricaWheatBeltWestSideMississippiDelta

MilitaryServicesUnitedStatesNavySignalCorpsSecondBattalionCompanyBSquadron28

NobilityandRoyaltyQueenofBelgiumButManyqueenswerehonoredhereDukeofWindsorButShewasproudtohavemetaduke

OceansandContinentsPacificOceanButHewasgladtobecrossingtheocean

ParksPeoplesandTribesGreenleafParkLakeTexomaStateParkYellowstoneNationalParkButTheparkwasinasouthernstateJewsChristiansMalayChickasaw

PersonificationHewasrecognizedbytheChairandspokebrieflyHesangaboutSummerinallitsgloryButInsummerthedaysarelonger

PlanetsandOtherHeavenlyBodiesMarsVenusBigDipper

Exceptionsmoonsunstars

RiversMississippiRiverWabashRiverButTheMississippiandWabashriverswerefloodingafterthetorrentialrains

SportsStadiumsTeamsandTermsDallasCowboysMadisonSquareGardenSuperBowlDodgers

CAPTIONS

AcaptionisashorttextmessagethatappearsbelowanillustrationinadocumentthatnamesanddescribestheimageAcaptionisusuallyplaceddirectlybelowtheillustrationGoodcaptionspullareaderintothedocument

AgoodcaptionshouldIdentifythesubjectoftheillustrationBeshortEstablishtherelevancetothedocument

CARDINALANDORDINALNUMBERS

Numericalsymbolslike123ornumberswrittenaswordslikeonetwothreearecardinalnumbers

Ordinalnumbersexpressanorder

Examplefirstsecondthirdhellip

CaseisagrammaticaltermthatreferstohownounsandpronounsareusedwithotherwordsinasentenceTherearethreecasesSubjectiveObjectivePossessive

ThesubjectivecaseisalsocalledthenominativecaseSubjectivecaseincludesWhenanounorpronounisthesubjectofasentence

ExampleI[pronoun]plantogotoIndia

ExampleMike[propernoun]singsinaband

Whenapredicatenounisused(anounfollowingaformofthebeverb)

ExampleHeisasinger[apredicatenoun]

Theobjectivecaseisusedwhenthenounorpronounisusedinasentenceasadirectobjectanindirectobjectortheobjectofapreposition

ExampleCarldrewthepicture[directobject]

ExampleJeffgaveus[indirectobject]thefinalpresentation

ExampleOurteamclimbedupthestairs[objectiveofapreposition]together

Thepossessivecaseisusedtoshowownershipbyanounorpronoun

ExamplePaulwashedNinarsquos[noun]clothes

ExampleWheredidyoufindher[pronoun]clothes

Table28providesalistofpronouncases

Table28PronounCases

CATAPHORA

Cataphoraisawritingtechniquethatuseswordsorphrasessuchaspronounstopointforwardtosomethinglaterinthetext

ExampleSincehewasafraidofit[pointsforwardtothenounldquooceanrdquo]Johnfounditverydifficulttogoneartheocean

CAUSATIVEVERBS

Causativeverbsareusedtodescribeanactionthatisnecessarytocauseanotheraction

ExampleMymanagermademedoit

Otherexamplesletmakehelpallowhaverequiremotivategetconvincehireassistencouragepermitemployforce

Causativeverbsareusuallyfollowedbyanobject(nounorpronoun)andaninfinitive(toplusaverb)

ExampleHeallowshisstafftoworkfromhomeeveryFriday

ThreecausativeverbsdonotfollowthispatternhavemakeletTheseverbsareusuallyfollowedbyanobjectandthebaseformoftheverb

ExampleShemadeherclientsreadtheentirecontract

CAUTIONNOTICE

SeeNotices

CDstandsforcompactdiscCD-ROMstandsforcompactdiscread-onlymemoryDVDstandsfordigitalvideodiscDonotadddiscafterCDorDVD

IncorrectPleasegivemetheCDdisc

CorrectPleasegivemetheDVD

CENSORCENSURESENSORCENSER

Censormeanstosuppresssomeonersquosspeechorwritingstopreventthemfrombeingshared

ExampleTheproducerhadtocensortheinterviewbybleepinginappropriatelanguagefromthebroadcast

Censuremeanstodenounceanoffender

ExampleThelawyerwhotamperedwithevidencewascensuredbythebarassociation

Asensorisadevicethatdetectschangesintheenvironment

ExampleAmotionsensorturnsthelightonwhensomeonegoesby

Acenserisanincenseburnerinachurch

ExampleThepriestswingsthecenserthreetimes

CHAMPAIGNCHAMPAGNE

ChampaignisacityandcountyinIllinoisChampagneisatypeofsparklingwineandaregioninFrance

CHECKCONTROL

Tocheckmeanstomakecertainsomethingiscorrectsafeorsuitablebyexaminingit

ExampleYoushouldalwayscheckyourwiperbladeswheneveryouchangeyourcarrsquosoil

Tocontrolmeanstolimitorderinstructorrulesomethingorsomeonersquosactions

ExampleYouneedtocontrolyourdogwhilewalkinginthepark

CHIASMUS

AchiasmusisafigureofspeechcreatedwhentwoclausesuseareversalofstructuresAchiasmusisoftenusedtomakealargerpoint

ExampleldquoFairisfoulandfoulisfairrdquomdashWilliamShakespeare

CHICANOLATINOHISPANIC

TousethesetermscorrectlyinyourwritingconsiderthefollowingdefinitionsChicanomeansMexican-AmericanLatinomeanshavingLatinAmericanheritageHispanicmeanshavingheritagefromaSpanish-speakingcountry

CHOOSECHOSE

Chooseisthepresenttense

ExampleWhichoneareyougoingtochoose

Choseisthepasttense

ExampleIchosethepurpleone

CITESITESIGHT

Tociteisaverbmeaningtoreferenceanotherpersonrsquoswordsorwriting

ExampleYoucitethepoetinyourreport

Asiteisanounmeaningalocation

ExampleThatisthesiteofthecarwreck

ExampleThisismyWebsite

SightcanbeanounoraverbAsanounsightmeanstheperceptionofsomethingwithyoureyesavieworaglimpse

ExampleTheoceanisinsight

Sightasaverbmeanstoseeortotakenotice

ExampleHesightedtheenemyinhisbinoculars

CITINGPUBLICATIONS

SourcesareoftenusedinthecreationofanewbusinessdocumentCitedsourcesappearwithinthetextandinareferencelistattheendofthedocumentWithinthetextinsertthelastnameoftheauthoracommaandthepublicationdateinparentheses

Example(Stroman2011)

Formultipleauthorscitebothnamesjoinedwithanampersand(amp)acommaandthepublicationdateinparentheses

Example(StromanampWauson2011)

Ifthenameoftheauthorispartofthetextciteonlythemissinginformationinparenthesis

ExampleasreportedbyStroman(2011)

Forcitingworksproducedbyanassociationcorporationorgovernmentagencythenameofthegroupservesastheauthor

Example(AmericanSocietyforTrainingandDevelopment2011)

Forcitingworkswithnoauthorusethetitleofthebookastheauthor

Example(TheUrantiaBook1955)

CiteyoursourcesinareferencelistorbibliographyattheendofthedocumentSeeBibliography

CLAUSES

AclauseisagroupofwordsthatcontainsasubjectandaverbbutisnotacompletesentenceAclauseisdifferentfromaphrasebecauseaphrasedoesnotincludeasubjectandaverb

CLEANUPCLEANUP

Cleanupisanounthatreferstoaprojectortaskinvolvingcleaning

ExampleTheoilspillresultedinamultimillion-dollarcleanup

Cleanupisaverbphrasethatdescribesanaction

ExampleYouneedtocleanupyourroombeforedinner

CLEFTSENTENCES

Cleftsentencesareusedtoconvertanoriginalclauseintotwoclausestochangetheemphasisinthesentence

OriginalclauseMikeatetheapple

CleftsentenceItwasMikewhoatetheapple[putstheemphasisonMike]

CleftsentenceItwastheapplethatMikeate[putstheemphasisontheapple]

CLICHeacuteS

ClicheacutesareoverusedexpressionsthathavebecometriteandevenannoyingAvoidtheclicheacutesshowninTable29

Table29CommonClicheacutes

SeePressTypeClickStrikeHitSelectandMouseTerminology

CLICKANDDRAG

SeeMouseTerminology

CLICKON

SeeMouseTerminology

CLOSEDCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

Coleman-LiauIndex

TheColeman-LiauIndexisareadabilitytestthatisusedtodeterminethegradelevelastudentintheUnitedStateswouldneedtobeinordertoreadandunderstandadocumentTheindexcountsthenumberofcharactersinwords

Theindexiscalculatedusingthefollowingformula

A-B=Index

whereA=thenumberofcharactersdividedbythenumberofwordstimes589andB=thenumberofsentencesinafragmentofwordstimes03

COLLECTIVEADJECTIVES

AcollectiveadjectiveisformedwhenthearticletheiscombinedwithanadjectivedescribingaclassorgroupofpeopleTheresultingphrasecanactasanoun

Examplethemeektherichthepoor

Thedifferencebetweenacollectivenounandacollectiveadjectiveisthatthecollectiveadjectiveisalwayspluralandrequiresapluralverb

ExampleThepoorarealwayshungry

COLLECTIVENOUNS

Acollectivenounreferstopeopleanimalsorobjectsasagroup

ExampleThecompany[collectivenoun]hasdecidedtoexpandinternationally

ExampleIrsquomgoingtocallthepolice[collectivenoun]

COLLOCATIONS

Collocationsaregroupsofwordsthatareregularlyusedtogetherinacertainorder

Examplehotandcold

CollocationsarealsowordcombinationsthatarecommonEnglishsayings

Examplemiddlemanagementnuclearfamilyheavysmokerincrediblybeautifulwideawake

COLLOQUIAL

Colloquialisatermusedtodescribeinformallanguagethatshouldnotbeusedinformalspeechorwriting

Exampleyarsquollgonnaainrsquotpop(forsoftdrink)

Acolongenerallyfollowsasentenceintroducingalistoralongquotation

ExampleThefollowingquotationisfromtheAtlantaDailynewspaperldquoRegardlessofwhatmaybeaccomplishedthecompanywillstillbeinvolvedrdquo

ExampleDuringyourfirstyearyouwillstudysuchsubjectsasthesealgebraphysicschemistryandpsychology

ExceptionWhenthelististheobjectofaverboraprepositionacolonisneverused

ExampleDuringyourfirstyearyouwillstudyalgebraphysicschemistryandpsychology

EmphasisorAnticipationColonsarealsousedtostressawordphraseorclausethatfollowsitorwhenasentencecreatesanticipationforwhatimmediatelyfollows

ExampleThenewspaperpublishedastartlingstatementthecityiscompletelyoutofgasoline

TimeColonsareusedtoseparatehoursandminutesinexpressionsoftime

Example515AMEST

TitlesThecolonisusedtoseparateatitlefromasubtitle

ExampleGonewiththeWindAStoryoftheOldSouth

COMBINATION

Donrsquotconfusecombinemdashnormallyaverbunlessreferringtofarmequip-mentmdashwithcombinationwhichisanounreferringtoagroupofentities

IncorrectThatcombinewillbealargeone

CorrectThatcombinationwillbealargeone

AcommatellsareadertopauseCommasareusedtoseparatenounsinaseriesoradjectivesinaseriesofthesamerankmodifyingthesamenoun

ExampleTheworkerspickedcherriespeachesandplums

ExampleWeswaminthecoolclearflowingwater

Commasareoftenusedbeforeanandinasentencewithaseriesofnounsoradjectives

ExampleAtthezoowesawelephantstigersbearsandmonkeys

SomewritersprefertoomitthecommabeforetheandinsuchsentencesunlessitisneededforclarityThesamerulesapplytousingbutandorinsentenceswithaseriesofnounsoradjectivesThecommaisoptional

ExampleHisfacewasweathereddirtytiredbuthandsome

AtermconsistingofyearsmonthsanddaysisconsiderednotaseriesbutasingleunitoftimeNocommasareused

ExampleInterestwillbecomputedfor6years3monthsand2days

CompoundandComplexSentences

TwosentencesareoftenconnectedwithacommaandconjunctionsuchasandorbutAcommaisusedbetweentheclausesofacompoundsentence

ExampleJohnwenttothetheaterbutheleftbeforetheplayended

Donotconfusethiswithacompoundpredicatewhichtakesnocomma

ExampleJohnwenttothetheaterbutleftbeforetheplayended

AnadverbialclauseusuallyfollowstheindependentclauseandnocommaisusedButforemphasistheorderoftheclausesissometimestransposedThenacommaisused

UsualOrderJameswasmetbyalargedelegationwhenhecamehome

TransposedOrderWhenJamescamehomehewasmetbyalargedelegation

IntroductoryExpressions

Introductoryexpressionssuchastransitionalwordsandphrasesmildexclamationsandotherindependentexpressionsaresetoffbyacommawhentheyoccuraloneatthebeginningofasentence

ExampleYesIwillgo

ExampleWellperhapssheisright

ExampleTotellthetruthIthinkyoushouldnotsayanything

Afewintroductoryexpressionsaremoreemphaticwithoutpunctuationhoweverandneednotbefollowedbyacomma

ExampleDoubtlessshejustcouldnrsquotbehere

ExampleAtleastyoutried

ExampleIndeedyoumaybringyourfriendswithyou

OtherTransitionalWords

Acommaisusedtosetoffthetransitionalwordshoweverthereforeandmoreoverwhenusedwithinthesentenceorasthefirstorlastwordofthesentence

ExampleJeanmaynotarriveuntilnoonhowever

ExampleHerproblemthereforemustbesolvedatonce

ExampleIwillbetheremoreoverassoonasIcan

Sometimesthoughisusedtomeanhoweverandshouldbesetoffwithcommas

ExampleIwillbetherethoughifatallpossible

PrepositionalPhrases

Nocommaisusedforprepositionalphraseswithinasentenceunlessthephrasecomesbetweenthesubjectandthepredicateoftheclause

ExampleIamsurethatbecauseofyourgenerositywewillbeabletobuildthenewdormitory

ExampleTheproductsampleinadditiontoadiagramwillbesenttoyoutoday

ContrastingPhrases

Contrastingexpressionswithinasentencearesetoffbycommas

ExampleThelionnotthetigergrowled

ExampleWewalkslowlyneverquicklytothegarage

ExampleThisletterwasmeantforyounotforme

NonrestrictiveModifiers

NonrestrictivemodifiersarephrasesorclausesthatcouldbeomittedwithoutaffectingthemeaningofthemainclauseNonrestrictivemodifiersshouldbesetofffromtherestofthesentencebyacommaorbyparentheticalcommas

ExampleCarltonmyfavoritefriendisvisitingme

ExampleThatcarisIbelieveanewmodel

ExampleMaryBrownwhoworksnextdoorisinchargeofthefestivities

InfinitivePhrases

Aninfinitivephraseusedindependentlyissetoffbycommas

ExampleThecoloristoodarktolistonefault

Ifthephraseisusedasamodifieritisnotpunctuated

ExampleThepianoistoolargetofitintheroom

DesignatingDialogue

Acommaisusedtoseparateadialoguequotationfromthemainsentence

ExampleldquoPleasecomewithmerdquotheboysaid

ExampleldquoWhatdoyouthinkrdquoMrBleekeraskedldquothemayorwilldonextrdquo

Commasalsoseparatethenameofthepersonaddressedindialoguefromtheremainderofthesentence

ExampleldquoWillyoucomewithmeLukerdquo

ExampleldquoButAmandahowdoyouknowthattheplaneislaterdquo

Aconfirmingquestionwithinasentenceissetoffbycommas

ExampleldquoHeleftdidhenotonthenoonplanerdquo

RepeatedWords

Acommaisusedforclarityandtoavoidconfusionwhenthesamewordisrepeated

ExampleWhoevergoesgoeswithoutmyconsent

WordOmission

Whenwordsareomittedinonepartofasentencebecausetheywereusedinapreviouspartacommaisusedtoshowwherethewordswereomitted

ExampleSamrsquosfirstcarwasaCadillacandmineaFord

TransposedAdjectiveOrder

AnadjectivenormallyprecedesthenounitmodifiesWhenanadjectivefollowsanountheadjectiveissetoffbycommasWhenanadjectiveprecedesanounbutalsoprecedesthearticlebeforethenounacommafollowstheadjective

ExampleThephysiciandignifiedandcompetenttoldthemthebadnews

ExampleDignifiedandcompetentthephysiciantoldthemthebadnews

Numbers

Acommaisusedinwritinglargenumbersseparatingthethousandsdigitsfromthehundredsthemillionsdigitsfromthethousandsandsoforth

Example249586

Example1345000

Acommaisusedtoseparatetwoormoreunrelatednumbers

ExampleOnAugust11992437peoplevisitedthemuseum

ExampleOutofeightytwentywerediscarded

Donotforgetthesecondcommawhenthedateoccursinthemiddleofthesentence

ExampleSheleftforEnglandonJune222009andreturnedamonthlater

Addresses

Elementsofanaddressaresetoffbycommas

ExampleHelivesat410HawthorneStreetChicagoIllinoisneartheUniversityofChicagocampus

Onanenvelopeaddressthereisnocommabetweenthestateandthezipcode

Titles

Acommaisusedtoseparateanameandatitle

ExampleTheletterwasfromMrsMastersonourpresidentandcontainedalistofinstructions

DonotsetoffJrandSrfrompropernameswithacommaARomannumeralisnotsetoffbyacomma

ExamplePhilipWThompsonSr

ExamplePhilipWThompsonIII

Degreesarealsosetoffbyacomma

ExampleJenniferGaltMD

Descriptivetitlesarenotsetoffbyacomma

ExampleIvantheTerrible

CompanyNames

Companynamesconsistingofaseriesofnamesomitthelastcommaintheseries

ExamplePateTateandWaite

WhenandCompanycompletesaseriesofnamesthelastcommaisalsoomitted

ExamplePateTateWaiteandCompany

DonotuseacommabeforeorafterIncLtdLimitedorIncorporatedunlesstheofficialnameoftheorganizationusesacomma

ExampleJohnsonBrothersIncorporated

ExampleInternationalMetricsInc

ExampleBensonampSonsLimited

COMMONADJECTIVES

Commonadjectivesarenotwrittenwithacapitalletter

Exampleadigitalwatch

Properadjectivesarewrittenwithacapitalletter

ExampleaSwisswatch

COMMONNOUNS

CommonnounsnameordinarypeopleplacesorthingsCommonnounsarenotwrittenwithacapitalletterunlesstheybeginasentence

Exampleballflowerkeyscatroadclassneighbors

COMPANYANDPRODUCTNAMES

ThefirsttimeaproductismentionedprecedethenameoftheproductwiththecompanynameForsubsequentusagetheproductnamealonecanbeused

ExampleMicrosoftWindows[firstmention]hellipWindows[subsequentusage]

ExampleFordMustang[firstmention]hellipMustang[subsequentusage]

Whenlistingmultipleproductsfromthesamplecompanyprecedethecompanynameonlyforthefirstproduct

ExampleFordMustangEscapeExplorerandFocus

COMPARATIVES

WhenanadjectiveoradverbisusedtocomparetwothingsthecomparativeformisusedTocreatethecomparativeformsomeadjectivesaddan-ertotheendandsomeuseamodifierbeforetheadjective

ExampleTheuniversityislargerthanthejuniorcollege

ExampleManypeoplefindsavingmoredifficultthanspending

SeeSuperlative

COMPAREDTOCOMPAREDWITH

ComparedtoandcomparedwithcansometimesbeusedinterchangeablyWhenstressingsimilaritiesbetweenitemsbeingcomparedusecomparedto

ExampleDavidcomparedAmericancoffeetoFrenchcoffeeandthoughtbothhadrichflavors

Whenexaminingbothsimilaritiesanddifferencesusecomparedwith

ExampleWescomparedJenniferrsquoscakerecipewithEmilyrsquosrecipetodeterminewhichonewaseasiesttoprepare

COMPLEMENTCOMPLIMENT

Complementisaverbthatmeanstoaddsomethingortomakesomethingbetterormoreattractive

ExampleThatbluedresscomplementsyoureyes

Complimentisanounthatmeansanapprovingremark

ExampleItwasthenicestcomplimentIrsquodreceivedinyears

COMPLEMENTS

Acomplementisanyword(orphrase)thatcompletesasubjectobjectorverb

Asubjectcomplementfollowsalinkingverbandisusedtorenameordefinethesubject

ExampleAtarnisasmallglaciallake[subjectcomplement]

Anobjectcomplementfollowsormodifiesadirectobjectandcanbeanounoradjective

ExampleTheplayersnamedLogancaptain[objectcomplement]tokeephimhappy

Averbcomplementiseitheradirectorindirectobjectofaverb

ExampleMarkgaveTerry[indirectobject]allhisoldalbums[directobject]

COMPLEXPREPOSITIONS

AgroupofwordsthatfunctionasaprepositionareacomplexprepositionComplexprepositionsconsistoftwoorthreewordsthatactasasingleunit

Exampleaccordingtoapartfrombecauseofregardlessofwithreferencetoonbehalfofinlinewithinrelationto

COMPOUNDNOUNS

Groupsofwordscanformcompoundnouns

Examplenewmoon

WithcompoundnounsthefirstworddescribesthesecondwordThesecondwordidentifiesthethinginquestionSometimestwowordsarejoinedtoformanewword

Examplehaircuttoothpasteunderground

Sometimesseveralwordsarejoinedtoformacompoundnoun

Exampledaughter-in-law

CompoundnounscanbeformedusingthecombinationsofwordsshowninTable210

Table210CompoundNounCombinations

COMPOUNDPREDICATES

SeePredicates

COMPOUNDSENTENCES

Acompoundsentenceconsistsoftwoormoreindependentclauseswithtwothoughtsinthesentenceandeithercanstandalone

TheclausesofacompoundsentenceareseparatedeitherbyasemicolonorbyacommaandacoordinatingconjunctionThemostcommoncoordinatingconjunctionisanditsimplylinksthetwoideasOthercoordinatingconjunctionssuchasbutorforyetandsoestablisharelationshipbetweenthetwoclauses

CompoundingSentenceElements

YoucancombinevarioussentenceelementstocreatecompoundsentencesSubjectsmdashTwoormoresubjectsdoingparallelthingscanbecombinedasacompoundsubject

ExampleWorkingtogetherAcmeandIndustrialPipedevelopedanewtypeofsteel

ObjectsmdashWhenthesubjectsareactingontwoormorethingsinparalleltheobjectscanbe

combined

ExampleThecompanypresidentbelievedthatthepartnershipbetweenthetwocompaniesmighthelpthemincreasesalesandthathecouldeventuallyforceamerger

VerbsandverbalsmdashWhenthesubjectsaredoingtwothingssimultaneouslytheelementscanbecombinedbycompoundingverbsandverbals

ExampleHestudiedsentencestructureandgrammarandlearnedhowtospeakandwriteeffectively

ModifiersmdashWhenappropriatemodifiersandprepositionalphrasescanbecompounded

ExampleThecompanyrecruiteditsprogrammersfromuniversitiesacrossthecountryandvariouscompetingcompanies

COMPOUNDWORDS

Compoundwordsaretwoormorewordsthatareusedtomeanasingleconcept

OpenCompounds

SomecompoundwordscalledopencompoundsarewrittenastwoseparatewordswithaspacebetweenthemTable211presentsalistofcommonlyusedopencompounds

Table211CommonOpenCompounds

ClosedCompounds

SomecompoundwordscalledclosedcompoundsarecombinedintoasinglewordTable212containsisalistofcommonlyusedclosedcompounds

Table212CommonClosedCompounds

HyphenatedCompounds

SomecompoundwordsareseparatedbyahyphenThesearecalledhyphenatedcompoundsTable213presentsalistofcommonlyusedhyphenatedcompounds

Table213CommonHyphenatedCompounds

COMPTROLLERCONTROLLER

Acomptrolleristhechiefaccountantinagovernmentalagency

ExampletheGeorgiaComptrollerofPublicAccounts

Acontrolleristhechiefaccountantinabusiness

ExampleOurcontrollerMikeBarrowswillbeattendingtheboardofdirectorsmeeting

CONCORD

WhencombinationsofwordshaveagrammaticalrelationshipthataffectstheformofoneormoreofthewordstheyshowconcordConcordreferstotheagreementbetweentheformofthesubjectandtheformoftheverbItalsoappliestonounphrasesandpersonalpronounssuchashesheitandtheyThegrammaticalrelationshiprequiresagreementinpersonnumberandgender

ExampleIsingshesingswesing[Addingthestoshesingsisrequiredforthirdpersonsingularandapresenttenseverb]

CONCRETENOUNS

Concretenounsrefertothingsthatactuallyexistasopposedtoabstractnounswhichrefertothingsthatdonothaveatangiblephysicalexistence

Examplecarbusairplanetreeskin

Concretenounscanbeeithercountableoruncountable

CONDITIONALPERFECT

ConditionalperfectisatermusedtotalkaboutimaginarysituationsinthepastConditionalperfectisformedwiththephrasewouldhaveplusthepastparticipleoftheverb

ExampleIfhehadseenthedoctorhewouldhavenotgottensick

CONDITIONALS

Conditionalsareusedwhenwritingaboutpossibleorimaginarysituations

ThefirstconditionalisusedforfutureactionsthataredependentonanotherfutureactionFirstconditionaliscomposedofif+presentsimple+will

ExampleIfhewakesupearlyenoughwewilltakehimtobreakfastwithus

SecondconditionalisusedforfutureactionsthataredependentonanotherfutureactionwherethereislittlechanceofsuccessSecondconditionaliscomposedofif+pastsimple+would+baseform

ExampleIfIfoundapotofgoldIwouldshareitwithmyfriends

Secondconditionalcanalsobeusedforimaginarypresentsituationswhenconditionsfortheactionarenotpossible

ExampleIfyouhadvisitedyourmothershewouldnrsquotbesoangrywithyou

ThirdconditionalisusedforpastsituationswheretheconditionalactiondidnotoccurThirdconditionaliscomposedofif+pastperfect+wouldhave+pastparticiple

ExampleIfwehadseenthemwewouldhaveinvitedthemtodinner

ZeroconditionalisusedwhenactionswillbetruewhentheconditionsaremetZeroconditionaliscomposedofif+presentsimple+presentsimple

ExampleIfyouputhoneyinyourteaittastessweet

Mixedconditionalsinvolvecombinationsofsecondandthirdconditionals

OtherconditionalsconsistofusingoneoftwoformationsOneisif+will+will

ExampleIfyouwillwritethereportIwilldotheresearch

Theotheriswould+if+would

ExampleIwouldappreciateitifyouwouldhelpmemore

CONJUNCTIONS

ConjunctionsarewordsthatconnectpartsofasentenceThesimplestconjunctionsarecalled

coordinatingconjunctions

Exampleandbutoryetfornorso

ThecoordinatingconjunctionandcanbeusedTosuggestthatoneideaissequentialtoanother

ExampleStevesentinhisapplicationandwaitedfortheresponseinthemail

Tosuggestthatanideaistheresultofanother

ExampleLindaheardthethunderandquicklytookshelterinsidethehouse

Tosuggestthatoneideaisincontrasttoanother

ExampleCarlaisanartistandhersisterisadoctor

FrequentlytheconjunctionbutisusedforthispurposeTosuggestanelementofsurprise

ExampleAtlantaisabeautifulcityandhassymptomsofurbanblight

FrequentlytheconjunctionyetisusedforthispurposeTosuggestthatoneclauseisdependent

ExampleDrinktoomuchwaterbeforethetripandyoursquollsoonfindyourselfstoppingateveryrestarea

Tomakeacommentonthefirstclause

ExampleHoracebecameaddictedtogamblingmdashandthatrsquoswhyhemovedtoLasVegas

Thecoordinatingconjunctionbutcanbeused

Tosuggestanunexpectedcontrast

ExampleTomlostmoneyinhisinvestmentsbuthestillmaintainedacomfortablelifestyle

Toexpresspositivelywhatthefirstpartofthesentenceimpliesnegatively

ExampleTomneverinvestedfoolishlybutlistenedcarefullytotheadviceofinvestmentnewsletters

Toconnecttwoideaswiththemeaningldquowiththeexceptionofrdquo

ExampleEveryonebutTomismakingmoneyinthestockmarket

ThecoordinatingconjunctionorcanbeusedTosuggestthatonlyonepossibilityisrealisticandexcludestheother

ExampleYoucansellyourinvestmentnoworyoucanloseallyourmoney

Tosuggestalternatives

ExampleWecangoouttoeatandtoamovieorwecanjuststayhomeandseewhatrsquosonTV

Tosuggestarefinementofthefirstclause

ExampleTheUniversityofTexasisthebestschoolinthestateorsoitseemstoallUTalumni

Tosuggestacorrectiontothefirstpartofthesentence

ExampleTherersquosnowayyoucanlosemoneyinthisinvestmentorsoErictoldhimself

Tosuggestanegativecondition

ExampleYouhavetwochoicespaytaxesordie

PunctuationforCoordinatingConjunctions

Whenacoordinatingconjunctionconnectstwoindependentclausesitisoftenaccompaniedbyacomma

ExampleBaileywantstoplayfootballforTexasbuthehashadtroublewithhisgrades

Itisalsocorrecttouseacommawithandwhenusedtoattachtheitemsinalist

ExampleJohnneedstostudyharderinmathhistoryphysicsandeconomics

Whenacoordinatingconjunctionisusedtoconnectalltheelementsinaseriesacommaisnotused

ExampleMathandhistoryandphysicsarethesubjectsthatgiveJohnthemosttrouble

Commasarealsousedwithbutwhenasentenceexpressesacontrast

ExampleThomasisagreatmanagerbutnotverysmart

OtherConjunctions

Theconjunctionnorisusedoccasionallybyitselfhoweveritismostcommonlyusedinacorrelativepairwithneither

ExampleHeisneitherrichnorpoor

Norcanbeusedwithnegativeexpressions

ExampleThisisnothowInormallydressnorshouldyougettheideaIhavenotasteinclothes

ThewordyetsometimesfunctionsasanadverbandhasvariousmeaningssuchasinadditionevenstillandeventuallyItalsofunctionsasacoordinatingconjunctionwithameaningofneverthelessorbut

ExampleRosemaryisanexpertincomputerprogrammingyetherrealpassionispoetry

ThewordforisoftenusedasaprepositionbutitsometimesactsasacoordinatingconjunctionWhenforisusedasacoordinatingconjunctionithasameaningofbecauseorsince

ExampleForhersquosajollygoodfellow

TheconjunctionsocanbeusedtoconnecttwoindependentclausesalongwithacommaIthasthemeaningofaswellasthereforeorinaddition

SubordinatingConjunctions

AsubordinatingconjunctioncomesatthebeginningofadependentclauseandestablishestherelationshipbetweentheclauseandtherestofthesentenceTable214showsalistofsubordinatingconjunctions

ExampleHespokeSpanishasifhehadbeenborninMexico

Manysubordinatingconjunctionsalsoserveasprepositions

Table214SubordinatingConjunctions

CorrelativeConjunctions

CorrelativeconjunctionscombinewithotherwordstoformgrammaticallyequalpairsThe

followingisalistofcorrelativeconjunctionsBothandNotonlybutalsoWhetherorAsasEitherorNeithernorNotbut

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBS

AconjunctiveadverbconnectsindependentclausesCommonconjunctiveadverbsincludehowevermoreoverthereforeandnevertheless

Conjunctiveadverbsrequiretheuseofsemicolons

ExampleTherepairstothespacestationshouldbesuccessfulhoweverIrsquomabitconcernedaboutthelongspacewalk

Conjunctiveadverbsareoftenconfusedwithcoordinatingconjunctions(andbutfornororyetandwhile)CoordinatingconjunctionsdonotrequiresemicolonsSeeCoordinatingConjunctions

CONJUNCTS

Aconjunctisusedtorelatesomethingsaidinonesentencetoanothersentence

ExampleThatbeingsaid[informationfromtheprevioussentence]wemademoneyonthedeal

Aconjunctcanberemovedwithoutmakingthesentenceungrammatical

CONNOTEDENOTE

Denotationistheliteralmeaningofaword

ExampleBullheadedanddeterminedbothdenotestubbornness

Broaderassociationswithawordareitsconnotations

ExampleBeingdeterminedconnotesanadherencetopurpose

CONSIDEREDTOBE

Thephraseconsideredtobecanoftenbeeliminatedfromyoursentences

CONSONANTS

ThelettersBCDFGHJKLMNPQRSTVWXandZareconsonantsintheEnglishlanguage

CONTINUOUSVERBS

Continuousverbsareusedtodescribeactionthatistakingplaceinthepastpresentorfuture

Oneuseforcontinuousverbsistodescribepastactionsthatwereinprogressatsometimeinthepastbuttheactionswerenotyetfinished

ExampleAt1030thismorningMarkwastalkingtotheboardofdirectors

Anotheruseforcontinuousverbsistodescribetwoormoreactionsthatwereinprogressinthepastatthesametime

ExampleWhileIwasmeetingwiththegeneralmanagerhewasbusyscanningemailmessagesonhisBlackberry

Athirduseforcontinuousverbsistodescribesomethingthatwashappeningwhensomethingelsehappened

ExampleIwasdeepinthemiddleofmysalespitchwhenthefirealarmsuddenlywentoff

CONTRACTIONS

Acontractionisashortenedformofoneormorewordswithanapostrophetakingtheplaceof

themissingletterorlettersDonotusecontractionsinformalbusinesswriting

ExampledonrsquotIrsquomyoursquoreitrsquoswersquorewersquod

InspokenEnglishformsoftheverbtobeandotherauxiliaryverbsareoftencontracted

ExampleIamIrsquomyouwillyoursquollitisitrsquos

Contractionsareoftenusedwithnottonegateaverb

Exampleisnotisnrsquotarenotarenrsquotdidnotdidnrsquot

Contractionsareoftenusedwithhave

ExampleIhaveIrsquovewouldhavewouldrsquove

Somesinglewordsaresometimescontracted

Exampleoforsquooftheclockorsquoclockmadammarsquoam

Table215showsalistofcommoncontractions

Table215CommonContractions

CONTRANYMS

Contranymsarewordsthatcanmeantheoppositeofthemselves

ExampleOverlookcanmeantolookatcloselyortomisscompletely

SeeAntagonyms

CONTROL

SeeCheckControl

CONVINCEPERSUADE

ConvinceandpersuadearenotsynonymsToconvinceistoinfluencesomeonetoadoptapointofviewbyevidenceorbyanintellectualargument

ExampleMikeconvincedJanetthatshewaswrongabouttheincidentattheconference

Topersuadeistotalksomeoneintosomethingbyappealsmadetomoralsoremotion

ExampleMikepersuadedJanettosignupforToastmasters

COOPERATE

CooperateisaverbthatmeanstoworktogetherThereforecooperatetogetherisredundant

IncorrectIftheycooperatetogethertheirpurposewillbeaccomplished

CorrectIftheycooperatetheirpurposewillbeaccomplished

COORDINATEDADJECTIVES

SeeAdjectives

COORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

CoordinatingconjunctionsareusedtojointwoclausesofequalimportanceWordslikeforandnorbutorandyetarecoordinatingconjunctions

COPULAVERBS

CopulaverbsareverbsthatconnectthesubjecttothecomplementCopulaverbsarealsocalledlinkingverbs

ExampleThatbandplays[connectsthesubjecttotheadjective]great

Commoncopulaverbsarebelookfeeltastesmellsoundseemappeargetbecomegrowstaykeepturnprovegoremainresemblerunandlie

COPYRIGHT

CopyrightisaformofprotectionprovidedbyUSlawtotheauthorsofbooksfilmsplaysmusicartandotherintellectualworksProtectionundercopyrightlawisavailableforbothpublishedandunpublishedworks

Ownersofacopyrighthavetheexclusiverighttoreproducedistributeordisplaytheirintellectualproperty

YoumustobtainpermissionbeforeincludingcopyrightedworkinyourownbusinessdocumentsorWebsites

Copyrightedmaterialscontainanoticeofcopyrightandacopyrightsymbol(copy)

CORRELATIVECONJUNCTION

SeeConjunctions

COULDOFMIGHTOF

SeeMightofShouldofWouldofCouldof

COUNCILCOUNSELCONSUL

TousethesewordscorrectlyinyourwritingconsiderthesedefinitionsAcouncilisagroupofpersonsconvenedforadvisorypurposesCounselisadvicethewordsometimesmeansattorneyAconsulisanofficialappointedbyagovernmenttoreportonmattersthattheofficialobserveswhileresidinginaforeignland

COUNTNOUNS

CountnounsarenounsthathavebothasingularandpluralformThepluralofacountnounisusuallyformedbyaddings

CREDIBLECREDULOUS

CrediblemeansbelievableorworthyofbeingbelievedCredulousmeansinclinedtobelievetooreadily

CorrectHerelatedtheincidentinacrediblemanner

CorrectSheistoocredulousforherowngood

CROSS-REFERENCE

Across-referenceisalinkinadocumenttorelatedormoredetailedinformationCross-referencingcanbeaccomplishedbyAddingthewordseeplustheterminitalics

ExampleSeeOperatingSystems

AddingahyperlinktoWeb-baseddocumentsAddinganindextotheendofthedocument

CUT-AND-PASTE

Cut-and-pasteisatermcommonlyusedtodescribeeditingfunctionsinsoftwaresuchaswordprocessing

Whenusingthetermcut-and-pasteinbusinesswritinguseitonlyasanadjectivenotasanounphraseorverbphraseAlwaysincludehyphensincut-and-paste

IncorrectGototheEditmenuanddoacut-and-paste

IncorrectInawordprocessoryoucancutandpastetext

CorrectInmostwordprocessorsyoucanperformacut-and-pasteoperation

DANGERNOTICE

SeeNotices

DANGLINGMODIFIERS

AmodifierisawordorphrasethatgivesmoredetailaboutasubjectAdanglingmodifiermodifiesawordthatisnotclearlystatedinasentence

ExampleHavingstruggledthroughthelongcommuteDanparkedhiscarinhisusualspot

ThedoermustbethesubjectofthemainclausethatfollowsIntheexampleDanisthelogicaldoerthereforethissentencedoesnothaveadanglingmodifier

ExampleHavingstruggledthroughthelongcommutethecarwasparkedintheusualspot

ldquoHavingstruggledrdquoisaparticiplethatexpressesactionbutthedoerisnottheparkingspotBecausethedoeroftheactionisnotclearlystatedthisparticipialphraseisadanglingmodifier

CharacteristicsofDanglingModifiers

DanglingmodifierstypicallyoccuratthebeginningofasentenceasanintroductoryclauseorphraseDanglingmodifierscanalsoappearattheendofasentenceDanglingmodifiersoftenhaveagerund(-ingword)oraninfinitive(to+beword)nearthebeginningofthesentence

IncorrectNothavingmadecontingencyplanstheprojectwasafailure

RevisingDanglingModifiers

Namethedoeroftheactioninasentenceasthesubjectofthemainclause

DanglingmodifierHavingarrivedlateforthemeetingarecapofthefirst30minuteswasneeded

RevisionHavingarrivedlateforthemeetingtheprojectmanagerneededarecapofthefirst

30minutes

Revisethedanglingphraseintoacompleteintroductoryclausebynamingthedoerinthatclause

DanglingmodifierWithoutknowingthereasonitwasimpossibletoorderlargerdisplays

RevisionBecausemymanagerdidnotknowthereasonitwasimpossibletoorderlargerdisplays

Combinetheintroductoryphraseandmainclauseintoone

DanglingmodifierToimprovehissalestheadvertisingbudgetwasincreased

RevisionHissalesimprovedbyincreasingtheadvertisingbudget

DANGLINGPARTICIPLES

Danglingparticiplesmodifythenounorpronountowhichtheyrefer(thereferent)Becausepositiondeterminesthereferenthowyouconstructthesentencedeterminesthemeaning

IncorrectWalkingdownMainStreettheartmuseumisvisible

ThisimpliestheartmuseumiswalkingdownMainStreet

CorrectWalkingdownMainStreetyoucanseetheartmuseum

Thedashisusedtointroduceanaddedthought

ExampleIshallgowithyoumdashyoudonrsquotminddoyou

Thedashalsobreaksthecontinuityofathoughtasadigression

ExampleldquoTheScherzoSonatardquobyTolstoyisasadstorymdashbutthewritingismagnificent

Thedashissometimesusedbeforeandafteraparentheticalexpressioninplaceofcommas

ExampleHenryHigginsmdashbareheadedandwithoutacoatmdashleftthehouseandrandowntheroad

ThedashcanalsobeasupercommaWhenasentencealreadycontainsaseriesseparatedbycommasadashisagoodtoolforsettingoffaclausethatmightotherwiselooklikeitispartoftheseries

ExampleTheMississippiRiverweavesthroughTennesseeArkansasandLouisianamdashastatefamousforitsFrenchculturemdashbeforeemptyingintotheGulfofMexico

Whentypingthedashisindicatedbytwohyphens(--)Therearetwotypesofdashestheendash(ndash)andtheemdash(mdash)Theendashisalittlelongerthanahyphenandisusedforrangesoftimeandothernumbersinplaceofahyphenwhencombiningopencompounds

ExampleTheyears2007ndash2009werenotgoodforinvestors

Theemdashisaboutthesamewidthasthelettermandisusedlikeasupercommatoaddemphasisoranabruptchangeofthought

ExampleTheconferencewasattendedbytheleadersofFranceGermanyandSpainmdashacountrythatrecentlyelecteditspresidentmdashallofwhomwereenthusiasticallywelcomedduringtheopeningnightceremony

YoucanaddtheendashandemdashusingtheInsertSymbolfunctiononawordprocessorsuchasMicrosoftWord

DataisalwayspluralDatumisthesingularformbutisrarelyused

IncorrectThisdataprovesthatourbusinessisgrowing

CorrectThesedataprovethatourbusinessisgrowing

Whenwritingadateacommaisplacedbetweenthedayandtheyear

ExampleSeptember162012

ThereisnocommaifthedateiswrittenintheEuropeanstyle

Example16September2012

DatescanalsobewrittenusingaslashorhyphentoseparatethedaymonthandyearWhenaslashorhyphenisusednumeralsareusedtorepresentthemonth

Example9162012or9-16-2012

Donotuseslashesorhyphenswhenwritingdatesinformalbusinessdocuments

Whenincludingthedayoftheweekaddacommaaftertheday

ExampleMondaySeptember162012

Whenjustwritingamonthandyeardonotaddacommabetweenthem

IncorrectSeptember2012

CorrectSeptember2012

WhenabbreviatingadecadetherearetwooptionsUsenoapostrophebetweenthenumberandthes

Example1990s

Insertanapostrophetoshowthatsomethingwasleftout

Examplersquo80s

Usethecardinalnumberwhenwritingthedaysofthemonthwithoutayear

IncorrectHisbirthdayisMarch26th[ordinal]

CorrectHisbirthdayisMarch26[cardinal]

Whenwritingacenturyasanoundonotuseahyphen

ExampleThetwentiethcenturygavebirthtothetelevision

Whenwritingacenturyasanadjectiveuseahyphen

ExampleItwasthenineteenth-centurymedicalpracticesthatcausedsomanybattlefielddeaths

DEAFORHARDOFHEARING

UsetheentirephrasedeaforhardofhearingwhenreferringtopeoplewhoaredeafUsedeafwhenspaceislimitedHyphenatehard-of-hearingwhenitprecedesanounthatitmodifies

ExampleAmandoingsignlanguagestoodonthesideofthestageforthedeaforhard-of-hearingaudiencemembers

Dealshouldnotbeusedinformallytorefertoabusinessagreement

IncorrectShemadeadealtobuythehouse

CorrectShemadeanagreementtobuythehouse

DECIMALS

Thedecimalsystemisanumbersystembasedon10thatallowsustowritelargeorsmallnumbersNumbersplacedtotheleftofadecimalpointarewholenumbersNumbersplacedtotherightofadecimalpointarefractionsthatareequaltolessthanone

Figure22illustrateswholenumbersandfractions

Figure22WholeNumbersandFractions

Whenwritingdecimalsyoucanwriteeitherthenumericalformorthenumberinwords

Example03orthree-tenths

Whenwritingawholenumberandafractioninwordsaddthewordandtosignalthelocationofthedecimal

ExampleTwoandthree-tenths[writteninnumbersas23]

Whenwritingthenumericalformofhundredthsorthousandthsaddzerosasplaceholdersiftherearenoothernumbersorifthereisnowholenumberordecimal

Example0003[writteninwordsasthree-thousandths]

Afractioncanbewrittenasadecimal

Example05[one-half]

Example025[one-fourth]

Example0333[one-third]

DecimalscanbewrittenasapercentageMovethedecimalpointtwoplacestotherighttotranslateadecimalintoapercentage

Example050=50[fiftypercent]

Example100=100[onehundredpercent]

DECLARATIVEMOOD

MoodasaverbreferstotheattitudeofthespeakerThedeclarativemoodisthenormalformofaverbusedtoconveyinformationormakestatementsoffactThedeclarativemoodisusedtoindicatethatsomethinghashappenedorwillhappen

DECLARATIVESENTENCE

AdeclarativesentenceisusedtostatefactsoranargumentDeclarativesentencesdonotrequireananswerorreactionfromthereader

ExampleMikeplaystheguitar

ExampleTheweatheriswarminFlorida

DeclarativesentencesarethemostcommontypeofsentencePunctuatethesesentenceswithaperiod

DEFININGRELATIVECLAUSE

Adefiningrelativeclausemodifiesanounornounphraseandprovidesessentialinformationthatisrequiredforasentencetomakesense

ExampleThebedandbreakfastthatwestayedin[definingrelativeclause]wasreallynice

Definingrelativeclausescanbeginwithwhowhoseandthatfordefiningpeopleandwhichwhoseandthatfordefiningthings

DEFINITEARTICLE

NounsareprecededbywordsliketheaoranThesewordsarecalleddeterminersThedeterminertheisadefinitearticleAdefinitearticlerestrictsthemeaningofanountorefertosomethingalreadyknownbythereaderfromearliersentences

ExampleAtaxipulledupnexttoJoeHegotintothetaxi[thetaxithatpulledup]

Theisusedbeforebothsingularandpluralnouns

Examplethedogthedogsthenotebookthenotebooksthepearthepears

DEFUSEDIFFUSE

Youcandefuseabombordangeroussituationbyremovingthetriggerorthefuse

ExampleMikedefusedthesituationbymovingMarytoanotherproject

Todiffuseistospreadsomething

ExampleRottensmellsfromtherefrigeratordiffusedthroughtheofficeairconditioningsystem

DEGREEADVERBS

ModifyingadverbslikeveryandextremelyarecalleddegreeadverbsbecausetheyspecifythedegreeofanotheradjectiveoradverbOtherdegreeadverbsarealmostbarelyhighlyquiteslightlytotallyandutterly

DEGREETITLES

Whenwritingaboutcollegedegreesuselowercasespelling

ExampleTheuniversitynearmyhouseKennesawStateUniversitydoesnotofferadoctorofphilosophydegree

Collegedegreescanbeshortenedforlessformalwriting

ExampleIreceivedmybachelorrsquosfromtheUniversityofTexasatAustin

Capitalizethedegreenamewhenspecifyingaparticulardegree

ExampleIreceivedaBachelorofScienceinCommunicationsfromtheUniversityofTexasatAustin

Capitalizetheabbreviationsfordegrees

ExampleBAMAPhD

DEIXIS

Deixisreferstowordsorphrasesthatmakesenseonlyinthecontextofaparticularsentence

ExampleJeffrsquospresentationwasscheduledtobeginintenminutesandhe[referstoJeff]wasfeelingnervousaboutit[referstothepresentation]

DEMONSTRATIVEADJECTIVES

Demonstrativeadjectivesarewordslikethisthattheseandthosethattellwhetheranountheymodifyissingularorpluralandwherethenounislocated

ExampleIrsquovebeenusingthishammer

ExampleIclimbedthatmountainwhenIwastwelve

ExampleThesearetheshoesIlikebest

ExampleIwouldlikesomeofthoseflowersonmydesk

DEMONSTRATIVEPRONOUNS

Demonstrativepronounsarewordslikethisthatthesethoseandsuchthatcanbeusedaseitherpronounsorasdeterminers

Aspronounsthedemonstrativepronounsidentifyanoun

ExampleThatismarvelousIwillneverforgetthisSuchislife

AsadeterminerthedemonstrativeadjectivallymodifiesanounthatfollowsItisusedtoconveyasenseoftimeanddistance

ExampleThese[strawberriesthatareinfrontofme]lookdelicious

ExampleThose[thatarefurtheraway]lookevenbetter

AsenseofemotionaldistancecanalsobeconveyedthroughtheuseofdemonstrativepronounsPronounsusedinthiswayreceivespecialemphasisinaspokensentence

ExampleYoursquoregoingtoeatthat

Whenusedassubjectsdemonstrativepronounscanbeusedtorefertoobjectsaswellaspersons

ExampleThisismypartnerThisismybook

DENOMINALADJECTIVES

DenominaladjectivesarewordsthatactlikeadjectivesbutareactuallynounsDenominalsarederivedfromnouns

ExampleIvisitedastonefort

ExampleWewatchedthephysicsexperiment

Denominalsincludereferencestonationality

ExampleAnAsiannursehelpedmyfatherinthehospital

DENOTECONNOTE

SeeConnoteDenote

DEPENDENTCLAUSES

AdependentclausecannotstandbyitselflikeanindependentclauseAdependentclausemustbecombinedwithanindependentclausetomakeasentence

DependentclausescanperformavarietyoffunctionsinasentenceTheycanbenounclausesadverbclausesoradjectiveclauses

Nounclausescandoanythinganouncandoinasentence

ExampleWhatheknowsaboutboxingisnotimportanttome

Adverbclausestellusaboutwhatisgoingonintheindependentclausewherewhenorwhy

ExampleWhenthegameisoverwersquollgogetsomeburgers

Adjectiveclausesfunctionjustlikemultiwordadjectivestomodifyanoun

ExampleMywifewhoisavideoproducerhasjustcompletedanaward-winningdocumentaryaboutmusic

DESCRIPTIVEWRITING

DescriptivewritingisusedtohelpthereadervisualizethetopicandtoexperiencewhatthewriterexperiencedDescriptivewritinguseslanguageofinteresttothefivesensesItincludesconcretedetailstodescribepeopleplacesthingsandactionsFigurativelanguagesuchassimilemetaphorhyperbolesymbolismandpersonificationareoftenusedindescriptivewriting

DESERTDESSERT

TocorrectlyusethesewordsinyourwritingconsidertheirdefinitionsAdesertisdrybarrenlandscapeAdessertisasweetfoodservedattheendofameal

DETERMINERS

PossessivenounsmdashKevinrsquostheworkerrsquosmymotherrsquosPossessivepronounsmdashhisyourtheirwhoseNumbersmdashonetwothreeandsoonDemonstrativepronounsmdashthisthatthesethosesuch

PredeterminersoccurpriortootherdeterminersandincludeMultipliersmdashdoubletwicetwothreetimesetcFractionalexpressionsmdashone-halfone-thirdetcThewordsbothhalfandallTheintensifiersmdashquiteratherandsuch

Multipliersprecedepluralcountandmassnounsandoccurwithsingle-countnounsdescribinganamount

ExampleThisclassroomholdsthreetimesthestudentsasmyoldroom

ExampleThistimeweaddedtwicetheamountofairinthetire

Fractionalexpressionshaveasimilarconstructionasmultipliersandoptionallyincludeof

ExampleOne-halfofthevotersfavoredlowertaxes

IntensifiersoccurprimarilyincasualspeechandaremorecommoninBritishEnglishthaninAmericanEnglish

ExampleThisfoodisratherblandisnrsquotit

ExampleThevotersmadequiteafussoverthedebate

DEVICEDEVISE

TocorrectlyusethesewordsinyourwritingconsidertheirdefinitionsDeviceisnounthatmeansapieceofequipmentdesignedforaspecialpurposeoraspecialtechniqueorstrategy

Deviseisaverbthatmeanstothinkofanewidea

DIACRITIC

AmarkaddedtoaletterthatchangesthepronunciationisadiacriticDiacriticscanappearaboveorbelowaletterDiacriticsareusedforwordsthatcomefromotherlanguages

Examplecafeacutefaccedilade

DIFFERENTFROMDIFFERENTTHAN

DifferentfromtakesanobjectDifferentthanintroducesaclause

IncorrectThatcoatisdifferentthanmine

CorrectThatcoatisdifferentfrommine

CorrectHewasdifferentthanIremembered

DIFFUSEDEFUSE

SeeDefuseDiffuse

DIMENSIONS

Thesymbolsreservedfortechnicalwritingareasingleprime(prime)forfeetadoubleprime(Prime)

forinchesandamultiplicationsign(times)forby

Example9primetimes12prime(9feetby12feet)

Example8Primetimes10Prime(8inchesby10inches)

Inregularprosetextwriteoutthewordbyfortimes

Ciphers(zeros)canbeusedtoindicateexactmeasurementiftheyimproveclarity

Example9prime0Primetimes12prime0Primetimes20prime6Prime

Figure23showshowtointerpretacipheredmeasurement

Figure23InterpretationofaCipheredMeasurement

DIRECTOBJECTS

Inasentencethewordorwordsthatdesignatethepersonorthingreceivingtheactionofatransitiveverbiscalledthedirectobject

ExampleMybrotherwreckedthecar[directobject]

DISABILITY

SeeHandicapDisability

DISCDISK

AcompactdiscisspelledwithacDiscsoftenareusedformagneticmediathatisreproducedusingalaser

Acomputerharddiskdriveisspelledwithak

DISCREETDISCRETE

Discreetmeansshowingdiscernmentorgoodjudgmentinconductorspeech

ExampleYouhavetobediscreetwhentalkingpoliticsaroundmyparents

Discretemeansaseparateordistantentity

ExampleThestudyseparatedpeopleintotwodiscretegroups

DISEASENAMES

ManydiseasesarenamedaftertheirdiscovererThediseaseorsyndromepartofthenameisnotcapitalized

Themedicalprofessionhasrecommendeddroppingthersquosfrommanydiseasenames

ExampleMeacuteniegraveresyndromeBrightdiseaseAspergersyndromeHuntingtondiseaseLymedisease

Somediseasenamesstillretainthersquos

ExampleLouGehrigrsquosdiseaseLegionnairersquosdiseaseAlzheimerrsquosdisease

DISJUNCTS

Adisjunctisusedtoexpressthewriterrsquosattitudetowardsomethingbeingdescribedinasentence

ExampleHappily[showsthewriterrsquosattitude]Iagreedtohismarriageproposal

DISPLAYMONITORSCREEN

Usethetermdisplaywhenreferringtothecomputeroutputdevicesuchasaflat-paneldisplay

Monitorisanoldertechnologicaltermthatissynonymouswithdisplayhoweveritisnolongeroftenused

Usethetermscreentorefertothegraphicsthatcanbeseenonthedisplayortotheactualsurfacewherethegraphicsappear

DisplayshouldnotbeusedasanintransitiveverbUseappearinstead

IncorrectAfterclickingthePrintbuttonthePrintdialogdisplays

CorrectAfterclickingthePrintbuttonthePrintdialogappears

CorrectThePrintdialogdisplaysalistofprinters

DISYLLABIC

Adisyllabicwordhastwosyllables

DITRANSITIVEVERBS

Aditransitiveverbcantakebothadirectobjectandanindirectobject

ExampleShegavehim[indirectobject]thebook[directobject]

DITTOMARKS

Dittomarks([H11033])meanthesameasstatedaboveorbeforearepeatoraduplicateDittomarksareoftenusedinlistsortablesbuttheyshouldnotbeusedinformalbusinessdocuments

DODOESDID

Doisusedasanauxiliaryverbtoexpressnegativesandtoaskquestions

ExampleIdonrsquotdrive

ExampleDoyoudrive

Doesisusedforthird-personsingularsubjectsinthepresenttense

ExampleDoesshedrive

Didisusedforfirstpersonandthirdpersoninthepasttense

ExampleDidyoudrive

Dodoesanddidcanbeusedforshortanswerswherethemainverbhasbeenomitted

Example[Doyoudrive]Ido

Example[Doesshedrive]Shedoes

Example[Didshedrive]Shedid

Foryes-or-noquestionstheformofdoisputinfrontofthesubjectandthemainverbcomesafterthesubject

ExampleDidyourmotherdrive

Formsofdocanbeusedtoexpresssimilaritiesanddifferencesalongwithsoandneither

ExampleMymotherdrivesandsodoesmyfather

ExampleMymotherdoesnrsquotliketodriveneitherdoI

Doallowsyoutoavoidhavingtorepeataverb

ExampleMymotherdrivesaswellasmyfatherdoes

DocanbeusedemphaticallyToaddemphasismdashShelovesyouShereallydoes

ToaddemphasistoanimperativemdashDositdownToaddemphasistoafrequencyadverbmdashHealwaysdoesmanagetogettoworkontimeTocontradictanegativestatementmdashButIdidnrsquotsaythatToaskaclarifyingquestionmdashThenwhodidsayitToindicateastrongconcessionmdashThoughhedidnrsquotgetaticketthistimehedidgetawarning

DOLLARSANDCENTS

Itisbesttousefigureswhenwritingaboutmoney

Example1centor1cent

Example20centsor20cent

Example20000dollarsor$20000

Amountsofmoneyarealwayswrittenoutwhenbeginningasentence

Incorrect1centwascontributedbyeachchild

CorrectOnecentwascontributedbyeachchild

Aseriesofpricesiswritteninfiguresonly

ExampleTheseshoesarepricedat$50$60and$85

DollarandCentSigns

Usethedollarsignbeforethenumbernottheworddollarordollarsafterthenumber

ExampleTheofficespacerentsfor$1700permonth

Ifalargenumbercombinesfiguresandwordsusethedollarsignbeforethefigure

IncorrectThebudgetcallsfor850billiondollars

CorrectThebudgetcallsfor$850billion

Repeatthedollarsignwithsuccessivenumbers

ExampleThebondscouldbepurchasedindenominationsof$10000$12000$15000and$20000

ExceptionOmitallbutthefirstdollarsignwhennumbersareintabulatedform

ExampleThebondscouldbepurchasedindenominationsofthefollowingamounts

$10000

ThedollarsignisnotusedwhenthefiguregivenisincentsaloneUsethecentsign(cent)afteramountslessthanonedollarbutneverusethecentsignwithadecimalpoint

Incorrect25cent[Thatwouldmeanone-fourthofacent]

Correct25cent

ExceptionTheonlytimethedollarsignisusedwhenthefigureisincentsaloneisinstatisticalworkwhenthepartofthedollariscarriedouttomorethantwodecimalplaces

Example$03564

DecimalPoints

DecimalpointsareanotherwayofwritingfractionsespeciallylargefractionsWhenadecimaloccurswithnounitbeforeituseacipher(zero)forquickinterpretation

Examplea075-yardmeasurementrainfallof0356inch

SometimesthefractionispartofadollarWhentheamountofdollarsgivenisnotfollowedbycentsomitthedecimalpointandtheciphers

Example$3$1200$1775

ThedecimalpointandciphersarenotusedwithevenamountsofmoneyunlessintabulatedformIftabulatedandifsomeamountscontaincentsandsomedonottheevenamountsshouldcontainciphers

DONrsquoTDOESNrsquoT

Donrsquotmeansdonotdoesnrsquotmeansdoesnot

IncorrectHedonrsquotcaretogowithus

CorrectHedoesnrsquotcaretogowithus

DOrsquoSANDDONrsquoTS

Payattentiontotheplacementofapostropheswhenwritingthephrasedorsquosanddonrsquots

Incorrectdorsquosanddonrsquotrsquos

Correctdorsquosanddonrsquots

DOT-COM

Dot-comreferstoaWeb-basedbusinessUsedot-comasanadjectivenotasanounorverbHyphenatedot-comWhenusingitintitlesorheadingsdonotcapitalizetheletterfollowingthehyphen

IncorrectTheprogrammersworkedinthegaragewithhopesofonedaystartingtheirowndot-com

CorrectLastyearthosedot-comstockswerereallyinexpensive

DOUBLENEGATIVES

DoublenegativesoccurwhenyouusemorethanonenegativewordorphrasetoexpressasinglenegativethoughtDoublenegativesshouldnotbeused

IncorrectHedoesnrsquotneverwanttoworkhereagain

CorrectHedoesnrsquoteverwanttoworkhereagain

Wordslikehardlybarelyandscarcelyarenegativeineffectandcanleadtodoublenegatives

IncorrectShehardlyneverreadsthenewspaper

CorrectShehardlyreadsthenewspaper

Useofthecontractionnot(nrsquot)isnegativeineffect

IncorrectShedoesnrsquotoffernoreasonsforbeinglate

CorrectShedoesnrsquotofferanyreasonsforbeinglate

DOUBLEPOSSESSIVES

AdoublepossessiveistwoormoreconsecutivenounsinthepossessivecaseAllnounsintheseriescarryapostrophes

ExampleIvisitedthetombsunderStPeterrsquosCathedralrsquosmainfloor

DOUBLE-CLICK

Whenwritingsoftwareinstructionshyphenatedouble-clicktodescribemousecommandsHyphenateright-mouseclicktodescribethattypeofmousecommand

DOWNLOADUPLOAD

TodownloadistotransferfilestoacomputerfromanetworktheInternetorstoragedevice

TouploadistotransferfilesfromyourcomputertoanetworkstoragedevicetheInternetor

anothercomputer

DOWNTONERS

DowntonersareadverbsthatareusedtotonedownaverbCommondown-toneradverbsarekindofsortofmildlytosomeextentalmostandallbut

ExampleThechurchwasallbutdestroyedbythefire

ExampleShealmostresignedafterthedemotion

ExampleWecanimprovemoraletosomeextent

ExampleShemildlydisapprovedofhisdrinking

ExampleMikesortoffeltbetrayedbyhisboss

ExampleIkindoflikethisjob

DRAG-AND-DROP

Drag-and-dropisatermusedtodescribeasoftwareeditingprocessinwhichamouseusermovestextorobjectsfromoneplaceonthescreentoanother

Usedrag-and-dropinbusinessandtechnicaldocumentsonlyasanadjectiveDonotusedrag-and-dropasanounorverb

IncorrectTomovethefilestoyourflashdriveopentheflashdriveanddrag-and-drop[usedasaverb]thefilesyouwantintothefolder

CorrectItiseasytomovetheparagraphusingadrag-and-drop[usedasanadjective]procedure

CorrectTomovesthefilestoyourflashdriveopentheflashdriveanduseadrag-and-drop[usedasanadjective]operationtomovethefiles

DUETOTHEFACTTHAT

Thisphraseshouldbeavoidedusethewordbecauseinstead

SeeCDDVD

DYNAMICADJECTIVES

Dynamicadjectivesareusedtodescribeattributesthatareunderthecontrolofthepersonplaceorthingthatpossessesthem

Typicaldynamicadjectivesarecalmcarefulcrueldisruptivefoolishfriendlygoodimpatientmannerlypatientrudeshysuspicioustidyvacuousandvain

Dynamicadjectivescanbeusedinimperativesentences

ExampleDonrsquotbefoolish

ExampleBepatient

DYNAMICVERBS

DynamicverbsareusedtoshowcontinuedorprogressiveactionDynamicverbsareusedtodescribeanactionthatoccursovertimeandthatmayormaynothaveaspecificendpointormaynotyethaveoccurred

ExampleHersquoslyingonthesofa

DynamicverbsarealsoknownasactionverbsDynamicverbsoftenareusedinthecontinuousbe+ingforms

ExampleThesunismeltingthesnowman

EACHOTHERONEANOTHER

Useeachotherwhenreferringtotwopeople

ExampleMikeandSusanlookedateachother

Useoneanotherwhenreferringtomorethantwopeople

ExampleThefourpeopleinthecarlookedatoneanother

EACHTHEIR

Pronounsmustagreeinnumberandpersonwiththewordstowhichtheyrefer

IncorrectEachdrivestheirowncar

CorrectEachdriveshisowncar

CorrectEach[singularpronounthesubject]ofthewomenlistedherneeds

EFFECTAFFECT

SeeAffectEffect

EGGCORN

WordsthatsoundsimilarbutthathavedifferentmeaningsmaybeusedbymistakeSuchwordsarecalledeggcorns

IncorrectWetyourappetite

CorrectWhetyourappetite

ThetermegisanabbreviationfortheLatinphraseexempligratiawhichmeansldquoforexamplerdquo

ThetermieisanabbreviationfortheLatinphraseidestwhichmeansldquothatisrdquo

ItisoftenbettertoavoidconfusionandusetheEnglishwordsmdashforexampleratherthaneg

EITHERNEITHER

EitherandneitherrefertoachoicebetweentwothingsForachoiceamongmorethantwothingsusenoneorany

IncorrectNeitherofthefourbookssuitedhim

CorrectNoneofthefourbookssuitedhim

IncorrectEitherofthethreebooksistheoneIwant

CorrectAnyofthethreebookswillsuitme

CorrectEitherofthetwobookswilldo

ELICITILLICIT

ElicitisaverbthatmeanstoobtaintodrawforthtobringoutsomethinghiddenIllicitisanadjectivethatdescribessomethingillegal

ELLIPSES

Ellipses(hellip)areusedtoshowtheomissionofwordsinquotedmaterialifthematerialisdeletedwithinthesentence

WhenthelastpartofaquotedsentenceisomitteditisfollowedbythreespaceddotsplusitspunctuationAttheendofthequotationonlythepunctuationisused

ExampleldquoFivehundredfiremenattendedtheballrdquo

ExampleMrBrownwentontosayldquoTheshoedepartmentfunctionssmoothlymanysalespeoplehavewonprizesforefficiencyrdquo

Anellipsismayalsobeusedtoindicateathoughtexpressedhesitantly

ExampleHesaidldquoIfifIdogowithyouwillyoureturnearlyrdquo

ELLIPTICALCLAUSES

Ellipticalclausesaremissingeitherarelativepronounorsomethingfromthepredicateinthesecondpartofacomparison

ExampleTheelderlywomenknewthetourguidecouldwalkfasterthanthey[couldwalk]

Themissingpartsofanellipticalclause(theothermembersofthetour)canbeguessedfromthecontext

Emailcanbespelledldquoemailrdquoorldquoe-mailrdquodependingonyourpreferenceTheestandsforldquoelectronicrdquo

Othersimilarwordsoftenuseahyphenintheirspelling

Examplee-commercee-learning

HerearesometipsforyourbusinessemailsDonotuseallcapsinyouremailmessagesorsubjectlinesUsetheactiveratherthanpassivevoiceinyourmessagesToquotefromapreviousemailuseltlt(lessthan)andgtgt(greaterthan)oneachsideofthequote

Alwaystypeyourresponsetoaquotefromapreviousemailbelowthequoteorcopy

EMBEDDEDQUESTIONS

EmbeddedquestionsarequestionswithinanotherstatementTheyfunctionasanounand

followthestatementratherthanthequestionorder

ExampleofquestionorderWhatdayisit

ExampleofstatementorderIknowwhatdayitis

Anembeddedquestionisnotpunctuatedasaquestionbecauseofitscontextwithinasentence

ExampleIwonderwhoishungry

EMDASH

SeeDash

EMIGRATEIMMIGRATE

Emigratemeanstoleaveyourcountryforanother

ExampleHewasforcedtoemigratefromMexico

Immigratemeansmovingintoanewcountry

ExampleTheyimmigratedtoCaliforniafromSouthKorea

EminentImminentImmanent

TocorrectlyusethesewordsinyourwritingconsidertheirdefinitionsEminentisanadjectivethatmeanstobenoteworthyprominentorfamousImminentisanadjectivethatmeanssomethingisabouttotakeplaceImmanentisanadjectivethatmeanstohaveexistenceonlywithinthemind

EMOTICONS

Emoticonsaretextualexpressionscreatedusingpunctuationmarksandotherkeyboardsymbolstoexpressthemoodorfeelingsofthewriter

Example-)isasmile

EmoticonscanbeusedinemailmessagesbutshouldnotbeusedinanyotherbusinesswritingEmoticonsareoftenusedinonlinechatroomsandtosignalyourreaderthatyouarebeingsarcasticormakingastatementwithatongue-in-cheekattitudeTheycanalsobeusedtosoftenamessage

UseemoticonsonlywhennecessarydirectlyafterthecommentsthatrequirethemDonotusethemineverymessageyouwriteanddonotincludetheminyoursignaturefile

EMPATHICFORMS

Emphaticformsarecreatedwiththeauxiliaryverbdointhepresentorpasttensealongwiththebaseformoftheverb

ExampleTheydonrsquotspeakEnglishanywhereinEurope

ExampleIdonrsquotbelieveyoumdashtheydospeak[emphaticformthatcontradictsthefirststatement]EnglishthroughoutEurope

Emphaticformsarealsoknownasemphatictensesoremphaticmood

EMPATHYSYMPATHY

TocorrectlyusethesetermsinyourwritingconsidertheirdefinitionsEmpathyisanounthatmeanstounderstandwhatanotherpersonisfeelingSympathyisanounthatmeanstoshareacommonfeelingofbeingsorryforsomeone

ENDASH

SeeDash

ENDNOTES

SeeFootnotesEndnotes

ENDRESULT

EndresultisaredundanttermDroptheendandusejustresult

ENDOPHORA

Endophoraisaliterarytechniquewherewordsorphrasessuchaspronounspointbackwardorforwardtosomethingelseinthetext

ExampleBecausehe[endophoricreferstoldquoMikerdquo]arrivedearlyMikewantedtocallhiswifeandaskher[referstoldquowiferdquo]tocometotheairportearly

ENGINEMOTOR

Enginesarenormallypoweredbycombustionfromsourcessuchasoilgasolinecoalornaturalgas

ExampleTheengineinthecarwasverypowerful

Motorsareusuallyelectricallypowered

ExampleTheelevatormotorhadstoppedworking

ENOUGHNOTENOUGH

Theadverbsenoughandnotenoughusuallytakeapostmodifierposition

ExampleIsyourfoodhotenoughThisfoodisnothotenough

EnoughcanalsobeanadjectiveWhenitisusedasanadjectiveitcomesbeforethenounandisoftenfollowedbyaninfinitiveverb

ExampleTheteacherdidnrsquotgiveusenoughtimetofinish

ENQUIREINQUIRE

BothenquireandinquiremeantoseekanansweraskaboutortomakeaninvestigationEnquireisthemorecommonspellingintheUnitedKingdom

ENSUREASSUREINSURE

EnsureisaverbthatmeanstomakecertainAssureisaverbthatmeanstomakesomeoneconfidentaboutsomethingortomakesomethingsafe

Insuremeanstoissueaninsurancepolicy

ENTHUSEENTHUSIASTIC

EnthuseisusedonlyasacolloquialismFortheformallanguageneededforbusinesswritingusetobeenthusiastic

IncorrectHewasenthusedaboutwinningtheaward

CorrectHewasenthusiasticaboutwinningtheaward

ENTITLED

SeeTitledEntitled

ENVELOPENVELOPE

EnvelopmeanstoencloseorwrapsomethingwithacoveringEnvelopeispapercontainerfordocumentsandmail

EPANADIPLOSIS

Epanadiplosisisaliterarytermwhenawordorphraseisrepeatedatthebeginningandendofaphraseclauseorsentence

ExampleThekingisdeadlonglivetheking

EPANALEPSIS

EpanalepsisistherepetitionofawordorphraseinnoparticularorderorpositionwithinasentenceexceptthatotherwordsmustappearbetweentherepeatedwordsorphrasesThistechniqueisoftenusedforemphasisandforrhythm

ExampleldquoToeachthebouldersthathavefallentoeachrdquomdashRobertFrostMendingWall

ExampleldquoItwillhavebloodtheysayitwillhavebloodrdquomdashWilliamShakespeareMacbeth

EPISTEMICMODALITY

Epistemicmodalityisaliterarytermthatdescribesasentencewherethespeakerrsquosopinionisexpressedusingamodalverb(cancouldwillwouldshallshouldoughttodareandneed)

ExampleItcanbehotinTexasthistimeofyear

EPISTROPHE

Epistropheisastylistictechniquewherethewriterendsdifferentphrasesclausesorsentenceswiththesameword

ExampleldquoWhatliesbehindusandwhatliesbeforeusaretinycomparedtowhatlieswithinusrdquomdashRalphWaldoEmerson

EPIZEUXIS

Epizeuxisisaliterarytechniquewherewordsorphrasesarerepeatedwithoutotherwordsinbetween

ExampleldquoAndmypoorfoolishangedNononolifeWhyshouldadogahorsearathavelifeandthounobreathatallThoursquoltcomenomoreneverneverneverneverrdquomdashWilliamShakespeareKingLear

EQUALLYASIMPORTANT

YoucansaysomethingisequallyimportantbutnotequallyasimportantDroptheas

EQUATIONS

Equationsarestatementsusedtoexpressrelationshipsinmathematicsorchemistry

MathematicalequationsusemathematicalsymbolsandlettersofthealphabettodefineconditionsofequalitytoindicatetrueorfalseortoidentifysomethingLettersofthealphabetareusedtorepresentvariables

ExampleX+Y=5

Mathematicalequationsmaybecomecomplexwithvarioussmallerequationsgroupedinbracketsandpositionedaboveandbelowotherequationsseparatedbyalinethatrepresentsfractionaldivision

Example

ChemicalequationsareusedtorepresentchemicalformulasdescribingthereactionthatoccurswhendifferentsubstancesaremixedTheadditionofonechemicaltoanotherisdenotedusingaplussignWhatthechemicalmixturecreatesisseparatedfromtheresultusingarightarrowwhichisreadasldquoyieldsrdquo

ExampleH2+OregH2O

ThisformulacanbereadasldquoHtwoplusOyieldsHtwoOrdquoTheldquo2rdquothatfollowstheldquoHrdquomeansthattwiceasmuchH(hydrogen)whenmixedwithO(oxygen)yieldsH2O(water)

ERGATIVEVERBS

Ergativeverbsareverbsthatchangethestateofthesubjectinasentence

ExampleTheneedlebursttheballoon

ThereareseveralcategoriesofergativeverbsVerbsthatcauseachangeofstate

Examplebreakburstformhealmeltteartransform

Verbsusedincooking

Examplebakeboilcookbroilfry

Verbsthatdescribemovement

Examplemovemowshakesweepturnwalk

Verbsthatinvolvevehicles

Exampledriveflyreverserunsail

Ergativeverbsallowawritertoomittheidentityoftheagentthatcausedthechangewhileidentifyingtheaffectedpartyorsubject

ExampleThewindshieldwasbroken

ESSENTIALLY

SeeBasicallyEssentiallyTotally

ThetermelalcomesfromtheLatinphraseetaliawhichmeansldquoandothersrdquoThisabbreviationisusedmuchthesamewayasetcwhenyoudonrsquotwanttonameacompletelistofpeopleorthings

ExampleTheplaywritingclassincludedlessonsoncharacterizationplotpacingconflictetalbutitwasverybasicandnotreallydesignedforseriouswriters

Etalispunctuatedwithaperiodafteraltoindicatethatitisabbreviated

ThisisanabbreviationfortheLatinphraseetceterawhichmeansldquoandotherthingsrdquoDonotwriteldquoandetcrdquobecausetheandisredundant

ItisbetternottousethisterminformalbusinesswritingInsteadaddafewmoreexamplestocloseoutalist

EUPHEMISMS

Euphemismsarewordsorphrasesthatsubstituteforlanguagethatisconsideredoffensiveharshpoliticallyincorrectorembarrassing

Examplespassedawaydiedpeacekeepingforcesarmysanitationengineergarbagecollector

EVERYDAY

Everydayisanadjectivethatcanbeconfusedfortheadverbialphraseeveryday

ExampleasanadjectiveYoudonrsquotwearyoureverydayclothestoawedding

ExampleasanadverbIworkoutatthegymeveryday

EVERYONEEVERYONE

EveryoneisusedwhenyouarereferringtoallofthepeopleorthingsinagroupThewordcanalsomeaneverybody

ExampleEveryoneenjoysabigholidaydinner

Everyoneisusedwhenreferringtoindividualpeopleorthingsinagroup

ExampleEveryoneoftheplayersreceivedpersonalcongratulationsfromthecoach

EVERYTIME

Everytimeshouldalwaysbewrittenastwowords

EXCEPTUNLESS

ExceptisaprepositionusedtointroduceaprepositionalphraseUnlessisanadverbialconjunctionusedtointroduceasubordinateclauseExceptandunlessarenotinterchangeable

Exceptmaybeusedasaconjunctiononlywhenitrsquosfollowedbythewordthathoweverthatconstructionalthoughcorrectisoftenawkwardandunlessispreferable

IncorrectThehorsecannotbeenteredintheraceexceptthatthejudgesallowit

CorrectThehorsecannotbeenteredintheraceunlessthejudgesallowit

EXCESSACCESS

SeeAccessExcess

EXCLAMATIONPOINT

Anexclamationpointisusedwhenmakingextravagantclaimsortoexpressdeepfeeling

ExampleHereisthefinestcaronthemarket

ExampleTheannouncementwasunbelievable

Anexclamationpointisusedafterawordorphrasechargedwithemotion

ExampleQuickWedonrsquotwanttobelate

Anexclamationpointisalsousedfordoubleemphasis

ExampleIrsquominsultedbytheinnuendo

CautionForeffectivewritingshowemotionthroughthechoiceofwordsandreserveexclamationpointsforonlythestrongestoffeelings

EXCLAMATORYSENTENCE

Anexclamatorysentenceisusedtoexpressstrongemotionoremphasis

ExampleIhaterainydays

Exclamatorysentencesoftenbeginwithwhatorhow

ExampleWhatawonderfulsurprise

ExampleHowgreatyoulook

EXCLUSIVEADVERBS

Exclusiveadverbsfocusattentiononthewordsthatfollowandexcludeallotherpossibilities

ExampleHeranthemarathonjust[excludesallotherreasonsforrunningthemarathon]toprovehecoulddoit

ExampleHejoinedToastmasterssolely[explainstheonlyreasonforjoining]forthepurposeofpreparingforjobinterviews

Otherexclusiveadverbsarealoneexactlymerelyandsimply

EXISTENTIALTHERE

Thewordthereisoftenusedasanadverb

ExampleShewenttherelastweek

ExampleYoucanrsquotbringfoodinthere

TherecanalsobeusedtostartasentenceWhenitdoesitisreferredtoastheexistentialthere

ExampleThereisabirdinthetree

ExampleTherewasaflattireonthetruck

Theexistentialthereisusuallyfollowedbyaformoftheverbtobe

ExampleThereweredogslooseintheneighborhood

Whentheexistentialthereisusedinaquestionitfollowstheverb

ExampleIsthereaproblemwithyourknee

Thetwodifferentusesoftherecanoccurtogetherinthesamesentence

ExampleThere[existentialthere]isagrocerystorethere[anadverb]

SeeQuitExit

EXOPHORIC

Whenreferringtosomethingthatisnotinthesametextbutthatisunderstoodbythereaderorlistenerthelanguageissaidtobeexophoric

ExampleWhatiswrongwiththat[referstosomethingmentionedearlierinthetext]

EXPECT

Donrsquotuseexpecttomeanthinkorsuppose

IncorrectIexpectshewaswellreceived

CorrectIsupposeshewaswellreceived

CorrectIexpectyoutobethereat8am

EXPLETIVECONSTRUCTIONS

Expletiveconstructionsaresentencesthatbeginwithwordslikethereisthereareoritis

ExampleTherearemanypoorchildreninthecitywhohaveexpressedadesiretoattendthefreesummercamp

ExpletiveconstructionsincludeapronounthatdoesnotrefertoaspecificnounplustheverbtobeExpletiveconstructionsareplacedatthebeginningofanindependentclause

Expletiveconstructionsshouldbeavoidedbecausetheydepletetheenergyofasentenceandarenotneededtoexpressthesameidea

RevisionManypoorchildreninthecityhaveexpressedadesiretoattendthefreesummercamp

EXPOSITORYWRITING

ExpositorywritingisatypeofcompositionthatseekstoinformthereaderExpositorywritingtellswhathappenedexplainshowtodosomethingdescribespeopleandplacesandprovidesfactsExamplesofexpositorywritingareCookinginstructionsDrivingdirectionsInstructionsonhowtoperformatask

TherearefivemaintypesofexpositorywritingSequencemdashusedtolisteventsinchronologicalorderorprovidestep-by-stepinstructionsDescriptiveessaymdashtoenablethereadertofeelwhateverisbeingdescribedbyincludingdetailsaboutthefivesensessightsmelltouchhearingandtaste

ClassificationmdashallowsanauthortoarrangeideasorobjectsintocategoriesComparisonmdashallowstheauthortocomparetwoormorechoicesanddiscusssimilaritiesordifferences

Causeandeffectmdashidentifieswhysomethingoccurredandtheresultoftheoccurrence

EXTRANET

SeeInternetIntranetExtranet

EXTRAPOSITION

ExtrapositionisaconstructionwherethesubjectofasentenceispostponeduntiltheendofthesentenceItisastylistictechniquethatdisruptsthenormaldeclarativeorder

DeclarativeorderTwosecurityofficerswereinsidethebuilding

ExtrapositionInsidethebuildingweretwosecurityofficers

DeclarativeorderBeautifulantiqueswereinsidethelobby

ExtrapositionInsidethelobbywerebeautifulantiques

Whenasentenceisintroducedbyittheconstructioncanalsobeextraposed

ExampleItrsquosagoodideatogetinlineearly

ExampleItrsquosnotsurprisinghegotaninternship

Insomesentencesextrapositionisnotjuststylisticitrsquosrequired

ExtrapositionItseemsthatshersquollbeearlyagain

DeclarativeorderThatshersquollbeearlyagainitseems

FACTITIVEVERBS

VerbslikemakechoosejudgeelectselectandnamearefactitiveverbsTheseverbscantaketwoobjects

ExampleThepeopleelectedBarackObama[object]presidentoftheUnitedStates[secondcomplement]

SeeFeintFaint

FAIRFARE

Fareasaverbmeanstogotocarryortopassthrough

ExampleHowdidyoufareonyourtriptoScotland

Fareasanouncanalsomeananassortmentoffoodoranymaterialprovidedforconsumptionthepricechargedfortransportationorapayingpassengeronataxiorbus

FairhasavarietyofmeaningsAdjectivemdashfreshsmoothpurecleanAdjectivemdashnotdarkAdjectivemdashnotstormyAdjectivemdashimpartialandhonestAdjectivemdashdoneaccordingtotherules

ExampleThatrsquosfair

Nounmdashagatheringofbuyersandsellersfortradeorforacompetitiveexhibition

ExampleTheStateFairofTexasisheldeveryyearinOctober

FANBOYS

CoordinatingconjunctionscanberememberedusingtheacronymFANBOYSfor-and-nor-but-or-yet-soAcommaisoftenusedwhenacoordinatingconjunctionconnectstwoindependentclauses

ExampleEricwantedtoplayinthebandbuthealsowantedtopursueacareerinengineering

FARTHERFURTHER

Farthershowsaspecificquantifiabledistance

ExampleIwalkedfartherthanhedid

Furthershowsdegreeorextent

ExampleHewillgofurtherwithyourhelpthanwithoutit

FAZEPHASE

FazeisaverbthatmeanstodisturbFazeisoftenusedinsentenceswheresomethingdidnotaffectsomeoneorsomething

ExampleTheshoutsfromtheaudiencedidnotfazethespeaker

PhasecanbeanounorverbAsanounitreferstoaparticularcycleorappearance

ExampleTheastronomereagerlyawaitedanewphaseofthemoon

Asaverbitmeanstocarryoutaplanorintroducesomethinginstages

ExampleTheplanwastophaseinthenewsoftwareoveraperiodofseveralmonths

FEINTFAINT

FeintcanbeeitheranounoraverbWhenusedasanounfeintmeanstodistractattentionfromtherealcenterofattentionAfeintoftenreferstoabattlefieldstrategythatinvolvesadiversionaryattacktodistracttheenemyfromtherealintendedpointofattack

Whenusedasaverbfeintmeanstomakeafakemoveduringabattleorconfrontation

FaintcanbeusedasanadjectiveverbornounWhenusedanadjectivefaintmeansweaknessorlackingvigorordistinctness

ExampleTherewasafaintredglowinthesky

Whenusedasverbfaintmeanstoloseconsciousnesstemporarily

ExampleCandacefaintedinthemiddleofherwedding

Whenusedasanounfaintreferstothemedicalconditionoffainting

ExampleThepatientwentintoafaint

FEMALEWOMAN

Whenreferringtohumanbeingsusethewordwomanratherthanfemale

IncorrectAfemalewalkeddownthehallandenteredheroffice

CorrectAwomanwalkeddownthehallandenteredheroffice

Whenusedasanadjectiveitisoftenbesttousefemaleratherthanwoman

Examplefemalefirefighterfemaleastronaut

FEWERLESS

SeeLessFewer

FEWAFEW

TherecanbeabigdifferencebetweenfewandafewThefollowingexampleimpliesthatLindahassomebiographiesinhercollection

ExampleLindahasafewbiographiesamongthebooksinherlibrary

ThisexampleimpliesthatLindadoesnothavemanybiographiesinhercollection

ExampleLindahasfewbiographiesamongthebooksinherlibrary

FIGURATIVELY

SeeLiterallyFiguratively

FIGUREOFSPEECH

Afigureofspeechisaformofexpressionwhereawordorwordsareusedtoconveysomethingdifferentfromtheirliteralmeaning

ExampleAsweenteredtherestaurantEvelynsaidshewasstarving[notdyingfromhungerjustveryhungry]

Otherfiguresofspeecharebreakalegbutterfliesinyourstomachrainingcatsanddogsgotyourback

ThereareavarietyofclassificationsforfiguresofspeechHerearesomeexamplesAlliterationAnaphoraAntithesisApostropheAssonanceChiasmusEuphemismHyperboleIrony

LitotesMetaphorMetonymyOnomatopoeiaOxymoronParadoxPersonificationPunSimileSynechdocheUnderstatement

FIGURES

FiguresaredrawingspicturesorchartsthatappearasillustrationsinamanuscriptFiguresshouldcomplementthesubjectmatterinthetext

Provideabriefintroductorysentencetointroduceafigure

ExampleThefollowingpiechartshowsthevariousclassificationsofusersforthenewsoftware

IncludeashortcaptionbelowthefigureEvenifafigurerepeatslaterinthesamedocumentrepeatthecaptionDonotuseendpunctuationforthecaptionunlessitisacompletesentenceFiguresshouldbenumberedsequentiallythroughoutthedocumentwiththefigurenumberincludedinthecaptionFigurenumberingcanbe123orincludeachapterorsectionnumbersuchas111213andsoon

ExampleFigure1Softwareuserpiechart

FINITEVERBS

FiniteverbsareverbsthathaveasubjectandcanstandontheirownascompletesentencesFiniteverbsshowtenseandnumber

ExampleI[subject]drive[finiteverb]acar

FiniteverbscanbecontrastedwithnonfiniteverbswhichhavenosubjecttenseornumberNonfiniteverbsusethefollowingformsInfinitivetogoGerundgoingParticiplegone

FIRSTCONDITIONAL

AfirstconditionalsentenceconsistsofanifclauseandamainclauseThefirstconditionalisusedtodescribethingsthatmayhappen

Whentheifclauseoccursfirstacommaisrequired

Whentheifclauseisafterthemainclausenocommaisrequired

ExampleYouwillbesleepythenextdayifyoustayupallnight

FIXSITUATION

FixmeanstorepairDonrsquotuseittomeanabadsituation

IncorrectSheisinadesperatefix

CorrectSheisdesperatebecauseofherpresentsituation

FLAIRFLARE

FlairisanounthatmeansaskilltalentornaturalabilityFlaircanalsomeanauniqueattractivequalityorstyle

ExampleHehasaflairfordoinghair

Flarecanbeanounoraverb

Asanounflareisafireabrightlightoraburningsafetywarningdevice

Asaverbflaremeanstobecomeexcitedorangryortoshinewithasuddenlight

FLESCH-KINCAIDINDEX

TheFlesch-KincaidIndexisameasurementusedtodeterminehoweasyordifficultadocumentistoreadTheIndexgivestheyearsofeducationrequiredtounderstandadocument

ThefollowingformulaisusedtocalculatetheFlesch-KincaidIndex

FLIERFLYER

AflierisanounthatmeansapersonwhofliesAflyerisaone-ortwo-sidedadvertisingnotice

FOCUSADVERB

Afocusadverbisusedtolimitthecontextofasentenceortoaddadditionalcontext

ExampleHegotaticketjust[focusadverb]forgoingfivemilesoverthespeedlimit

ExampleHegotaticketinadditionto[focusadverb]alonglecturefromthepoliceofficer

FOGINDEX

TheFogIndexisatesttodeterminehoweasyordifficultadocumentistoreadTheofficialnameistheldquoGunningFogIndexrdquoTheFogIndexusesthefollowingformula

TheresultoftheformulaistheGunningFogIndexwhichrepresentsthenumberofyearsofeducationthatareaderneedstohaveinordertounderstandthedocument

ShortsentenceswithsmallwordsscorebetterthanlongsentenceswithcomplicatedwordsBusinessdocumentsshouldhaveaGunningFogIndexbetween10and15IftheIndexexceeds

18thedocumentshouldberewritten

FONTTYPEFACE

Atypefacereferstothedesignofprintedlettersonpaperorinacomputerdisplay

ExampleHelveticaTimesNewRomanArial

Atypefaceiscomposedofdifferentfonts

ExampleTheTimesNewRomantypefacehasafamilyoffontsTimesNewRomanTimesNewRomanItalicTimesNewRomanBold

FOOTFEET

Footissingularfeetisplural

IncorrectTheroomistwelvefootlong

CorrectTheroomistwelvefeetlong

FOOTNOTESENDNOTES

Footnotesarecommentsplacedatthebottomofapageoftexttoexplainaconceptdefineatermorprovideareference

Asuperscriptnumber(forexample1)isaddedafterthetextinthedocumentthatthefootnotereferencesThefootnoteisnumberedwiththesamesuperscriptnumberatthebottomofthepage

ExampleThisisanexampleofafootnotereference1

Example1Thisisasamplefootnote

Endnotesaresimilartofootnotesbuttheyappearattheendofachapterasectionorthedocument

FOREGOFORGO

ForegomeanstogobeforeForgomeanstodowithoutsomething

ExampleAfterfinishingdinnerandfeelingabittoofullhedecidedtoforgodessert

FOREIGNWORDSANDPHRASES

Non-Englishwordsandphrasessuchasetcetaldefactooradhocshouldbeavoidedinmostbusinesswriting

AvoidtheuseofLatinabbreviationswhenanormalEnglishphrasecanbeusedinsteadSeeTable216

Table216LatinAbbreviationsandTheirEnglishCounterparts

FOREVERFOREVER

ForeverisnormallywrittenasonewordintheUnitedStates

ForeverisnormallywrittenastwowordsintheUnitedKingdom

FORFOREFOUR

TocorrectlyusethesewordsinyourwritingconsidertheirdefinitionsForisaprepositionthatisusedtoindicatethepurposegoalorrecipientofanactivity

ForecanbeanadverboradjectivethatmeanssomethinginfrontofsomethingelseFouristhenumber

FORMATTING

FormattingabusinessdocumentvariesdependingonthetypeofdocumentThemostcommonformattingitemsareArtorFiguresCaptionsCalloutsCross-referencesHeadingsSubheadingsLinespacingandbreaksListsMarginsandmarginnotesPagebreaksTablesNotesandtipsFootnotesorendnotes

Alltheseformattingitemsarecoveredelsewhereinthisbook

FORMULAS

Formulasareusedinmathematicsandsciencetoexpressinformationsymbolically

ExampleE=mc2

Writingformulasinbusinessdocumentswithawordprocessormayinvolveinsertingspecialsymbolsandchangingtosuperscriptorsubscriptfonts

SomeofthelatestwordprocessorsincludetheabilitytoinsertandformatcomplexformulasbyusingtheEquationfunction

Example

FORWARDFORWARDSFOREWORD

ForwardandforwardscanbothbeusedhoweverforwardismoreformalThisusagealsoappliestotowardandtowardsandbackwardandbackwards

Aforewordisanintroductorysectionofabook

FRACTIONS

FractionscanbewritteninwordsordecimalsdependingonthecontextAvoidusingnumbersseparatedbyaslashmarkunlessyouarewritinganequation

Hyphenatefractionswrittenaswords

Exampleone-halftwo-thirdsfive-sixteenths

Whenwritingfractionsasdecimalpointsinsertazerobeforethedecimalpointforfractionsthatarelessthanone

Example025inch

Theunitofmeasureshouldbesingularforamountslessthanoneexceptzerowhichisplural

Example075inch0inches10inches

FRAGMENTS

SeeSentenceFragments

FULLTIMEFULL-TIME

Whenusedasameasureoftimethatdenotesacompleteworkweekfulltimeisanounandiswrittenastwowordswithoutahyphen

ExampleMyjobrequiresthatIworkfulltimeMondaythroughFriday

Whenusedasanadjectivetomeanbeingemployedfulltimeahyphenisused

ExampleSheislookingforafull-timejob

FURTHER

SeeFartherFurther

FUSEDSENTENCES

Fusedsentencesareoftenreferredtoasldquorun-onsentencesrdquoFusedsentenceshavetwopartsthatbothcanstandontheirownastwoindependentclauses

Whentwoindependentclausesareconnectedonlybyacommathisisknownasacomma-spliceandtheresultisarun-onorfusedsentence

ExampleTheweatherishotletrsquosgoswimming

Toavoidacomma-spliceandrun-onsentenceConnectthetwoindependentclauseswithacoordinatingconjunctionsuchasandorbutforsoyetornor

ExampleTheweatherishotsoletrsquosgoswimming

Addaperiodtoeachoftheindependentclauses

ExampleTheweatherishotLetrsquosgoswimming

Linktheclausesusingasemicolon

Rewritethesentencesintooneindependentclause

ExampleTheweatherishotenoughforswimming

Rewritethesentencessothatoneoftheindependentclausesbecomesadependentclause

ExampleSincetheweatherishotletrsquosgoswimming

Useasemicolonandaconjunctiveadverb(thusotherwisemoreoveralsoanywaybesidesfurthermoreincidentally)toseparatethetwoindependentclausesAddacommaaftertheconjunctiveadverb

ExampleTheweatherishotfurthermoreletrsquosgoswimming

FUTUREPERFECT

Todescribeaneventthathasnothappenedbutisexpectedtohappenbeforeanothereventthefutureperfecttenseisused

Thefutureperfectiscomposedofasubject+shallorwillhave+thepastparticipleoftheverb

ExampleI[subject]willhavealreadydelivered[willhave+pastparticiple]thepresentationbythetimeyourplanelands

FUTUREPERFECTPROGRESSIVE

ThefutureperfectiveprogressivestructureisusedwhenanunfinishedactionwillreachacertainstageTheformofthefutureperfectprogressiveiswillhavebeen

ExampleBythistimenextyearIwillhavebeenmarriedhalfmylife

FUTUREPROGRESSIVE

ToindicateactionthatwillbetakingplaceinthefutureasapartofnormaleventsthefutureprogressivetenseisusedThefutureprogressivetenseiscomposedofwillbe+the-ingformoftheverb

ExampleIwillbeleavingforDetroitinthemorning

GAGEGAUGE

Gageisanalternativespellingforgauge

AgageisameasuringinstrumentthatisusedtomeasuretheamountorthepositionofsomethingGagesarefoundincarsairplanesandindustrialplantsamongotherplaces

Gagecanbeaverbthatmeanstoestimatequantitiesortime

ExampleWhatdoyougagethedepthoftherivertobe

Gagecanalsobeanounthatisusedtomeasurethingssuchasthedistancebetweenrailroadrailsthethicknessofwireandthesizeofashotgunrsquosbarrel

GENDER

InmanylanguagessuchasSpanishFrenchandItalianthereisagrammaticalcategoryforgendermasculinefeminineorneuter

TheonlytimesthatgenderisindicatedinEnglishiswhencertainnounsrefertoamaleorfemaleanimalorperson

Examplelion(male)lioness(female)waiter(male)waitress(female)actor(male)actress(female)

GENITIVEMARKER

Whennounstakeanrsquostoindicatepossessionthisiscalledagenitivemarker

Donrsquotconfusethegenitivemarkerwiththersquosthatisaddedtocontractedverbs

ExampleHoracersquos[Horaceis]goingtothestore

GERUND

Agerundisaverbformendingin-ingthatactsasanoun

ExampleWalking[gerund]inthestreetafterdarkcanbedangerous

Gerundsareusuallyaccompaniedbyotherwordsthatmakeupagerundphrase

ExampleWalkinginthestreetafterdark[gerundphrase]canbedangerous

BecausegerundsandgerundphrasesarenounstheycanbeusedjustlikenounsAsasubject

ExampleBeingpresidentisadifficultjob

Asanobjectiveofaverb

ExampleHedidnrsquotreallylikebeingpoor

Asanobjectiveofapreposition

ExampleHereadabookaboutbeingcareful

GIGABYTE

Agigabyteequals1024megabytesor1073741824bytesTheabbreviationforgigabyteisGB(notGorGbyte)

Thefirsttimethatyouusegigabyteinadocumentspelloutthewordandputtheabbreviationinparentheses

Whenusedasameasurementofcomputingspeedleaveaspacebetweenthenumberandtheabbreviation

ExampleThecomputerhas2GBofmemory

Whenthemeasurementisusedasanadjectiveprecedinganounuseahyphen

ExampleArethose1-GBor2-GBmemorychips

GIGAHERTZ

GigahertzisameasurementofcomputerspeedOnegigahertzisequaltoonebillioncyclespersecondGigahertzisabbreviatedasGHz

ThefirsttimeyouusegigahertzinatechnicaldocumentspelloutthewordandputtheabbreviationinparenthesesLeaveaspacebetweenthenumberandtheGHz

ExampleThecomputerhas2GHzofprocessingspeed

Ifthenumberandabbreviationareusedasanadjectiveprecedinganounuseahyphen

ExampleIsthata2-GHzprocessorinyourlaptop

GLOSSARY

Aglossaryisanalphabeticallistofwordsorphrasesandtheirdefinitions

ExampleRAMmdashRandomaccessmemory

AglossaryisusefulinreportsandotherlongdocumentswhenreadersmaybeunfamiliarwiththeterminologybeingusedAglossaryusuallyappearsattheendofthedocument

Aglossaryisusuallyintroducedbythesameheadinglevelusedforotherchaptersorsectionsinthedocument

Thecontentofaglossaryexplainsconceptsthatareuniquetoaparticularbusinessindustryortechnology

GONEWENT

Thepastparticipleofwentisgone

ExampleIwenttothestore

ExampleIshouldhavegonetothestore

GOODWELL

GoodisanadjectiveandwellisanadverbWhendescribinganactionverbtheonlychoiceistheadverbwell

ExampleHespeakswell

Whenusingalinkingverboraverbthathastodowiththefivehumansensesusetheadjectivegood

ExampleYousmellgoodtoday

Manywritersusewellafterlinkingverbsrelatedtohealthbecausewellisrelatedtowellness

ExampleHowareyoudoingIamwellthankyou

GOTGOTTEN

Donrsquotusegotwhenyoucanusehavehasormust

IncorrectIgotanewcar

CorrectIhaveanewcar

CorrectHehasanewjob

Incorrect(colloquial)Irsquovegottostopathishouse

CorrectImuststopathishousehellipIhavetostopathishouse

GottenisanobsoletetermDonotuseitreplaceitwithgot

GRAMMATICALHIERARCHY

GrammaticalhierarchyisawayofstudyinglanguagebyclassifyingitassentencesclausesphrasesandwordsConsiderthefollowingexampleofagrammaticalhierarchy

SentencesconsistofoneormoreclausesSentencesareatthetopofthegrammaticalhierarchybecausetheyarethelargestunit

ClausesconsistofoneormorephrasesPhrasesconsistofoneormorewordsWordsareatthelowestlevelofthegrammaticalhierarchy(Morphologyisthestudyofhowwordsareconstructed)

GRAYGREY

GrayistheAmericanspellinggreyisthespellingintheUnitedKingdom

Donrsquotuseguesswhenyoureallymeanthink

IncorrectIguessyouareright

CorrectIthinkyouareright

CorrectInthewordgameMarcuswasthefirsttoguesscorrectly

HANDICAPDISABILITY

AhandicapisaproblemthatcanberemediedwhereasadisabilityispermanentproblemPeoplewhohavedisabilitiesprefertheworddisabilitytohandicapThephraseldquopeoplewithdisabilitiesrdquoispreferredoverldquodisabledpeoplerdquo

HARDDISKHARDDRIVE

AharddiskistheactualdiskinsideaharddrivewheredataarestoredinacomputersystemRefertothestoragedeviceinsidemostpersonalcomputersasaldquoharddriverdquoorldquoharddiskdriverdquoWhenusingthesetermsconsiderthesetipsHarddiskandharddrivearealwayswrittenastwowordsDonothyphenateharddiskorharddrive

HEADINGSANDSUBHEADINGS

HeadingsareusedtoorganizesectionsofcontentandmakeiteasyforreaderstolocateinformationConsiderthesetipswhenusingheadingsandsub-headingsHeadingsshouldconveyinformationaboutthecontentthatfollowsThetextthatfollowstheheadingshouldstandonitsownandnotcontinuewheretheheadingleftoff

Incorrect

PrintingtheDocument[Heading]ThiscanbedonefromtheFilemenubyclickingPrint

Correct

PrintingtheDocument[Heading]

ToprintadocumentclicktheFilemenuthenclickPrint

AvoidheadingsthatrequiretwoormorelinesoftextAvoidusingarticlestobeginaheading

IncorrectThePrintDialog

CorrectPrintDialog

Usethegerundformofverbsratherthantheinfinitiveformwhenusingheadingstodescribetasks(the-ingforminsteadofto)

IncorrectToFormatYourText

CorrectFormattingYourText

AvoidtermslikeUsingWorkingwithUsenounphrasesforheadingsthatdonotinvolveaparticulartask

ExampleExhaustSystemComponents

Headingsshouldnotbeusedasalead-intoalonelistorfigureUsewidowandorphanformattingcontrolsonpagelayoutstopreventaheadingfromappearingatthebottomofonepagewithcontentfollowingonthenextpageIncludeatleasttwolinesoftextwithaheadingthatappearsatthebottomofapage

HeadingscanbeformattedondifferentlevelswithdifferenttextstylesforeachlevelConsiderthesetipsforheadinglevelsUsethesametypographyforagivenlevelDifferenttypefacesandfontstylesareokayforeachlevelLevel-oneheadingsareforgeneralinformationIfmaterialthatstartswithalevel-oneheadingcontainssubsectionsthesubsectionsshouldhavelevel-twoheadings

Keepheadingsonthesamelevelparallelintheirwording

ExampleFormattingYourTextAddingStylesPrintingYourDocument

First-levelheadingsshouldappearonanewpageUseallcapsforfirst-levelheadingsFirst-levelheadingscanbecenteredonthepageoralignedleftSeparatetextthatfollowsafirst-levelheadingbythreeblanklines

Second-levelheadingsshoulduseboldorunderlinedstylesSecond-levelheadingsshouldbealignedleftLeaveoneblanklinebeforetextthatfollowsasecond-levelheading

Subsequentlevelsofheadingscanusebolditalicorunderlinedstyles

Usestandardparagraphspacingforthetextthatfollowssubsequent-levelheadings

HELPINGVERBS

SeeLinkingVerbs

HENDIATRIS

Hendiatrisisafigureofspeechwherethreewordsareusedtoemphasizeoneidea

ExampleWinewomenandsong

ExampleEatdrinkandbemerry

Hendiatrisisoftenusedtocreatemottosfororganizations

ExampleThemottoatWestPointisldquoDutyHonorCountryrdquo

HETERONYMS

WordsthatarespelledthesamebutthathavedifferentmeaningsandarepronounceddifferentlyareheteronymsHeteronymsarealsoknownashetero-phonesTable217listscommonheteronyms

Table217CommonHeteronyms

HIGHLIGHTING

HighlightingisatechniqueforchangingthefontorfontstyleforawordorphrasetoaddemphasisTechniquesincludeusingitalicsboldallcapsunderlinesanddifferentsizesandcolorsUsingtoomuchhighlightingisdistracting

InbusinessandtechnicaldocumentshighlightingistypicallyusedToemphasizethewordnotinstatementsInheadingsForsoftwarecommandsmenusfieldsandbuttonsForkeyboardormousebuttonsInspecialnoticessuchaswarningscautionsordangersForbuttonsoncomputerhardwareAslabelsinfiguresIntitlesforatableForcolumnheadingsinatableSeeChicanoLatinoHispanic

HISPANICLATINOCHICANO

SeeChicanoLatinoHispanic

Whenwritingaboutkeyboardactionsusetypeorpressinsteadofhit

HOMOGRAPHS

Homographsaresimilartohomophonesandhomonymsinthattheyarewordsthatarespelledthesamebuthavedifferentmeanings

ExampleIrsquomgoingtoreadthebook

ExampleIreadthatbooklastweek

ExampleThewindblewthroughthetrees

ExampleYouhavetowindtheoldclock

HOMONYMS

HomonymsarewordsthatarepronouncedthesamespelleddifferentlyandhavedifferentmeaningsTable218containsalistofcommonlyconfusedhomonyms

Table218CommonlyConfusedHomonyms

HOMOPHONES

Wordsthatarespelleddifferentlybutsoundthesamearehomophones

Exampletotwotoobirthberth

HYPALLAGE

Hypallageisaliterarytechniquethatinvolvesreversingthenormalrelationoftwowords

Transferredepithetisatypeofhypallagethatinvolvesapplyinganadjectivetothewrongwordinasentence

Exampleldquothewingedsoundofwhirlingrdquo[insteadofldquothesoundofwhirlingwingsrdquo]mdashAristophanesBirds

HYPERBATON

Hyperbatonisafigureofspeechthatoccurswhentwowordsthatnormallygotogetherareseparatedforeffect

ExampleldquoThisisthesortofEnglishupwithwhichIwillnotput[insteadofldquoputupwithrdquo]rdquomdashWinstonChurchill

ExampleldquoObjecttherewasnonePassiontherewasnonerdquomdashEdgarAllanPoeTheTell-TaleHeart

HYPERBOLE

HyperboleisafigureofspeechthatoccursinexaggeratedstatementsthatshouldrarelybetakenseriouslyHyperboleisusedtocreateemphasisandtobehumorous

Hyperboleofteninvolvesanoverstatementorunderstatement

ExampleIhaveamillionthingsIshouldbedoingrightnow

ExampleIrsquomsohungryIcouldeatahorse

ExampleInearlydiedlaughing

HYPERLINKS

Hyperlinksaretextorbuttonsthatallowausertoclickandaccessanotherdocumentoradifferentplacewithinthesamedocument

HyperlinksareoftenfoundinWebsitesandonlinedocumentsOneofthemostcommonhyperlinksisaWebaddress(URL)

HyperlinksthatlinkwithinthesamedocumentaresometimescalledbookmarksTexthyperlinkswithinadocumentarenormallyhighlightedwitheitherboldunderliningoradifferentcolor

HYPHENS

HyphensareusedtojoinwordstoshowaconnectionbetweenwordsortoseparatethesyllablesforasinglewordwhensplittingawordforalinebreakHyphensareusedforvariouspurposes

LineBreaksBreakclosedcompoundsbetweenthewords

Examplepeace-keeping

Breakhyphenatedcompoundwordsafterthehyphen

Exampleuser-friendly

BreakmultisyllablewordsattheendofalineDonrsquotbreakone-syllablewordsDonrsquotbreakawordifjustoneletterisleftoneitherline

SubstituteWords

IfawordrepeatswithadifferentmodifierinasentencetherepetitioncanmakethesentencesoundlonganddifficultOnewaytosolvethisproblemistouseahyphen

ExampleWebothover-andunderestimatedtheamountofdrivingtimeforthetrip

ExampleThefootballteamusedathree-four-andfive-manline

ExampleMostcomputerstodayhaveeithera32-or64-bitprocessor

Pronunciation

Youcanusehyphenswhenwritingdialoguetoachieveaparticularpronunciationinthereaderrsquosmind

ExampleldquoS-s-s-srdquosaidthesnake

ExampleldquoMrS-s-smithrdquohestutteredldquoMayIp-p-pleasehavesomew-w-waterrdquo

CompoundAdjectives

Compoundadjectivesaregroupsofwordsorphrasesusedinasentencetodescribeanoun

ExampleItwasaonce-in-a-lifetimeopportunity

ExampleIwouldnrsquottouchthatlinewithaten-footpole

ExampleThecomputerrsquosprocessorhasa512-single-bytebus

ExampleEight-month-oldkittensweregivenaway

Donotusehyphenswhenthefirstwordofacompoundadjectiveendsin-ly

IncorrectItwasahighly-motivatedstudentbody

CorrectItwasahighlymotivatedstudentbody

IncorrectItwasabeautifully-madesweater

CorrectItwasabeautifullymadesweater

HYPHENATEDCOMPOUNDWORDS

Thefollowingisalistofcommonlyusedhyphenatedcompounds

all-encompassinganti-inflammatorycold-shoulderco-workerdead-ondo-ableex-employeemulti-itemnuclear-freepre-engineeredself-doubtsstand-inwater-resistantall-knowingback-checkcommunity-widecross-fertilizede-emphasizedrop-kickex-husbandnon-nativeoff-colorpresident-electself-esteemtime-out

HYPHENATEDNUMBERS

ConsiderthefollowinghyphenationtipswhenworkingwithnumbersWritten-outnumbersoflessthanonehundredarehyphenated

Examplethirty-three

Hundredsandthousandsarenothyphenated

Examplesixhundredthousand

Whenmodifyinganounnumbersarehyphenatedasareanycompoundadjectives

Examplefive-thousand-footmountain

Examplethree-footrule

Fractionsoflessthanonearehyphenated

Exampleone-third

Examplethree-quarters

Mixednumbersarenothyphenatedbetweenthewholenumberandthefractionbothwhenwrittenaswordsandfigures

Exampleoneandone-half

Example112

Donotwriteonepartofthefractionasanumeralandtheotherasaword

Incorrect1fourth-inchbolt

Correctone-fourth-inchbolt

HYPONYMS

Hyponymsarewordsthatareincategoriesofotherwords

ExampleRedscarletandcrimsonareallhyponymsofred

ExampleRedgreenandblueareallhyponymsofcolor

HYPOPHORA

Hypophoraisafigureofspeechwherethewriterorspeakerasksaquestionandthenanswersit

ExampleldquoWhatisGeorgeBushdoingaboutoureconomicproblemsHehasraisedtaxesonpeopledrivingpickuptrucksandloweredtaxesonpeopleridinginlimousinesrdquomdashBillClinton

HYPOTHETICALQUESTIONS

AhypotheticalquestionisaquestionthatisbasedonassumptionsinsteadoffactsandthatisintendedtoelicitanopinionHypotheticalquestionsareoftenaskedofpoliticiansandduringcourttrials

HYSTERONPROTERON

Hysteronproteronisaliterarytechniquethatcallsattentiontoanimportantideabyplacingitfirstandthenhavingasecondaryideadirectattentionbacktothefirst

Hysteronproteroninvolvesaninversionofthenormalsequenceofeventsforeffectorhumor

ExamplePutonyourshoesandsocksbutnotnecessarilyinthatorder

IDIOLECT

PersonallanguageincludingthewordspeopleuseandothercharacteristicsofhowtheyspeakorwriteiscalledtheiridiolectIdiolectissimilartodialecthoweverdialectrelatestothewayagroupofpeoplespeakorwrite

IDIOMS

Anidiomisaphrasethatiseasilyunderstoodbythespeakersofaparticularlanguagehoweverthemeaningisdifferentfromthenormalmeaningofthewords

ExampleAbirdinthehandisworthtwointhebush

Exampleachiponyourshoulder

Exampleadropinthebucket

Seeegie

IFWHENWHETHER

IfisoftenusedincasualspeakingIfisusedwhenthereisacondition

IncorrectIfyoudonrsquotknowif[shouldbewhether]thefrontdoorislockedyoubettergetupandcheckit

CorrectIfyoudonrsquotchangetheoilinyourcaryourenginewonrsquotlastlong

WhethershouldbeusedinformalwritingWhendiscussingtwopossiblealternativeswhethershouldbeused

ExampleItrsquosimportanttofindoutwhetheryourguestspreferredorwhitewine

WhetherisusedwhenthereisuncertaintyaboutthepossibleoutcomeDonotusewhetherornotifthereisuncertaintyabouttheoutcomeOnlyusewhetherornottomeanunderanycircumstances

Whenisusedwhenthepassageoftimeisinvolvedinthecondition

ExampleYoucanfinishyourhomeworkwhenwefinishdiscussingthismatter

ILLICITELICIT

SeeElicitIllicit

ILLUSIONALLUSION

SeeAllusionIllusion

ILLUSTRATIONS

SeeFigures

IMEMYSELF

SpeakersandwritersareoftenconfusedonwhentouseImeandmyselfespeciallyinsentencesinvolvingotherpeopleUsethewordIwhenspeakingofyourselfasthesubjectofasentence

ExampleIlivenorthofAtlanta

Usethewordmewhensomeoneelseisdoingsomethingtoorforyou

ExampleJohnthrewthefootballtome

Usethewordmyselfonlywhenyouaredoingsomethingtoyourself

ExampleRatherthantakingthetrainIrsquomgoingtodrivemyselftoworktoday

WhenanotherpersonisaddedtoasentenceandthereisachoicebetweenImeormyselfone

goodtestistoremovetheotherpersonandseeifthesentencemakessense

IncorrectJenniferandmelivenorthofAtlanta[RemoveldquoJenniferrdquoMelivesnorthofAtlanta]

CorrectJenniferandIlivenorthofAtlanta

IncorrectJohnthrewthefootballtoJenniferandI[RemoveldquoJenniferrdquoJohnthrewthefootballtoI]

CorrectJohnthrewthefootballtoJenniferandme

IncorrectRatherthantakingthetrainIrsquomgoingtodriveJenniferandmetoworktoday[RemoveldquoJenniferrdquoIrsquomgoingtodrivemetoworktoday]

CorrectRatherthantakingthetrainIrsquomgoingtodriveJenniferandmyselftoworktoday

IMMANENTEMINENT

SeeEminentImminentImmanent

IMMIGRATEEMIGRATE

SeeEmigrateImmigrate

IMPERATIVEMOOD

Imperativemoodisanattitudeinwritingorspeakingthatinvolvesgivingdirectivesordersorstrongsuggestions

ExampleGetoutofmyoffice

ExampleGetthosereportsinmyofficebynoon

ImperativesentencesdonothavesubjectsThepronounyouisunderstoodtobethesubject

Questionsareoftentaggedtotheendofimperativesentences

ExampleLeaveyourshoesoutsidewillyou

IMPLYINFER

TocorrectlyusethesewordsinyourwritingconsiderthesetipsIfyouaregivingsomeoneelseanideayoucanimplyIfyouarereceivinganideafromsomeoneelseyoucaninferWhendecidingwhethertouseimplyorinferuseimplywhensomethingissuggestedwithoutbeingclearlystated

Useinferwhentryingtoarriveatadecisionbasedonfacts

INANIMATENOUNS

InanimatenounsarenounsthatidentifynonlivingthingsInanimatenounsidentifyplacesthingsandideas

ExampleAustinTexascarhouseceremonyspeech

INAUGURATE

Donrsquotuseinaugurateinplaceofstartedorbegan

IncorrectTheprograminauguratedonAugust1

CorrectTheprogrambeganonAugust1

CorrectThepresidentoftheUnitedStateswasinauguratedonJanuary4

INCHOATIVEVERBS

Inchoativeverbsdescribestatesofchange

ExampleThestrawberrieshaveripened

ExampleShehasagedalot

INDEFINITEARTICLES

ThedeterminersaandanareindefinitearticlesIndefinitearticlesareusedbeforesingularnounsthathaveapluralform

Exampleatreeaboyanapple

Theindefinitearticleaisusedbeforeconsonantsoundsandanisusedbeforevowelsounds

Exampleawomanadisplayanumbrellaanintellectual

INDEFINITEPRONOUNS

Theindefinitepronounseverybodyanybodysomebodyalleacheverysomenoneandonedonotsubstituteforspecificnounsbutactasnounsthemselves

Oneoftheproblemswiththeindefinitepronouneverybodyisthatitseemstobepluralbuttakesasingularverb

ExampleEverybodyiscoming

TheindefinitepronounnonecanbeeithersingularorpluralItisusuallyalwayspluralexceptwhensomethingelseinthesentenceforcesittobesingular

ExampleNoneofthestudentsarefailing

ExampleNoneofthewaterissalty

Somecanbesingularorpluraldependingonwhetheritreferstosomethingcountableornotcountable

ExampleSomeofthewhippedcreamisgone

ExampleSomeofthefootballsarenotbeingused

Someindefinitepronounsalsodoubleasdeterminerssuchasenoughfewfewerlesslittlemanymuchseveralmoremostallbotheveryeachanyeitherneithernoneandsome

INDEPENDENTCLAUSES

AnindependentclausecouldstandbyitselfasasentenceWhenanindependentclauseisincludedinasentenceitisusuallyseparatedfromtherestofthesentencebyacomma

ExampleCharliedidnrsquotmeantorunawaybuthediditbecausehewasangry

InthisexampletwoindependentclausesareseparatedbyacommaandacoordinatingconjunctionbutIfthewordbutwasmissingthisexamplewouldbeacommasplice

Beingabletorecognizewhenaclauseisindependentisessentialtoknowingwhentousecommastherebyavoidingsentencefragmentsandrun-onsentences

TwoindependentclausescanbecombinedintoasinglethoughtClausescanbecombinedthreedifferentwaysWithcoordinationmdashusingcoordinatingconjunctionssuchasandbutornorforyetandsometimessoByusingacoordinatingconjunctionyouavoidmonotonyandwhatisoftencalledldquoprimerlanguagerdquosimplesentenceconstructions

ExampleThebookwaslongbutIcouldnrsquotputitdown

WithsubordinationmdashturningoneoftheindependentclausesintoasubordinateelementusingasubordinatingconjunctionorarelativepronounWhentheclausebeginswithasubordinatingwordittransformsintoadependentclause

ExampleLindaneverlikedtoflyinairplanesbecauseshewasafraidofheights

ByusingasemicolonmdashwithorwithoutthehelpofaconjunctiveadverbSemicolonsshouldbeusedonlywhenthetwoindependentclausesareverycloselyrelatedandnicelybalancedinlengthandcontent

ExampleSheenaisaveryprettygirlshelookslikeanangel

IndexesareoftencreatedforlargebusinessdocumentsandincludedattheendofthemanuscriptIndexesalphabeticallylistkeywordswitheitherthepagenumberswheretheycanbefoundorhyperlinkstothepagesinonlinedocumentsSomewordprocessingsoftwaresuchasMicrosoftWordcreatesanindexautomaticallyhoweveryoumustmanuallyomitunneededwordsfromtheindex

WhencreatinganindexconsiderthesetipsAllheadingsandsubheadingsinadocumentshouldbeincludedintheindexAlsoidentifyandincludekeywords(Wordprocessingsoftwareallowsyoutomarkkeywordsthroughoutthedocument)

Consolidateentriesthataresimilarwithcommonphrasing

ExamplePrintDocumentsPrintingDocumentsUsingthePrintFunctionallbecomePrinting

AdetailedindexmayincludesynonymentrieswithaSeereferencetotheactualkeywordsusedinthedocument

ExampleMonitorsmdashSeeDisplays

Indexentriesthatappearonmanydifferentpagesshouldincludesubordinatedentries

Exampleharddriveserrorchecking218formatting166replacing172

ThefirstwordofeachentryhasaninitialcapitalletterSubsequentwordsshouldbelowercaseAddacommabetweentheindexentryandthepagenumber

IndexentriesaswellassubordinatedentriesshouldbealphabetizedNumericentriesinanindexshouldappearbeforetheA-letterentriesandshouldbeorderednumericallywiththesmallestnumbersfirst

Figure24showsasampleindex

Figure24SampleIndex

INDICATIVEMOOD

Theindicativemoodisanattitudeforwritingorspeakingandisusedinsentencesthatmakeastatementaffirmordenysomethingoraskaquestion

ExampleLarrywritesinhisnotebook

ExampleMarygoestobed

Indicativemooddealswithfactsaswellasconfirmingordenyingthings

ExampleIsthecitystillworkingonawastewatercontrolplan

INDIRECTOBJECTS

AnindirectobjectidentifiestowhatorforwhomtheactionofaverbisperformedAdirectobjectreceivestheactioninasentenceTheremustbeadirectobjecttohaveanindirectobject

ExampleMikegaveSally[indirectobject]thereport

ExampleTheCEOtoldus[indirectobject]aboutthelayoffs

INDIRECTSPEECH

IndirectspeechiscommonlyusedinjournalismtoreportwhatsomeonesaidwithoutincludinghisorherexactwordsIndirectspeechisoftencalledldquoreportedspeechrdquoandincludesthird-personnarration

Thetenseoftheverbsisusuallychangedandtheverbsaidisoftenused

ExampleShesaidshewantedtovisitEurope[HerexactwordswereldquoIwanttovisitEuroperdquo]

INDUCTIVEANTONOMASIA

Whenaspecificnameorbrandnamebecomesthegeneralterminthelanguagethisphenomenoniscalledinductiveantonomasia

ExampleaspirinKleenexXeroxGoogleBand-Aid

INFINITIVES

Aninfinitiveisformedwiththerootofaverbandthewordto

ExampleTobeornottobe

Apresentinfinitivedescribesapresentcondition

ExampleIliketodream

Theperfectinfinitivedescribesatimeearlierthanthatdescribedbytheverb

ExampleIwouldliketohavesleptuntilnine

WhencombinedwithauxiliaryverbformsinfinitivescanalsoexpressconceptsoftimeSimpleforms

ExampleWehadplannedtowatchtheSuperBowl

ExampleSeeingtheCowboyswinisalwaysagreatthrill

Perfectforms

ExampleTheCowboyshopedtohavewontheSuperBowl

ExampleIwasthrilledabouttheirhavingbeeninthebiggame

Passiveforms

ExampleTobechosenasanNFLplayermustbethebiggestthrillinanyfootballplayerrsquoslife

ExampleBeingchosenhoweverdoesnrsquotmeanyougettoplay

InfinitivePhrase

Aninfinitivephraseconsistsofaninfinitivemdashtherootverbprecededbytomdashalongwithmodifiersorcomplements

InfinitivephrasescanactasadjectivesnounsoradverbsAsanadjective

ExampleHisplantoeliminatesmoking[adjectivemodifyingldquoplanrdquo]waswidelypopular

Asanoun

ExampleTowatchhimeat[nounsubject]ribsissomethingyouhavetosee

Asanadverb

ExampleEricwenttocollegetostudytobeanengineer[explainswhyhewent]

INFLECTION

InflectioninvolveschangingtheformofawordbyaddinganaffixUsuallythisisdonetochangethenumberofitemsortochangethetenseAddingansoranedtoawordisacommonexampleofinflection

Examplecatcatstalktalked

INHERENTANDNONINHERENTADJECTIVES

Adjectivesthatrelateacertainattributeorthequalityofanounareknownasinherentadjectives

Noninherentadjectivesdonotrelateanyparticularattributeorqualityaboutthenountheymodify

Thesamewordcanbeusedaseitheraninherentornoninherentadjectivedependingonthecontextofasentence

ExampleHelookedoutatthedistant[inherent]hills

ExampleHedidnrsquotknowmuchabouthisdistant[noninherent]relatives

INITIALISMSACRONYMS

SeeAcronyms

INNUENDO

Innuendoisafigureofspeechthatinvolvesaremarkaboutsomeoneorsomethingthatsuggestssomethingbadorinappropriate

Whentheimpliedcontentissexualinnatureitiscalledsexualinnuendo

INORDERTO

Inexpressionswithinorder+infinitivetheinordercanbeomittedwithoutaffectingthemeaningofthesentence

ExampleWewillgotothelibraryinordertogetabook

ExampleWewillgotothelibrarytogetabook

Inordertomeansthesameassothat

ExampleWewillgothelibrarysothatSusancangetabook

Nocommasareusedtopunctuatesothat

INQUIREENQUIRE

SeeEnquireInquire

IN-SENTENCELISTS

SeeLists

INSIDEOFWITHIN

Donrsquotuseinsideofwhereyoucouldusewithin

IncorrectHewillvisitusinsideofaweek

CorrectHewillvisituswithinaweek

INSUREENSUREASSURE

INTENSIVEPRONOUNS

Intensivepronouns(myselfyourselfherselfourselvesandthemselves)consistofapersonalpronounplusthesuffixselforselvesIntensivepronounsareusedtoemphasizeanoun

ExampleImyselfdidnrsquotplaybaseball

INTERJECTIONS

InterjectionsarewordsorphrasesusedtocommunicateexcitementordersorprotestsSometimesinterjectionscanbeusedbythemselvesbutoftentheyarecontainedinmorecomplexsentencestructures

ExampleOhIdidnrsquotrealizeyouwerehere

ExampleNoyoushouldnrsquothavedonethat

MostinterjectionsaretreatedasparentheticalelementsandaresetapartfromtherestofthesentencebycommasorasetofcommasIftheinterjectionisveryforcefulitisfollowedwithanexclamationpoint

ExampleWowIcanrsquotbelieveit

INTERNETINTRANETEXTRANET

TheInternetalsoknownastheWorldWideWebconsistsofanetworkofcomputersthatareaccessibleusinganInternetprotocol(IP)addressInternetiscapitalized

AnintranetisanetworkwithinanorganizationorcompanyIntranetisnotcapitalizedunlessitstartsasentence

AnextranetisapartofanorganizationrsquosintranetthatisavailabletoauthorizedoutsidersExtranetisnotcapitalizedunlessitstartsasentence

INTERROGATIVEPRONOUNS

Interrogativepronouns(whatwhowhich)areusedtointroducequestions

ExampleWhatisthat

ExampleWhoiscoming

ExampleWhichdogdoyoulikebest

Whichisusedforspecificreferenceratherthanwhat

ExampleWhichdogsdoyoulikebest[referstoindividualdogs]

ExampleWhatdogsdoyoulikebest[referstogeneraldogbreeds]

InterrogativepronounscanalsoactasdeterminersInthisrolethepronounsarecalledinterrogativeadjectives

ExampleItdoesnrsquotmatterwhichroadyoutake

Interrogativepronounsareusedtointroducenounclauses

ExamplewhatIthoughtaboutit

Likerelativepronounsinterrogativepronounsplayasubjectroleintheclausetheyintroduce

ExampleIalreadysaidwhatIthought

INTERROGATIVESENTENCES

Aninterrogativesentenceisusedwhenaskingaquestion

ExampleIsthatyourdog

Questionsthatcanbeansweredwithyesornoarecalledyesnointerrogatives

Alternativeinterrogativesarequestionsthatofferthepossibilityoftwoormoreresponses

ExampleShouldIusethepostofficeoremailtocontactyou

Questionsthatbeginwithawh-wordarecalledwhinterrogatives

ExampleWhomadethosecookies

ExampleWheredidyougo

INTRANET

INTRANSITIVEVERBS

IntransitiveverbsdonotrequireobjectsIntransitiveverbsusuallyhavejustasubjectplustheverbandanoptionaladverb

ExampleShecomplainstoomuch

INTRODUCTORYMODIFIER

SeePrepositionalPhrase

INVITE

Donrsquotconfuseinvite(averb)withinvitation(anoun)

IncorrectIhaveaninvitetotheparty

CorrectIhaveaninvitationtotheparty

IronyisaliterarytechniquewherethespeakerorwritersaysonethingbutthemeaningissomethingcompletelydifferentIronyisoftenhumorousinnatureWhenastatementusesironyitissaidtobeironicIronycanalsoimplytragedyoratwistoffate

ExampleldquoItisafittingironythatunderRichardNixonlaunderbecameadirtywordrdquomdashWilliamZinsser

IRREGULARPLURALS

Irregularpluralsarewordsthatchangeformandspellingtospecifymorethanone

Examplechildchildrenwomanwomenmanmenmousemicepersonpeople

IRREGULARSPELLING

Commonirregularspellingstowatchcloselyareacknowledgmentawfuljudgmentninthtrulywholly

Wordsendingin-ceed-cedeand-sedemaysoundthesamebutpayattentiontotheirspellingHereareexamplesexceedintercedeprecedeproceedrecedesecedesucceed

supersedeTheonlyEnglishwordthatendsin-sedeissupersedeTheonlyEnglishwordsthatendin-ceedareexceedproceedandsucceed

Watchfor-antand-entendingscorrespondenteminentrelevant

Watchfor-anceand-enceendingsoccurrence

perseverance

Watchfor-ableand-ibleendingsaccessibleaffordablecomfortablecompatibledeductible

Donrsquotomitthesilentlettersabscessacquisitiondiaphragmhemorrhagesilhouette

Donrsquotbeconfusedoverdoubleconsonantsaccommodatecommitmentnecessaryoccurrence

Somewordsarenotspelledthewaytheyarepronouncedasteriskauxiliaryboundaryprerogativeseparate

IRREGULARVERBS

Mostverbsformthesimplepastandpastparticiplebyadding-edtothebaseverb

ExampleHewalkedHehaswalked

SomeirregularverbsdonotfollowthispatternCommonverbssuchastobeandtohave

haveirregularforms

ExampleHeisTheyareHehasTheyhad

ISOCOLON

Isocolonisafigureofspeechthatusesparallelisminvolvingwordsorphrasesthatarethesamelength

ExampleNoifsandsorbuts

ExampleldquoTheyhavesufferedseverelybuttheyhavefoughtwellrdquomdashWinstonChurchill

ExampleldquoIspeakSpanishtoGodItaliantowomenFrenchtomenandGermantomyhorserdquomdashCharlesV

ITALICS

Italicsaresometimesusedforemphasis

ExampleNoticewhereyouarenotwhereyouhavebeen

Italicsareusedforthenamesofbookspamphletsandperiodicals

ExampleSaturdayEveningPostBlackBeautyWashingtonDailyNews

Thenamesofshipsareitalicizedbutnottheabbreviationsprecedingthem

ExampleSeaWitchUSSHeinz

ITSITrsquoS

Its(withoutanapostrophe)isapossessivepronoun

CorrectTheshipwasflyingitsflagathalf-mast

Itrsquos(withanapostrophe)isacontractionmeaningldquoitisrdquo

CorrectItrsquos[Itis]gettingdark

JARGON

PeoplewhoworktogetherorwhoshareacommoncareerorinterestoftendeveloptheirownspecializedwordsandexpressionswhichoutsidersmaynotunderstandThisuniquelanguageisoftencalledjargon

ManytimesjargoniscreatedfromabbreviationsandacronymsJargonoftenservesasshorthandformorecomplexterminology

JargonshouldnotbeusedinbusinesscommunicationsifThereadersarenotpartofthegroupthatusesthespecializedlanguageAmorefamiliartermcanbeusedAbbreviationsoracronymsarenotdefined

JOBTITLES

Whenwritingaboutjobtitlesdonotcapitalizethejobtitleunlessreferringtoaspecificpersonandhisorherjobtitle

Examplepresidentvicepresidentgeneralmanager

ExamplePresidentBarackObamaVicePresidentJoeBidenGeneralManagerPhilJackson

JOINTPOSSESSIVES

Ajointpossessiveisastructurethatinvolvesexpressingownershipofobjectsthatareownedbytwoormorepeople

Whenthesameobjectisownedbytwopeopleaddanapostropheonlyafterthelastname

ExampleThatrsquosDavidandCathyrsquoshouse

Ifreferringtoobjectsthateachpersonownsindividuallyaddanapostropheaftereachname

ExampleThoseareDavidrsquosandCathyrsquosmotorcycles

Whenoneofthepeopleisreferredtobyapronounaddtheapostropheonlyafterthepersonwhoisnamed

ExampleThoseareDavidrsquosandherchildren

JuniorandseniorareabbreviatedasJrandSrBothabbreviationscapitalizeonlythefirstletterandaddaperiodafterther

DonotuseacommatoseparateJrorSrfromthelastname

ExampleBobStephensJr

WhenwritingaboutacoupleJrorSrgoesafterbothnames

ExampleGloriaandJohnJeffersonJr

WhenonlyusingthelastnameavoidusingtheJrorSr

ExampleMrStephens

KENNING

AkenningisasynonymmadefromseveralwordsthatcanbeusedinplaceofasinglewordKenningsareoftenusedinpoeticlanguageKenningsareusedtoaddcolorandemphasistoapassage

Examplewaversquossteedaship

KEYBOARDTERMINOLOGY

Thefollowingisalistofkeyboardkeysthatmaybeusedincomputer-relateddocumentationALTBreakClearDeleteEndESC(escape)HomeLeftArrowPageDownPauseResetScrollLockShiftTabWindowsLogoKeyBackspaceCapsLockCTRL(control)DownArrowEnter

F1throughF12InsertNumLock(numberlock)PageUpPrintScreenRightArrowSelectSpacebarUpArrow

Whenwritingdocumentationthatinstructsausertotypeaparticularkeyuselowercaseboldtohighlightthekey

ExampleTypeyinthefieldthenclickOK

Thefirsttimeakeyismentionedusetheandkeywiththekeyname

ExamplePresstheEnterkey

Forsubsequentmentionsofthesamekeyomittheandkey

ExamplePressEnter

KeysthataretypedsimultaneouslyarecalledkeyboardcombinationsKeyboardcombinationsareindicatedbyaddingaplussign

ExampleCTRL+Shift

Whenwritingaboutkeyboardcombinationsdonrsquotusethewordkey

IncorrectPressCTRL+ALT+Deletekeys

CorrectPressCTRL+ALT+Delete

CertainkeyboardkeynamesneedtobespelledoutwhenwritingcommandsbecausethekeynamesaredifficulttoseeormaybeconfusingSpellplussignminussignhyphenperiod

andcommawhenanyofthesekeysarepressedaspartofacommand

KILOBYTE

Akilobyteis1024bytesKilobyteisabbreviatedasKB

Whenusedasanadjectiveaddahyphenbetweenthenumberandtheabbreviation

ExampleThatrsquosan800-KBdatarecord

Whenusedinmeasurementaddaspaceafterthenumberandaddoftocreateaprepositionalphrase

ExampleThedatarequired800KBofstorage

KILOHERTZ

Kilohertzisameasurementoffrequencythatisequalto1000cyclespersecondTheabbreviationforkilohertziskHz

UnlessusedasanadjectiveleaveaspacebetweenthenumberandtheabbreviationSpellkilohertzthefirsttimeitismentionedandincludetheabbreviationinparentheses

ExampleThechiprsquosmemoryisratedat500kilohertz(kHz)

Whenusedasanadjectiveprecedinganounuseahyphenbetweenthenumberandtheabbreviation

ExampleThatrsquosa500-kHzprocessor

KINDKINDS

Kindissingularkindsisplural

IncorrectSheaskedforthosekindofflowers

CorrectSheaskedforthosekindsofflowers

CorrectSheaskedforthatkindofflower

KINDOFSORTOF

KindofandsortofareunclearBedefinitewhenspeakingorwriting

IncorrectHeappearedtobekindofill

CorrectHeappearedtoberatherill

IncorrectShewassortofillatease

CorrectShewassomewhatillatease

LATINOHISPANICCHICANO

LATINTERMS

SeeAbbreviations

LATITUDELONGITUDE

Latitudelinesrunhorizontallyaroundtheearth(andonmaps)TocorrectlywritelatitudemeasurementsconsiderthesefactsEachdegreeoflatitudeisapproximately69milesapartLatitudedegreesarenumberedfrom0degto90deg0deglatitudeistheequatorLatitudesnorthoftheequatorincludeldquonorthrdquo(ldquoNrdquo)intheirdescriptionLatitudessouthoftheequatorincludeldquosouthrdquo(ldquoSrdquo)intheirdescription90degnorthistheNorthPoleand90degsouthistheSouthPole

LongitudelinesrunverticallyaroundtheearthandconvergeattheNorthandSouthPolesLongitudelinesarealsoknownasmeridiansTocorrectlywritelongitudemeasurementsconsiderthesefactsEachdegreeoflongitudeisapproximately69milesapartattheirwidestdistancewhichisastheycrosstheequator

Themeridianat0deglongituderunsthroughGreenwichEnglandLongitudesextendeastandwestfromGreenwichEnglandandincludeldquoeastrdquo(ldquoErdquo)orldquowestrdquo(ldquoWrdquo)intheirdescription

Longitudelinesextendto180degeastand180degwestattheInternationalDateLineinthePacificOcean

LongitudeandlatitudeareusedtogethertolocatepointsontheearthDegreesoflongitudeandlatitudearedividedintominutes(prime)andseconds(Prime)Secondscanbefurtherdividedintotenthshundredthsandthousandths

Todescribealocationusinglongitudeandlatitudelatitudeislistedfirstandisseparatedfromlongitudebyacomma

ExampleThelocationoftheUnitedStatesCapitolis38deg53prime23PrimeN77deg00prime27PrimeWThistranslatesinto38degrees53minutes23secondsnorthoftheequatorand77degrees0minutesand27secondswestofthemeridianpassingthroughGreenwichEngland

LAYLIE

Manypeopleconfusethetwowordsbecausethewordlayisboththepresenttenseoflay(laylaylaid)andthepasttenseoflie(lielaylain)

LiemeanstoremaininpositionortorestLieisintransitivemeaningthatnoobjecteveraccompaniesitWhenthesubjectislyingdownuselie

ExampleIrsquomprettytiredsoIrsquomgoingtoliedown

LaymeanstoplacesomethingsomewhereLayistransitivemeaningthatanobjectalwaysaccompaniesitTheverblaytakesanobjectinasentencewhereastheverbliedoesnotWhenthesubjectactsonsomethingelseuselay

CorrectIrsquomgoingtolaythebookonyourdesk

IncorrectHelaysdownafterluncheveryday

CorrectHeliesdownafterluncheveryday

CorrectYesterdayhelayonthecouchfortwohours

CorrectWillyoupleaselaythebookonthetable

CorrectThepenlayonthedeskallday

WhatcanbeconfusingisthatthepasttenseoflieislayTable219liststhevariousformsoftheverbslayandlie

Table219FormsofLayandLieandSampleSentences

LAYOUTLAYOUT

Layoutastwowordsisaverbthatmeanstodisplaysomethinginanorderlywaytospendorinvestmoneyortoexplainorshow

ExampleIrsquomgoingtolayoutmyclothesbeforeIstartpackingthemintomysuitcase

ExampleIrsquovehadtolayoutthousandsforcarrepairs

ExampleShelaidoutallthealternativesavailabletothecompany

Layoutasonewordisanounthatdescribesadesignplan

ExampleShewasimpressedbythelayoutoftheloftapartment

LEADLED

LeadcanbebothanounandaverbAsanounleadisaheavymetalAsaverbleadmeanstoguideothersandthepasttenseisled

LEARNTEACH

Beforeyoucanlearnsomeonemustteachyou

IncorrectShelearnedmehowtotype

CorrectShetaughtmehowtotype

CorrectIfIteachhimcorrectlyhewilllearnquickly

LEAVELET

SeeLetLeave

LEDLEAD

SeeLeadLed

SeeLoanLend

LendLoan

LESSENLESSON

Lessenisaverbthatmeanstomakesomethingsmaller

ExampleWhentherainstoppedthefloodinglessened

Lessonisanounforsomethingthatislearnedstudiedortaught

ExampleFallingofftheladdertaughtmeavaluablelessonaboutsafety

LESSFEWER

Whenyouaretalkingaboutcountablethingsyoushouldusethewordfewer

Whenyouaretalkingaboutmeasurablequantitiesthatcannotbecountedyoushouldusethe

wordless

ExampleHehasfewerassetsbutlessworry

Lessreferstoasmalleramountdegreeorvalue

ExampleThereislesstraffictodaythanyesterday

Fewerreferstoaquantifiablenumber

ExampleFewercarsareontheroadtodaythanyesterday

LETLEAVE

Letmeanstopermit

ExampleLethergowithus

Leavemeanstodeparttobequeathtoallow

ExampleLeaveheralone

LETSLETrsquoS

Letswithoutanapostrophemeanstoallowsomething

ExampleWecangogeticecreamifmybrotherletsususehiscar

Letrsquoswithanapostropheisabbreviatedtomeanletus

ExampleLetrsquosgogeticecream

LEXICALDENSITY

TheLexicalDensityTestisareadabilitytestthatisdesignedtomeasurehoweasyordifficult

adocumentistoreadThetestusesthefollowingformula

AdocumentwithalowLexicalDensityratingisrelativelyeasytoreadAratingof60ndash70isdifficulttoreadAratingof40ndash50isthetargetrangeforbusinessdocuments

LIABLELIKELY

Liableshouldbeusedwhenreferringtolegalresponsibility

ExampleThelandlordisliablefordamages

Likelyreferstoahighprobability

ExampleThathorseislikelytowintherace

LIELAY

SeeLayLie

LIGHTEDLIT

LightedandlitcanbothbeusedasthepasttenseandpastparticipleoftheverbtolightBothlightedandlitcanalsobeusedasadjectivesLitismoreoftenusedasaverbwhereaslightedismoreoftenusedasanadjective

CorrectHelitacandle

CorrectHeheldalightedpipeinhishand

LIKEAS

Likeisaprepositionalwaysfollowedbyanounorpronounintheobjectivecase

CorrectThoughhewasonlyalittleboyhemarchedlikeamajor

Asisanadverbialconjunctionusedtointroduceasubordinateclause

IncorrectItappearslikeheisnrsquotcoming

CorrectItappearsasifheisnrsquotcoming[thesubordinateclause]

Lineshouldnotbeusedinplaceofbusiness

IncorrectHehasajewelryline

CorrectHeisinthejewelrybusiness

LINKINGVERBS

Linkingverbsconnectasubjectanditscomplement(anounoradjectivethatdescribesthesubject)Linkingverbsoftenincludeformsoftheverbtobe

ExampleTheseemployeesare[linkingverb]allhourlyworkers

Sometimeslinkingverbsarerelatedtothefivesenses

Examplelooksoundsmellfeeltast

ExampleThoseofficeslookvacant

Sometimestheyarerelatedtoastateofbeing

Exampleappearseembecomegrowturnproveremai

ExampleIncreasedsalesseemlikely

ListscanbeusedtohighlightspecificinformationortomakeiteasiertoreferenceinformationWhencreatinglistsconsiderthefollowingtipsListitemsshouldhaveparallelphrasingUsealead-insentencetointroducethelistEachlistitemshouldbegrammaticallycorrectifitcontinuesfromthelead-intoformasentence

Donotuseheadingsinsteadofalead-insentence

In-SentenceLists

In-sentencelistsarebuiltintotheflowofthetext

ExampleTherearethreethingsonouragenda(1)minutesfromlastmonthrsquosmeeting(2)treasurerrsquosreportand(3)newbusiness

ExampleRememberthreethingsaboutfirearms(1)theycanbeusedforsport(2)theycanbeuseddestructivelyand(3)theydonotcarehowyouusethem

Notethecharacteristicsoftheprecedingin-sentencelistsUseacolontointroducetheitemsonlyifthelead-inisacompletesentencePunctuatelistitemswithcommasforsentencefragmentsUsesemicolonstoseparatethelistitemsthatarecompletesentencesAddanandbeforethelastitemUsenumbersorletterswithinparenthesesforeachitemAvoidusingin-sentencelistswhentherearemorethanfourorfiveitems

VerticalLists

VerticallistsareindentedandlineduponeovertheotherConsiderthefollowingtipswhencreatingverticallistsListitemsshouldbeindentedthreetofivespacesfromthelead-insentenceSentence-stylecapitalizationshouldbeusedoneachlistitemOptionallyaddacommaaftereachitemIfyouaddcommasaddaperiodafterthelastitem

Ifcompletesentencesareusedforeachitemsemicolonsmaybeusedaftereachitem

NumberedLists

InnumberedlistseachitemhasanumberConsiderthefollowingtipswhencreatingnumberedlistsUsenumberedlistswhenaspecificorderisrequiredfortheitemsinthelistFornestedsublistsuselettersforeachitem

Example1TwoitemsneedtobeaddressedfirstaWhentoholdthemeetingbWheretoholdthemeeting

BulletedLists

Bulletedlistsareverticallistswherebulletsorothersymbolsareusedtointroduceeachitem

MulticolumnLists

MulticolumnlistsconsistofitemsappearingintwoormorecolumnsColumnheadingsarenotnecessarilyusedinmulticolumnlists

LITERALLYFIGURATIVELY

Oftenthewordliterallyisusedwhenfigurativelyshouldbeused

IncorrectLiterallyitrsquosajungleinthatoffice

CorrectFigurativelyitrsquosajungleinthatoffice

Itisbesttoomitbothliterallyandfigurativelyfromyourbusinessdocuments

LITLIGHTED

SeeLightedLit

LITOTES

AlitotesisafigureofspeechwhereawriterorspeakerusesanegativewordtoexpresstheoppositeofwhatheorshemeansLitotesareanunderstatementofreality

ExampleShersquosnotthesharpeststudentintheclass

LITTLEALITTLE

Littlemeansthesameasfewornotmuch

ExampleMikehaslittleexperiencewiththesoftware

Alittlemeansthesameassome

ExampleSarahasalittleexperienceworkingwiththesoftwarewhenshewaswithherpreviousemployer

LOANLEND

Loanshouldbeusedasanountorefertoanagreementtoborrow

ExampleHewenttothebanktoreceivealoan

Toallowsomeonetoborrowistolend

IncorrectLoanmeyourpen

CorrectLendmeyourpen

LOGONLOGOFFLOGONLOGOFF

Whenlogonorlogoffaretwowordstheyaretreatedasverbs

UsethetermlogonwhenreferringtotheactionofuserswhenenteringtheirIDandpasswordtoaccessanetworkorasecureWebsite

ExampleYouhavetologontogainaccesstothedatabase

UsethetermlogoffwhenreferringtotheactionofuserswhenendingasessiononanetworkorsecureWebsite

ExampleMakesureyoulogoffbeforeclosingyourbrowser

Whenlogonorlogoffareonewordtheyaretreatedasadjectives

ExampleTheWebsitefeaturesasecurelogon

ExampleThesitehasanautomaticlogoffiftherersquosnoactivityfortenminutes

LONELYALONE

SeeAloneLonely

LONGITUDELATITUDE

SeeLatitudeLongitude

LOOSELOSE

LooseisaverbthatmeanstoallowtorunfreeandanadjectivethatmeansnottightLooseispronouncedwithanssound

ExampleMyneighborsloosed[verb]theirdogsintheneighborhood

ExampleHeworealoose[adjective]kerchiefaroundhisneck

LoseisaverbthatmeanstoseparatefrompossessionortosufferalossfromtheremovalofsomethingLoseispronouncedwithazsound

ExampleShetendstolosepatiencewithherelderlyparents

LOSTLOSTOUT

Donrsquotuseextrawordsmdashlikeoutmdashthatarenotnecessaryformeaning

IncorrectHelostout

CorrectHelost

DonrsquotuselotswhenreferringtoanamountofsomethingLotsandlotsofarecolloquialismsthatshouldbeavoidedAlternativesincludemanyandmuch

IncorrectShereceiveslotsoffanmail

CorrectShereceivesagreatdealoffanmail

IncorrectHespentlotsofmoneyonthatcar

CorrectHespentmuchmoneyonthatcar

IncorrectShehaslotsoffriends

CorrectShehasmanyfriends

MADANGRY

UseangryratherthanmadRememberdogsgomadpeoplegetangry

IncorrectChaitalwasmadatRavi

CorrectChaitalwasangrywithRavi

MARGINNOTES

MarginnotesareoftenusedindocumentstoprovidetipsandwarningsTipscanprovidehintsshortcutsorbackgroundinformation

MarginnotescanincludeaboldedheadingthatdescribesthesubjectofthenoteMarginnotescanalsoprovidecross-referencestodirectreaderstoadditionalinformationelsewhereinthedocument

MarginnotesshouldbelimitedtothreeorfourlinesoftextBreakthelinesofmarginnotessothattheyareallapproximatelythesamewidth

MASSNOUNS

Massnounsdescribethingsthathavenoboundariessuchasliquidspowdersandsubstances

Examplewatermilkjuicesaltsugarsandmetalwoo

Massnounsarealsoknownasuncountablenounsornoncountnouns

Massnounscannotbemodifiedbyanumeralwithoutspecifyingaunitofmeasure

ExampleIhadonequartofmilkthismorning

Massnounscanbecombinedwithanindefinitearticle(aoran)

ExampleMercuryisametal

MATHEMATICALEQUATIONS

SeeEquations

MAYBEMAYBE

Maybeisanadverbthatmeansperhaps

ExampleMaybesheforgottocallmewhenshearrived

Maybeisaverbandanauxiliarythatsuggestsapossibilityofsomethingoccurring

ExampleHemaybeonthefootballteamnextyear

MAYCAN

MayreferstopermissionCanreferstoability

IncorrectCanIhelpyou

CorrectMayIhelpyou

CorrectCanhedriveacar

MAYMIGHT

UsemaywhenseekingorgrantingpermissionforsomethingorwhensuggestingsomethingispossibleUsemighttosuggestasmallpossibilityforsomething

ExampleMayIhelpyouwithsomething

ExampleItmaysnow

ExampleImightattendtheparty

MayandmightareinterchangeablewhenexpressingthepossibilityofsomethinghappeningMightismoretentativethanmay

ExampleShemaybemynewneighbor

ExampleShemightbemynewneighbor

MEANMEDIANAVERAGE

SeeAverageMeanMedian

MEGABYTE

Amegabyteis1048576bytesor1024kilobytes

MegabyteisabbreviatedasMBLeaveaspacebetweenanumeralandtheabbreviation

ExampleIrsquollneedatleast3MBofstorageforthefiles

Whenusedasanadjectiveprecedinganounuseahyphenbetweenthenumeralandtheabbreviation

ExampleIattacheda3-MBfiletotheemailmessage

MEGAHERTZ

Megahertzisameasurementforfrequencythatisequaltoonemillioncyclespersecond

TheabbreviationformegahertzisMHzLeaveaspacebetweenanumeralandtheabbreviation

ExampleThegraphicsprocessoraccessesmemoryat70MHz

Whenusedasanadjectiveprecedinganounuseahyphenbetweenthenumeralandthe

abbreviation

ExampleThecomputerhada500-MHzgraphicsprocessor

MEIOSIS

Meiosisisafigureofspeechthatisusedtounderstatesomethingortoimplythatitislesssignificantorsmallerthanitreallyis

ExampleBringingtheguntoschoolwasjustaharmlessprank

MEMYSELFI

SeeIMeMyself

METAPHOR

MetaphorisafigureofspeechwherethespeakerorwriterequatesonewordtoanotherinsomewayMetaphorsdonotuselikeorasinthecomparison

ExampleMikewasanangelintheeyesofhismother

ExampleLeslieissuchastubbornmule

MetaphorsareoftenusedinliteratureandpoetryAmixedmetaphoroccurswhenthecomparisonofthetwosubjectsisnonsensical

ExampleThelinebackerwasatankathunderstormcrashingthroughtheoffensiveline

METONYMY

Metonymyisafigureofspeechwheresomethingiscallednotbyitsownnamebutbythenameofsomethingwithwhichitisassociated

ExampleTheWhiteHouse[insteadofthepresident]istryinghardtoexplainthenewpolicies

MFRMFG

TheabbreviationformanufacturerismfrTheabbreviationformanufacturingismfg

MIGHTCOULD

MightcouldisacolloquialismthatshouldbeavoidedThecombinationisredundant

MightcanbeusedalonewhenthereisapossibilityofsomethingoccurringCouldcanbeusedalonewhensomeoneisabletodosomething

MIGHTMAY

SeeMayMight

MIGHTOFSHOULDOFWOULDOFCOULDOF

ThisconstructionistheresultofpoorpronunciationThecorrectphrasesaremighthaveshouldhavewouldhaveandcouldhave

IncorrectIfyoucouldofarrangeditIwouldofgone

CorrectIfyoucouldhavearrangeditIwouldhavegone

MINIMALPAIRS

Twowordsthatareverysimilarwhenpronouncedbuthavedifferentmeaningsarecalledminimalpairs

Examplethicksickteethteathatsatwonderthunde

MISPLACEDMODIFIERS

Whenamodifiersuchasonlyjustnearlyorbarelyappearsinthewrongplaceinasentenceitiscalledamisplacedmodifier

IncorrectHenearlykickedthefootballfiftyyards

CorrectHekickedthefootballnearlyfiftyyards

Thebestruleistoplacethemodifierimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifies

MIXEDCONDITIONALS

Amixedconditionalisaconditionalsentencethatusesanifclauseandwhoseclausesrefertodifferentperiodsoftime

ExampleIfIhadstudied[past]inschoolIwouldbe[present]richnow

ExampleIfshehadgone[past]ontheinterviewwewouldbe[present]workinginthesameoffice

ExampleIfIwere[present]smarterIwouldhave[past]investedinAppleComputerbackintheearly1980s

ExampleIfshedidnrsquotwork[present]somanyhoursshewouldhave[future]moretimewithherfamily

ExampleIfIamgoing[future]togetthatpromotionIwouldnothave[past]sentoutsomanyreacutesumeacutestryingtofindanotherjob

ExampleIfIwere[future]workingforthatcompanywhenitgoespublicIwouldbe[present]veryrich

MIXEDMETAPHOR

SeeMetaphor

MNEMONICS

MnemonicsarememorydevicesthathelpyouremembersomethingMnemonicsareoftenusedtorememberhowtospellcertainwords

Exampleibeforeeexceptafterc

ExampleScreame-e-ewhenwalkingpastthecemetery

ExampleIlostaneinanargument

ExampleAdesertissandywhileadessertissupersweet

MODIFIERS

Modifiersarewordsthatlimitcertainaspectsofasentence

Somemodifiersmdashsuchasonlyjustnearlyandbarelymdashcaneasilyendupinthewrongplaceinasentence

IncorrectHeonlythrewtheballtenfeet

CorrectHethrewtheballonlytenfeet

ThebestruleistoplacethemodifierimmediatelybeforetheworditmodifiesWhenamodifierimproperlymodifiessomethingitiscalledadanglingmodifierSeeDanglingModifiers

IncorrectCleaningthewindowseverysixmonthsthebuildingseemedtolookbetter[Buildingscanrsquotcleantheirownwindows]

CorrectCleaningthewindowseverysixmonthsthemaintenancestaffmadethebuildinglookbetter

Adverbscanbeplacedalmostanywhereinasentencebuttheirplacementcansometimesobscuretheirmeaning

UnclearThepeoplewholistentopublicradiooften[adverb]likeclassicalmusic[Doeseveryonewholistenstopublicradioevenforafewminuteslikeclassicalmusic]

ClearThepeoplewhooftenlistentopublicradiolikeclassicalmusic

YoucanaddvarietytoyoursentencesbythewayyouplacemodifiersYoucanuseInitialmodifiersMidsentencemodifiersTerminalmodifiersCombiningmodifiers

InitialModifiers

ConsidertheseideasforusinginitialmodifiersDependentclause

ExampleAlthoughhewastiredBobwrotethereport

Infinitivephrase

ExampleTopleasehisbossBobwrotethereport

Adverb

ExampleSlowlyandlaboriouslyBobwrotethereport

Participialphrase

ExampleHopingtobepromotedBobwrotethereport

MidsentenceModifiers

ConsidertheseideasforusingmidsentencemodifiersAppositive

ExampleBobanexpertonregulationswrotethereport

Participialphrase

ExampleBobhopingtocatchuponhisworkstayedafterhours

TerminalModifiers

ConsidertheseideasforusingterminalmodifiersPresentparticipialphrase

ExampleBobworkedonthereporthopingtopleasehisboss

Pastparticipialphraseadjectivalphrase

ExampleBobworkedonthereportdemandedbyhisboss

CombiningModifiers

Considerthefollowingideaforcombiningmodifiers

ExampleSlowlyandlaboriouslyBobanexpertonregulationsworkedonthereporthopingtopleasehisboss

MisplacedModifiers

SeeMisplacedModifiers

MONITOR

SeeDisplayMonitorScreen

MONOSYLLABIC

Monosyllabicwordshaveonlyonesyllable

Exampleherhisitsjustnotbothsinc

MoodreferstotheattitudeofthewriterMoodhelpsdiscernbetweenfactsandthehypotheticalHypotheticalstatementsusecouldwouldormight

Threeattitudescanaccompanyaverb

IndicativemoodmdashusedtomakeastatementoraskaquestionImperativemoodmdashusedtogivedirectionstogiveordersortomakeastrongsuggestion(theseverbsdonrsquotneedasubjectwhichisunderstoodtobeldquoyourdquo)

ExampleAnswerthephone

Subjunctivemoodmdashusedwithdependentclausestoexpressawish

ExampleHewishesshewerefired

Thismoodmaybeusedwithifandacondition

ExampleWecouldhavewonthecontractifwersquodbidlower

Thesentencemaybeginwiththattoexpressademand

ExampleThatwouldbeinyourbestinteresttodo

MORETHANOVER

Morethanandovercanbeusedinterchangeablytoindicateanexcess

ExampleThethieftookmorethantenthousanddollarsintherobbery

NoteSomewritersdisapproveofusingmorethanbeforeanumber

Overisnormallyusedwhenreferringtoagetimedistanceorheight

ExampleWerodetogetherforover50mileswithoutsayingaword

MORPHEME

ThesmallestunitofmeaningintheEnglishlanguageisamorphemeAwordcanhavemore

thanonemorpheme

ExampleUnhappyhastwomorphemestheprefixun-meaningnotandhappy

ExampleThewordsteelconsistsofonlyonemorpheme

MOSTOFALLALMOST

MostofallisacolloquialexpressionUsemostoforalmostinstead

IncorrectWewalkedmostofalltheway

CorrectWewalkedmostoftheway

CorrectWewalkedalmostalltheway

MOTORENGINE

SeeEngineMotor

MOUSETERMINOLOGY

WhenwritingabouttheuseofacomputermouseinproceduresandinstructionsfollowtheseguidelinesUsepointerormousepointerratherthancursorDonotusethepluralofmouse(mice)UsemousebuttonfortheleftmousebuttonUserightmousebuttonforaccessingsecondarymenusUseright-clicktomeanclickingtherightmousebuttonHyphenatedouble-clickandright-clickUseclicknotclickonUsedragratherthanclickanddragDonotcombinekeyboardandmouseactionsinthesamesentence

MULTICOLUMNLISTS

SeeLists

MYSELFME

SeeIMeMyself

SeeProperNouns

NEGATIVEADVERBS

Anegativeadverbisusedtocreateanegativemeaningwithoutusingwordslikenonotneithernorornever

Negativeadverbsincludebarelyhardlylittlenowhererarelyscarcelyandseldom

ExampleHeseldomreadsanymore

ExampleHehardlytalkssincethestroke

NEGATIVEFORMATIONS

Justasnotallpluralsaremadebyaddingstoawordnotallnegativesaremadebyaddingun-asaprefix

TherearemanyotherwaystocreatenegativesTable220presentsalistofcommonnegativeformationtechniques

Table220CommonNegativeFormationTechniquesandExamples

NEGATIVEPRONOUNS

Negativepronounsareusedinnegativenounphrasesnoonenobodyneithernoneandnothing

NEITHEREITHER

SeeEitherNeither

NEOLOGISM

NeologismisaprocesswherenewwordscomeintotheEnglishlanguagefromvarioussourcessuchasmassmediatechnologyotherlanguagesandevenslang

ExampleCDPCInternetsuperhighwaysharewaregoingposta

Nevermeansneveritdoesnotrefertoalimitedperiodoftime

IncorrectWeneversawyourdogsinceyesterday

CorrectWehavenotseenyourdogsinceyesterday

CorrectWeneversawyourdogWhatbreedwashe

NOMINALADJECTIVES

NominaladjectivesactasbothnounsandadjectivesandtheyareusedtodenoteaclassofpeopleorthingsTheyareprecededbyadeterminer(the)andcanbemodifiedbyadjectives

Examplethepoorthehungrythesicktheblind

Nominaladjectivesarealsowordsthatdescribeconcepts

Exampletheoppositethecontrarythegood

Nominaladjectivesreferencecertainnationalities

ExampletheFrenchtheBritishtheJapanese

Comparativeandsuperlativeformscanbenominaladjectives

Examplethegreatestofthesetheelderofthetwo

NOMINATIVEABSOLUTES

NominativeabsolutesareaphraseconsistingofanounorpronounaparticipleandanyrelatedmodifiersNominativeabsolutesarealsocalledabsolutephrases

AbsolutephrasesmodifyanentiresentenceTheyoftenappearasparentheticalelementsthataresetapartfromtherestofthesentencebyapairofcommasorbyadashorapairofdashes

ExampleTheworkdaynearlyfinished[nominativeabsolute]theprogrammersslowlybegan

shuttingdowntheirPCsfortheday

ExampleTheauthorssignedautographsthroughthelunchhourtheirpensscribblingmadly

ExampleHavingbeentopperformersfortheirentirecareersthesalesteamwasnotsurprisedbythehonorstheyreceived

Nounphrasescanalsoexistasabsolutephrases

ExampleThentherewasmycollegefriendMikemdashthepartyanimal[nounphrase]mdashnowarespectedmemberofthelegalprofession

NOMINATIVECASE

SeeCase

NOMINATIVEPOSSESSIVE

Nominativepossessivesarepronounslikemineyoursoursandtheirs

ExampleMineisabetterdogthanyours

NONCOUNTNOUNS

SeeMassNouns

NONDEFININGRELATIVECLAUSE

AnondefiningrelativeclauseprovidesadditionalinformationaboutanounornounphraseNondefiningrelativeclausesareseparatedfromtherestofthesentencebycommas

ExampleMypsychologistbrotherwholivesinNashville[nondefiningrelativeclause]iscomingintotownfortheholidays

Whoandwhoseareusedtorefertopeople

Whichandwhoseareusedtorefertothings

Thatcanrsquotbeusedinanondefiningrelativeclause

NONFINITEVERBS

UnlikefiniteverbsnonfiniteverbshavenotensepersonorsingularandpluralformsNonfiniteverbsarecalledverbals

TherearethreetypesofverbalsInfinitivesarethetoformoftheverb

Exampletowalktotalktoseetojump

Participlesactasadjectivesorasthemainverbsinaverbphrase

ExampleHeputonapairofrunning[participleactingasanadjective]shoes

ExampleHeknewhewouldhavetorun[verbphrase]tocatchthebus[verbphrase

Gerundsarethe-ingformoftheverbandareusedasnouns

ExampleWalking[gerundservingasanoun]isgreatforyourhealth

Aclauseneedsafiniteverbtoserveasapredicatethereforenonfiniteverbscanrsquotserveaspredicates

NONINHERENTADJECTIVES

SeeInherentandNoninherentAdjectives

NONRESTRICTIVECLAUSES

NonrestrictiveclausesdonotprovideanyessentialinformationtoasentenceandcanberemovedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentenceTheyareoftensetapartfromtherestofthesentencebyacommaorpairofcommas(ifinthemiddleofthesentence)

ExampleDoctorEarlywholivesinthesameneighborhoodasmyfriendsBillandKathy

[nonrestrictiveclause]ismymotherrsquosdoctor

NOTICES

Specialnoticeshighlightinformationthatreadersneedtounderstandkeypointsavoidinjuriesordeathorpreventequipmentdamagewhenfollowingprocedures

Fivemaintypesofnoticesareusedinbusinesswriting1Cautionmdashtowarnreadersaboutdamagetoequipmentsoftwareorproblemswitha

particularoutcome2Dangermdashtowarnreadersaboutpossiblefatalinjuriestothemselvesorothers3Notemdashtoemphasizepointstoserveasareminderortopointoutminorproblems4Warningmdashtowarnreadersaboutpossibleminorinjuries5Tipmdashtohelpreadersapplyusefultechniquesortopointoutbenefitsorcapabilities

ConsiderthefollowingtipswhenusingnoticesPlacenoticeswithinthetextwheretheyareneededAvoidallcapsforspecialnotices(exceptforDANGER)

FormattingforaspecialnoticeincludesTypetheword(CautionDangerNoteorWarning)followedbyacolonUseboldfontforthewordCautionDangerNoteorWarningUseyourregulartextfontforthebodyofthespecialnoticeSkiponespaceafterthecolonandbegintypingthespecialnoticeSingle-spacethetextwithinthespecialnoticeSkiponelineaboveandbelowthespecialnoticeAlignthespecialnoticewiththetexttowhichitrefersUseanumberedlistformultiplespecialnotices

ForspecialnoticesinvolvingdangerenhancetheformattingtoincludeDANGERinallcapitallettersSettingthetextofthespecialnoticemessageinboldfaceDrawingaboxaroundthedangermessage

NOUNCASE

NouncasetellsyoutheroleofanouninasentenceSubject

ExampleThebasketballplayerjumpedveryhigh

Object

ExampleSheselectedapaintbrush

Possessive(usuallyrequiringanapostropheandthelettersores)

ExampleThepolicemanrsquosuniformwasblue

NOUNCLAUSE

AnounclauseisagroupofwordsthatactlikeanouninasentenceAnounclausecontainsasubjectandaverb

ExampleWhatshesaidaboutAlexwasmisunderstood

NOUNPHRASE

AnounwithseveralmodifierscanactasasinglenounintheformofanounphraseAphraseisagroupofrelatedwordsthatdoesnotincludeasubjectandverbIfasubjectandverbarepresentthecombinationisaclauseAnounphraseincludesanounanditsmodifiers

Examplecollegefootballteamextremelylonghairinternationalbondfundthetalldarkman

ThemodifiersincludedinthenounphrasecanbeanyofthefollowingAdjectives

Exampletalldarkma

Participialphrase

Examplethebushesborderingtheedgeofthesidewalk

Infinitivephrase

Examplethefirstwomantoflyaroundtheworld

Modifyingclause

Examplethemistakeshehadmadethedaybefore

Prepositionalphrase

Examplethetrailnexttothelakeoverbythedam

Usuallyallthewordsinanounphrasearetogetherhoweveroccasionallytheycanbebrokenupintowhatiscalledadiscontinuousnounphrase

ExampleSeveralburglarieshavebeenreportedinvolvingpeoplewhoweregonefortheweekend

ThereisnothingwrongwithadiscontinuousnounphraseItissometimesusefulforbalancingasubjectandpredicateOtherwisetheresultcanbeaten-wordsubjectandathree-wordverb

AcommonproblemtoavoidisalongstringofcompoundnounphrasesThisoftenhappenswhenthestringalsoinvolvesagroupofcompoundnounssuchasstudentbodybookcoverormeetingplaceIfyouputtogetheralongstringofthesephrasesthesentencecanbeverydifficulttoread

ExampleTheofficesupplystorersquoscomputersectionofferedprintercartridgesinkjetprinterslaserprintersdesktopcomputerslaptopcomputersharddrivesinterfacecardsandnetworkrouters

AnaddressedpersonrsquosnameorsubstitutenameiscalledavocativeVocativessometimestaketheformofanounphraseAvocativeistreatedasaparentheticalelementandissetapartfromtherestofthesentencebyapairofcommasifitappearsintheflowofasentenceYoudonotneedtoaddcommaseverytimesomeonersquosnameismentionedinasentenceCommasareusedonlywhenthenamereferstosomeonebeingaddressedinthesentence

ExampleLieutenantgetthosemenmoving

TherearefourtypesofvocativesSinglenameswithorwithoutatitleThepersonalpronounyouAppellativesofendearmentsuchasdarlingmydearsweetheartandsirNominalclauses

ExampleWhoeverissingingstopitnow

NOUNPLURALS

Normallyyoucanformthepluralofanounbyaddings

ExampleWilsonWilson

Whenthenounalreadyendsinsaddes

Examplefilefilesdeskdeskslenslense

Theserulesapplytopropernamesaswellastocommonnouns

ExampleJonesJonese

Formthepluralofanumberbyaddinganswithoutanapostrophe

Examplethe1990

Avoidadding(s)towordssotheycanbeinterpretedassingularorplural

IncorrectPleasekeepyourdog(s)onaleash

NounsnameapersonplaceorthingNounstellyouwhoorwhatThereareseveraldifferenttypesofnouns

Propernounsnameaspecificpersonplaceorthingandarecapitalized

ExampleJimAliceCanada

Nounsofaddressarewordsusedassomeonersquosname

ExampleJudgeColonelMo

Commonnounsdonotnameaspecificpersonplaceorthing

Examplecandywooltre

Countablenounsareusedforcounting

Exampletendollarstwodozenfiftystate

Massnounsrefertothingsthatcannotbecounted

Exampleairwate

Collectivenounsareusedtonamegroupsofpeopleorthings

Exampleclassfanstea

Abstractnounsnameintangiblethings

Examplehopelovepeacewa

CompoundnounsarecomposedofgroupsofwordsSeeCompoundNounsGerundsareformedfromaverbbyadding-ingSeeGerunds

NOUNSOFADDRESS

SeeNouns

NUMBERABBREVIATIONS

SeeAbbreviationsforNumbers

NUMBEREDLIST

AnumberedlistisanindentedverticallistthatisnumberedNumberedlistsareusefulforsequentialstepsinaprocedureUsetheseguidelineswhencreatinganumberedlistIntroducethelistwithalead-insentenceTypethenumberfollowedbyaperiodUsesentence-stylecapitalizationIndentadditionallinesunderthetextratherthanunderthenumberUseregularlinespacingforthelistIndentthelistitemsthreetofivespacesPunctuatethelistitemsiftheyarecompletesentencesAvoidnumberedlistswithmorethaneighttotenitemsBreaklonglistsintosmalleronesifnecessaryOmitarticles(aanthe)fromthebeginningoflistitems

NUMBERSORWORDS

Generallynumbersunder10arespelledoutandnumbers10andoverareshowninfiguresTheonlyvariationtothisruleiswhenwritingaboutapersonrsquosageThenitismoreacceptedtowriteoutagesThemoreformalthetextthegreateristhetendencytoexpressthenumberinwords

PrintedTextandProseText

Inprintedtextanumberusedforcomparisonwithothernumbersinthesamesectionshouldbeinnumericalform

ExampleAnexcavationof500feetcanbefinishedasrapidlyas200feetiftherightequipmentisused

AttheBeginningofaSentence

Anumberappearingatthebeginningofasentenceifitcanbeexpressedinoneortwowordsshouldbespelledout

CorrectSixteennewcarsweredelivered

CorrectThirtyorfortybushelswereneeded

Incorrect2746892copieswerepurchased

CorrectTheypurchased2746892copies

LegalDocuments

Inlegaldocumentsandinpapersthattransferlandtitlenumbersarewritteninbothwordsandfigurestopreventmisunderstanding

ExampleWestthirty(30)feetofLotNine(9)inBlockFour(4)

RoundNumbers

Approximateroundnumbersarespelledout

ExampleThestationisaboutfiftyblocksaway

ExampleHefoundnearlytwothousanddollars

SetsofNumbers

Todifferentiatetwosetsofnumbersoccurringinthesamesentenceusewordsforoneandfiguresfortheother

ExampleThreeofthemendrove2000mileseachfourdrove3000mileseachandonlyonedrovethecomplete5000miles

Ifthesentencecannotberewrittenuseacommaordashtoseparatethenumbers

ExampleDuringtheyear199220millionpeoplevisitedthepark

ExampleWereceived1213mdash113ofwhichwecouldnrsquotuse

LargeNumbers

Iflargenumberscanbewritteninoneortwowordsdoso

Examplefourhundredfivemilliontwobillion

Usetheshortformforwritingnumbersoverathousandnotpertainingtomoney

Examplefourteenhundred[notonethousandfourhundred

Largeevenamountsmaycombinefiguresandwords

Exampleproductionof37millionpaperclipsabudgetof$146billio

IfanumberorthewordseveralprecedeshundredthousandmillionbillionandsoonthesingularformisusedAftermanythepluralformandofareused

Examplesixhundredpagesseveralmillionyearsmanyhundredsofpage

SeparatingDigits

Allnumbersabove999arewrittenwithcommastoseparateeverygroupofthreedigitscountingfromtheunitsplace

Example1001123000143693

ExceptionsCommasareomittedinlongdecimalfractionspagenumbersaddressestelephonenumbersroomnumbersandformnumbers

Example010356page34871467WilshireBoulevard201-555-9088Room2630Form2317-

Commasarealsoomittedinfour-digityearnumbersbuttheyareaddedforyearswithfiveormoredigits

ExampleThecompanybeganin1992

ExampleThepotteryshardsweredatedatabout14000BC

ExampleThissciencefictionnoveltakesplaceintheyear27345AD

Patentnumbersarewrittenwithcommas

ExamplePatentNo343698

Serialandpolicynumbersarewrittenwithoutcommas

ExampleMotorNumber245889954PolicyNumber89456

OBJECT

Theobjectisthepartofasentencethatreceivesaction

ExampleHethrewtheball[directobject]

Anobjectcomplementrenamesordescribesadirectobject

ExampleHenamedhismonkey[directobject]Meep[objectcomplement]

Anindirectobjectidentifiestowhatortowhomtheactionofaverbisdirected

ExampleHesoldme[indirectobject]hiscar[directobject]

Thewordmemdashalongwithotherpronounssuchashimusandthemmdashisnotalwaysanindirectobjectitcanalsoserveasadirectobject

ExampleSaveme

OBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

OBJECTIVECASE

SeeSubjectiveCase

Offisalwaysusedaloneandnotwithof

IncorrectTheribbonwastakenoffofthepackage

CorrectTheribbonwastakenoffthepackage

OFFLINE

SeeOnlineOffline

ONACCOUNTOF

Avoidthisphraseandusebecauseinstead

OnecanbeadetermineradjectiveorpronounDeterminermdashusedbeforeapropernountodesignateaparticularperson

ExampleOnSeptember1didyoumakeaphonecallat300PMtooneHoraceWauson

Adjectivemdashusedtomodifythenumberofanoun

ExampleIrsquollhavejustonemorepieceofchicken

Pronounmdashusedasnumericalexpressionortostandinforthespeakeroragenericaverageperson

ExampleOneofthestudentswillvolunteer

ExampleIfonetrieshardenoughonecanbeanything

Thepossessiveformofoneisonersquos

ExampleOnemustlearnfromonersquosmistakes

IntheUnitedStatesonersquosisoftenreplacedbyhisheroryour

ExampleOnemustlearnfromhismistakes

Thereflexiveformofoneisoneself

ExampleIfoneskipslunchonewillfindoneselfveryhungrybydinner

Thepluralofoneisones

ExampleWhichonesdoyouwant

ONEANOTHEREACHOTHER

SeeEachOtherOneAnother

ONLINEOFFLINE

Onlineandofflinearecommonlywrittenasonewordunlessbeingusedasanadverbialphrase

ExampleIstheprinteronlineoroffline

ExampleMrSmithusedthecomputeratthelibrarytogoonline

Becarefulofwhereyouplacethisadverbitspositiondetermineswhichworditmodifies

IncorrectIcouldonlygethimtoplayonepiece

CorrectIcouldgethimtoplayonlyonepiece

ONOMATOPOEIA

Onomatopoeiaisatermusedtodescribewordsthatsuggestthesoundbeingdescribed

Examplebangbashclangclapcracklefizzgrowlhonkknockmumbleouchploprattlescreechsmacksniffsplashthudtinkletwangtweetwhiz

Openshouldbeusedwithoutup

IncorrectWeopenupthedoorspromptlyatnoon

CorrectWeopenthedoorspromptlyatnoon

OPENCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

ORDINALNUMBERS

Ordinalnumbersdescribetheorderorsequenceofsomething

Examplefirst2ndthirdfourth50t

Ordinalnumberscanbewrittenaswordsorabbreviations

Example1stfirst2ndsecond3rdthir

Ordinalnumbersusuallyappearbeforeanoun

ExampleItwasmyparentsrsquo60thweddinganniversary

OVERMORETHAN

SeeMorethanOver

OXFORDCOMMA

WhenlistingaseriesofitemsinasentenceacommaisinsertedbetweeneachitemandafinalcommaisinsertedbeforethewordandandthelastitemThelastcommaiscalledaldquoserialcommardquoorOxfordcommaOxfordcommasareoptionalbutrecommended

OXYMORON

Anoxymoronisafigureofspeechthatoccurswhentwotermsthatappeartocontradict

themselvesarecombined

Exampleminorcrisisalonetogetherlivingdeadoriginalcopiesprettyuglydefinitemayberollingstop

PAGEBREAKS

PagebreakscanbemanuallyinsertedintoadocumenthowevertheyshouldnotbeaddeduntilallillustrationshavebeenaddedandthedocumentisreadyforfinaldeliveryWhendeterminingpagebreaksconsiderthefollowingtipsThegoalistokeeprelatedcontenttogetheronthesamepageNewparagraphsthatstartatthebottomofapageshouldhaveatleasttwolinesoftextotherwisetheyshouldbemovedtothenextpage

Abulletedlistthatstartsatthebottomofapageshouldhavetheleadinsentenceandatleasttwoitemsinthelistotherwiseitshouldbemovedtothenextpage

AvoidpagebreaksinthefollowingsituationsInthemiddleofanotetipcautionorwarningmessageInthemiddleofatableInlongtables(iftheymustspreadoverseveralpagesrepeatthetabletitleandheadingwhenpagesbreakfromrighttoleft)

Whenseparatingcontentfromanyillustrations

PAGENUMBERING

ForallpagenumberingusefigurestoshowthenumbersCommasarenotusedinpagenumbersgreaterthan999

PageNumberFormats

Onlegaldocumentsapagenumberiscenteredatthebottomofeachpageonotherpapersitisusuallyshownatthetop

ManuscriptsandbriefsarenumberedintheupperrightcornerpapersthataretobeboundattheleftarenumberedinthelowerrightcornerIneachcaseallnumbersshouldappearatexactlythesameplaceonallpagesinadocument

TitlepagesarenotnumberedAfirstpageofaworkorofachapterisnotmarkedwithanumberalthoughthenumberingofthefollowingpagestakesintoconsiderationthenumberofthefirstpage

Itisacceptabletouseahyphenbeforeandafterthepagenumber(-3-)withoutaperiod

Neverusequotationmarksaroundapagenumberandnevertypethewordpagebeforethenumber

PALINDROMES

Wordsorphrasesthatarespelledthesameforwardorbackwardarepalindromes

Examplemadammomlevel

PARAGRAPHS

AparagraphisagroupofrelatedsentencesthatfocusonasingletopicWhenwritingparagraphsconsiderthefollowingtipsKeeptheparagraphconfinedtooneideaFocusallsentencesonthesingleideaorprovidesupportingevidenceordetailsregardingit

Ifthesinglepointsinaparagraphgettoolongbreakthemupintoseparateparagraphs

ElementsofaParagraph

Awell-writtenparagraphincludesthefollowingelementsUnitymdashTheentireparagraphshouldhaveasinglefocusIfitbeginswithonefocusitshouldnotendwithanother

CoherencemdashTheparagraphshouldbeeasilyunderstandabletothereaderLogicalbridgesmdashCarrythesametopicfromsentencetosentenceConstructsuccessivesentencesinaparallelform

TopicsentencemdashOnesentenceintheparagraphshouldindicatethefocusoftheparagraph(Atopicsentencecanbeanywhereintheparagraph)

VerbalbridgesmdashCreatecoherenceusingverbalbridgesKeywordscanberepeatedinseveralsentencesintheparagraphSynonymouswordscanberepeatedindifferentsentencesPronounscanrefertonounsusedinprevioussentencesTransitionalwordscanbeusedtolinkideasfromprevioussentences

ParagraphDevelopment

Whenwritingaparagraphconsiderthefollowingtips

IntroducethetopicusingthetopicsentenceBewareofparagraphsthathaveonlytwoorthreesentences

TodevelopaparagraphdothefollowingUseexamplesandillustrationsProvidedetailsstatisticsandevidenceProvidequotesandparaphrasesfromotherpeopleTellastoryDefinetermsusedintheparagraphCompareandcontrastideasEvaluatecausesExaminetheeffectsOfferachronologicalsummary

WhentoStartaNewParagraph

YoushouldstartanewparagraphinthefollowingsituationsWhenyoubeginanewideaTocontrastdebateorpointoutthedifferencesbetweenideasWhenreadersneedapauseWhenendinganintroductionorstartingtheconclusion

ParagraphTransitions

SentencesthatoutlinewhatadocumenthascoveredandwheretherestofthedocumentisgoingarecalledsignpostsortransitionsTransitionalsentencesleadfromoneideatothenextTheyareoftenusedattheendofaparagraphtohelponeparagraphflowintothenext

PARALLELCONSTRUCTION

ParallelconstructionisastylistictechniquefororganizingexpressionsofsimilarcontenttoimprovereadabilityThistechniqueinvolvestheremovalofrepetitivewordsandcombiningsimilarsentencesandideas

NonparallelexampleJohntalkedwithMikeJohntalkedwithMaryJohntalkedwithLeon

ParallelexampleJohntalkedwithMikeMaryandLeon

ParallelconstructionalsoappliestothingssuchasheadingsandbulletedlistsHeadingsshouldbeaconsistentpartofspeechortypeofclauseListitemsshouldbeginwiththesamepartofspeechortense

PARAPHRASING

ParaphrasingisyourownversionofsomeoneelsersquosideasandinformationParaphrasingallowsyoutouseresearchandotherresourceswithoutplagiarizing(aslongassourcesarecitedinthedocument)Paraphrasingallowsyoutoavoidquotingandgivesyoucontroloverthewritingstyleofyourdocument

ToeffectivelyparaphrasedothefollowingReadandrereadtheoriginalcontentuntilyoufullyunderstanditTakenotesSetasidetheoriginalandwriteyourparaphrasedversionCompareyourversiontotheoriginaltomakesureyourversionaccuratelyexpressestheideaorinformationUsequotationmarkstoidentifyanythingyouhavequotedverbatimfromtheoriginalIncludethesourceinyournotestociteinyourfinaldocument

PARENTHESES

Parenthesesareusedtoenclosematterthatisintroducedbywayofexplanation

ExampleIfthelessor(thepersonowningtheproperty)agreesthelessee(thepersonrentingtheproperty)mayhaveadogonthepremises

Parenthesesareusedtoenclosefiguresthatenumerateitems

ExampleThebookcontainedchapterson(1)capitalization(2)spellingrules(3)troublesomeverbsand(4)punctuation

Parenthesesarealsousedtoenclosecitationsofauthority

ExampleThedefinitionofactionisldquotheprocessorstateofbeingactiverdquo(AmericanCollegeDictionary)

Parenthesesareusedtoenclosefiguresrepeatedforclarityasinlegaldocuments

ExampleHewaswilledfivethousanddollars($5000)byhisuncle

ExampleYouwillbepaidtwenty(20)percentinterest

PARENTHETICALELEMENTS

NonessentialinformationthatisaddedtoasentenceiscalledaparentheticalelementAparentheticalelementisusuallysetapartfromthemaintextbyacommaorapairofcommas

ExampleTheLakeTexomabridgewhichconnectsDuranttoKingston[parentheticalelement]wasoriginallydesignedbymygrandfather

PARTICIPLE

Aparticipleisaverbthatactslikeanadjective

ExampleTherunningdogchasedthespeeding[participles]car

Apresentparticipledescribesapresentconditionwhileapastparticipledescribessomethingthathasalreadyhappened

ExampleMosessawtheburning[presentparticiple]bush

ExampleTheburned[pastparticiple]treefelldowninthestorm

PARTICIPIALPHRASE

Presentparticiples(verbalsendingin-ing)pastparticiples(verbalsendingin-ed)orotherirregularverbscanbecombinedwithcomplementsandmodifierstocreateaparticipialphraseParticipialphrasesalwaysactasadjectivesWhentheybeginasentencetheyaresetapartbyacommajustlikeanintroductorymodifierIftheyappearwithinthesentencetheyaresetapartwithapairofcommas

ExampleWorkingaroundtheclock[participialphrase]theworkersrepairedtheairportrunwayinlessthanaweekTheconcretehavingbeendamagedbythecrashlandingoftheairlinerneededtobereplaced

PARTSOFSPEECH

TheeightpartsofspeechareNounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbsPronounsPrepositionsConjunctionsInterjectionsordeterminers

PartycanbeusedtorefertoapersoninlegaldocumentsbutthewordistooformalforcommonuseApartycanalsobeacelebration

IncorrectThepartyIcalledwasdisturbed

CorrectThepersonIcalledwasdisturbed

Correct(inlegaldocuments)Thepartyofthesecondpartherebyagreeshellip

CorrectHecelebratedhisbirthdaywithaparty

PASSEDPAST

Whenreferringtoaperiodoftimeordistanceusepast

ExampleWersquovealwayshadgoodluckonthesetypesofprojectsinthepast

Whenreferringtomovementusepassed

ExampleABCjustpassedustobecomenumberoneinourmarket

PASSIVEVOICE

VerbscanbeeitheractiveorpassiveinvoiceIntheactivevoicethesubjectisthedo-erorbe-erandtheverbdescribesanactionSeeActiveVoice

ExampleThestudentusedthecomputer

Inthepassivevoicethesubjectisnotado-erorbe-erInsteadthesubjectisbeingactedonbysomethingelse

ExampleThecomputerwasusedbythestudent

ThepassivevoicehasitsusesWhenitismoreimportanttodrawattentiontothepersonorthingthatwasactedonthepassivevoicecanbeused

ExampleSeveralqualitycontrolerrorsweremadelastmonthbythethirdshift

Thepassivevoiceisalsoappropriatewhenthesubjectisnotimportant

ExampleThefootballticketscanbepickedupattheWillCallwindow

Thepassivevoiceissometimesrequiredfortechnicalwritingwherethedoerorbe-ercanbeanyoneandtheprocessbeingdescribedismoreimportant

ExampleofwhenthesubjectisnotimportantWedevelopedaharddrivethatcanstoreseveralterabytesofdata

ExampleofemphasisontheprocessAharddrivehasbeendevelopedthatcanstoreseveralterabytesofdata

ThepassivevoiceiscreatedbycombiningaformofthetobeverbwiththepastparticipleofthemainverbOnlytransitiveverbs(thosethathaveobjects)canbetransformedintothe

passivevoiceSometransitiveverbscannotbetransformedintopassivevoicesuchastohave

ExampleinactivevoiceShehasanewcomputer

ExampleinpassivevoiceAnewcomputerishadbyher

Otherverbsthatcannotbeusedwiththepassivevoiceareresemblelooklikeequalagreewithmeancontainholdcompriselacksuitfitandbecome

PASTPERFECTPROGRESSIVETENSE

PastperfectprogressiveorpastperfectcontinuousisusedtodescribeeventsthatwerenotfinishedwhenanothereventoccurredItisformedusinghavebeen+-ing

ExampleInNovemberIrsquollhavebeenliving[pastperfectprogressive]herefortwenty-twoyears

PASTPERFECTTENSE

ThepastperfecttenseisusedtodescribeeventsthathappenedbeforeanothereventortimeperiodPastperfecttenseisformedusingtheverbhadplusthepastparticiple

ExampleAfterhewashiredwehadhoped[pastperfect]hewouldbeagreatleader

Anoldtermforpastperfecttenseispluperfect

PASTPROGRESSIVETENSE

PastprogressiveisusedtodescribeeventsthatwerehappeningatsomepointinthepastPastprogressiveisusedtoindicatethatsomethingtookplacewhilesomethingelsewashappeningItisformedusingthepastsimpletenseoftobe+-ing

ExampleIwaseating[pastprogressive]dinnerwhenthetelemarketercalled

PASTSIMPLETENSE

PastsimpletenseisusedtodescribeeventsthatoccurredinthepastPastsimpletenseisformedbyadding-edtothebaseformofregularverbsor-diftheverbalreadyendsine

ExampleIlikedtheplay

ExampleIwalkedaroundtheneighborhoodthismorning

Irregularverbschangeformtomakepastsimpletense

ExampleIatedinnerafterreturninglastevening

PEOPLE

PeoplereferstoalargegroupofindividualsWhenreferringtopeopleofaparticularorganizationorplaceitrsquosbettertousepeoplebeforethename

IncorrectTheGeneralMotorspeople

CorrectthepeopleofGeneralMotorsthepeopleofMassachusetts

Avoidusingperandinsteaduseaccordingto

IncorrectThereportwascreatedperthemanagerrsquosinstructions

CorrectThereportwascreatedaccordingtothemanagerrsquosinstructions

PERCENT

Thisisonewordfollowinganamountneverpercent

CorrectSixpercentinterestwascharged

PERCENTAGE

ConsiderthefollowingruleswhenusingpercentageorpercentagesignsinyourwritingUsepercentagewhennoamountisgiven

ExampleWhatpercentageofinterestwascharged

Thenumeralisretainedwhetherornotapercentagesignisused

Example5pricereduction

Examplelossof10percent

Examplealmost30percentofthepopulation

Forpercentagesinsuccessionusethesignaftereachnumeral

Example30to5068and10

PERFECTASPECT

TheperfectaspecttenseisusedtodescribecompletedeventsthatarecurrentlyrelevantorwererelevantataspecifictimeItisformedusingtheverbtohaveplusthepastparticiple

ExampleHehasworkedonmyteamforsixteenyears

PERFECTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PERFECTTENSE

PerfecttenseisacategoryoftensesthatincludesPastperfectmdashhad+pastparticiplePresentperfectmdashhave+pastparticipleFutureperfectmdashwillhave+pastparticipleConditionalperfectmdashwouldhave+pastparticiple

PERIOD

Aperiodisusedattheendofadeclarativesentencetodenoteafullpause

ExampleIamgoingtotownYoumaygowithmeifyouwish

Useaperiodnotaquestionmarkwhenthesentencecontainsanindirectquestion

ExampleHecouldnotunderstandwhyshewasleaving

Alsouseaperiodforarequestphrasedasaquestion

ExampleWillyoupleasereturnthediskettewhenyouarefinished

Theperiodisusedindecimalstoseparateawholenumberfromadecimalfraction

Example56percent$195

Aperiodisalsousedinabbreviations

ExampleMrsPhDetc

PERSON

PersoninvolvestheuseofpronounsusedassubjectsofasentenceorclauseCategoriesofpersonincludeFirstpersonsingularmdashThesubjectisthewriterorspeakerFirstpersonpluralmdashThewriterispartofagroupthatisthesubjectSecondpersonsingularmdashThesubjectisthereaderorlistenerSecondpersonpluralmdashTheaudienceisthesubjectThirdpersonsingularmdashSomeoneelseathirdpersonisthesubjectThirdpersonalpluralmdashThesubjectisagroupthatdoesnotincludethewriterorthereader

PERSONALPRONOUNS

PersonalpronounschangeformorcaseaccordingtotheiruseinasentenceConsiderthefollowingguidelinesThepronounIisusedasthesubjectofasentence

ExampleIamtall

Thepronounmeisusedasanobjectinvariousways

ExampleHegavemeabonus

Thepronounmyisusedforthepossessiveform

ExampleThatrsquosmypassword

Thesameistrueforotherpersonalpronounsthesingularyouandhesheitandthepluralsweyouandthey

Table221showsthevariouscasesforpronouns

Table221CasesforPronouns

Whenapersonalpronounisconnectedbyaconjunctiontoanothernounorpronounitdoesnotchangecase

ExampleIamtakingacourseinPowerPointJohnandIaretakingacourseinPowerPoint(NoteinthesecondsentencethatJohnislistedbeforeI

Thesameistruewhentheobjectformisused

ExampleTheinstructorgavethePowerPointUserGuidetomeTheinstructorgavethePowerPointUserGuidetoJohnandme

Whenapronounandanounarecombinedyoumustchoosethecaseofthepronounthatwouldbeappropriateifthenounwerenotthere

ExampleWeteachersaredemandingaraise

Withthesecondpersontherersquosnotasmuchconfusionbecausethepronounyouisthesameforbothsubjectandobjectform

ExampleYouteachersaredemandingtoomuchmoney

Amongthepossessivepronounformsarenominativepossessivessuchasmineyoursoursandtheirs

ExampleThisnewhouseismineLookatthosehousesTheirsneedsworkOursisingoodshapeMineisnewerthanyours

PERSONIFICATION

Givinghumanfeelingsandcharacteristicstononlivingthingsisafigureofspeechcalledpersonification

ExampleMycomputerhatesme

PERSUADECONVINCE

SeeConvincePersuade

PHASEFAZE

SeeFazePhase

PHATICSPEECH

PhaticspeechinvolveswordsorphrasesthatareusedinsocialsettingstobepoliteratherthantobetakenliterallyPhaticspeechisconversationalinformalspeech

ExampleHowareyoudoingFinehowareyouThankyouYoursquorewelcome

PHRASALVERBS

PhrasalverbsconsistofaverbalongwithanotherwordorphraseThewordthatisjoinedwiththeverbisaparticle

Phrasalverbsoftenincludeaprepositionandareusedforcasualandconversationalphrases

ExampleThecarpentersweresittingaroundeatinglunch

ExampleHelookeduphisoldcustomersinthedatabase

PhrasalverbsareoftenunclearAvoidusingtheminbusinesswriting

PHRASES

PhrasesaregroupsofwordsthatdonotincludeasubjectandverbAclauseisagroupofwordsthatincludesasubjectandverbThetypesofphrasesareNounphrasesmdashanounanditsmodifiers

ExampleHeranbrisklydownthezigzaggingpath

Prepositionalphrasemdashaprepositionanounorpronounandsometimesanadjective

ExampleOnthissideofthestreettherearenosidewalks

Appositivephrasemdashrenamingaprecedingword

ExampleMyfavoritefootballplayeraHeismanTrophywinnerandnumberonedraftpickplayedinthreeSuperBowlgames

Absolutephrasemdashanounorpronounaparticipleandmodifiers

ExampleTheirbackpacksbulgingwithsuppliesthestudentswaitedatthebusstoponthefirstdayofschool

Infinitivephrasemdashaninfinitiveandanymodifiersorcomplements

ExampleHisplantowritealittleeachdayresultedinafinishedmanuscriptbytheendofNovember

Gerundphrasemdashverbalsthatendin-ingthatactlikenounsalongwithmodifiersorcomplements

ExampleMikeenjoyedplayingtheguitarintheechoinghallway

Participialphrasemdashverbalscombinedwithcomplementsandmodifiersthatactasadjectives

ExampleThehousevacantsincelatelastyearisnowslowlyfallingapart

PHRASESANDWORDSTOOMIT

Table222presentsalistofwordsthatareusuallynotnecessaryinasentence

Table222UnnecessaryWords

PIDGIN

Pidginisatypeofsimplelanguagethatdevelopswhenpeoplewhodonotspeakthesamelanguagearerequiredtocommunicateinordertoliveorworktogether

PLAGIARISM

Theuseofwrittenorspokenmaterialincludingparagraphssentencesartworkorresearchstatisticswithoutprovidingcreditiscalledplagiarism

Plagiarismcanbeavoidedbyparaphrasingandrewritingandbyprovidingcreditintheformofsourcesoracknowledgments

Sourcesforquotesfactsorresearchcanbecitedimmediatelyafteraborrowedstatementoridea

ExampleSeeDocumentingSourcesinSection1TheWritingProcess

PLEONASM

UsingmorewordsthanarereallynecessaryorusingredundantwordsorphrasesisastylisticproblemcalledpleonasmPleonasmweakensadocumentandisdistractingtoreaders

PLUPERFECT

SeePastPerfectTense

PLURALS

Thegeneralruleistoformthepluralofanounbyaddings

Examplebookbooksclockclockspenpen

Anounendinginoprecededbyavoweltakesansfortheplural

Examplecuriocuriosfoliofoliosradioradiosratioratiosstudiostudio

Somenounsendinginoprecededbyaconsonanttakeestoformthepluralwhereasotherstakes

ExamplebanjobanjosbuffalobuffaloescargocargoesEskimoEskimosheroheroesmosquitomosquitoesmottomottoespianopianospotatopotatoessopranosopranostomatotomatoes

Asingularnounendinginchshsxorztakesesfortheplural

Examplebushbusheschintzchintzesdressdressesinchincheswaxwaxes

Foranounendinginyprecededbyaconsonanttheychangestoiandesisaddedfortheplural

Exampleabilityabilitiesauxiliaryauxiliariesdiscrepancydiscrepanciesfacilityfacilitiesindustryindustriesladyladiessocietysocieties

Anounendinginyprecededbyavoweltakesonlyansfortheplural

Exampleattorneyattorneysgalleygalleyskidneykidneysmonkeymonkeysturkeyturkey

Somepluralsendinen

Examplechildchildrenmanmenoxoxen

Forsomenounsendinginforfechangetheforfetovandaddesfortheplural

Examplecalfcalvesknifeknivesleafleaveslifelivesloafloavesshelfshelve

Therearesomeexceptions

Examplebailiffbailiffsbeliefbeliefschiefchiefsgulfgulfsroofroofs

Somenounsrequireavowelchangefortheplural

Examplefootfeetgoosegeesemousemicetoothteeth

Thepluralsofnumeralssignsandlettersareshownbyaddingans(orrsquostoavoidconfusion)

ExampleoneBfourBrsquo

Forpropernamesendinginsorinanssoundaddesfortheplural

ExampleBrookstheBrooksesBurnstheBurnsesJonestheJonese

Acompoundnounwhenhyphenatedorwhenconsistingoftwoseparatewordsformsthepluralforminthemostimportantelement

Exampleattorney-generalattorneys-generalbrigadiergeneralbrigadiergeneralsbrother-in-lawbrothers-in-lawnotarypublicnotariespublicpasser-bypassersby

Thepluralofsolidcompounds(acompoundnounwrittenasoneword)isformedattheendofthesolidcompound

Examplebookshelfbookshelvescupfulcupfulslumbermanlumbermenstepchildstepchildrenstepdaughterstepdaughters

Somenounshavethesameformforsingularandplural

ExampleChinesecorpsdeersalmonsheepverminwheat

Somenounsarealwaystreatedassingular

Examplecivicsmathematicsmeaslesmilkmolassesmusicnewsstatistic

Somenounsarealwaystreatedasplural

Examplepantsproceedsremainsrichesscissorsthankstrouserstweezers

PLURALSOFNUMBERS

FormthepluralofanumeralorothercharacterbyaddingsorestothewordIfthenumberisafigureusesoresdependingonofficepolicy

Example5sand6sor5rsquosand6rsquosorfivesandsixesthe1890sorthe1890rsquosMD88sORMD88rsquos

AvoidusingplusasaconjunctionInsteaduseand

IncorrectWefinishedthemarketresearchonschedulepluswediscoveredsomenewopportunitiesintheprocess

CorrectWefinishedthemarketresearchonscheduleandwediscoveredsomenewopportunitiesintheprocess

SeeAMPM

POINTINTIME

Avoidthisterminyourwritingandinsteaduseatthistimeatthispointornow

IncorrectAtthispointintimeeverythingseemstobeworkingsmoothlyontheassemblyline

CorrectAtthistimeeverythingseemstobeworkingsmoothlyontheassemblyline

POLYPTOTON

ApolyptotonisafigureofspeechthatoccurswhentwowordsfromthesamerootwordarerepeatedPolyptotonsareusedforstylisticemphasis

ExampleldquoNotasacalltobattlethoughembattledwearerdquomdashJohnFKennedy

POLYSEME

Awordwithatleasttworelatedmeaningsisapolyseme

Examplemilk[thenounmilkandtheverbtomilk]bank[thenounbankandtheverbtobank]

POLYSYLLABIC

Awordwiththreeormoresyllablesispolysyllabic

ExampleJanuarywonderfulimportant

POSSESSIVEADJECTIVES

Possessiveadjectivesarewordsthatareusedbeforenounstoshowownershipofthenoun

Examplehisheritsmyourtheiryour

ExampleThatrsquoshismotorcycle

POSSESSIVECASE

SeeCase

POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

Possessivepronounsarewordsthatareusedinplaceofanountoshowownership

Examplehishersitsmineourstheirsyour

ExampleWhichoneisyourcarThatoneismine

POSSESSIVES

ConsiderthefollowingguidelineswhencreatingpossessiveformsAddrsquostoasingularnountoshowpossessionThisruleappliesalsotonounsthatendins

ExampleMikersquoscaradayrsquoswageCharlesrsquosplan

Addanapostrophetotheendofapluralizedfamilynametoshowpossession

ExampletheSmithsrsquohouse

Toshowpossessionforinanimateobjectsitmaybebesttorewrite

ExampleldquoThehousersquosdoorsrdquomightberewrittenasldquothedoorsofthehouserdquo

Forcompoundnounsapostropheplacementdetermineswhichnounsshowpossession

ExampleJeffrsquosandCathyrsquosdogsareinthebackyard[Eachpersonhasatleastonedog

ExampleJeffandCathyrsquosdogsareinthebackyard[JeffandCathyshareownershipofthedogs]

Forasentencewhereanappositivefollowsapossessivenounandrenamesorexplainsthenounaddtheapostrophetotheappositiveinsteadofthenoun

ExampleWeneedtogetDrEarlythefamilydoctorrsquosadvice

POSTEDINFORMED

Donrsquotusepostedinplaceofinformed

IncorrectYouarewellpostedonthesubject

CorrectYouarewellinformedaboutAustralia

POSTMODIFER

Amodifierthatappearsinasentenceaftertheworditmodifiesiscalledapostmodifier

ExampleShewasthegirlselected[postmodifier]forthestudy

PRECEDEPROCEED

Togobeforesomeoneorsomethingelseistoprecede

ExampleThegirlsprecededtheboysinthelineofmarch

Togoforwardistoproceed

ExampleWeproceededtowardthetreeline

PREDETERMINERS

PredeterminersarewordsthatappearbeforeotherdeterminersinasentenceTherearethreetypesofpredeterminersMultipliersmdashdoublethreetimestwice

ExampleNowthatIrsquomself-employedIrsquommakingtwice[multiplier]theincome

Fractionalexpressionsmdashhalfone-thirdthree-quarters

ExampleTwo-thirds[multiplier]oftheclasswererecentimmigrantstotheUnitedStates

Intensifiersmdashquiterathersuch

ExampleHiscollegeapartmentwasquite[multiplier]adump

PREDICATES

PredicatesareusedtocompleteasentenceThesubjectnamesthepersonplaceorthingthatisdoingsomethingAsimplepredicateconsistsofaverbverbstringoracompoundverb

ExampleTheflowerbloomed[predicate]Theflowershavebeenblooming

Acompoundpredicateconsistsoftwoormorepredicatesconnected

ExampleThemountainbikerbegantoridedownthetrailandeventuallyenteredoneofthemostbeautifulvalleysinthearea

Acompletepredicateconsistsofatransitiveverbandallmodifiersandotherwordsthatcompleteitsmeaning

ExampleTheslowlymovingthunderstormflashedlightningacrossthedarkforebodingsky

Apredicateadjectivefollowsalinkingverbanddescribesthesubjectofthesentence

ExampleThemineralsinthewatertastebad

Apredicatenominativefollowsalinkingverbanddescribeswhatthesubjectis

ExampleLindaWausonispresidentofthefirm

PREFACE

AprefaceisanintroductiontoabookwrittenbytheauthortoAcknowledgehelpandassistanceprovided

Explainhowtheprojectwasstartedandtheoriginoftheideaforthebook

Aprologueissimilartoaprefaceexceptthatitintroducesthebookandiswritteninthevoiceofthebookrsquostextratherthantheauthorrsquosfirst-personvoice

PREFIXES

PrefixesarelettersthatareaddedbeforeawordthatmodifythemeaningSomeprefixesshowachangeinquantityfromtheoriginalword

Examplesemiannualkilometermillimeterbimonthly

Someprefixesshownegationortheoppositeoftheoriginalmeaningoftheword

Exampleillegalinvalidmisjudgecounterclockwise

Someprefixesshowachangeintime

Examplepostwarpreschool

Someprefixesshowachangeindirectionorposition

Examplecircumnavigaterecedeinfrastructure

PREMODIFIER

Amodifierthatisplacedbeforetheworditmodifiesiscalledapremodifier

ExampleThatrsquosabig[premodifier]report

PremodifiershelpdefineanddescribethewordstheymodifyThemostcommonpremodifiersareadjectiveshowevernounscanalsoserveinthisfunction

ExampleHerespondedtoanangry[adjective]caller

ExampleHewasaright-wing[noun]radiotalkshowhost

PREPOSITIONALPHRASE

Aprepositionalphraseconsistsofaprepositionanounorpronounthatservesastheobjectoftheprepositionandanadjectiveortwothatmodifiestheobject

Prepositionalphrasesusuallytelluswhenorwheresomethingishappening

Exampleinahalfhouratthecommunitycenter

AprepositionalphraseusedatthebeginningofasentenceiscalledanintroductorymodifierYoucansetapartanintroductorymodifierwithacommahoweverthecommaisoptionalunlesstheintroductorymodifierislong

PREPOSITIONS

PrepositionsareusedtodescriberelationshipsbetweenotherwordsinasentencePrepositionslikeinonorbetweenaregoodexamplesbecausetheydescribethespatialnatureofthings

PrepositionsarealmostalwayscombinedwithotherwordstobecomeprepositionalphrasesPrepositionalphrasesconsistofaprepositionandadetermineralongwithanadjectiveortwofollowedbyapronounornounthatiscalledtheldquoobjectoftheprepositionrdquo

PrepositionscanbedividedintotypesPrepositionsoftimePrepositionsofplacePrepositionsoflocationPrepositionsofmovement

PrepositionsofTimeAtOnInForandSince

AtonandinoftenserveasprepositionsoftimeWeuseattodesignatespecifictimes

ExampleMeetmeatfiveorsquoclock

Weuseontodesignatedaysanddates

ExampleIworkalldayonSaturdays

Weuseinfornonspecifictimes

ExampleHelikestoreadintheevening

Theprepositionforisusedtomeasuretime

ExampleHeworkedfortwentyyears

Theprepositionsinceisusedwithaspecificdateortime

ExampleIhaveknownhimsinceJanuary2003

PrepositionsofPlaceAtOnIn

AtonandincanalsoserveasprepositionsofplaceWeuseatforspecificaddresses

ExampleIliveat5203LegendaryLane

Weuseontodesignatestreets

ExampleIliveonLegendaryLane

Weuseinforthenamesoftownsstatesandcountries

ExampleIliveinAcworth

PrepositionsofLocationAtOnIn

AtonandincanbeusedasprepositionsoflocationTheirusageisspecifictocertainplaces

Exampleatclassathomeatthelibraryattheofficeatschoolatwork

Exampleonthebedontheceilingontheflooronthehorseontheplaneonthetrail

Exampleinthebedinthebedroominthecarintheclassinthelibraryintheroomintheschool

PrepositionsofMovementToToward

Theprepositiontoisusedtoexpressmovementtoaplace

ExampleIamdrivingtowork

TowardandtowardsarealsousedtoexpressmovementTheyareboththesamewordwithaspellingvariationAvoidusingtowardsinbusinesswritingsinceitsusageisoutofdate

ExampleWewereworkingtowardacommongoal

Combinations

Someprepositionsaresocommonlyusedwithparticularnounsadjectivesandverbsthattheyhavealmostbecomeoneword

Thefollowingisalistofnoun-and-prepositioncombinationsapprovalofawarenessofbeliefinconcernforconfusionaboutdesireforfondnessforgraspofhatredofhopeforinterestinloveofneedforparticipationinreasonfor

respectforsuccessinunderstandingof

Thefollowingisalistofadjective-and-prepositioncombinationsafraidofangryatawareofcapableofcarelessaboutfamiliarwithfondofhappyaboutinterestedinjealousofmadeofmarriedtoproudofsimilartosorryforsureoftiredof

worriedaboutAcombinationofaverbandaprepositioniscalledaphrasalverbThewordthatisjoinedwiththeverbiscalledaparticleThefollowingisalistofverb-and-prepositioncombinationsapologizeforaskaboutaskforbelongtobringupcareforfindoutgiveup

growuplookforlookforwardtolookupmakeuppayforprepareforstudyfortalkaboutthinkabouttrustinworkforworryabout

PRESENTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PRESENTPARTICIPLE

Thepresentparticipleisaformoftheverbtobethatindicatesongoingaction

ExampleIameating[presentparticiple]

ExampleIamtalking

Apresentparticiplecanalsoserveasanadjectiveinasentencetomodifyanoun

ExampleSheisanamazingperson

PRESENTPERFECTTENSE

ThepresentperfecttenseisusedforunfinishedpastactionsforactionswherenotimeisspecifiedorwhenapastactionisimportantnowItisformedbyusingtheverbhave+past

participle

ExampleIhavelived[presentperfect]herefortwentyyears

ExampleHaveyouseenthatnewmovie

ExampleIrsquoveoversleptandmissedmymeeting

PRESENTPROGRESSIVETENSE

ThepresentprogressivetenseisusedtodescribehowlongsomethingoccurredinthepastorforactivitiesthatstartedinthepastandarestillhappeningnowItisformedusingtheverbshave+been+presentparticiple

ExampleIhavebeenwaiting[presentprogressive]hereforyou

PRESENTSIMPLETENSE

Thepresentsimpletenseisusedtostatefactsorforregularrepeatedactions

ExampleIlike[presentsimple]chocolate

ExampleIgotothefactoryatsix

PRESSTYPECLICKSTRIKEHITSELECT

WhenwritinginstructionsforcomputerandsoftwareusageusethefollowingguidelinestodescribekeyboardactionsPressmdashwhenakeyboardkeyinteractionisneededtoperformaparticularfunction

ExamplePressYtocontinue

DonotusedepressstrikehitortypeforthesetypesofkeyboardinteractionsUsemdashfornavigationpurposeswithanarrowkeyorwhenmultiplekeysarepressedatthe

sametimetoinitiateacommand

ExampleUsethearrowkeystomoveupordowninthedocument

Typemdashwhenauserentersinformationthatappearsonthescreen

ExampleTypeyouruserID

Clickmdashwhenusingthemousetomakeaselection

ExampleClicktheFilemenu

Selectmdashwhenmarkingorhighlightingtextinadocumentwhenaddingcheckstocheckboxesorwhenpickinganitemfromalist

ExampleSelectthedesiredtextthenclickCopy

ExampleFromthelistofvaluesselectyourchoice

IncorrectInourpreviousdiscussionyoumentionedyoumightbeinterestedinorderinganewdeliverytruck

CorrectEarlieryoumentionedyoumightbeinterestedinorderinganewdeliverytruck

PRINCIPALPRINCIPLE

Principalcanbethepersonmdashsomeonewhorunsaschooloranimportantpersonsuchastheownerofabusinessmdashoritcanbetheamountborrowedinaloan

ExampleTheprincipalactorshadtheirownprivatetrailersonthemovieset

Principleisacodeofconductusuallyinvolvinglaworadoctrine

ExampleTheconversationwasabouttheprincipleofsubsidiarity

PROBLEMPRONOUNS

PronounsinthenominativecasemdashIweheshetheymdashserveassubjectsofverbsbutneverasobjectsofverbsorprepositions

Youcanoftentellthatthecaseiswrongbecausethesentencesoundsoddhoweverwhencompoundsubjectsorcompoundobjectsareuseditmaybedifficulttoldquohearrdquothecorrectcase

Totestsuchaninstancedroptheothersubjectorobjectandrepeatthesentencewithonlythepronouninquestion

INominativeCaseNeveranObject

IncorrectThisisjustbetweenyouandI

CorrectThisisjustbetweenyouandme

IncorrectHeaskedthatthemoneybegiventoyouandI

TestHeaskedthatthemoneybegiventoI

CorrectHeaskedthatthemoneybegiventoyouandme

TestHeaskedthatthemoneybegiventome

SheHeNominativeCaseNeveranObject

IncorrectIfyoustaytheretheballwillhityouandshe

TestIfyoustaytheretheballwillhitshe

CorrectIfyoustaytheretheballwillhityouandher

TestIfyoustaytheretheballwillhither

TheyNominativeCaseNeveranObject

IncorrectIwillgivethemoneytoyouandthey

TestIwillgivethemoneytothey

CorrectIwillgivethemoneytoyouandthem

TestIwillgivethemoneytothem

IncorrectYouandthemarewelcometocome

TestThemarewelcometocome

CorrectYouandtheyarewelcometocome

TestTheyarewelcometocome

WeNominativeCaseNeveranObject

IncorrectUsboysarereadytoplaythegame

TestUsarereadytoplaythegame

CorrectWeboysarereadytoplaythegame

TestWearereadytoplaythegame

MeUsHerHimThemObjectiveCaseNeveraSubjectPronounsintheobjectivecasemdashmeusherhimthemmdasharealwaysusedasobjectsofeitherverbsorprepositionsneverassubjects

Withacompoundobjectusethesamewayoftestingchangingthenumberoftheverbasneeded

IncorrectJimandmewenttothemovies

TestMewenttothemovies

CorrectJimandIwenttothemovies

TestIwenttothemovies

BetterJimwenttothemovieswithme

IncorrectJulieandussatonthetopbleacher

TestUssatonthetopbleacher

CorrectJulieandwesatonthetopbleacher

TestWesatonthetopbleacher

BetterJuliesatonthetopbleacherwithus

IncorrectTommyandher[himusthem]arguedeveryday

TestHer[himusthem]arguedeveryday

CorrectTommyandshe[hewethey]arguedeveryday

PROCEEDPRECEDE

SeePrecedeProceed

PROGRESSIVEVERBS

Progressiveverbswhichindicatesomethingthatisbeingorhappeningareformedbythepresentparticipleform(endingin-ing)andanauxiliary

ExampleSheis[auxiliary]crying[presentparticiple]ShewascryingShewillbecrying

ShehasbeencryingShehadbeencryingShewillhavebeencrying

Theprogressiveformoccursonlywithdynamicverbs(verbsthatshowtheabilitytochange)TherearefivetypesofdynamicverbsActivityverbs

Exampleaskplayworkwritesaylistencallea

Processverbs

Examplechangegrowmaturewide

Verbsofbodilysensation

Examplehurtitchachefee

Transitionaleventsverbs

Examplearrivedielandleaveloss

Momentaryverbs

Examplehitjumpthrowkick

StativeverbsdescribeaqualitythatisincapableofchangeTherearetwoclassificationsofstativeverbsVerbsofinertperceptionandcognition

Exampleguesshatehearpleasesatisfy

Relationalverbs

Exampleequalpossessownincludecostconcerncontain

PRONOUNS

Usuallypronounsrefertoanounanindividualorgrouporathingwhoseidentityhasbeen

madeclearpreviously

Thewordapronounsubstitutesforiscalleditsantecedent

ExampleAmandaacceptedNickrsquosproposalShe[Amandatheantecedentforldquosherdquoandldquoherrdquo]knewhe[Nicktheantecedent]wastherightguyforher[Amanda]

Notallpronounsrefertoanantecedent

ExampleEveryone[noantecedent]onthisfloorchargesoveronehundreddollarsanhour

ThetypesofpronounsarePersonalmdashyouhimitusthemDemonstrativemdashthisthatthesethoseIndefinitemdashallanyanybodyanyoneeveryoneRelativemdashwhoeverwhomeverwhicheverReflexivemdashmyselfyourselfherselfIntensivemdashtheythemselvesImyselfthepresidenthimselfInterrogativemdashwhowhomwhichwhatReciprocalmdasheachotheroneanother

PronounsandAntecedentAgreement

ApronounusuallyreferstoitsantecedentandthetwowordsmustagreeinnumberIftheantecedentispluralthepronounmustbepluralIftheantecedentissingularthepronounmustbesingular

Certainpronounslikeanyoneanybodyeveryoneeverybodysomeonesomebodyandnobodyarealwayssingular

ExampleAnyone[antecedent]whosayssuchathingis[singularverb]justplainwrong

ThesameistrueforeitherandneitherEventhoughtheyseemtobereferringtotwothingstheyaresingular

ExampleNeitherPayalnorCharuiscorrect

Inothercasesthedeterminationofsingularorpluraldependsonwhatthepronounreferstomdashasinglepersonoragroup

ExampleThepersonwhobrokemywindowisstillunknown

ExampleThepeoplewhohavebeenwithoutpowerarenowcomplaining

Oneofthemostfrequentlyaskedgrammarquestionsisregardingthepronounwho(whowhosewhomwhoeverandwhomever)AgoodwaytounderstandtheusesforwhoistocompareitwiththepronounsheandtheyTable223showsthecomparisonsbetweenthepronounwhoandthepronounsheandthey

Table223ThePronounWho

OnegoodwaytochoosebetweenthevariousformsofwhoistothinkofthesentenceintermsofthechoicebetweenheandhimIfhimfeelsrightchoosewhomIfhesoundsbetterpickwho

ExampleWhodoyouthinkiscoming[Doyouthinkheiscoming

ExampleWhomshallweinvitetothemovie[Shallweinvitehimtothemovie]

ExampleGivethemoneytowhomeveryouplease[Givethemoneytohim

ExampleGivethemoneytowhoeverwantsitmost[Hewantsitmost

ExampleWhoeverguessesmyagewillwintheprize[Heguessesmyage

AnotherrelatedproblemisconfusingwhosewithwhorsquosWhorsquoslookslikeitispossessivehoweveritisreallyacontractionofwhois

ExampleWhorsquosgoingtotaketheassignment

ExampleWhosegloveisthis

PROPERADJECTIVES

ProperadjectivescomefrompropernounsthatactasadjectivestomodifyanothernounProperadjectivesbeginwithacapitalletter

ExampleHewasthefirstHispanic[properadjective]mayorinthehistoryofthecity

PROPERNOUNS

PropernounsarethenameofaspecificpersonplaceorthingTheyarealwayscapitalized

ExampleAtlantaFranceLind

PROTATIS

Protatisisatermthatdescribesanifclauseinaconditionalsentence

ExampleIfyoubuyalotteryticket[protatis]youmightwinahundredmilliondollars

QUANTIFIERS

Quantifiersarewordsthatprecedeandmodifynounsandthatareusedtocommunicatehowmanyorhowmuch

SelectingthecorrectquantifierdependsonwhethertheyareusedwithacountornoncountnounThefollowingquantifierscanbeusedwithcountnouns

Examplemany[quantifier]peopleafewpeopleseveralpeopleacoupleofpeoplenoneofthepeople

Thefollowingquantifierscanbeusedwithnoncountnouns

Examplenotmucheatingalittleeatingabitofeatingagooddealofeatingnoeating

QUESTIONMARK

Aquestionmarkclosesaquestion

ExampleWhattimeisit

Aquestionmarkisalsousedtoexpressadoubt

ExampleHeisolder()thanshe

Ifthequestionisindirectnoquestionmarkisused

ExampleIwonderwhetherhewillbehere

Whenaquestionisaskedinthemiddleofasentencethequestionissetoffbycommasandthesentenceendswithaquestionmark

ExampleTheyarearrivingarenrsquottheyonthenoontrain

Whenthequestionisenclosedinparenthesesthequestionmarkisinsidetheparenthesesnotattheendofthesentence

ExampleThemagazine(didyouseeit)describesthecityingreatdetail

Ifthequestionmarkispartofaquotationitisplacedinsidetheclosingquotationmarkifitisnotapartofthequotationitisplacedoutsidetheclosingquotationmark

ExampleThestatementendedldquoAndisthatallrdquo

ExampleWhatdidshemeanbyldquojoblessyearsrdquo

Ifthelastwordinaquestionisanabbreviationandthuscontainsaperiodthequestionmarkisalsoused

ExampleDoyouthinkhewillarriveby4pm

Whenastatementismadeintoaquestionthequestionmarkisused

ExampleHeisarrivingtoday

ExampleReally

QUESTIONTYPES

AvarietyofquestiontypesareusedintheEnglishlanguageAcademicmdashaquestionofinterestbutofnoparticularuseorvalueEmbeddedmdashaquestionthatisinasentencebutnotaquestioninthecontextofthesentenceHypotheticalmdashaquestionofinterestbuthavingnoimpactonthecurrentsituationLeadingmdashaquestionthatsuggestsaparticularanswerQuestionTagmdashastatementwithanauxiliaryverbandpronounaddedtoconfirmthestatement

RhetoricalmdashaquestionwithanobviousanswerthatneedsnoresponseYesNomdashaquestionthatcanbeansweredwithyesorno

QUITCLAIM

Aquitclaimisalegaldocumentthatgivesuptitletoproperty

NoteUsingquickclaimisincorrect

QUITEXIT

Forcomputer-relatedproceduresandmanualsavoidusingquittocloseaprogramUseexittodescribeendingaprogramUseclosetodescribeputtingawayadocumentorwindow

QUOTATIONMARKS

Doublequotationmarksareusedtosetoffanymaterialquotedinasentenceorparagraph

ExampleThepassagehereadaloudwasfromthefirstchapterldquoThediscoveryofthisenergybringsustotheproblemofhowtoallowittobeusedTheuseofatomicpowerthrowsusbacktotheGreeklegendofPrometheusandtheage-oldquestionofwhetherforceshouldbeexertedagainstlawThemanoftodaymustdecidewhetherhewillusethispowerfordestructionorforpeacefulpurposesrdquoWhenhehadfinishedthereadingtherewasloudapplause

Ifthequotedmaterialconsistsofseveralparagraphstheopeningquotationmarkisusedatthebeginningofthequotationandatthebeginningofeachparagraphwithinthequotation

AclosingquotationmarkhoweverisusedonlyattheconclusionofthequotationItisnotusedattheendofeachparagraphinthequotationasmanypeoplemistakenlythink

QuotationsWithinQuotations

Singlequotationmarksindicateaquotationwithinthequotation

ExampleHesaidldquoDidyouhearJohnmakethestatementlsquoIwillnotgowithherrsquoorwereyounotpresentatthetimehespokerdquo

QuotationsforTitles

Inprintedtextthetitlesofessaysarticlespoemsstoriesorchaptersaresetoffinquotationmarkstitlesofplaysbooksandperiodicalpublicationsareitalicized

ExampleThenameofthearticleisldquoIBelieverdquo

ExampleThetitleofthebookisProjectBloom

ExampleThearticleldquoABraveManrsquosJourneyrdquowasfirstpublishedinHarperrsquosMagazine

QuotationMarksandPunctuation

Placetheclosequotationmarkoutsidethecommaandtheperiod

ExampleldquoDonrsquotstopnowrdquohesaidldquowhenyouhavesolittlelefttofinishrdquo

Placetheclosequotationmarkinsidethecolonandthesemicolon

ExampleHecalledheraldquolittlewitchrdquothatwasrightaftershebrokehismodelplane

Placetheclosequotationmarkoutsideanexclamationpointoraquestionmarkwhenthequotedmaterialitselfisanexclamationoraquestion

ExampleldquoIpassedmytestrdquo

ExampleHerresponsewasldquoDidhereallysaythatrdquo

Placetheclosequotationmarkinsideanexclamationpointoraquestionmarkwhenthequotedmaterialaloneisnotanexclamationoraquestion

ExampleIcanrsquotbelieveheactuallyusedthewordldquoidiotrdquo

ExampleDidnrsquotheclaimtobeldquotootiredrdquo

RAISERISE

RaiseisatransitiveverbandalwaystakesanobjectRiseisanintransitiveverbandnevertakesanobject

CorrectTheyraisethequestion[object]ateverymeeting

CorrectIrisetomakeamotion

RATIONALRATIONALE

RationalisanadjectivethatmeanslogicalorreasonableRationaleisanounthatmeansabelieforcontrollingprinciple

CorrectAnyrationalpersonwouldagree

CorrectMyrationaleisthatcentralizingcontroldestroysindividualinitiative

Donrsquotuserealwhenyoureallymeanvery

IncorrectHeisrealassertive

CorrectHeisveryassertive

RECIPROCALPRONOUNS

Thereciprocalpronounseachotherandoneanotherareusedtoexpressmutuality

ExampleMybrotherandIalwaysgiveeachotherahardtime

Ifmorethantwopeopleareinvolveduseoneanother

ExampleTheteammembersgaveoneanotherhighfives

Reciprocalpronounscanalsotakethepossessiveform

ExampleTheyborrowedeachotherrsquosclothes

RECURREOCCUR

Recurmeanstoreturntotocomebackortooccuragainandagain

ExampleTheproblemrecurredyesterdayforthetenthtime

Recurrencemeansoneofseveralrepetitions

ExampleIftherersquosarecurrenceofthefeveryoumustseethedoctor

Reoccurmeansasinglerepetition

ExampleThecreakingsoundintheatticreoccurredanhourlater

Relatedwordsincludereocurrenceandrecurrent

REDUNDANCY

Althoughawell-roundedwritingstyleincludescompoundandcomplexsentencesitisimportanttoavoidredundancythatissayingthesamethingtwiceTable224presentsalistofsomeofthemostcommonredundantphrases

Table224CommonRedundantPhrases

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

ReflexivepronounsindicatethatthesubjectinasentencealsoreceivestheactionoftheverbReflexivepronounsareformedbyadding-selfor-selvestothepronoun

ExamplePeoplewhocheatontheirtaxesareonlyhurtingthemselves[reflexivepronoun]

Wheneverareflexivepronounisinasentencethesentencemustcontainapersontowhomthepronouncanreflect

IncorrectPleasegivethefoodtomyself[ThesentencecontainsnoothersubjectsuchasldquoIrdquo]

ExampleIgavemyselfthecredit

Reflexivepronounsarethesameasintensivepronouns(myselfyourselfherselfhimselfourselvesandthemselves)Thereisatendencytousereflexiveandintensivepronouns(endingin-self)whentheyarenotappropriate

IncorrectThesebookswillbereadbymyself

CorrectThesebookswillbereadbyme

Theindefinitepronounonehasitsownreflexiveform

ExampleOnemusttrustoneself

Otherindefinitepronounsuseeitherhimselforthemselvesasreflexives

REGARDREGARDS

WhenmakingareferencetosomethingwritewithregardtoAttheendofcorrespondencewriteregards

RegardlessisoftenusedasanadverbthatmeansdespiteeverythingThewordirregardlessisnonstandardandshouldnotbeused

REGULARVERBS

Regularverbstakean-edtoformthepastsimpleandpastparticipletenses

Exampletalktalked

Regularverbsthatendinetakea-dtoformthesetenses

Examplejokejoked

RELATIVEADVERBS

Adjectivalclausescanbeintroducedbyrelativeadverbswherewhenandwhy

TherelativeworditselfservesinanadverbialfunctionmodifyingtheverbintheclauseTherelativeadverbwherebeginsaclausethatmodifiesanounofplace

ExampleMyfamilynowlivesinthetownwhere[modifiesldquousedtoberdquo]mygrandfatherusedtobesheriff[Theentireclausemodifiesthenounldquotownrdquo]

Awhenclausemodifiesnounsoftime

ExampleMyfavoritedayoftheweekisFridaywhentheweekendisabouttobegin

Awhyclausemodifiesthenounreason

ExampleDoyouknowthereasonwhyschoolisouttoday

Sometimestherelativeadverbisleftoutoftheseclausesandthewritersubstitutesthatinstead

ExampleDoyouknowthereasonthatschoolisouttoday

RELATIVECLAUSES

ArelativeclausemodifiesanounornounphraseinasentenceRelativeclausesaredependentclausesintroducedbyarelativepronoun(thatwhichwhicheverwhowhoeverwhomwhomeverwhoseandofwhich)

ExampleJohnsaidthathiskneewhichhadbotheredhimeversincetheaccident[relativeclause]neededsurgery

ExampleCathydidnrsquotgetthepromotionwhichreallysurprisedeveryoneintheoffice

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

Therelativepronounswhowhoeverwhichandthatrelatetogroupsofwordsnounsandotherpronouns

ExampleIdonrsquotknowwhyshesaidthat

ExampleThisisthehousethathadthefire

Thepronounwhoconnectsthesubjecttotheverbwithinadependentclause

ExampleThatisthewomanwhousedtobeateacher

ChoosingbetweenwhichandthatandbetweenwhoandwhomisdifficultformanypeopleGenerallyusewhichtointroduceclausesthatareparentheticalinnatureinotherwordstheycanberemovedfromthesentencewithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentenceAwhoclauseisoftensetapartwithacommaorapairofcommasUsethattointroduceclausesthatareindispensableforthemeaningofthesentenceThatclausesarenotsetapartbycommas

Thepronounwhichreferstothingswhoreferstopeopleandthatusuallyreferstothingsbutmayalsorefertopeopleinageneralway

TheexpandedrelativepronounswhoeverwhomeverandwhateverareknownasindefiniterelativepronounsTheydonotdefineanythingorpersoninparticular

ExampleThecompanywillhirewhomever[indefiniterelativepronoun]itpleases

ExampleSheseemedtosaywhatevercametomind

ExampleWhoevertookthemoneywillbepunished

Whatcanbeanindefiniterelativepronounwhenusedtointroduceadependentclause

ExampleHewillgiveyouwhatyouneedforthetrip

REOCCUR

SeeRecurReoccur

REPORTEDSPEECH

ReportedspeechalsocalledindirectspeechisusedtoexpresswhatsomeoneelsesaidwithoutusinghisorherexactwordsThecharacteristicsofreportedspeecharethatExactquotesandquotationmarksarenotusedPronounsareoftenchangedVerbtenseisusuallychanged

ExactquoteIrsquomgoingtodeclarebankruptcy

ReportedspeechHesaidhewasgoingtodeclarebankruptcy

RESTRICTIVECLAUSES

Arestrictiveclauserestrictsthemeaningoftheprecedingsubject

Nonrestrictiveclausesalsotellyousomethingabouttheprecedingsubjectbuttheydonotlimitthepossiblemeaning

RestrictiveclausesnormallybeginwiththatNonrestrictiveclausesnormallybeginwithwhich

ExampleTheassistantboundthereportsthatwerelessthan30daysold[restrictiveclausetheassistantboundonlythereportsthatwerelessthan30daysold]

ExampleTheassistantboundthereportswhichwerelessthan30daysold[nonrestrictivetheassistantboundreportsandallofthemwerelessthan30daysold]

RESULTATIVEADJECTIVE

Aresultativeadjectiveisplacedafterthenounitmodifiesandchangesthemeaningoftheverbanditsactiononthenoun

ExampleHewipedthedeskclean

ExampleHepaintedtheofficegreen

RESUMPTIVEMODIFIER

Aresumptivemodifiertakesawordfromasentencethatappearstobeendingandaddsadditionalinformation

ExampleYoursquollfindworkingwithVideologiestobebothenlighteningandrewardingmdash

enlighteningduetothemanyinnovationswersquollintroducetoyourcompanyrewardingbecauseoftheenhancementstoproductivityyourcompanywillexperience[resumptivemodifier]

RHETORICALQUESTION

ArhetoricalquestionisaskedtomakeapointandwhenananswerisnotexpectedTheanswerforarhetoricalquestionisusuallyobvious

ExampleWhoisresponsibleforrunningthecompanymdashthecustomerstheemployeesorthemanagers

Rhymeisaliterarytechniqueusedinpoetrywherewordsattheendsoflinessoundsimilar

RIGHTBUSINESS

SeeBusinessRight

RIGHT-CLICK

SeeMouseTerminology

RISERAISE

SeeRaiseRise

ROMANNUMERALS

RomannumeralsareoftenusedinoutlinesandsomedatesTable225containsthemostcommonlyusedRomannumeralsTable226containscommonRomandates

Table225MostCommonRomanNumerals

Table226CommonRomanNumeralDates

ROOTROUTROUTE

RootcanbeAnounthatmeansthepartofaplantthatgrowsbeneaththegroundAverbthatmeanstodeveloprootsortodigintheearthAverbthatmeanstoapplaudorcheerforsomeone

RoutcanbeAnounthatmeansaterribledefeatorretreatAverbthatmeanstodefeatsoundly

RoutecanbeAnounthatmeansanavenueoftravelsuchasaroadAverbthatmeanstoselectaparticularpathway

Whenreferringtoabusinessororganizationdonrsquotuseruninplaceofmanage

IncorrectHerunsthebakery

CorrectHemanagesthebakery

RUN-ONSENTENCES

SeeFusedSentences

Donrsquotusesametorefertothesubjectofasentence

IncorrectYourletterarrivedandIacknowledgethesamewiththanks

CorrectYourletterarrivedandIacknowledgeitwiththanks

SARCASM

SarcasmisafigureofspeechthatdescribesapassagewheretheauthormeanstheoppositeofwhatisactuallysaidSarcasmisaformofironySarcasticremarksareoftenrudeorhumorous

ExampleMaybeyoushouldtalkonthephonealittlelouderIdonrsquotthinkeveryoneintheofficecouldhearyourconversation

SATIRE

SatireisaliterarytechniquewhereanauthormakesfunofsomeoneorsomethinginordertocreateanegativeopinionSatireoftenuseshumortoridiculethesubject

Anauthoroftenusessatiretoexpressastrongopinionaboutsomeoneorsomethinginordertodamageorruinthesubjectofthesatire

SCREEN

SCREENTERMINOLOGY

ThescreencapturesinFigures25to29illustratevariousfeaturesofMicrosoftWindowsndashbasedsoftwareforthepurposeofidentifyingelementsthatmayappearinsoftware-relatedproceduresandmanuals

Figure25WindowsDesktop

Figure26OpenWindow

Figure27BrowserWindow

Figure28WebPage

Figure29ProgramWindow

SECONDCONDITIONAL

ThesecondconditionalisusedtoexpressfutureactionsthatdependontheresultofanotherfutureactionUsuallythereisonlyasmallchancebothconditionswillbesatisfied

Thesecondconditionalisformedwithif+pastsimpletense+would+baseform

ExampleIfIfoundaburiedtreasureIwouldbuymyownisland

SELECT

SeePressTypeClickStrikeHitSelect

SEMICOLON

Asemicolonisusedwhentheconjunctionisomittedbetweenpartsofacompoundsentence

ExampleIwentwiththemIshouldhavestayedathome

Asemicolonprecedeswordssuchashowevermoreoverorotherwisewhentheyintroducethesecondoftwoconnectedfullsentences

ExampleSheisarrivingatnoonhowevershewillnotstaylong

Ifpartsofaseriescontaininnerpunctuationsuchasacommathepartsareseparatedbyasemicolon

ExampleHecametoseehismotherwhowasillhissisterwholivedinthenexttownandhisoldschoolmate

SEMIWEEKLYSEMIMONTHLY

SeeBiweeklyBimonthlySemiweeklySemimonthly

SENSORCENSOR

SeeCensorCensureSensorCenser

SENTENCE

Asentencehasasubjectandaverb(predicate)thatcanstandalone

Asentencestartswithacapitalletterandendswithaperiodquestionmarkorexclamationmark

SENTENCEFRAGMENTS

AsentencefragmentfailstobeasentencebecauseitcannotstandbyitselfItdoesnotcontainatleastoneindependentclause

AgroupofwordsmayappeartobeasentencebutturnouttobeasentencefragmentinsteadforseveralreasonsThesentencefragmentmaycontainaseriesofprepositionalphraseswithoutapropersubject-verbrelationship

ExampleinTexassometimeinearlyApriljustbeforethebluebonnetsappear

Thesentencefragmentmaybeaverbalphraseintendedtomodifysomethingthatismissing

Exampleworkingdeepintothenightinanefforttogethistaxescomplete

Thesentencefragmentmayhaveasubject-verbrelationshipbutithasbeensubordinatedtoanotherideaorwordsothatitcannotstandbyitself

Examplealthoughhewastallerthanhisolderbrother

SENTENCESUBJECT

Thesubjectofasentenceisthepersonplaceorthingthatisthemainagentinthesentence

TofindthesubjectofasentencefirstlocatetheverbThenanswerthequestionwhatorwhoisbeingldquoverbedrdquo

ExampleThemonkeysinthetreetopsmustbeobserved[verbSowhatmustbeobservedTheansweristhemonkeys]

Asimplesubjectisasubjectwithoutanymodifiers

ExampleTheupcomingevent[simplesubject]strippedofallthehypeisnothingbutafund-raiser

Sometimesasimplesubjectcanbemorethanonewordorevenanentireclause

ExampleWhathehadforgottenaboutthelawwasamazingconsideringhowmanyyearshespentinlawschool

Usuallywhenthesubjectofasentenceisyouandthesentenceisasuggestionorderorcommandtheyouisleftout

ExampleGetoutoftheway[Youisunderstoodtobethesubject]

ForsentenceanalysisthepersonwhoinitiatesanactioninasentenceiscalledtheagentWhentheactivevoiceisusedthesubjectistheagent

ExampleTheclass[subjectagent]failedthetest

WhenthepassivevoiceisusedtheagentisnotthesubjectSomepassivesentencesdonrsquotcontainanagent

ExampleThetestwasfailedbytheclass[objectoftheprepositionldquobyrdquo]

SENTENCETYPES

ThetypesofsentencestructuresareSimplemdashoneindependentclause

ExampleHewenttothestore

Compoundmdashmorethanoneindependentclause

ExampleHewenttothestoreandheboughtgroceries

Complexmdashoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause

ExampleHewenttothestorewhereheboughtgroceries

Compoundcomplexmdashmorethanoneindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclause

ExampleHewenttothelibraryandthenhewenttothestorewhereheboughtgroceries

Periodicmdashbeginningwithmodifyingphrasesandclausesandendingwithanindependentclause

ExampleHavinggonetothestoreheboughtgroceries

Cumulativemdashbeginningwithanindependentclauseandendingwithaseriesofmodifyingconstructions

ExampleHeranhismorningerrandsbuyinggroceriesdroppingoffhisprescriptionandgettingcashfromtheATM

SENTENCEVARIETY

Asentenceisagroupofwordscontainingasubjectandapredicate

Howyouusethemanytypesofsentencesinyourwritingtheorderinwhichyouusethemandhowyoucombineandpunctuatethemdetermineyourwritingstyle

ItisrelativelyeasytowriteshortsentencesHoweverifyouuseonlyshortsentencesyourwritingwillappeartobeaprimerstyleandgiveyourreaderapoorimpressionofyourlevelofprofessionalismTowritemorecomplicatedsentencesyouhavetocreateconstructionsofclausesandphrasesConsiderthesetipsLongsentencesandrun-onsentencesarenotthesamethingCombiningtoolongaseriesofclausesmayconfusethereaderManywritersareafraidtheyrsquollcreaterun-onsentencesandtendtoleantowardtheshortervariety

BycoordinatingclausesandpunctuationyoucanallowthecomplexityofasentencetodevelopaftertheverbnotbeforeitThekeyistomakethesubject-verbconnectionandthenallowthesentencetopaintthepicturesurroundingthatsubjectandverb

OneissuethatisdifficultformanybusinesswritersistheneedtorepeatkeytermsinlongsentencesTherepetitionfeelsawkwardWhenproperlyhandledthoughrepeatedphrasescancreatearhythmthathelpstoemphasizethemeaningofthesentence

Anotherwaytoenhancesentencevarietyandcomplexityistoavoidclumsyldquowhichclausesrdquoandreplacethemwithdependentclauses

ExampleAtlantacontinuestogrowineverydirectionwhichmeansthathomesarerapidlyreplacingthefieldsandforestsinoutlyingareas

BetterAtlantacontinuestogrowineverydirectionashomesrapidlyreplacethefieldsandforestsinoutlyingareas

Whenusedsparinglyyoucancreateaninterestingtwisttoasentencebyendingitwithasetofprepositionalphraseseachbeginningwithapresentorpastparticiple

ExampleYoursquollfindworkingwithVideologiestobeanexcellentexperienceonethatwilldevelopintoalastingrelationshipintoapartnershipwinningfuturebusinessforusall

RemembertothrowanoccasionalquestionexclamationorcommandintoyourwritingQuestionscanbeusefulatthebeginningofaparagraphtosummarizethecontentthatfollows

ExclamationscanbeusedtoexpressstrongfeelingsCommandsprovidedirectionandenergybytellingyourreaderswhattodo

Occasionallytrytobeginsentenceswithsomethingotherthanthenormalsubject-verbcomboConsiderthesetipsStartwithamodifyingclauseorparticipialphraseBeginwithacoordinatingconjunction(andbutnorforyetorso)ManypeoplethinkthattheyshouldneverbeginasentencewithbutandthatitshouldbelinkedtotheprevioussentencetomakeacompoundstructureButasentencelikethiscallsattentiontoitselfandcanbeausefuldevice

SETUPSETUP

Setupiswrittenasonewordwhenactingasanounoradjective

ExampleToinstallthesoftwarerunSetup[noun]

ExampleThesetup[adjective]processshouldtakeyouapproximatelytenminutes

Setupiswrittenastwowordswhenactingasaverb

ExampleHaveyouunpackedandsetupyouroffice

SEXISTLANGUAGE

SeeUnbiasedLanguage

SHALLWILL

Useshalltoexpressasimpleexpectedactionbythefirstperson

Usewillwithsecondandthirdpersons

Toexpressdeterminationorcommandreversetheorderusewillforthefirstpersonandshallforthesecondandthird

ExampleWeshallgotomorrow

ExampleHewillgotoo

ExampleYouwillbeattheconferencebythetimewearrive

ExampleIwillgotomorrow

ExampleHeshallgowithmeevenifImustforcehim

ExampleYoushallneverdothatagain

Donrsquotuseshapetorefertothestatusofsomething

IncorrectThetransactionwascompletedingoodshape

CorrectThetransactionwascompletedtoeveryonersquossatisfaction

SHOULDMUST

Shouldisusedwhenanactionisrecommendedbutoptional

ExampleIshouldcleanthekitchen

Mustisusedwhenanactionisrequired

ExampleMomsaidwemustcleanthekitchen

SHOULDOF

SHOULDWOULD

Useshouldwiththefirstpersonandwouldwiththesecondandthirdpersonstoexpressexpectedaction

ExampleIshouldrundiagnosticsagaintolookforerrors

ExampleTheywouldexpecttohavedinnerwithusaftertheplay

Usingshouldandwouldinsteadofshallandwillimpliesadoubtthattheactionwilltakeplace

ShouldandwouldmayalsobeusedwithallpersonsbutinthesecasesthemeaningoftheverbsisdifferentShouldmaybeusedwithallpersonstoshowobligationWouldmaybeusedwithallpersonstoshowintentordetermination

CorrectAchildshouldlovehisparents

CorrectIfIhadenoughmoneyIwouldbuyacar

SHUTDOWNSHUTDOWN

Shutdownistwowordswhenusedasaverb

ExampleYoushouldshutdownyourcomputerduringthunderstorms

Shutdownisonewordwhenusedasanounoradjective

ExampleToturnoffyourcomputerclickStartandthenShutdown

SicisaLatinwordthatmeansldquoinsuchamannerrdquoWhenquotingapassagethathasmisspelledwordsorpoorgrammarinclude[sic]italicizedandwithinbracketstoshowthatthemistakesareanaccuratepartofthequote

ExampleSprayedonthesideofthewallwasthesloganldquoEatmoorechiken[sic]rdquo

SIGNINSIGNOUTSIGNONSIGNUP

SigninisusedwhenenteringauserIDandpasswordtoaccessasecureWebsiteWhenyouexitasecureWebsiteyousignout

Signonisusedasanountodescribesecuritysoftware

ExampleTheWebsitefeaturesasecuresinglesignon

SignupiswhenyouregistertoaccessasecureWebsite

SIMILE

Asimileisafigureofspeechthatisusedtodescribesomethingbycomparingittosomethingelseusingwordssuchaslikeoras

ExampleHewasasnuttyasafruitcake

ExampleShelaughslikeahyena

SINCEBECAUSE

SeeBecauseSinceAs

SINGULAR

Singularisagrammaticaltermforanounpronounorverbthatisusedtodescribesomethingwhenthereisonlyoneitem

Exampleanofficeacaralaptopatelephone

Pluralisthegrammaticaltermusedwhenthereismorethanoneitem

SITSET

Sitisanintransitiveverb

CorrectShesitsnearherhusbandateverymeeting

Setisatransitiveverb

CorrectHesetstheplatesonthetableinanorderlymanner

SITESIGHTCITE

SeeCiteSiteSight

Slangisinformalsometimesgrammaticallyincorrectlanguagethatisusedbygroupstobindthegrouptogether

Usageofslangoftenspreadsoutsidethegroupandbecomesmainstreaminformallanguage

ExampleThatrsquosacoolhatyoursquorewearing

ExampleHedefinitelyhashisgamefaceon

Theslashisoftenusedasshorthandorwhenthechoicebetweenalternativesisnebulous

BecausetheslashisoftenambiguoususeitwithcautionTheslashisusedWithandorcombinationsToindicateotherrelationshipsbetweenwords

AndOrCombinations

TheslashcanbeusedtoindicateOptionsthatareavailable

ExampleTheingredientsofthedrinkareicerumlimelemonandcola

ExampleDearSirMadam

Thatsomethinghasmorethanonefunction

ExampleThepotterworkedaloneinthecoldgaragestudio

IndicatingOtherRelationships

TheslashcanbeusedtoSeparateelementsthatarebeingcompared

ExampleTheRedskinsCowboysrivalryhasalonghistory

Separateoriginsanddestinations

ExampleTheDallasAtlantaflightwascanceled

Separatethenumeralsinadate

Example1231201

Indicateaperiodthatspanstwoormorecalendaryears

ExampleForthe201112schoolyeartheeighthgraderswillbetakingtechnologyeducation

forthefirsttime

Meanldquoperrdquo

Example1000kmhou

Writefractions

Example14+14=1

SMALLCAPS

SmallcapsareuppercaselettersthatarethesameheightasthesurroundinglowercaselettersSmallcapsareoftenusedforacronymsandabbreviations

ExampleTHESEARESMALLCAPS

AvoidoveruseofthisadverbialconjunctionConsequentlythereforeandinasmuchasaregoodsubstituteswhenyouwanttovarythestyle

AvoidIthadsnowedoverafootthatdaysowedrovethejeepintotown

BetterIthadsnowedoverafootthatdayconsequentlywedrovethejeepintotown

SOFTWAREMENUSANDCOMMANDS

Figure210showsanexampleofsoftwaremenuelements

Figure210SoftwareMenuTerminology

SOLIDUS

SolidusisanothernameforSlash

SeeSlash

SOMEANY

SeeAnySome

SOMETIMESOMETIME

Sometimemeansoccasionaloratsomepoint

Sometimemeansanamountoftime

CorrectIwillgosometimethismorning

CorrectIfIhavesometimethismorningIshalldothejobforyou

SORTOFKINDOF

SeeKindofSortof

SPACESAFTERPERIODS

OnlyonespaceisneededattheendofasentenceaftertheperiodbeforestartinganothersentenceWhenpeopleusedtypewritersitwascommontoaddtwospacesafteraperiod

SPLITINFINITIVE

OneofthemostcommonwritingmistakesisthesplitinfinitiveAninfinitiveissaidtobesplitwhenaword(usuallyanadverb)isplacedbetweenthetooftheinfinitiveandtherootverb

Exampletoboldlygowherenomanhasgonebefore

TheargumentagainstsplitinfinitivesisbasedontheideathataninfinitiveisasingleunitandshouldnotbedividedBecauseitissoeasytospotmanywriterstrytoavoidasplitHowevermanystyleguidesnowsaytheruleagainstsplittinginfinitivescanbeignoredToavoidthecriticismitisagoodruletoavoidsplitinfinitivesinbusinesswriting

SeeJrSr

STATIVEADJECTIVE

Astativeadjectivedescribesaconditionorstatethatisnoteasilychanged

Examplelargebluelittle

STATIVEVERB

SeeProgressiveVerbs

SUBHEADINGS

SeeHeadingsandSubheadings

SUBJECT

Anounpronounornounphrasethatcomesbeforethemainverbinasentenceiscalledthe

subject

ExampleShe[subject]wenttothewarehouse

Tofindthesubjectinasentenceaskthequestionwhoorwhatdidtheactionexpressedbytheverb

SUBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

SUBJECTIVECASE

Thesubjectivecasealsocalledsubjectivepronounsconsistsofpersonalpronounsthatcanactassubjectsinasentence

ExampleIyouhesheitwethe

Theobjectivecaseconsistsofpronounsthatactasobjectsinasentence

Examplemeyouhimheritusyouthe

SUBJECTIVEPRONOUNS

SeeSubjectiveCase

SUBJECT-VERBAGREEMENT

Thebasicruleofsubject-verbagreementisthatasingularsubjectneedsasingularverbandthatpluralsubjectsrequirepluralverbs

ExampleMybrotheris[singularsubjectandverb]apsychologist

ExampleMybrothersare[pluralsubjectandverb]psychologists

Indefinitepronounslikeanyoneeveryonesomeonenooneandnobodyaresingularsubjectsandthusrequiresingularverbs

ExampleEveryoneisstudyinghard

Someindefinitepronounssuchasallandsomecanbesingularorpluraldependingonwhetherwhattheyarereferringtoiscountableornot

ExampleSomeofthecandyismissing

ExampleSomeofthedogsarebarking

Oneindefinitepronounnonecanbeeithersingularorpluralanditdoesnrsquotmatterwhetheryouuseasingularorpluralverbmdashthatisunlesssomethinginthesentencespecifiesitsnumber

ExampleNoneofyouwritepoetry

ExampleNoneofthecarsarespeeding

Someindefinitepronounslikeeveryoneandeverybodysoundasthoughtheyaretalkingaboutmorethanonepersonhowevertheyarebothsingular

ExampleEveryoneiscomingtothemeeting

Thepronouneachisoftenfollowedbyaprepositionalphraseendinginapluralword

Exampleeachofthemonkey

Eachhoweverissingular

ExampleEachofthemonkeysiseatingabanana

DonrsquotconfusethewordandwiththephrasestogetherwithaswellasandalongwithTheydonotmeanthesameanddonotcreatecompoundsubjectsasanddoes

ExampleTheboyaswellashisbrotherisgoingtoschool

ExampleTheboyandhisbrotheraregoingtoschool

Thepronounsneitherandeitheraresingulareventhoughtheyappeartobereferringtotwothings

ExampleNeitherofthetwocomputersisobsolete

ExampleEitherisagoodchoiceforastudent

Sometimesneitherandeithertakeapluralverbwhentheyarefollowedbyaprepositionalphrasethatbeginswithof

ExampleHaveeitherofyoutwokidsseenmydog

ExampleAreeitherofyoulisteningtome

Whentheconjunctionsorandnorareusedthesubjectclosesttotheverbdetermineswhethertheverbissingularorplural

ExampleNeitherthebearnorthemonkeyswereoutsidewhenwevisitedthezoo

Itrsquosalsoagoodideatoputthepluralsubjectclosesttotheverbbecausethesentencewouldbeincorrect

ExampleNeitherthemonkeysnorthebearwereoutsidewhenwevisitedthezoo

ThewordsthereandherecanneverbesubjectsinasentenceThesewordsareusedinwhatarecalledexpletiveconstructionswherethesubjectfollowstheverbanddetermineswhethertheverbissingularorplural

ExampleHerearemytwobooks[subject]

ExampleTherebetterbeagoodreason[subject]youhavethem

Verbsforthird-personsingularsubjectslikehesheandithavesendings

ExampleHelovestoeat

Sometimesmodifiersslipbetweenasubjectandaverbbuttheydonotchangethesubject-verbagreement

ExampleTheworkers[subject]whoalwaysseemtobestandingaroundtakingabreakgatheredinacirclelikeafootballhuddleare[verb]beingfired

SometimesnounstakepeculiarformsthatmakeitconfusingtotellwhethertheyaresingularorpluralWordssuchasglassesglovespliersandscissorsarethoughtofaspluralunlesstheyrsquoreprecededbythephrasepairofinwhichcasepairbecomesthesubject

ExampleMyglassesareonthedesk

ExampleThepairofglassesisonthedesk

Somewordsthatendinsseemtobepluralbutarereallysingularandthusrequiresingularverbs

ExampleTheeveningnewsisfullofdisasters

Otherwordsthatendinsrefertoasinglethingbutareactuallypluralandrequireapluralverb

ExampleHisassetsweretotallywipedoutbythebankruptcy

FractionalexpressionssuchashalfofandapercentageofcanbeeithersingularorpluralThesameistruewhenwordslikesomeallandanyserveassubjects

ExampleOne-halfofthepopulationisoversixty-five

ExampleOne-quarterofthestudentswereabsent

ExampleSomeofthehousesarepaintedwhite

ExampleSomeofthemoneyismissing

Inasentencethatcombinesapositiveandanegativesubjectandoneispluralandtheothersingulartheverbshouldagreewiththepositivesubject

ExampleTheteachernotthestudentsdecideswhattoteach

SUBJECT-VERBINVERSION

NormallyasentencecontainsasubjectandthenaverbinthatorderThispatternisdisturbedinonlyafewinstancesInquestions

ExampleHaveyoureadthatbook

Inexpletiveconstructions

ExampleHereisyourbook

Toputfocusonaparticularword

ExampleWhatrsquosmoreimportantishisreluctancetofindajob

Whenasentencebeginswithanadverbadverbialphraseorclause

ExampleRarelyhavesomanybeeneateninjustonemeal

Afterthewordso

ExampleIbelievehimsodothepeople

SUBJUNCTIVE

Thesubjunctivedescribesaverbmoodandisusedtoexpressemotionshopeopinionscommandsandwishes

ThesubjunctivemoodusesthesimpleformoftheverbwithouttoThesimpleformoftogointhesubjectivemoodisgo

ExampleIsitnecessarythatwebe[subjunctive]there

ExampleItrsquostimethatyouboughtsomenewshoes

ExampleIaskedthatthereportbefinishedthismorning

ThesubjunctivemoodistypicallyusedindependentclausesItisalsocalledtheconjunctivemood

SUBMITTALSUBMISSION

Submittalmeanstheactofsubmittingnottheitembeingsubmitted

Usesubmissionwhenreferringtoanythingthatisbeingsubmitted

IncorrectMakesureyouincludeaself-addressedstampedenvelopewithyoursubmittal

CorrectMakesureyouincludeaself-addressedstampedenvelopewithyoursubmission

CorrectHissubmittalofthelegaldocumentsisnowinquestion

SUBORDINATECLAUSE

AsubordinateclauseissubsetwithinalargerclauseAdependentclauseisasubordinateclause

ExampleIthinkIrsquodlikesushi[subordinateclause]

ThetermsubordinatedescribestherelationshipbetweenoneclauseandanotherinasinglesentenceAsentencecanhavemultiplesubordinateclauses

Thelargestclauseinthesentenceiscalledthematrixclauseandissuper-ordinatetoanysubordinateclausesnestedwithinit

SUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

SubordinatingconjunctionsarewordsthatappearatthebeginningofasubordinateordependentclauseSubordinatingconjunctionsconvertaclauseintosomethingthatdependsontherestofthesentenceformeaning

ExampleBecause[subordinatingconjunction]heloveddrivingfastheoftendreamedofbecomingaprofessionalracecardriver

CommonsubordinatingconjunctionsareshowninTable227

Table227CommonSubordinatingConjunctions

SUFFIX

Wordswhoserootsendwith-geor-cegenerallyretaintheewhenasuffixisadded

Examplechangechangeable

Exampledamagedamageable

Exampledisadvantagedisadvantageous

Exampleoutrageoutrageous

Afinalsilenteisusuallydroppedbeforeasuffixthatbeginswithavowel

Examplearguearguing

Examplechangechanging

Exampleconceiveconceivable

Afinalsilenteisusuallyretainedbeforeasuffixthatbeginswithaconsonant

Exampleachieveachievement

Exampledefinitedefinitely

Inwordsendingin-caddkbeforeasuffixbeginningwith-e-ior-ysothatthehardsoundoftheoriginalcisretained

Examplefrolicfrolickedfrolicking

Examplemimicmimickedmimicking

Examplepicnicpicnickedpicnicking

Awordendingin-iechangesthe-ieto-ywhenaddingasuffix

Examplediedying

Examplelielying

Exampletietying

Examplevievying

Wordsthatendin-yprecededbyavowelretaintheywhenaddingthesuffix

Examplesurveysurveyingsurveyor

Wordsthatendwith-yprecededbyaconsonantchangeytoiwhenaddingasuffixexceptwhenthesuffixis-ing

Exampleembodyembodyingembodied

Examplerelyrelyingrelied

Examplesatisfysatisfyingsatisfied

Afinalconsonantisusuallydoubledwhenitisprecededbyasinglevowelandtakesasuffix

Examplemopmopping

Afinalconsonantisdoubledwhenitisfollowedbyasuffixandthelastsyllableisaccentedwhenthesuffixisaddedd

Exampleacquitacquitted

Thefinalconsonantisnotdoubledwhentheaccentisshiftedtoaprecedingsyllablewhenthesuffixisaddedandwhenthefinalconsonantisprecededbytwovowels

Examplereferreferringreference

Examplefooledfooling

SUMMATIVEMODIFIER

Asummativemodifierrenamesorsummarizeswhathasbeengoingonearlierinthesentenceandaddsnewinformation

ExampleTheemailetiquetteseminarpromisestoshowemployeeshowtowriteeffectiveemailsemailsthatgetresultsandemailsthatresultinapositiveimageforyourbusinessmdashthreebenefits[summativemodifier]thatcanenhancetheproductivityofanybusiness

SUPERLATIVE

AsuperlativeisatypeofadjectiveoradverbthatdepictssomethingthatisofahigherqualitythansomethingelseTheremustbethreeormoreitemscomparedinordertousethesuperlative

Thesuperlativeisformedbyaddingthedefinitearticlethealongwitheitherashortadjectivethataddsthesuffix-estoralongeradjectivethataddsmost

ExampleMountRaineristhetallest[superlative]volcanoinNorthAmerica

ExampleHeisthemostfriendlyguyontheteam

SYLLABLE

SyllablesareindividualsoundsthatmakeupawordAsyllablecanbesaidwithoutinterruption

Mostsyllableshaveatleastonevowelandotherconsonantsbeforeorafterthevowel

ExampleSyllablehasthreesyllablessyl-la-ble

SYMBOLSANDSPECIALCHARACTERS

Symbolsandotherspecialcharactersmaybeusedinbusinessdocumentsformathematicalequationsformulasmeasurementsandpunctuationtheycanalsobeemployedasbulletsandattention-gettingcharactersinpagelayouts

Wheninstructingareadertotypeasymbolorspecialcharactertocompleteaprocedurespellthenameofthecharacterandincludethesymbolenclosedinparentheses

ExampleInanemailaddresstypetheatsign()andaperiod()beforethedomainname

Table228containsalistofsymbolsandspecialcharactersandtheirnames

Table228SymbolsSpecialCharactersandTheirNames

SYMPATHYEMPATHY

SeeEmpathySympathy

SYNECDOCHE

Synecdocheisafigureofspeechwhereaphrasefeaturesonethingthatisusedtorefertoarelatedthing

ExampleAllhands[figureofspeechforpeopleorsailors]ondeck

SYNONYMS

AsynonymisawordthathasthesameoraverysimilarmeaningasthatofanotherwordInmostcasesasynonymofawordmaybesubstitutedfortheoriginalword

Examplecarautomobilefilmmoviewomanladyhappyjoyfulbadterribl

TABLEOFCONTENTS

AtableofcontentsappearsatthebeginningofadocumentafterthetitlepageandotherfrontmattersuchasaforewordorprefaceHerearesomethingstorememberabouttablesofcontentsAtableofcontentsincludestitlesordescriptionsforfirst-levelheadingswhichserveaschaptertitlesalongwithsecond-levelandsometimesthird-levelheadingswhichdesignatesectionsandindividualtopicsPagenumbersareincludedforeachlevelofheadingSecond-andthird-levelheadingsarenormallyindentedthreetofivespacesfromthefirst-levelheadings

Leaderswhichappearasaseriesofperiods(hellip)canbeusedtoalignthepagenumbersalongtherightsideofthepage

ThetableofcontentspagesareoftennumberedwithlowercaseRomannumeralsInmostbusinessdocumentsitisrecommendedthatatableofcontentsnotexceedthreepages

Atableofcontentscanbecreatedautomaticallyusingwordprocessingsoftwareifconsistentheadingstylesareusedthroughoutthedocument

Figure211isasampletableofcontentspage

Figure211TableofContentsPageExample

TABLES

TablesareoftenusedinbusinessdocumentstoorganizeinformationforreferencepurposesConsiderthefollowingtipswhencreatingtablesTablescontainrowsandcolumnsandcolumnheadingsTablesmayhaveanoptionaltitlethatisincludedwithintheframeofthetableasthefirstmergedrow

Usetitle-stylecapitalizationforthetitleTablesneedanintroductorysentencethatreferencesthetableTheintroductorysentenceforatablethatimmediatelyfollowsshouldendinaperiodratherthanasemicolon

Columnheadingsshouldbeshortpreciseandwrittenintheactivevoiceiftheyaresentences

CapitalizethefirstletterofthefirstwordineachcolumnheadingTextwithinthetableshouldfollowsentencecapitalizationandpunctuationrulesIncompletesentencesdonotneedaperiodAlignthetextwithinthecolumnsconsistentlyforallcolumnsOrganizethecontentinthetablefromlefttorightFordefinitionsanddescriptionsputthetermintheleftmostcolumnandthedefinitionordescriptioninassociatedcolumnstotheright

Textentrieswithinthetableshouldhaveparallelstructure(Forexampleallentriesbeginwithanarticleanounanactionfirstandsoforth)

AvoidblankcolumnentriesUsenotapplicableornoneTableswithlongentriesshouldbelimitedtotwoorthreecolumnsIfatablemustbedividedovertwoormorepagesincludethetabletitleandcolumnheadingsoneachnewpage

Borderrulesbetweenrowsareoptionalbutshouldbeincludediftherowsizeisinconsistentduetothelengthofthecontent

Footnotesshouldbeincludedattheendofthetable

Table229isasampletableillustratingthesetips

Table229TableExample

TAGQUESTION

Atagquestioniscreatedbyaddinganauxiliaryverbandpronountotheendofastatement

ExampleHersquoshappyisnrsquothe[tagquestion]

TAKEBRING

SeeBringTake

TAUTOLOGY

Atautologyisafigureofspeechthatoccurswhentwonear-synonymsareplacedtogetherforemphasis

Examplefreegiftunsolvedmysterynewinnovationsuddenlywithoutwarningaddedbonu

TEACHLEARN

SeeLearnTeach

TELEPHONENUMBERS

WhenincludingtelephonenumbersinyourdocumentsconsidertheseguidelinesForUStelephonenumbersuseparenthesesinsteadofhyphenstoseparatetheareacodefromtherestofthenumber

Example(800)555-121

ForUSphonelistsdonotincludea1toindicatelongdistanceForinternationalphonelistsincludethecountrycodeUseparenthesestoseparatethecountrycodefromtherestofthenumberIfacountrycodeandcitycodearerequiredkeepboththecountrycodeandthecitycodewithintheirownsetofparentheses

Putthecountrynameorinitialsinparenthesesattheendofthenumber

Example(22)(42)00000000000(UK

TEMPERATURE

Whenwritingabouttemperaturesusefiguresfortemperaturesexceptzero

ExampleThehightemperaturetodaywas55

ExampleItlookslikethetemperaturemaygetdowntozerotoday

Todesignatetemperaturesbelowzerousethewordminusorbelowzeroratherthanaminussign

ExampleThetemperaturetodaywasminus20

ExampleThetemperaturetodaywas20belowzero

Optionallyyoucanaddtheworddegreestodesignateatemperature

ExampleThetemperaturetodaywas55degrees

Fortablesandotherscientificdocumentationyoumayusethedegreesymbol

Example55deg

WhenyoumustdesignatewhetherthetemperatureisinFahrenheitorCelsiususeeitherthewordortheletterForCseparatedbyonespacefromthenumberandwithnoperiods

ExampleItwas55degreesFahrenheit

ExampleThetemperaturewas55degFtoday

ExampleItwas11degreesCelsius

ExampleThetemperaturewas11degCtoday

TenseisawayofexpressingwhenanactionofaverboccursTherearepresenttensespasttensesandfuturetensesThepresenttenseisthebaseformoftheverbRegularverbsadd-edor-dtotheendforthepasttenseIrregularverbsmaychangeformstoformthepasttense

ThepresenttensesarePresentsimplemdashusedtosaywhatsomeoneusuallydoes

ExampleIcommutetoworkeveryday

Presentprogressiveorcontinuousmdashusedtosaywhatsomeoneisdoingnow

ExampleIamreadingabook

Presentperfectsimplemdashusedtoshowunfinishedtime

ExampleThemeetinghasnotyetstarted

Presentperfectprogressiveorcontinuousmdashusedtosayhowlongsomeonehasbeendoingsomething

ExampleShehasbeeninameetingforthelasthour

ThepasttensesareSimplepastmdashusedtoshowacompletedaction

ExampleIreadthereport

Pastprogressiveorcontinuousmdashusedtosaywhensomethingwasbeingdone

ExampleIwasreadingemailwhenhecalled

Pastperfectsimplemdashusedtosaywhensomethingwasdonebyacertaintime

ExampleYouhadstudiedSpanishbeforemovingtoMexico

Pastperfectprogressiveorcontinuousmdashusedtosayhowlongsomethingwasdoneforaspecifictime

ExampleTheyhadbeenmeetingfortwohoursbeforeJohnarrived

ThefuturetensesincludethefollowingSimplefuturemdashusedtosaywhatyouwilldointhefuture

ExampleYouaregoingtoreadthereport

Futureprogressiveorcontinuousmdashusedtosaywhensomethingwillbehappening

ExampleYouwillbeinMexicowhenthemergertakesplace

Futureperfectsimplemdashusedtosaysomethingwillbecompletebyaspecifictime

ExampleYouwillhavereadallofthereportsbythetimethemeetingstarts

Futureperfectprogressivemdashusedtosayhowlongsomethingwillhavebeenhappeningbyacertaintimeinthefuture

ExampleWewillhavebeenmeetingformorethananhourwhenJohnplanstomentionthecontractterms

TERABYTE

Aterabyteisequalto1024gigabytesTerabytesshouldnotbeabbreviatedLeaveaspacebetweenanumberandthewordwhenusedasanoun

ExampleMycomputerhasover3terabytesofstorage

Whenusedasanadjectiveaddahyphenbetweenthenumberandtheword

ExampleIjustpurchaseda3-terabytedrive

THANITHANME

WhenmakingacomparisonbetweenyourselfandsomethingorsomeoneelseyouwilloftenendwithasubjectformorobjectformldquotallerthanIrdquoorldquotallerthansherdquoorthelike

Whenthecomparisonismadeinthesubjectivecasenormallyweleaveouttheverbinthesecondclauseamareoris

ExampleHeistallerthanI[am]

ExampleHeistallerthanshe[is]

Becarefulwithcomparisonsintheobjectivecase

ExampleIlikehimbetterthanshe[Youlikehimbetterthanshelikeshim

ExampleIlikehimbetterthanher[Youaresayingyoulikehimbetterthanyoulikeher

Toavoidconfusionwiththewordthanaddtheverborrewritethesentence

ExampleIlikehimbetterthanshedoes

ExampleIlikehimbetterthanIlikeher

THANTHEN

Thanisusedwhenmakingcomparisonsorimpliedcomparisons

ExampleBongowouldratherclimbatreethansitinhiscageandeat

Thenisaconjunctionbutitcannotbeusedasacoordinatingconjunction

IncorrectBongoateanapplethenheclimbedthetree

CorrectBongoateanappleandthenheclimbedthetree

THATWHICH

Indeterminingwhethertousethatorwhichthechoiceofworddependsonwhethertheclausethatmodifiesthenounisarestrictiveornonrestrictiveclause

ArestrictiveclausemeansthattheinformationisessentialtothemeaningofthesentenceUsethatforrestrictiveclauses

AnonrestrictiveclauseincludesinformationthatcanbeomittedwithoutchangingthemeaningofthesentenceUsewhichfornonrestrictiveclauses

IncorrectAhighperformanceengineisanenginewhichneedsahigh-octanefuel

CorrectAhighperformanceengineisanenginethatneedsahigh-octanefuel

Whenreferringtopeopleinasentencewitheitherarestrictiveornonrestrictiveclauseusewhoinsteadofthatorwhich

THERETHEIRTHEYrsquoRE

Usetherewhenreferringtoaplace

ExampleLookoverthereatthathorse

Usetheirtoindicatepossession

ExampleMyparentsjustcelebratedtheirfiftiethweddinganniversary

UsetheyrsquoreasacontractionoftheyandareTheyrsquoreconsistsofasubjectandaverbandisneverusedasamodifier

ExampleTheyrsquorereallynicetonewemployeeshere

THIRDCONDITIONAL

Thethirdconditionalisusedforimaginarypastactionsthatcouldnothavehappenedbecauseconditionswerenotmet

ExampleIfIhadstudiedharderIprobablywouldhavegonetomedicalschool

ConsiderthefollowingguidelineswhenwritingabouttimeWhenafigureandawordcometogetherasanadjectivetoexpresstimeconnectthetwowithahyphen

Examplea24-hourday

Butadayof24hours

Exampletwo2-year12-percentnotes

Buttwonotesfortwoyearsat12percent

Hoursminutesandsecondsareseparatedbyacolon

Example100502am

NeverwriteldquothisamrdquotomeanldquothismorningrdquoWithamorpmthewordorsquoclockshouldnotbeused

ExampleIwillmeetyouat4pm

ExampleIwillmeetyouatfourorsquoclockthisafternoon

Ciphers(zeros)afterthenumberofthehourareunnecessaryForexactnoonandmidnightitiscorrecttousethewordsnoonormidnight

ExampleIwillmeetyouatnoon

ExampleThehornblewatmidnight

DatesThedayiswritteninnumeralswithout-th-st-rdor-ndunlessthedayiswrittenbeforethenameofthemonth

IncorrectMay1st2011

CorrectMay12011

CorrectOnthe2ndofJune2011

IncorrectintheAugust21standSeptember3rdeditions

CorrectintheAugust21andSeptember3editions

Inlegaldocumentsdatesarespelledout

ExamplethetwelfthdayofMayADTwoThousandandEigh

TIMEZONES

Thenamesoftimezonesshouldbetreatedaspropernounsandcapitalized

ExampleEasternTimeCentralTimeMountainTimePacificTim

AvoidspecifyingstandardtimeordaylightsavingtimewhenwritingabouttimezonesDonotabbreviatetimezones

TITLEDENTITLED

EntitledshouldnotbeusedasasynonymfortitledEntitledmeansthatsomethingisowedBooksaretitled

IncorrectHewasreadingfromawhitepaperentitledldquoAvoidingHRLitigationrdquo

CorrectHewasreadingfromawhitepapertitledldquoAvoidingHRLitigationrdquo

TITLES

ConsiderthefollowingtipsforformattingtitlesUnderlininganditalicsservethesamepurposeNeverdobothFortitlesofstandaloneworksuseunderliningoritalicsWorksthatarepartofanotherworkareenclosedinquotationmarks

Table230itemizeswhatgetsquotationmarksandwhatshouldbeitalicizedorunderlined

Table230UseofUnderliningItalicsandQuotationMarksinTitles

FormattingtheTitleofaManuscriptThetitlepageofamanuscriptshouldbeformattedasfollowsThetitleshouldbepositionedinthecenterofthepagebetweenthetopandbottommarginsandleftandrightmargins

Usea12-to14-pointfontsuchasTimesNewRomanorCourierUsetheboldfontCapitalizethetitleproperlyDonotuseallcapsfortitlesCapitalizethefirstletterofeachwordexceptforshortwordsoflessthanfourletters

Addquotationmarksunderlineoritalicsifyouuseanyotherworkaspartofyourtitle

TMESIS

Tmesisisaliterarydevicethatinvolvessplittingawordintotwopartsandaddinganotherwordinthemiddlewithallthreepartsseparatedbyhyphens

Exampleany-old-howfan-blooming-tasticun-bloody-believabl

Donotuseeithertooratwithwhere

IncorrectWhereareyouat

CorrectWhereareyou

IncorrectWheredidhegoto

CorrectWheredidhego

ToneisthewriterrsquosattitudetowardthereaderandthesubjectToneisareflectionofthewriteranddeterminedbythechoiceofwordsthestyleandlevelofcareanddetail

Tomakesureabusinessdocumenthastheappropriatetone

KnowthepurposeofthedocumentKnowtheaudienceandwhattheyneedtounderstandBeconfidentcourteousandsincereasyoucraftyourwritingEmphasizewhatrsquosimportantandavoidgettinglostinthedetailsDonrsquotusediscriminatorylanguageStressthebenefitsWriteattheappropriatereadinglevelforyouraudience

TOPICSENTENCE

AtopicsentenceisthemainsentenceinaparagraphthatstatesthemainideaoftheparagraphAlthoughitisoftenthefirstsentenceinaparagraphifthepurposeoftheparagraphistodrawaconclusionthetopicsentenceisusuallythelastsentencestatingtheconclusion

TOTALLY

TOWARDTOWARDS

TowardandtowardsareinterchangeableTowardismorecommonintheUnitedStatesTowardsismorecommonintheUnitedKingdom

TRANSITIONS

AsyoucompoundsentencesandvaryyoursentencestructurestoaddvarietytoyourwritingconsiderusingtransitionsbetweenideasTransitionshelpguideareaderfromoneideatothenext

YoucanaddtransitionsbetweenideasbyUsingtransitionalexpressionsRepeatingkeywordsandphrasesUsingpronounreferenceUsingparallelforms

TransitionalExpressions

Inadditiontocoordinatingconjunctionsmdashandbutfornororsoandyetmdashyoucanuseconjunctiveadverbsandtransitionalexpressionssuchashowevermoreoverandneverthelesstotransitionyoursentencesfromonethoughttothenext

Thekeyistoavoidusingthesametransitionalelementsbecausetherepetitionbecomesboring

Table231containsalistofsomeconjunctiveadverbsthatcanaddspicetoyourtransitions

Table231ConjunctiveAdverbs

RepeatingKeyWords

Byrepeatingakeywordorphraseyoucanestablishitsimportanceinthemindofthereader

ExampleItisspendingthatgotusintothismessItisspendingbyconsumersthatwillgetusout

PronounReference

PronounscanbeusedtoreferthereadertosomethingearlierinthetextApronounsuchasthiscausesthereadertosummarizewhathasbeensaidsofar

ExampleTherehasbeenanincreaseinthenumberofearthquakesinCaliforniainthepasttenyearsThis[pronounsummarizingprevioussentence]istruebecausewehavegeologicalrecordsthatgobackalmost150yearsandthey[pronounrelatedtoldquogeologicalrecordsrdquo]showacleartrend

Parallelism

ParallelconstructionsareexpressionswithsimilarcontentandfunctionTheirsimilarityenablesthereadertomoreeasilyrecognizethecontentandunderstandthemessage

Articles(theaandan)mustbeusedeitheronlybeforethefirstterminagrouporbeforeeveryterminthegroup

ExampleAttheWorldrsquosFairwesawallthelatestmodelautomobilesincludingthenewHondasToyotasandNissans

ExampleWeleftonSundayforvacationwiththeWilsonstheWausonsandtheBruecks

Correlativeexpressions(bothandnotbutnotonlybutalsoeitherorfirstsecond)shouldbefollowedbythesamegrammaticalconstruction

ExampleItwasnotonlytheblowingwindbutalsothefreezingtemperaturesthatmadetravelsotreacherous

TRANSITIVEVERB

Atransitiveverbrequiresbothasubjectandadirectobject

Anintransitiveverbdoesnottakeanobject

ExampleHelifted[transitive]thebox

ExampleShedied[intransitive]lastweek

TRYANDCOMEANDBESUREAND

Donrsquotuseawordifitisnotnecessarytoconveyyourmeaning

IncorrectTryandbehereatnoon

CorrectTrytobehereatnoon

IncorrectComeandseemetomorrow

CorrectComeseemetomorrow

IncorrectBesureandwatchoutasyoucrossthestreet

CorrectBesuretowatchoutasyoucrossthestreet

TYPEENTER

Fortechnicaldocumentsinvolvingcomputer-relatedproceduresusetypewhenauserentersinformationtofilloutaformorformfield

ExampleTypeyouremployee10intheUserNamefield

Useentertoinstructuserswhatkindofdatashouldbetyped

ExampleEnterthefilenameandthenclickOK

TYPEFACEFONT

SeeFontTypeface

UNBIASEDLANGUAGE

MostgenderproblemscanbeavoidedwithouttheuseofhesheheorshehimorherorhimherconstructionsPluralpronounssuchastheycanbeveryhelpfulinthisregard

Anoccasionalheorsheisokaybutafterawhileusingthesamepronounbecomesdistracting

Whenasingularpronounisnecessaryuseeitherheorsheconsistentlytoavoidconfusion

SexistLanguage

Avarietyofwordsandphrasesmakedemeaningassumptionsaboutgender-relatedrolesSubstitutesshouldbereasonableandappropriateTrynottolookasthoughyouareavoidingsexistlanguage

Table232containsalistofwordstoavoidandtheiralternatives

Table232BiasedWordsandTheirAlternatives

UNCOUNTABLENOUN

Nounswithnopluralformarecalleduncountablenounsormassnouns

Exampleairwaterfurnituremusicartloveluggagesugarelectricitymoneycurrencyinformation

Uncountablenounsarepairedwithasingularverb

ExampleThiswaterisveryrefreshing

IndefinitearticlesaandanarenotusedwithuncountablenounsSomeanyalittleandmuchareusedwithuncountablenouns

ExampleMayIhavealittlewater

UNDERLINING

Underliningisusedthesamewayitalicsareusedtodesignatetitlesofpublicationsalthoughitalicsarepreferred

UnderliningisalsousedtodesignatehyperlinksinadocumentsuchasemailaddressesorWebaddresses

SeeTitlesandItalics

UNDERSTATEMENT

Anunderstatementisafigureofspeechwherealesserexpressionisusedthanmightbeexpectedusuallyforhumorousorliteraryeffect

ExampleThelean-towashardlywell-appointed

UNTILBY

SeeByUntil

UPLOADDOWNLOAD

SeeDownloadUpload

UPPERCASE

UppercaseisanadjectivemeaningcapitallettersUppercase(twowords)istherelatednounNeverusealluppercaselettersforemphasisinemails

Forcomputer-relatedprocedureskeyboardkeynamesshouldbeinuppercase

ExamplePresstheENTERkey

Useuppercaseforacronyms

ExampleNASAFIFO

SeeCapitalization

URLisanacronymforuniformresourcelocatorAURLisanaddressforaWebsiteontheInternetoranintranet

WhenwritingaboutURLsintechnicaldocumentsusetheindefinitearticleainsteadofan

ExampleEachWebsitehasaURL

AURLincludesanInternetprotocolnameadomainnameandotherinformationsuchasfilenamesdirectoriesandportnamesInternetprotocolbeginswithhttpandeachoftheelementsaftertheInternetprotocolisseparatedbyaslash

MostofthetimeaURLcanbetypedinalllowercase

WhenincludingaWebaddressinabusinessdocumentitisnotnecessarytoincludetheInternetprotocol(http)

Examplewwwvideologiesco

WhenreferringtoanentireWebsiteyoucandropthewwwatthebeginningoftheaddress

ExampleIdoalotofshoppingonAmazoncom

ToincludeaURLasahyperlinkinadocumentsettheURLoffonitsownlineoftext

USisanabbreviationforUnitedStatesItisappropriatetouseUSasanabbreviationwhenitactsasanadjective

ExampleTheyexpecttobepaidinUSdollars

DonotusetheUSabbreviationwhenitactsasanoun

ExampleTheywantedtovisittheUnitedStates

USEDTO

Usedtoisaphrasethatreferstosomethingthathappenedofteninthepastbutnolongeroccurs

ExampleIusedtoridemybikeeveryday

Usedtoalsoreferstosomethingthatwastruebutisnolonger

ExampleIusedtoliveinTexas

Usetowithoutthedisincorrectforthispurpose

UTTERANCE

AnutteranceisonecompleteunitofspokenlanguageItcanbesomethingasshortasonewordsuchasohtoacompletesentencefromonespeakerinadialogue

VAINVANEVEIN

Vainmeanstobeconceited

ExampleHersquossovainhedoesnrsquotknowwhenhersquosbeinginsulted

Avaneisabladethatismovedbygasorliquid

Exampleaweathervan

Aveincarriesbloodthroughthebodyorisalongslenderdepositofamineral

Exampleaveinofgol

VERBALPHRASE

VerbalsarewordsthatseemtomeananactionorastateofbeingbutdonotfunctionasverbsTheyaresometimescallednonfiniteverbsVerbalsarefrequentlyusedwithotherwordsinwhatiscalledaverbalphrase

ExampleFrequentingtheshadybarsinthatneighborhood[verbalphrase]isnotagoodidea

VERBCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

VERBFORMS

VerbshavefourbasicinflectionsorendingsPresenttensemdashSomethingishappeningnowPasttensemdashSomethinghappenedinthepast

ExampleIthought

PresentparticiplemdashSomethingishappeningnow

ExampleIamthinking

PastparticiplemdashSomethinghappenedinthepast(theverbiscombinedwithanauxiliary)

ExampleIhavethought

VERBGROUP

Averbgroupconsistsofanauxiliaryormodalverbalongwithaverb

ExampleHewouldnrsquotsay[modal+verb]that

ExampleWehavenrsquottold[auxiliary+verb]her

VERBIAGE

Verbiageissometimesusedtodescribewordingortextinadocumenthoweveritisactuallyaninsultingtermthatmeansoverlywordy

VERBMOOD

VerbscanbeusedinthreemoodsIndicativemoodmdashusedforfactualstatementsPresentindicative

ExampleHeeatsatschool

Pastindicative

ExampleHeateatschool

Futureindicative

ExampleHewilleatatschool

Imperativemoodmdashusedforrequestsorcommands

ExampleNoticehownicethelakelooks

ExampleEmailhimtomorrow

Subjunctivemoodmdashusedtoexpressdoubtswishesorarequest

ExampleHeactsasifhedoesnrsquotknowwhathersquosdoing

Auxiliaryverbscouldwouldandshouldcanexpressthesubjunctivemood

ExampleIfCarlweretomovetoDallashewouldbehappy

VERBOSEEXPRESSIONS

Bewareofwordsthatdonotmeanexactlywhatyouwanttosayandofphrasesthatarecarelessvagueorwordy

Table233containsalistofexamplesofsuchpitfalls

Table233VerboseExpressions

Verbsdescribeanactionoranideaofbeinginasentence

ExampleIam[ideaofbeing]anofficeworker

ExampleThemanagerworked[action]hard

TherearefourwaystoclassifyverbsTransitivemdashrequiringanobject

ExampleWillyoulaythereportonmydesk

Intransitivemdashnotrequiringanobject

ExampleTheprojectmanagerissitting

Finitemdashstandingaloneasthemainverbinasentence

ExampleThelayoutsdestroyedmorale

Nonfinitemdashnotstandingalone

Examplethedevastatedemployee

VERBTENSE

TheformofaverbhelpsdetermineitstensewhichtellsyouwhensomethingishappeningHappeningnow

ExampleTheyrsquoreservingdinner

Goingtohappen

ExampleItwillbereadyinthemorning

Hasalreadyhappened

ExampleThebusjustleft

SeeVerbFormsandTense

VERSUSVS

TheabbreviationforversusisvsAsanabbreviationvsisalwayslowercaseUsetheabbreviationinheadingsandtitlesotherwisespelloutversus

VERTICALLISTS

SeeLists

VISUALLYIMPAIREDBLIND

Apersonwithvisionproblemscanbevisuallyimpairedhoweverapersonwhocanrsquotseeisblind

Manypeoplethinkusingvisuallyimpairedisbetterthansayingblindbutactuallyitismore

politetosayblindwhenapersoncanrsquotsee

Voiceisarelationshipbetweentheactioninasentenceandtheparticipants

Whenthesubjectofasentenceistheagentweusetheactivevoice

Whenthesubjectofasentenceundergoestheactionweusethepassivevoice

SeeActiveVoiceandPassiveVoice

VOICEMAIL

Voicemailistwowordsandshouldnotbeabbreviatedasv-mailorvmail

VOWELS

AllEnglishwordshaveatleastonevowelVowelsincludeaeiouandyYcanactasaconsonantwhenitbeginsaword

WAITON

Whenwaitreferstotimeonisnotneeded

IncorrectPleasedonotwaitonmeifIamnotatthestationwhenyouarrive

CorrectPleasedonotwaitformeifIamnotatthestationwhenyouarrive

Whenthewordreferstotheactionsofawaiterorwaitresswaitonisacceptable

CorrectTheheadwaiterassignedthered-hairedwomantowaitonme

WANDERWONDER

Wandermeanstowalkaroundwithnodestinationinmind

WonderasanounmeansastonishmentorcuriosityAsaverbitmeanstofeelcuriosityordoubt

WebisshortforWorldWideWeb

SpelloutWorldWideWebinyourfirstusageandthenuseWebthereafterWhenreferringtotheInternetWebisalwayscapitalized

ExampleWebpageWebbrowserWebaddressWebsite

AlthoughtheabbreviationforWorldWideWebiswwwWebisthepreferredabbreviationinbusinesswriting

WEBLOG

SeeBlogWeblog

WEBPAGESWEBSITE

AWebpageisaindividualpageonaWebsitewhichisacollectionoftextandgraphicsataparticularIPaddressontheWorldWideWeb

CapitalizeWebinbothWebpageandWebsite

WEIGHTSANDMEASURES

ConsiderthefollowingguidelineswhenwritingaboutweightsandmeasurementsAbbreviationsareusedwithoutcapitalization

Example6lb3oz6pounds3ounce

Example192lb192pound

Inacompoundadjectiveshowingaweightorameasurethenumeralishyphenatedwithasingularnoun

Exampleaspeedof600milesanhoura600-mile-an-hourspeed

Exampleaworkweekof40hoursa40-hourworkweek

WELLGOOD

SeeGoodWell

WENTGONE

SeeGoneWent

WHENWHETHER

SeeIfWhenWhether

Whetherusedasanadverboraconjunctionwheredenotespositionorplace

Whereshouldneverbeusedasasubstituteforthatwhenintroducingaclause

IncorrectDidyoureadinthepaperwhereourmayorwashonoredatabanquet

CorrectDidyoureadinthepaperthatourmayorwashonoredatabanquet

WHETHERORNOT

Whenwhetherisusedtointroduceastatementinvolvingmultiplealternativesdonotusenot

IncorrectShedidnrsquotknowwhetherornottogofirsttothedrugstoreortothecleaners

CorrectShedidnrsquotknowwhethertogofirsttothedrugstoreortothecleaners

Whenusedtointroduceaclausewhichmustrefertoaspecificnounorpronounandnottoawholesituation

IncorrectHedidnotarriveintimeforthemeetingwhichcausedthepresidentembarrassment

CorrectHisfailuretoarriveintimeforthemeetingcausedthepresidentembarrassment

CorrectHisfailuretoarrivewhichcausedthepresidentembarrassmentwasthereasonforhisdismissal

WHOrsquoSWHOSE

Whorsquosisacontractionforwhois

ExampleWhorsquosworkingthenightshiftthisweek

Whoseisthepossessiveformofwho

ExampleWhoseworkclothesarethoseonthefloor

WHOWHICH

Whoisusedtorefertopeople

Whichreferstoobjects

CorrectSheisthewomanwhosmiledathim

CorrectSheisthekindofpersonwhomeveryonelikes

CorrectIreadthebookonbridgeswhichIfoundfascinating

WHOWHOM

Whendeterminingwhethertousewhoorwhominasentencerephrasethesentenceusingheandhim

ExampleWhowhomisresponsibleHeisresponsibleWhoisresponsible

ExampleGivetheboxtowhowhomGivetheboxtohimGivetheboxtowhom

WILLSHALL

SeeShallWill

WITHININSIDEOF

SeeInsideofWithin

WOMANFEMALE

SeeFemaleWoman

WONDERWANDER

SeeWanderWonder

WORDCLASSES

ThemajorwordclassesincludethefollowingVerbsNounsDeterminersAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositionsConjunctions

WORDSORFIGURES

SeeNumbersorWords

WORDYEXPRESSIONS

SeeVerboseExpressions

WOULDOF

WOULDSHOULD

SeeShouldWould

XMASCHRISTMAS

XmasisanabbreviationforChristmasthatshouldnotbeusedinbusinesswriting

YESNOQUESTIONS

AyesnoquestionisonethatcanbeansweredwithayesornoresponseThesequestionsnormallybeginwithanauxiliaryormodalverb

ExampleDoyouwanttoseeit

ExampleDidyoufindit

ExampleWilltheylikeit

ZEROARTICLE

Zeroarticledescribesasituationwhereanounisusedwithoutanarticleliketheaoran

ExampleMoneyispower

ExampleWearestudyingFrench

ZEROCONDITIONAL

ZeroconditionaldescribesasituationthatisalwaystruewhenalltheconditionsaremetItisformedbyaddingif+presentsimpletense+presentsimpletense

ExampleIfitrainstheroadsgetwet

ZEUGMA

Zeugmaisafigureofspeechdescribingawordthatisusedtolinktwowordsorphraseshoweverthewordwouldnormallybegrammaticallycorrectwhenusedwithonlyoneofthewordsorphrases

ExampleShelostherpurseandhertemper

ZIPCODE

ZipCodeisalwayscapitalized

ABSTRACTS

AnabstractisasummaryofalargerdocumentsuchasareportAbstractsarealsocalledsummariesorexecutivesummaries

TherearetwotypesofabstractsDescriptiveabstractsareshortsummariesthatappearonthefrontpageofaformalreportorjournalarticle(Figure31)AdescriptiveabstractdoesnotsummarizethefactsorconclusionsofthereportAdescriptiveabstractintroducesthereportandexplainswhatthereportcovers

ExampleThisreportprovidesrecommendationsfortheantivirussoftwarecurrentlyavailable

Informativeabstractssummarizethekeyfactsandconclusionsofthereport(Figure32)Informativeabstractsareusuallyone-ortwo-pagedocumentsInformativeabstractssummarizeeachofthesectionsinthereportSentencestructureisnormallycomplexandpackedwithinformationAninformativeabstractisintendedtoallowreaderstodeterminewhethertheywanttoreadthereportAninformativeabstractisnottreatedasanintroductionIncludeanystatisticaldetailsinaninformativeabstract

Abstract

TheUSAirForceResearchLaboratoryhasbeendevelopingcosteffectivemethodsforgatheringoccupationalandtrainingrequirementsinformationThisinformationhasmostoftenbeencollectedatanindividuallevelofanalysisfocusingonthemorebehavioralaspectsofworkRecentinterestinbothteamandcognitiverequirementsforworkhaspromptedrenewedinterestinteamtaskanalysisandaccuratelyrepresentingknowledgeandcognitivecomponentsofworkTheUSandAlliedMilitaryServiceshavepioneeredthedevelopmentofexemplarmethodsthatserveasthefoundationforrecentadvancedtrainingThispaperhighlightsrecentexplorationsandadvancedtraininginteamtaskanalysisandcognitivetaskanalysismethods

Implicationsforincreasingtheaccuracyandefficiencyoftherequirementsanalysisprocesswillalsobediscussed

Summary

TheUSFishandWildlifeServicepublishedspecialrulestoestablishnonessentialexperimentalpopulationsofgraywolves(Canislupus)inYellowstoneNationalParkandcentralIdahoThenonessentialexperimentalpopulationareasincludeallofWyomingmostofIdahoandmuchofcentralandsouthernMontanaAclosereadingofthespecialregulationsindicatesthatunintentionallythelanguagereadsasthoughwolfcontrolmeasuresapplyonlyoutsideoftheexperimentalpopulationareaThisproposedrevisionisintendedtoamendlanguageinthespecialregulationssothatitclearlyapplieswithintheYellowstonenonessentialexperimentalpopulationareaandthecentralIdahononessentialexperimentalpopulationareaThisproposedchangewillnotaffectanyoftheassumptionsandearlieranalysismadeintheenvironmentalimpactstatementorotherportionsofthespecialrules

(CourtesyoftheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency)

ACCEPTANCELETTER

AnacceptanceletterisoftenwrittentoformallyacknowledgeanemploymentofferthereceiptofagiftortheappointmenttoapublicofficeAnacceptancelettercanalsobewrittentoformallyacceptsomeoneelsersquosresignation

Considerthesetipswhenwritinganacceptanceletter(Figure33)BegintheletterbythankingthepersonbusinessororganizationIdentifywhatyouareacceptingandexplainwhatitmeanstoyouThankanyonewhoassistedyouStatethetermsasyouunderstandthemIfacceptinganemploymentoffersummarizethestartdatejobtitleanddescriptioncompensationbenefitsandvacationdaysoffered

UseapositivetoneBegraciousbyshowingyourcourtesytactandcharminyourwritingstyleRestateyourthanksandappreciationintheclosingoftheletterUsethespellingcheckerinyourwordprocessortocheckforspellingerrorsReadtheletterforclarityandtocheckforgrammaticalmistakes

AcceptancelettersaretypicallywrittentoacceptAninvitationtoasocialeventAjobofferArequesttoserveinanhonorarypositionAresignationAnhonorAninvitationtoabusinessappointmentAninvitationtospeakAgiftAproposal

EvelynWauson4212WestChurchStreetHoustonTexas77096(713)555-5555

October202011

DearMrHarrison

ItwasapleasurespeakingwithyouonthephonethisafternoonIamveryhappytoacceptthepositionofLMSsupervisorwithHarrisonConsultantsThankyouverymuchfortheopportunitytojoinyourteamIamexcitedaboutthepossibilitiesforthispositionandIameagertoworkontheimplementationofyournewlearningmanagementsystemandcorporateonlineuniversity

Aswediscussedinourconversationmystartingyearlysalarywillbe$50000Iunderstandthatafterbeingemployedfor30daysIwillreceivehealthdentalandlifeinsurancebenefitsAfterworkingforHarrisonConsultantsforsixmonthsIwillreceiveoneweekrsquospaidvacation

IampreparedtostartworkonDecember12011asyourequestedIfthereisanypaperworkIneedtocompletebeforeIstartworkorifyouneedanyadditionalinformationpleasecontactme

IappreciatethehelpyourassociateKenKnoxprovidedbyreferringmetoyouforthisposition

Thankyou

EvelynWauson

ACKNOWLEDGMENTLETTER

AnacknowledgmentletterisaresponsethatclarifieswhatisexpectedfromyouAnacknowledgmentlettershouldbesentwithintwodaysofreceivingtheoriginalletterreportorderorrequest

Considerthesetipswhenwritinganacknowledgmentletter(Figure34)IncludeashortapologyiftheacknowledgementletterisdelayedIfyouarerespondingtoacomplaintbecourteousandapologizeforanyinconvenienceorproblem

BesincereThelettershouldbeaddressedtoaspecificpersonifpossible

AcknowledgmentlettersaretypicallywrittentoAcceptarequesttoserveinanhonorarypositionoraresignationExpressappreciationforasuggestionAcknowledgeacustomerrsquosorderordonationorpaymentofanoverduebalanceAcknowledgethereceiptofareportorletterthereceiptofareacutesumeacuteorthereturnofanitemforrefundexchangeorcredit

Confirmanappointmentormeetingabusinessagreementoranerrorrevisionorcorrection

Celebrateananniversaryofemployment

IshaFoundation951IshaLaneMcMinnvilleTN37110

August202011

JeffCollins

3111NorthAmberLaneNashvilleTN37213

SubjTaxYear2011

DearMrCollins

Thankyouforyourrecentdonationof$500forouroutreachprogramIshaCareYourgiftwillallowustocontinueoureffortstoprovidefreemedicalcaretotheresidentsofruralTennessee

Yourdonationisfullytax-deductibleandthislettermayserveasareceiptforyourtaxrecordsThisletteralsoverifiesthatyouhavenotreceivedanytangiblebenefitsinreturnforyourdonation

YourgenerousgiftassuresacontinuedinvestmentinthefutureofTennessee

Thankyou

DrJaneMorganPresidentIshaFoundationIncUSA

ADJUSTMENTLETTER

AdjustmentlettersareresponsestowrittencomplaintsThepurposeofsuchlettersistoacknowledgethecomplaintTheletterisalsoalegaldocumentthatrecordswhatactionwillbetaken

Considerthesetipswhenwritinganadjustmentletter(Figure35)ReferencethedateoftheoriginalcomplaintletterThelettershouldreviewthefactsofthecaseandofferanapologyforanyinconvenienceWhenthereisnotruthtothecomplaintcourteouslyexplainthereasonsasclearlyaspossible

WhenthecustomerrsquosrequestisdeniedoffersomecompensationoradviceTakeapositiveapproachtothelettertocounteranynegativefeelingsofthereaderThesolutionismoreimportantthanthereasonswhysomethingoccurredCordiallyconcludetheletterandexpressconfidencethatyouandthereadercancontinuedoingbusiness

Adjustmentlettersaretypicallywrittentoapologizefor

AdefectiveordamagedproductAmisseddeadlineMakingamistakeonacustomerrsquosaccountAshippingerrorDamagedpropertyPoorqualityorservice

SnackMakersInc1234WestMainStreetLosAngelesCA90036

April202012

MrCarlLuntzStoreManagerLuntzGrocery2411ThirdAvenueAtlantaGA30134

DearMrLuntz

IwouldliketoapologizeforthedamagedshipmentofHumusChipsAtSnackMakerswealwaystrytopackageourproductassecurelyaspossiblebutitappearsthistimewefailed

WehaveshippedareplacementcaseofHumusChipstodayatnochargeYoushouldreceivethemwithintwodaysTherersquosnoneedtoreturnthedamagedproductYoumaydisposeofthecrushedchipsanywayyouwish

Beinganewcompanywithanewproductwewantyoutoknowthatwevalueyourbusinessandwilldoeverythingwecantomakesurethisdoesnrsquothappenagain

InadditionIamcreditingyouraccountfor$155toreflecta20discountoffyouroriginalorder

IhopeyouwillacceptmyapologiesandwillcontinuetodobusinesswithSnackMakers

Sincerely

MortonBoyd

PresidentSnackMakersInc

ANNOUNCEMENTLETTER

Announcementlettersshouldbewritteninastraightforwardandconcisestylesothatreaderscangetinformationquickly

Considerthesetipswhenwritingannouncementletters(Figure36)ForpositiveannouncementsmaketheletterinvitingandtothepointBuildmoraleconfidenceandgoodwillWhenannouncingachievementstrytomotivateotherstoachievethesamegoalsUsetheannouncementtopromoteyourbusinessIncludeenoughinformationsothatyoudonrsquothavetoanswerquestionsabouttheannouncementlater

WhenannouncingbadnewsbeconsiderateandrespectfulAnnouncementlettersaretypicallywrittentoannounceAnewaddressAchangeincompanynameThebusinessscheduleAnewhireorpromotionAnemployeersquosspecialachievementAretirementAnewproductAnewstoreopeningAlayoffAstoreclosingAnewpolicyAcontestwinnerApricechangeBadnewstoemployeesAtrainingsession

SystemGolfSupplies4143GreenAvenueBaltimoreMD21205

May222012

MsSusanJonesManagerJonesGolfing1322NorthPleasantStreetBaltimoreMD21075

DearMsJones

DuetoincreasedcostsformaterialsusedinourmanufacturingprocesswemustunfortunatelyincreasethewholesalecostofourproductsWehaveexaminedotherwaystoreduceourmanufacturingcostshoweverwehavebeenunabletoreducecostsenoughwithoutsacrificingqualityTomaintainthesuperiorqualityofourproductswemustraiseourpricesIhaveenclosedanewpricelistthatwillgointoeffectonJuly12012AnyordersplacedbetweennowandJuly1willbehonoredatourpreviousprices

Wewanttothankyouforyourbusinessinthepastandwehopeyouunderstandthenecessityforthisincrease

Sincerely

CarlRichardsonSalesManagerSystemGolfSupplies

ANNUALREPORT

Anannualreportisadocumentusedtodisclosecorporationinformationtoshareholdersmdashastate-of-the-companyreportAllUScompaniesthatissuepubliclytradedstockarerequiredtofileanannualreportwiththeSecuritiesandExchangeCommission(SEC)ThedocumentthatisfiledwiththeSECistheForm10-K

ManynonprofitorganizationsfoundationsandcharitiesproduceannualreportstoassesstheirperformanceNonprofitannualreportsincludethefollowingsections(Figures37ndash311)LetterfromthechairmanoftheboardAdescriptionofthecharityitscausesactionsandaccomplishmentsfortheyearThefinancialstatement

AletterfromtheorganizationrsquosCPAIncomestatementBalancesheet

Alistofdirectorsandofficers

Ifacompanyisprivatelyownedbuthasmorethan500shareholdersandover$10millioninassetsitisalsorequiredtofileanannualreport

InadditiontoForm10-KannualreportsthesamemandatedcorporationsmustalsofileaquarterlyForm10-Qasaquarterlyreport

TheannualreportsrequiredbytheSECfollowastrictformatandincludethefollowingsections(Figures37ndash311)BusinessoverviewRiskfactorsUnresolvedstaffcommentsPropertiesLegalproceedingsSubmissionofmatterstoavotebyshareholdersMarketforthecompanyrsquoscommonequityRelatedstockholdermattersManagementrsquosdiscussionandanalysisoffinancialconditionsandtheresultsofoperationsDisclosuresaboutmarketriskFinancialstatementsandsupplementarydataChangesinaccountingControlsandproceduresOtherinformationDirectorsexecutiveofficersandcorporategovernanceExecutivecompensationSecurityownershipofstockbymanagementandcertainbeneficialownersRelationshipsandrelatedtransactionanddirectorindependenceAccountingfeesandservicesExhibitsandfinancialstatementschedules

APPLICATIONLETTER

Inanapplicationletter(Figure312)InthefirstsentencestatewhatyouareapplyingforExplainthereasonsyouareapplyingandbespecificGivethereasonswhyyouarequalifiedincludingyourexperiencequalificationsaccomplishmentsandgoals

IdentifytheresponseyouwouldliketoyourletterIdentifythedateyouneedaresponseReferenceanyothermaterialsincludedwiththelettersuchasareacutesumeacutejobapplicationformlettersofrecommendationorworksamples

Includeyourcontactinformationandwhenyouareavailable

Closetheletterwithathankyou

ApplicationlettersaretypicallywrittentoapplyforEmploymentAdmissiontoaschoolAdmissiontoaclubAforeignworkpermitAgrantAscholarshipAtravelvisaAspecialprogramCredit

1322ForestLaneDallasTX75214August112012

MichelePhillipsAPSSoftware13211GreenvilleAvenueDallasTX75212

DearMsPhillips

IamwritingtoapplyforthepositionyouadvertisedonMonstercomforaqualitycontrolmanagerAsyouwillseeinmyreacutesumeacuteIhavetheexperiencetofillthisposition

ForthepasttenyearsIhavebeenworkingintheinformationtechnologydepartmentatHopewellIndustrieswhereIhavebeenasoftwaredeveloperprojectmanagerandmanagerofQCTestingMyexperiencehasrangedfromcodingtomanagingteamsofprogrammerstocreatingtestplansrunningtestsandmanagingtesters

RecentlyHopewellIndustriesdecidedtooutsourcetheITfunctiontoIBMWhileIamsadtoleavethecompanyIamlookingforwardtoanewassignmentwithfreshfacesandnewprojects

IhaveheardaboutAPSSoftwareinvarioustradejournalsandwouldbeveryinterestedinbecomingpartofyourteamAPSiswellknownforinnovativequalityproductsandIam

excitedaboutthepossibilityofbecomingapartofyoursuccessstory

IhopeyoursquollgivemeanopportunitytodiscussmyqualificationsandexperienceIcanbereachedat(214)555-5555after6pm

Thankyouverymuchforyourconsiderationforthisposition

Sincerelyyours

AliceGrassley

Enclreacutesumeacute

BROCHURES

BrochuresareoftenusedbybusinessestoadvertiseproductsandservicesThereareseveraldifferenttypesofbrochuresLeave-behindbrochuresareleftafterapersonalsalespresentationThesefocusonafulldescriptionoftheproductanditsbenefitsTheyechothesalespitchgivenbythesalesperson

Point-of-salebrochuresaredesignedtocatchyourinterestwhilewaitinginlinetocheckoutinastoreTheyarevisuallyappealingwithacatchyheadline

InquiryresponsebrochuresaresenttopeoplewhohaveaskedforinformationaboutaproductThesebrochuresfocusonasalespitchthatencouragesthereadertotakethenextstepandpurchasetheproductorservice

DirectmailbrochuresaresenttopotentialcustomersalongwithasalesletterSalessupportbrochuresareusedbysalespeopleduringtheirpresentations

IntheplanningphaseofbrochurecreationconsiderthefollowingDeterminewhatyouwantthebrochuretodogetordersinformgetappointmentsDeterminetheaudienceforthebrochureandwhytheyshouldbeinterestedinyourproductorservice

DevelopanoutlineanddividethecontentyouwanttocoverintosectionsConsiderthestyleofbrochureyouplantocreateandthinkaboutthecontentthatisbestforthecoverinsidepagesandbackcoverAlsoconsidercontentthatissuitableforanysidebars

DeterminewhetherphotographyorillustrationscanbeusedIfphotographyisusedalsoincludecaptionsforeachphotothatfocusonbenefitsPhotosshouldbeatleast300dpiresolutioninordertoprintwiththebestpossibleprintquality

Whenwritingcopyforabrochurekeepthefollowinginmind(seeFigures313ndash314)WritefromthereaderrsquospointofviewAsthereaderunfoldsthebrochurepresenttheinformationintheorderthatareaderwouldwanttoreceiveitOnthecoverorfirstpageofthebrochuremotivatereaderstoopenthebrochureandseekoutadditionalinformation

Forabrochurelongerthaneightormorepagesincludealistofcontentshighlightedinboldandseparatedfromtherestofthecopy

DescribetheproductorserviceintermsofwhatitmeanstothepotentialcustomerFocusonthebenefitsratherthanthefeaturesIncludehelpfulreferenceinformationthatwillmakethereaderwanttokeepthebrochureonfile

Writeinaninformalmatter-of-factstyleasifyouarehavingaone-on-oneconversationwithsomeone

ShareyouremotionsandenthusiasmabouttheproductorserviceDonrsquotwastetimeonallthedetailsinsteadfocusonthekeysellingpointsOrganizethecontentintoeasilyidentifiablesectionsAskforanorderandprovidesimpleinstructionsonhowtoorderMakeapersuasivesalespitch

IndesigningthebrochureanddoingthelayoutconsiderthefollowingStudybrochuresfromothercompaniesanddeterminewhichdesignsareeffectiveandwhicharenot

AvoidpackingintoomuchcontentEmptyspaceisokay

AvoidusingtoomanygraphicalboxesandlinestoseparatechunksofcontentTheytendtomakeyourdesignlookcluttered

UseaconsistenttypefacethroughoutthebrochureYoucanchangefontswithinthesametypefacefamilyinvariousplacesforemphasis

Considerdifferentfontsfontstylessizesandcolorsforkeysellingpointsandheadings

UsethesetechniquessparinglyforgreateremphasisAvoidallcapsUseboldstyleinsteadAvoidunderliningUseitalicsstyleinsteadAvoidputtingtextoverimagesunlessyoumaketheimageatleast80transparentAvoidputtingtextcolumnsonthefirstpageorcoverUsenomorethan10wordsonthecoverDonrsquotusemorethantwoorthreesentencesperparagraphwithalayoutthatisnomorethannineortenlinesoftypeAddaspacebetweenparagraphsanddonotindentthefirstwordUseonlyonespaceafteraperiodbeforestartingthenextsentence

Ifyouhavetostartasentencewithanumberwriteitout

Incorrect50ofthehomeownersexperiencedhaildamage

CorrectFiftypercentofthehomeownersexperiencedhaildamage

ConsidertheuseofmultipleinkcolorsandcoloredpaperWhencreatingalayoutwithphotographydonrsquotpositionthephotossothattheyarecreasedbyafoldinthepaper

UsedesktoppublishingsoftwaresuchasMicrosoftPublisherAdobeInDesignorQuarkXPressSetthepapersizebeforeanydesignelementsarecreatedConfirmthattheprinterwillbeabletoprintontheintendedsizepaper

Allowforprintbleedinordertoachieveedge-to-edgeprintingTocreateprintbleedexpandyourbrochuredesignslightlybeyondtheedgeofthepaperwithnonessentialdesignelementstoallowfortrimming

Proofreadyourfinaldesignseveraltimestoavoidprintingabrochurewithamistakeortypo

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

BUSINESSLETTER

Thepartsofabusinessletterare(Figure315)Addressorletterheadmdashusuallyapreprintedletterheadwiththeorganizationrsquosnameandaddress(Ifletterheadisnotusedincludetheaddressofthewriteralongwiththedate)

DatelinemdashtwotosixlinesbelowthelastlineoftheprintedletterheadThedateshouldbewrittenoutinthisformJanuary12012or1January2012ThedatecanbecenteredifletterheadisusedIfletterheadisnotusedthedateisincludedwiththeaddressofthewriter

Referencelinemdashanumericalfilenumberinvoicenumberpolicynumberorordernumbersonanewlinebelowthedate

SpecialmailingnotationsmdashspecialnotationssuchasldquoConfidentialrdquotwolinesbelowthedate

InsideaddressmdashtheaddresseersquostitleandfullnamebusinesstitlebusinessnameandfulladdressDonotabbreviatethecompanyrsquosnameunlessitisregisteredthatwayCitiesandstatesshouldnotbeabbreviatedDonotuseldquocareofrdquobeforeahotelnameorcompanynameIncludetheappropriatetitleMrMsMrsMissorDrBusinesstitlesareneverabbreviated

AttentionlinemdashonelinespaceandthephraseldquoAttention__________rdquoaftertheinsideaddressiftheletterisnotaddressedtoanyspecificpersonYoucanmakethelettergototheattentionofadepartmentAnattentionlineisneverusedinalettertoanindividualbutonlyinaletterhavingpluraladdresses

SalutationmdashldquoDear[personrsquosname]rdquoldquoLadiesandGentlemenrdquoldquoDearSirorMadamrdquoldquoDear[companyname]rdquoonelineaftertheattentionlineortheinsideaddressInbusinesslettersthesalutationisfollowedbyacolonInpersonallettersthesalutationisfollowedbyacomma

SubjectlinemdashanoverviewofwhattheletterisaboutItcanbeusedinplaceofasalutationAsubjectlinecanbecenteredinsaleslettersDonotincludeldquoRerdquoorldquoSubjectrdquobeforethesubjectlineUnderlinethesubjectlineunlessitoccupiestwoormorelinesinwhichcaseunderlinethelastlinelettingtheunderlineextendthelengthofthelongestlineinthesubject

Messagemdashthebodyofyourletterwithparagraphbreaksoptionalindentionsforparagraphsbulletlistsandnumberlists

ComplimentaryclosemdashtwolinesbelowthelastlineofthemessageThecloseiseitherleftjustifiedorfivespacestotherightofcenterldquoYourstrulyrdquoorldquoVerytrulyyoursrdquocanbeusedwhennopersonalconnectionexistsbetweenthewriterandrecipientldquoSincerelyrdquoorldquoSincerelyyoursrdquoisappropriatewhenthereisanestablishedpersonalaswellasbusinessrelationshipldquoRespectfullyyoursrdquoisappropriateonlettersaddressedtoapersonofacknowledgedauthorityAvoidusingclosingssuchasldquoYoursforlowerpricesrdquoorldquoIremainrdquoorldquoCordiallyyoursrdquo

Signatureblockmdashjustifiedwiththecomplimentaryclosewithoptionsoftypednameand

titlesignatureorjustsignatureNeveraddablankgraphicallineforthewriterrsquossignatureAwomanshouldincludeacourtesytitleinhertypedsignaturestoallowtherecipientofthelettertoreplyappropriately

ExampleMissLouiseAScottMsTinaAnderson-TateMrsPatBrueck

IdentificationinitialsmdashtheinitialsofthetypistalignedlefttwospacesbelowthesignatureblockWriterrsquosinitialsaretypedincapitalsthetypistrsquosinitialsareinlowercaseAcolonorslashisusedtoseparatetheinitials

Enclosurenotationmdashlocatedwiththeidentificationinitialsorinplaceofthemwiththenotationldquoencrdquoldquoenclrdquoldquoenclosures(3)rdquoorldquo3encsrdquo

Copynotationmdashleft-alignedtwolinesbelowidentificationinitialswiththenotationldquocc[personrsquosfullnameorinitials]rdquo

PostscriptmdashtwospacesbelowthelasttextonthepagewithaldquoPSrdquoandthenashortsentenceUseapostscripttodramatizesomethingalreadyincludedintheletterNeveruseapostscripttoincludesomethingthatwasforgottenduringthewritingoftheletterInsteadrewritetheletter

BusinessLetterWritingStyle

ConsiderthefollowingtipsregardingbusinessletterwritingstyleAgoodbusinessletteradvertisesyourcapabilitiesandthoseofyourcompanyAgoodbusinessletterisneatandsymmetricalwithnotypographicalgrammaticalorspellingerrors

ThelanguageshouldbeclearandsimpleThefirstsentenceshouldstatethepurposeoftheletterWhenrespondingtoaletteridentifythesubjectanddateofthepreviousletterinthefirstparagraph

ParagraphsshouldbeshortandeachparagraphshouldfocusonadifferenttopicUselistsoritalicswhereappropriatetomakeiteasierforthereadertofindimportantpoints

FocusonthereaderrsquosneedsandinterestsAvoidjargonEndwithacallforaction

ExampleCanwesetupanappointmenttodiscussyourneedsonthisproject

BusinessLetterFormat

ThereareseveraldifferentformatsforbusinesslettersBlockletters(Figure316)Modifiedblockletters(Figure317)Modifiedsemiblockletters(Figure318)Simplifiedletters(Figure319)

5509West34thStreetDallasTX75214July72011

MichaelJDuffyIntelligentComputerSystems3121MorrisLakeDriveSuite211DallasTX75212

DearMrDuffy

IamwritingtoapplyforthepositionyouadvertisedintheDallasMorningNewsforane-learningdeveloperAsyoursquollseeinmyreacutesumeacuteIhavetheexperiencetofillthisposition

ForthepastfiveyearsIhavebeendevelopinge-learningcoursesforthreedifferentcompaniesIBMATTandCoxEnterprisesMyexperiencehasrangedfrominstructionaldesigntechnicalwritinggraphicsproductionmultimediaproductionandlearningmanagementsystemsupport

CurrentlyIamworkingasacontractorforCoxEnterpriseswhereIamfinishingaone-yearassignmentdevelopingtrainingforOracleFinancialsIhavealsorecentlydevelopeddocumentationandtrainingforPeopleSoftandforHyperionPlanningIamcurrentlytheleadinstructionaldesignerontheOracleFinancialsprojectthatwillconcludeattheendofJuly

IntelligentComputerSystemsisfamousforyourinnovativeITsecuritysystemsandnetworkingproductsIwouldbeproudtobepartoftheICSteamIhopeyouwillgivemeanopportunitytodiscussmyqualificationsandexperienceIcanbereachedat(214)555-1212after6pm

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

Figure317ModifiedBlockLetter

5509West34thStreetDallasTX75214

July72011

DearMrDuffyIamwritingtoapplyforthepositionyouadvertisedintheDallasMorningNewsforane-

learningdeveloperAsyoursquollseeinmyreacutesumeacuteIhavetheexperiencetofillthisposition

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

SubjE-learningdeveloperposition

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July720115509West34thStreetDallasTX75214

IamwritingtoapplyforthepositionyouadvertisedintheDallasMorningNewsforane-learningdeveloperAsyoursquollseeinmyreacutesumeacuteIbelieveIhavetheexperiencetofillthisposition

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

BUSINESSPLAN

AbusinessplanisaproposalfornewbusinessorastrategyforexpandinganexistingbusinessAbusinessplanincludes(Figure320)AdetaileddescriptionoftheproductorserviceTechnicalbackgroundinformationthatexplainsthetechnologiesinvolvedAdiscussionofthemarketforthenewproductorserviceincludinghowitcomparesto

existingproductsandservicescurrentlyavailableThesalesofcomparisonproductsorservicesarelistedalongwithprojectedsalesofthenewproductorserviceThedifferencesbetweenthenewproductorserviceandexistingsimilarproductsorservicesaredetailed

Theday-to-dayoperationsofthebusinessincludinginformationabouthowtheproductorserviceisproduced

FacilitiesandpersonnelthatthebusinesswillrequireProjectrevenuesalongwithsupportingmaterialforhowtherevenuesprojectionswerecalculated

FundingrequirementstogetthebusinessstartedLegalissuesinvolvingcompetitorsorgovernmentagenciesAfeasibilitysectiondiscussingthelikelihoodofsuccessandtheoverallinvestmentpotentialofthebusiness

Investmentdocumentationthatdetailstheamountsrequiredforshareholderpurchase

TheoverallelementsofthebusinessplandocumentincludeCoversheetStatementofpurposeTableofcontentsDescriptionofthebusinessMarketinginformationCompetitionOperatingproceduresPersonnelBusinessinsurancerequirementsCapitalequipmentandsupplylistRevenueprojectionsInvestmentrequirementsCopiesofreacutesumeacutesofallprincipals

STEWARTLAKESTATEPARKBUSINESSPLAN

SubmittedtoDepartmentofNaturalResourcesDivisionofParksandRecreation

OfficeoftheDirector

PreparedfortheDirectorbyStewartLakeStateParkSuperintendent

andDivisionofParksandRecreationBudgetOfficer

DivisionofStateParksandRecreation

(CourtesyoftheUSDepartmentofNaturalResources)

EXECUTIVESUMMARYINTRODUCTION

ThepurposeofthebusinessplanistoassistparkmanagementandstaffatStewartLakeStateParkinmakingdecisionsregardingthemanagementoperationanddevelopmentofparkresourcesThisplanfocusesonthefinancialimpactsofmanagementdecisionsInformationfromthisdocumentwillbeusedtoinformStateparkmanagementandStatelegislatorsoffinancialimpactsatStewartLakeStatePark

MISSIONVISIONVALUESANDOBJECTIVES

ThemissionvisionvaluesandobjectivesofStewartLakeStateParkareasfollows

Mission

Enhancethequalityoflifethroughoutdoorrecreationleisureandeducationalexperiences

Vision

Providequalityoutdoorrecreationalexperiencesthroughcampingboatingfishingbikinghikingandoff-highwayvehicle(OHV)trails

Values

Meetingcustomerneedsinnovationcleanandwell-maintainedfacilitiespreservationofnaturalsurroundingsandresourcesaffordablesafeandaccessiblerecreationalactivities

Objectives1Increaseovernightcampingrevenue(numberofvisitorsandnightsstayed)

2Increaseday-userevenuesandvisitation3Increasefishingactivitiesandrevenues

PARKDESCRIPTIONANDSTRENGTHSWEAKNESSESOPPORTUNITIESANDTHREATS

Description

StewartLakeStateParkwasestablishedin19722yearsaftertheBureauofReclamationbuiltthereservoiraspartoftheStrawberry-DuchesneRiverProjectThereservoirislocatedoffofHighway40nexttothecityofDuchesne(population5000)1frac12hourseastofSaltLakeCityand6hoursfromDenverColoradoHighway40isamaincorridorfromDenvertoSaltLakeCityThereservoirhasover23milesofsandyshorelineandrestsatapproximately5700feetabovesealevelManyofitsformationsandgeologicfeaturesaresimilartoLakePowellbutwithashorterldquowarmseasonrdquolimitingpeakvisitationtothesummermonths(lateJunetoearlySeptember)

Theparkprovidesforavarietyofexperienceswithsixcampgroundsandopenldquoboatcampingrdquoonmanyofitsshores

MarketAnalysis

StewartLakeStateParkrsquosprimarycustomersareboatersformtheWasatchFrontareaandanglersthroughouttheStateandneighboringStatesCurrentdemandisprimarilyforimprovedaccessandregressforboatsandimprovedfacilities(hookupsdockscampingetc)

Demographics

ThemakeupofthepopulationthatrecreatesatStewartLakeStateParkisidentifiedinthefollowingtable

MarketTrends

Generaltrendsinoutdoorrecreationareasfollows

GreaterawarenessofvalueofleisuremdashoverallincreaseddemandforleisureactivitiesExpectationofrecreationfacilitiesmdashmoreldquocomfortrdquoorientedPreferenceforindividualorinformalactivitiesisincreasingPeoplearelookingforldquoexperiencesrdquo

ParticipationbyolderadultsinactiverecreationandsporthasincreasedAverageageofoutdoorrecreationparticipantisincreasing(babyboomers)Numberofminorityparticipantsisincreasing(mostnotablytheHispaniccommunity)

MarketNeedsDemands

ThefollowingneedsanddemandshavebeenidentifiedbyparkstaffbasedonvisitorfeedbacktrendanalysisandcommunitycommentsforStewartLakeStatePark1Morelargercampsiteshookupsforrecreationalvehicles(RVs)2Largeroradditionalboatramp3Additionalfish-cleaningstations(improveexisting)4Addedroadsandldquoturn-aroundrdquoforboatlaunching5Expandedparkingforboatsanddayusers6Protecteddocks(breakwaterwallmarina)7Improveexpandbathroomsandshowers8Expandldquosandyrdquobeachareafordayusers9Fuelstationforboats10ImprovedbathroomsshowersatKnightHollowandIndianBay11Moreldquoaccessiblerdquowaterexpandculinarywatersystem12ConnectOHVtrailstosystemoutsideofpark13ImproveOHVtrailsinsidepark14DevelopgroupsiteforKnightHollow(OHVusers)15Addpavedandnon-pavedtrailsforhikingandbikinglinktocityofDuchesne16Emphasizepartnershipwithlocalbusinessesforfoodrentalsandsuppliesmdashno

concessionaire17Developcomfortcampingfacilities(ieyurtscabins)

FinancialAnalysis

Thedivisionstaffevaluatespotentialprojectsprogramseventsetcusingreturnoninvestment(ROI)(theratioofmoneygainedorlostonaninvestmentrelativetotheamountofmoneyinvested)andpaybackperiodasitsmethodstomeasuretheacceptabilityofeach

projectForlong-termcapitalprojectsinternalrateofreturn(IRR)(theannualizedeffectivecompoundedreturnratewhichcanbeearnedontheinvestedcapitalietheyieldontheinvestment)andornetpresentvalue(NPV)measurestheexcessorshortfallofcashflowsinpresentvalue(PV)termsoncefinancingchargesaremetBydefinitionnetpresentvaluecashflowmethodsareusedAsastandardofacceptabilityprojectROImustmeetorexceedthecurrentStateTreasurerrsquosmoneymarketfundCapitalprojectIRRusesahurdlerateof3percentandpaybackperiodof30yearsortheestimatedlifeofthestructurefacilitywhicheverislessItshouldbenotedhoweverthatcertainprojectsmaybeacceptedeveniftheminimumcriteriaarenotmetbasedonsuchfactorsasenvironmentaljusticesafetyresourceprotectionheritagepreservationordivisionobjectives

Thefollowingtablesareafinancialsummaryoftheproposedplan

SummaryofAnnualExpenses

SuccessMonitoring

Theperformancemeasuresinthefollowingtablewillbeusedtomonitorandmeasurethesuccessoftheimplementationoftheabove-mentionedstrategies

PerformanceMeasures

COLLECTIONLETTER

Collectionlettersarewrittentocollectamountsowedonapast-dueaccountWhenwritingacollectionletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure321)GatherallthefactsaboutthecustomerrsquosaccountBespecificabouttheamountowedandthedatethefundsweredueLetthecustomerknowwhatthepenaltywillbeifheorshefailstopaybyaspecific

deadline

ExampleIfyourpaymentisnotreceivedbyNovember12012youraccountwillbesenttoacollectionagency

OfferassistanceforcustomershavingdifficultypayingDiscussnewtermsorapaymentplan

IfyoumustcancelacustomerrsquoscreditexplainyourreasonsfordoingsoBecourteousbutfirm

CollectionslettersaretypicallywrittentoRemindacustomerthatapaymentispastdueDemandpaymentforadelinquentaccountInformacustomerthatlegalactionwillbetakenforfailuretopayAppealtoacustomertosettleanaccountInformacustomerofnewbusinesstermsduetotheirfailuretopayOfferacustomerapaymentplan

AMCCorporation1322WestfieldLaneLosAngelesCA90025September212011

KennethBarrymoreEasternDistributionCompany41WestMountainHighwayDenverColorado80012

DearMrBarrymore

Wecurrentlyhavethreeoutstandinginvoicespastthe30-dayduedateforyouraccountTheseinvoicesareitemizedbelowAlloftheseinvoicescarry30-daytermsthatwereagreeduponinourdistributionagreementandtwooftheseinvoicesareover90dayspastdue

WewouldappreciateyourpromptpaymentbyOctober12011otherwisewewillbeforcedtoturnoveryouraccounttoacollectionagencyInthemeantimeanyadditionalordersyoumakewillhavetobeonacash-onlybasisuntilyouraccountispaidinfull

Sincerelyyours

AlbertDaytonAccountsReceivableManagerAMCCorporation

COMMENDATIONLETTER

CommendationlettersareoftenwrittentopraiseanemployeersquosperformancePraiseisapowerfulmotivatorifitisgenuinespecificandtimelyWhenwritingacommendationletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure322)DescribetheworkoraccomplishmentthatdeservesthecommendationUsephrasessuchasldquocongratulationsrdquoldquoexceptionaljobrdquoldquoveryimpressedrdquoldquomustcomplimentyourdquoldquofinejobrdquoldquooutstandingsuccessrdquoldquoexcellentqualityrdquoldquoprofessionalmanagerrdquoldquoyourcontributionrdquoldquopositiveimpactrdquo

DescribethepersonrsquosqualitiesthatmakehimorhersuccessfulUsewordssuchascompetenceexpertisediligencecommitmententhusiasticcontributionwillingnessdedicationprofessionalextratimeandeffortprideinvaluableinitiativetalentleadershipability

ThankthepersonforhisorhercontributiontotheorganizationUsephrasessuchasldquojobwelldonerdquoldquocommendyourdquoldquovitaltooursuccessrdquoldquoanassettoourcompanyrdquoldquocontinuedsuccessrdquoldquofurtherrecognitionrdquoldquothankyourdquoldquokeepupthegoodworkrdquoldquobestwishesrdquoldquomadethedifferencerdquo

CommendationlettersaretypicallywrittentoPraiseanemployeersquosperformanceComplimentanemployeefromanotherorganizationPraiseaproductorservice

ComplimentaguestspeakerPraiseasalespersonfromasupplierPraiseachairpersonormeetingplannerComplimentaninstructorPraiseanemployeersquosfamilyfortheemployeersquossuccess

BestValueRealtyCompany4413LakeForestDriveWoodstockGA30189October222012

JackMoyer1442PineCliffTarnWoodstockGA30189

DearJack

Iwantedtocongratulateyouforachievingonemilliondollarsintotalsalesthisyear

InthehistoryofBestValueRealityCompanywersquoveonlyhadtwoagentsachievethisloftygoalIwouldliketocommendyouforjoiningthiselitegroup

Yourdedicationinmakingcoldcallsyourhelpfulattitudewhentalkingwithhomeownersandyourabilitytohelphomeownersandbuyersreachanagreementhaveallassistedyouinachievingthisoutstandingsuccess

IwantyoutoknowthatyoureffortsarevitaltothesuccessofBestValueRealtyCompanyYouareindeedanassettoourcompanyKeepupthegoodwork

Sincerelyyours

SherryMorganPresident

COMPLAINTLETTER

ComplaintlettersarewrittentovoiceyouropinionaboutsomethingortoletabusinessknowaboutanunsatisfactorysituationRemembermosterrorsareunintentionalandmostbusinesses

wanttheircustomerstobesatisfied

Whenwritingacomplaintletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure323)WriteyourcomplaintlettertoaspecificpersonattheorganizationsuchasthemanagerownerorCEO

WritetheletterwithapositivetonewithoutemotionallanguageorobscenitiesKeepthelettershorthonestandstraightforwardwithoutomittinganyrelevantdetailsSendcopiesofanyaccompanyingdocumentationandretainalltheoriginalsDonotthreatenormakegeneralizationsabouttheorganizationIfotherpeopleyouknowwerealsoaffectedbytheproblemgetmultiplesignaturesonthecomplaintletter

SuggestasolutionfortheproblemwithoutdestroyingtherelationshipIncludeyourcontactinformationincludingyournameaddressphonenumberandemailaddress

ComplaintlettersaretypicallywrittentoComplainaboutthequalityofaproductorserviceComplaintogovernmentalauthoritiesComplaintoalandlordorneighborComplainaboutabillingproblemComplainaboutharassmentatworkComplaintothenewsmediaComplainaboutanorderdelayComplainaboutaninvoiceReprimandanemployeeRequestarefundDisagreewithacoworker

LeonWilliams14CandlerAvenueAtlantaGA30311

August82011

BestComputersandPeripherals32134North33rdAvenueTulsaOklahoma74102

Gentlemen

ThisletterisinreferencetoanEpsonNX515printerthatIpurchasedonlinefromyourcompanyonAugust52011WhentheorderarrivedtheboxcontainedanEpsonNX415printer

Whilebothprintersareall-in-oneprinterstheNX515haswirelessnetworkingcapabilitywhiletheNX415doesnotThereisalsoapricedifferenceof$45

Iamenclosingacopyofmyoriginalonlineorderforyourreference

IwouldliketoreturntheEpsonNX415andexchangeitfortheEpsonNX515thatIoriginallyorderedIwouldlikeforBestComputersandPeripheralstoeithersendmeaprepaidreturnauthorizationshippinglabelorreimbursemeforthereturnshippingcost

EarliertodayIcheckedyourWebsitewhichsaidtheEpsonNX515isout-of-stockTheWebsitedidnotsaythislastweekwhenIplacedmyorderIfyouareunabletoshipanEpsonNX515thenIwillkeeptheNX415butIwouldlikeyoutocreditmycreditcardforthepricedifferenceof$45

Sincerelyyours

LeonWilliams(918)555-6666Lwilliams123videologiescom

COVERLETTERS

CoverlettersareoftensentalongwithareacutesumeacutetoemphasizewhatyoucancontributetothehiringorganizationWhenwritingacoverletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure324)CustomizetheletterforeachjobDonrsquotuseagenericcoverletterforeveryjobapplicationHighlightyourskillsinboldfontthatmatchthejobdescriptionMakesurethecoverletterdoesnotcontainanytyposorgrammaticalmistakesListspecificexamplesofthingsyoursquoveaccomplishedandhoweachcorrespondstothejobdescription

Marketyourstrengthsachievementsworkethicandpersonalitytraitsthatwillbenefittheorganization

Askforanopportunitytointerview

CoverlettersaretypicallywrittentoRespondtoanadvertisementforemploymentRespondtoarequestforyourreacutesumeacuteNetworkwithcontactsduringajobsearchAccompanyaproposalreportorapplicationRespondtoajoboffer

12345HeartsideDriveWesternBranchGA31234December22011

MrKevinWilsonPresidentVideologiesInc10NorthMainStreetAtlantaGA30303

DearMrWilson

IamveryinterestedinapplyingforthejobofofficeassistantlistedintheAtlantaConstitutiononDecember1

AsyoucanseefrommyenclosedreacutesumeacuteIhaveworkedforbothastillphotographerandasmallvideoproductioncompanyIenjoyedworkingatbothofthesecompaniesandIfeelthispastexperiencequalifiesmeforthepositiondescribedinyouradvertisement

IhaveagoodunderstandingofthevisualmediumandthemanydetailsyoumusthandleinyourworkIbelieveIcanhelptakeresponsibilityforsomeofthesedetailswithlittleadditionaltraining

IwouldappreciatetheopportunityforapersonalinterviewYoucanreachmeat(770)555-1234

Thankyouforyourconsideration

Sincerelyyours

EvelynBoyd

DIRECTIVES

DirectivesarememosoremailsthatgiveinstructionsforataskprojectassignmentornewprocedureDirectivesaddressaparticularproblemandindicateasolution

Whenwritingdirectivesconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure325)StatethereasonforthedirectiveincludingalegislativecompliancerequirementifanyIncludespecificinstructionsonwhatthereaderisexpectedtodoStatedeadlinesforthetaskorprojectListanybenefitsthatwillbeachievedfromfollowingtheinstructionsdetailedinthedirective

Includethenamesandcontactinformationforanyresourceswhocananswerquestionsorassistemployeesinimplementingthedirective

Thankthereaderandexpressconfidencethatthetaskorprojectcanbecompleted

DirectivesaretypicallywrittentoEstablishnewpoliciesorproceduresNotifyemployeesofachangeinpolicyorprocedureAnnounceaspecialprojectIssueinstructionsregardingaspecifictaskorprojectDelegateresponsibilityAdjustterritoriesororganizationalstructure

Figure325Directive

ANNOUNCEMENT

ToAllEmployees

EffectiveJanuary12012newguidelineswillgointoeffectfortheuseofcontractorsandconsultants

Awrittencontractmustbeexecutedwithallcontractorsandconsultantsandmustincludethefollowing

AdefinitionoftheservicestobeperformedThefeestobechargedtothecompanyorthemethodofchargingthecompanyfortheservicesand

Thelengthoftimetheserviceswillbeprovided

TheseguidelinesapplytoanycontractororconsultantcurrentlyperformingservicesandtothosethatmayberetainedinthefutureIhaveapprovedcontractsthatIcanshareandwillbegladtocustomizethemforspecificcircumstancesyoumayhave

PleasesendmeacopyofyoursignedcontractswithcontractorsandconsultantssothatIcanmaintaintheagreementsinacentrallocationandtrackcontractexpirationandcompliance

FinallythesenewguidelinesestablishthedollarlimitsforapprovalForcontractsforfewerthan90daysandlessthan$25000adirectormayapprovethecontractForcontractsformorethan90daysormorethan$25000avicepresidentmustapprovethecontractPleaseensurethattheappropriateapprovalisobtainedpriortoengagingacontractororconsultant

ThankyouforyourattentiontotheseguidelinesIfyouhaveanyquestionspleaseletmeknow

EdwardGibsonVicePresident

EmailisusedinmanybusinessesasasubstituteformemosandbrieftelephonecallsShortmessagesaresenttorequestinformationtoshareinformationandtoprovideprogressreportsWhenwritingemailmessagesconsiderthefollowingtipsWhensendingamessagetoagroupofpeopleusetheBCCfieldtokeepeveryonersquosemailaddressprivate

IncludeameaningfulsubjectlineAvoidstartingamessagewithReCapitalizeyoursubjectlikeabooktitle

ExampleISSMeetingonTuesday

MarkamessageurgentorhighpriorityonlywhenitreallyistimesensitiveIncludeapersonalgreeting

ExampleHelloJim

KeepyourmessageshortandlimitedtoonesubjectSendaseparateemailifyouneedtodiscussadifferentsubject

AvoidsendinglongdocumentsasemailmessagesInsteadsendattachmentsthathavebeencompressedusingaprogramlikeWinZiporStuffitIfsendinganattachmentexplainwhattheattachmentiswithintheemailmessage

TheformattingofamessagemaychangewhenviewedbytherecipientInternalmessagesinHTMLformatmayholdtheirformattingWithinternalHTMLformatmessagesyoucanusebolditalicsunderliningmultiplefontsbulletsspecialsymbolstabsandspacingtoindentparagraphsExternalmessagesshouldavoidspecialformatting

EmailmessagesmayincludehyperlinkstoWorldWideWebaddressesUsetheentireaddressincludingtheInternetprotocol

Examplehttpwwwvideologiescom

Usetheactiveratherthanpassivevoiceinyourmessages

ExampleofpassiveDocumentsweredraftedbythecommittee

ExampleofactiveThecommitteedrafteddocuments

Avoidsexistlanguage

Examplesalespersoninsteadofsalesman

IfyoumakearequestinyourmessagesayldquopleaserdquoAvoidallcapitallettersinyourmessagesunlessitisawarninglikeldquoDANGERrdquoWhenreplyingtoanemailsendacopyofthepreviousmessageoruseafewlinesasaquoteForselectivequotingmarkthepreviousmessagebyusingtwoltlt(lessthan)andtwogtgt(greaterthan)symbolsoneachsideofthequoteTypeyourmessagebelowthequoteorcopy

Likeabusinessletterincludeaformalsignoff

Includeasignature(whichcanbestoredasasignaturefile)withyourmessagesIncludeyournamecompanyemailaddressphonenumberandWebsiteDonotincludepicturesinyoursignature

Alwaysreadandspell-checkyourmessagesbeforeyousendthem

ThefollowingareexamplesofwhenemailisaninappropriatemediumforcommunicationThank-younotesLongmemosYes-or-noanswers(usethephoneinstead)Jobpraise(offeritinpersonorinaletter)Tellingyourbossyouaresick(onthephoneinstead)Requestsforraisespromotionsorresignations(meetinpersonorwritealetter)JokesFlirtingGossip

ENDORSEMENTLETTER

AnendorsementletterisusedtoendorseacandidateforanawardtoendorseapoliticalcandidateortoendorseapersonforaparticularpositionWhenwritinganendorsementletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure326)IncludeyournameandorganizationandyourrelationshipwiththepersonbeingendorsedDescribewhatyouareendorsingandwhyExplainwhythepersonisentitledtoyourendorsementListhowlongyoursquoveknownthepersonListthepersonrsquosqualities

ExplainwhatthispersonwilldointhefuturegivenhisorherskillsandqualitiesIncludeyourcontactinformationifthereaderneedsadditionalinformationConcludebyrestatingyourendorsement

EndorsementlettersaretypicallywrittentoAdvocatelegislationEndorseacandidateEndorseapersonforajob

EndorseanomineeforanawardEndorseaproductorserviceConfirmadecisionmadebysomeoneelseEndorseareportConfirmauthorizationgiventosomeonetoactonyourbehalfEndorseabusiness

May102012

LauraJohnson1322FloweringFieldCircleRoswellGA30123

OfficeofAdmissionsCandlerSchoolofTheologyEmoryUniversityAtlantaGA30322

DearEmoryUniversity

IamwritinginregardstoDarleneWilliamswhohasappliedforadmissiontotheCandlerSchoolofTheologyIhavebeenaskedtoprovideaworkorcharacterreference

FirstofallIwouldliketostronglyrecommendyouracceptanceofDarleneSheisaverytalentedsmartandspiritualbeingWhereverthispathleadsitwillsurelybeablessingforthosewhocomeintocontactwithherinthefuture

IhaveknownDarlenebothpersonallyandprofessionallyforover12yearsShehasworkedformycompanyonnumerousoccasionsasaprofessionalon-camerapresenterSheisoneofthebestinherfield

OvertheyearsIhavebecomefriendswithDarleneandhavediscussedherpastandpresentreligiousbeliefsDarlenegrewupinAshevilleNorthCarolinaonasmallfarmwhereherparentsstillliveHerparentsareactiveinthechurchandtaughtDarlenetoprayhavefaithandbekindtoothersIseetheresulttodayassomeonewholdquoshinesrdquo

WhileDarleneconsidersherselfaChristiansheisacceptingofotherideasandbeliefsSheknowsthereismoretolifethanjustfollowingthedancestepstosalvationThiswasdemonstratedrecentlywhenshewascounselingawomanatherchurchregardingthedeathofalovedoneThewomanwasafraidherdeadhusbandwasnrsquotgoingtoheavenbecausehe

mighthaveviolatedsomeofthebeliefsystemrulesforobtainingsalvationDarlenetoldthiswomansomethingthatsummarizeswhyDarleneshinesShesaidldquoPeoplesometimestendtounderestimatethesizeofGodrsquosloverdquo

IfwejumpintothefutureandlistentoDarleneafewyearsfromnowaftergraduatingfromtheCandlerSchoolofTheologyIrsquomsureIrsquollhearsomethingjustascomfortingDarlenersquosuniqueexperienceasanon-camerapresenterpublicspeakerandtrainercombinedwiththeinsightsandknowledgeacquiredfromthiseducationalexperienceshouldresultinsomeonewhonotonlycommunicatesbutalsocounselshealsandinspires

IrsquomexcitedthatDarlenehaschosenthispathandhaschosentofurtherherknowledgeandspiritualgrowthbyapplyingtoEmoryUniversityItissomethingtocelebrateachancetoseedestinyfulfilled

Sincerely

LauraJohnson

Businessformsarecreatedforcommonfill-in-the-blankdocumentssuchasjobapplicationshealthbenefitclaimsandlegaldocumentation

Forlegaldocumentswritenumbersinwordsandthenrepeatthemimmediatelyinnumeralsinsideparentheses

Exampletenthousandfivehundredandseventy-five(10575)

Fordatesinlegalformsthemonthisalwaysspelledout

Thefollowingwordsandphrasesoftenusedinlegaldocuments(Figure327)arecustomarilywritteninfullcapitalsusuallyfollowedbyacommaacolonornopunctuationTHISAGREEMENTmadethisseconddayofhellipKNOWALLMENBYTHESEPRESENTthathellipINWITNESSWHEREOFIhavethisdayhellipMEMORANDUMOFAGREEMENTmadethistwenty-fifthdayofhellip

Casetitlesinlegaldocumentsarealwaysunderscoredfollowedbyacommathevolumeandpagenumbersanddate

ExampleJohnsonvSmith201Okla43332AmRep168(1901)

Notarypublicformsareusedtoacknowledgeandwitnessdocumentsignatures(Figures328ndash330)

Figure327Contract

FUND-RAISINGLETTER

Fund-raisinglettersarewrittenbynonprofitorganizationsschoolscivicorganizationsandclubstoraisemoneyfromdonorsWhenwritingafund-raisingletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure331)UseapersonalandconversationaltoneIntroduceyourselfandtheorganizationandthankreadersfortheirsupportandinterestintheorganization

DescribethecauseandcredentialsoftheorganizationExplainthecriticalneedwhattheorganizationhasaccomplishedinthepastandhowtherequestedfundswouldbeused

AskforaspecificdonationamountandexplainhowthatdonationwillhelptheorganizationExplainhowdonationsofthisamounthavehelpedtheorganizationinthepastSpecificallymentionanypreviousdonationsfromtheperson

Optionallyofferanincentiveforadonationsuchasatangiblegiftoraperceivedvalue

ExampleImaginetheimpactyourdonationof$100willhaveonthelivesoftenchildreninruralIndia

Optionallyincludeaseparatepageorabrochurewithdetailedinformationabouttheprogramandfund-raisingcampaignIncludephotographsstatisticsandthebudget

ThankreadersfortheirgenerosityConcludetheletterbyleavingapositivefeelingabouttheneedycauseThelettershouldbepersonallysignedbysomeonefromtheorganization

Fund-raisinglettersaretypicallytoRequestadonationInvitesomeonetoattendafund-raisingeventThanksomeoneforadonationAnnounceanewfund-raisingcampaignInformmembersofthefinancialneedsoftheorganizationIntroduceanewprogramofferedbythecharitableorganization

September122012

HopewellMiddleSchool131WestfieldPlaceKansasCityMO67511

AliceJohnson83CambridgeDriveKansasCityMO67511

DearMrsJohnson

AspresidentoftheHopewellMiddleSchoolParentTeachersAssociationIwanttothankyouforyoursupportlastyearInvolvedparentslikeyouarewhathelpmakeHopewellagreatschoolandallowustoworkasaneffectivePTAthatsupportstheeffortsoftheteachersandstaff

ForthisnewschoolyearHopewellhasbeenforcedbytheschooldistricttoreduceitsoperatingbudgetbytenpercentwhichhasresultedinlayoffsofourartandmusicteachersAsaresultthePTAisnowactivelyengagedinacampaigntoraisefundstohelptheschoolhireatleastonepart-timeartteacherandonepart-timemusicteacherOurgoalistoraise$30000fortheyearthroughavarietyoffund-raisingefforts

TostartthiseffortweareaskingourPTAmemberstomakeadonationof$100ifatallpossibleIfyouandotherparentscancontributethisamountthatwillhelpusraisenearlyone-thirdofourgoalThatwouldallowtheschooltohirethesepart-timeteachersAdditional

fund-raisingwouldbeneededtocovertheirsalariesthroughtheendoftheschoolyear

ThevalueofincludingartandmusiceducationisextremelyimportantinhelpingourchildrendeveloptheirculturaltalentsAsacommunitywewouldberemisstodisregardthisneedandallowbudgetcutstoreducethequalityoftheeducationourchildrenreceive

IhopeyoursquolljoinmeandtherestofthePTAmembersinmakingthisfirststeptowardasuccessful2012atHopewellMiddleSchool

Sincerelyyours

CarolMastersPTAPresident

GRANTPROPOSALS

Agrantproposalshouldincludethefollowingelements(Figure332)CoverletterAnintroductiontotheorganizationrequestingthegrantAsummaryoftheproposalAsummaryofanypreviouscommunicationswiththefundingorganizationTheamountoffundingyouarerequestingThepopulationthatwillbeservedbythegrantTheneedtheprojectwillhelpsolve

CoverpageGrantproposaltitleSubmittedto(fundingorganizationrsquosname)DateYourcontactinformationincludingnametitleorganizationaddressphoneandemail

ProposalreportThecontentandformatvaryingdependingontherequirementsofthefundingorganization

AbasicgrantproposalshouldincludethefollowingsectionsProjectabstractorsummarymdashaconcisesummaryoftheprojectthatisnolongerthanonepageWritethissectionoftheproposallastNeedfortheprojectPopulationserved

BriefdescriptionoftheprojectGoalsandobjectivesoftheprojectApplicantrsquoshistoryHowtheprogramwillbeevaluated

StatementofneedDescriptionoftheproblemDescriptionofthepopulationDescriptionofhowtheprojectwillhelpsolvetheproblem

GoalsandobjectivesProgramdescriptionExplanationoftheprogramDetailsonhowtheprogramwillbeimplementedExplanationofwhatwillbeaccomplishedTimelinethescheduleforprojectimplementation

EvaluationmdashinformationonhowthesuccessoftheprojectwillbemeasuredOrganizationandstaffinformationDescriptionoftheorganizationrsquosexperienceStaffqualifications

BudgetmdashasummaryoftheexpensesfortheprojectAppendixResearchsupportNonprofittaxstatusletterAnnualreport

ContactPersonOrganizationAddressCityStateZip

Dear___________

IshaFoundationisanonprofit501(c)(3)internationalserviceorganizationthatconductsvariouspublicwelfareprogramsinpartsoftheworldtoadvancephysicalandmentalhealthIshaFoundationisavolunteerorganizationfundedwithpublicandprivateassistance

TheFoundationrsquosActionforRuralRejuvenation(ARR)initiativeisacomprehensiveruralrehabilitationprogramthatprovidesinitialreliefforurgentmedicalneedsandongoingservicestorestoreinnerwell-beingandrebuildcommunitiesinIndiaThisprojectwaslaunchedinAugust2003withamissiontobenefit70millionruralpeoplein54000villagesinTamilNaduSouthIndiaItwillbeimplementedintwophasesoveraperiodof15yearsThereafteritisenvisionedthatlocalcommunitieswillsustaintheprojectactivitiesindependently

CurrentlyARRoperatesnineMobileHealthClinics(MHC)andprovidesservicesto143000patientsin280villageseachyearOfthesepatients67000areelderlypeople87000arewomenand21000arechildrenOver50oftheMHCpatientssufferfromchronicailmentssuchasulcersmusculoskeletaldisordershypertensiondepressionandrespiratorydisordersincludingasthmaOnaverageeachnewMHCthatisdeployedcanprovideservicesforover17000patientseachyearBecauseruralchildrenwithconjunctivitisoftenscratchtheireyesresultinginblindnesseachMHCcanprovidetimelymedicalservicestoover2600childreneachyearInadditiontomedicalservicesforexistingconditionsthestaffontheMHCsofferspreventivehealthcareservicesintheformofyogaclassesandprovidessportingequipmenttoencouragephysicalactivity

ARRplanstolaunch59MHCsinthenextthreeyearsand150beforetheendof2013IshaFoundationisseekingfundingtohelpussustainandexpandourongoingARReffortEachMHCcostsapproximately$29000topurchaseandequipTheyearlyoperatingexpensesforoneMHCareapproximately$17000

IshaFoundationisanonreligiousnonpoliticalnonsectarianorganizationwithover250000activevolunteersworldwideIshaFoundationhasover150centersinIndiaandotherpartsoftheworldincludingtheUnitedStatesCanadaLebanonCyprusFranceandGermanyBasedinCoimbatoreIndiathefoundationmanages87centersinTamilNadualone

Overthepast14yearsIshaFoundationhassuccessfullycarriedoutseveralsocialoutreachprogramsforruralpeopleaswellasdisadvantagedandoftenneglectedsegmentsofsocietythroughoutTamilNadutherebygainingareputableandtrustworthystandingamongthepeoplethroughoutIndia

SincerelyYourNameContactInformation

(CourtesyofIshaFoundation)

ACTIONFORRURALREJUVENATION

SubmittedtoXYZFoundation

October102011

NameIshaFoundation

AddressPhoneEmail

ISummary

TheIshaFoundationrsquosActionforRuralRejuvenation(ARR)initiativeisamulti-prongedmulti-phasedholisticoutreachprogramwhoseprimaryobjectiveistoimprovetheoverallhealthandqualityoflifeoftheruralpoorofIndiaARRisauniquewell-definedphilanthropiceffortwhichenhancesexistingdevelopmentschemesbysupportingindigenousmodelsofhealthpreventionandcommunityparticipatorygovernancewhileofferingprimaryhealthcareservicesandallopathictreatmentthroughitsdedicatedteamofqualifiedandtrainedpersonnel

Atpresentnearly750000peopleinruralTamilNaduIndiaareservedbyIsharsquosARRprojectARRfeaturesMobileHealthClinics(MHC)whichareabletotraversehard-to-reachregionsandeffectivelyoperateinresource-poorenvironments

InadditiontomedicalservicesforexistingconditionsthestaffontheMHCsofferspreventivehealthcareservicesintheformofyogaclassesandprovidessportingequipmenttoencouragephysicalactivity

IIStatementofNeed

CurrentlyARRoperatesnineMHCsandprovidesservicesto143000patientsin280villageseachyearOfthesepatients67000areelderlypeople87000arewomenand21000arechildrenOver50oftheMHCpatientssufferfromchronicailmentssuchasulcersmusculoskeletaldisordershypertensiondepressionandrespiratorydisordersincludingasthma

OnaverageeachnewMHCthatisdeployedcanprovideservicesforover17000patientseachyearBecauseruralchildrenwithconjunctivitisoftenscratchtheireyesresultingin

blindnesseachMHCcanprovidetimelymedicalservicestoover2600childreneachyear

IIIGoalsandObjectives

ThisprojectwaslaunchedinAugust2003undertheaegisofIshaFoundationTheprojectaimstobenefit70millionruralpeoplein54000villagesinTamilNaduSouthIndiaItwillbeimplementedintwophasesoveraperiodof15yearsThereafteritisenvisagedthatlocalcommunitieswillsustaintheprojectactivitiesindependently

ThegoalsofPhaseOneincludeEnsuringaccesstoessentialmedicalcarebyrunningmobilehealthclinicsanddistributingmedicinesfreeofcost

Rejuvenatingtraditionalwell-beingtoolsbyintroducingbasicyogicpracticesDevelopingasenseofcommunityinvolvementandjoybyconductinggamesandinter-villagetournaments

Introducingtheuseofhomeremediesandherbsforcosteffectiveandhealthylivingbyprovidingfreetraininganddevelopingmodelherbalgardens

Bringingawarenessonpreventivehealthsanitationandenvironmentalconservationbyconductingspeciallydesignedawarenessprograms

Sustainingfurtherdevelopmentoftheprogrambycreatingalocalvolunteerbase

ThegoalsofPhaseTwooftheprojectincludebuildingRuralDevelopmentCenterswhichwillincludeavillagelibrarycomputercenteryogacentergymnasiumpharmacyhealthclinicandvolleyballcourtPhaseTwowillalsoincludesettingupcontemporarycraftstrainingandproductionunitsforeconomicdevelopment

ARRplanstolaunch59MHCsinthenextthreeyearsand150beforetheendof2013SinceRuralDevelopmentCenters(RDC)thatarebuiltinthesecondphaseoftheprojectwillcompriseahealthclinicandpharmacytheMHCsoftheareascoveredbythesecenterswillberedirectedtootherregionsInvillageswhereRDCsarenotestablishedorareremotetheMHCservicewillbesustained

IVProjectDesignandImplementationPlan

CentraltotheARRprojectaretheMobileHealthClinicsTheseovercometwomajorbarrierstoappeasingexistingillnessescostmdashbyofferingfreeexaminationandtreatmentandaccessmdashbybringingthemedicalteamtotheruralpeople

TheMHCsarespeciallydesignedvehiclesbuiltonaconventionaltruckchassisincorporatingallthebuilt-infeaturesofaclinicTheyareoutfittedwithallcommondiagnosticequipmentaclinicallaboratorypharmacyandanindependentpowerandwatersupplyTheyareequippedsodoctorscanperformsurgicaltreatmentssuchasabscessdrainingsuturing

dressingandchildbirthsImmunizationsformalariaandotherdiseasesareprovidedWhenevermorecomplexcareisneededfreemedicalexaminationandtreatmentordiscountedfeesandpaymentplansarenegotiatedatpartneringlocalhospitals

EachMHCincludesaqualifiedallopathicphysicianatrainednursetwotrainedassistantsandapharmacistThephysiciansareadditionallytrainedinindigenoussystemsofhealingPriortofieldworktheMHCstaffundergoesanintensetrainingprocessincludinganorientationtoworkinginresource-poorenvironmentsandguidanceonhowtoeffectivelyreachoutandbuildrapportwiththecommunityinwhichtheywork

InordertoallowformaximalutilizationofMHCsstandardizedprotocolshavebeenimplementedincludingproceduresforsetupdataentryanddesignationsofrolesandresponsibilitiesofthestaffApartfromprovidingmedicalservicestheMHCstaffintegrateswiththelocalcommunityTheysharemealsandresideinthehomesoflocalvillagersThroughthesepersonalinteractionstheMHCstaffisbetterequippedtounderstandtheneedsandrequirementsofthelocalcommunityFurthermorethroughtheseintimateinteractionstheyareabletoensurereciprocaldialoguewiththecommunitymobilizesupportandbytheirexampleinspirevillagerstotakeresponsibilityforcommunityhealthandwell-being

VTimeline

UponthefundingofthisgrantrequestamobilehealthcliniccanbepurchasedandequippedwithinthreeweeksItcanbeontheroadservingvillageswithinonemonth

InitiallyamaximumoftwovillagesareserviceddailybyoneMHCinordertoassureadequateintroductoryandscreeningmeasuresSubsequentlyaroutinescheduleisadoptedduringwhicheachMHCtypicallyservices4-5villagesdailyrepeatingthesevisitstoeachvillageonafortnightlybasisTypicallyoneMHCserves60-75villagestwiceamonthEachclinicisinoperation24daysamonth

VIEvaluation

ThestaffoneachMHCmaintainspatientrecordssotheoutcomeoftheprojectiseasilymeasuredintermsofnumberofpatientsservedthetypesofmedicalconditionstreatedaswellasdemographicbreakdownbyageandsex

ForeachMHCdeployedourtargetistoservice20000patientseachyearwithaserviceareaofapproximately60ruralvillages

VIIOrganizationalCapacity

Establishedin1992IshaFoundationisaninternationalpublicserviceorganizationfoundedbyJaggiVasudevdedicatedtotheenhancementofphysicalmentalandinnerwell-beingofallpeopleIshaseekstobringpeaceinnerbalanceandjoythroughthescienceofyogaandto

relievehumansufferingthroughavarietyofinitiativesontheindividualcommunityandinternationallevelIshaFoundationisanon-religiousnon-politicalnon-sectarianorganizationwithover250000activevolunteersworldwide

IshaFoundationhasover150centersinIndiaandotherpartsoftheworldincludingtheUnitedStatesCanadaLebanonCyprusFranceandGermanyBasedinCoimbatoreIndiathefoundationmanages87centersinTamilNadualone

Ishaisapredominantlyvolunteer-runorganizationPeoplewhohavebeeninsomewaytouchedandinspiredbyIshaFoundationcomprisethevolunteerbaseComingfromallwalksoflifeandallpartsoftheworldtheirqualityofbeingdedicateddisciplinedandwantingtoreachoutiswhatiscommonacrosstheorganization

InadditiontotheselflessdedicationofitsvolunteersARRisfueledandsupportedthroughitsextensivepartnershipswithrenownednationalandinternationalorganizationsmedicalcentersandadministrativecenterssuchastheTimesFoundationtheRamakrishnaHospitalstheMasonicMedicalCentertheKovaiMedicalCenterHospitaltheKGHospitalstheELGIGroupofCompaniesandShambhaviTrustjusttonameafewAspartoftheircommitmenttoActionforRuralRejuvenationtheseorganizationshavepledgedfreeandsubsidizedmedicaltreatmenttopatientsreferredbytheprojectsponsoredthedesignconstructionorprovisionofthemobilehealthclinicsandofferedassistanceoftheirownmedicalteamstogoonrotationontheMHCsamongmanyotherpledges

VIIIProjectBudget

Weareseekingfundingfor

OneMobileHealthClinic(MHC)Truck

PurchasingoneadditionalMHCwillallowActionforRuralRejuvenationtoserveupto60additionalvillagesandasmany20000newpatientsthefirstyear

ThecostforpurchasingaMHCis$29070

WhilewecanseekfundingfromothersourcesfortheoperatingcoststhebudgettooperatetheMCHforoneyearisanadditional$17442

IXAppendix

AttachedarelettersofsupportfromoursupportorganizationssuchastheTimesFoundation

andtheKoviaMedicalCenterHospitalaswellasourtaxexemptstatusletterfromtheInternalRevenueService

INSTRUCTIONS

Instructionsarestep-by-stepexplanationsofhowtoperformaparticularprocedureInstructionsareoftenwrittenforproductmanualsuserguidesrepairguidesandtrainingmanuals

Whenwritinginstructionsconsiderthefollowingguidelines(Figure333)InstructionsshouldbeclearandwrittensimplyTheaudiencefortheinstructionsshouldbeclearlyidentifiedandtheinstructionsshouldbewrittentothisaudiencersquoslevelofunderstanding

TheinstructionsshouldhaveanintroductionlistingWhoshouldperformtheprocedureAnyequipmentsuppliesordocumentationneededSpecialconditionsorsafetyconcernsifanyWarningscautionsanddangernoticesshouldalertreadersofanypossibilityofhurtingthemselvesordamagingequipment

TasksinvolvedintheprocedureshouldbebrokendownintoindividualstepsInstructionstepsshouldbenumberedSubstepscanbeindentedandalphabetizediftheyhavetobeperformedinorderIfsubstepscanbeperformedinanyorderbulletscanbeused

Supplementaryinformationcanprovidecommentaryonwhattheprocessshouldlooklikeatspecificpointsintheinstructions

Usetheactivevoiceforinstructions

IncorrectTheENTERkeyshouldbepressed

CorrectPresstheENTERkey

DrawingsphotographsorscreencapturesareusefulasroadmapillustrationsMajordivisionsoftaskscanbegroupedtogetherunderaheading

HOWTOACCESSTHEPRECLASSWEBINAR

GettingStarted

BeforeattendingtheTechnicalAnalysisclassyouwillneedtosignintothelearningmanagementsystem(LMS)andviewapreclasswebinar

ToaccesstheLMSandviewthewebinaryouwillneedThecoursepassword(tech123)YouremployeeidentificationnumberTheWebaddressfortheLMShttpwwwlmscom

Youwillneedapproximatelyonehourtoviewthewebinar

HowtoFindYourEmployeeID

YouwillneedyouremployeeIDtosignintotheLMSIfyoudonrsquotknowyouremployeeIDfollowthesesteps1OpenInternetExplorerandenterthefollowingWebaddresshttpwwwtechcom2ClicktheSignInlinkinthetoprightcorner3OntheSignInpagechangetheValidationsourcetoEmployeeID4NewhyperlinkswillbedisplayedClickthelinkforForgotUserID5AnswerthepersonalquestionsontheVerifyIdentityscreentogetyouremployeeID

ViewingthePreclassWebinar

FollowthesestepstosignintotheLMSandviewthepreclassWebinar1OpenInternetExplorerandentertheaddressfortheLMShttpwwwlmscom2IntheQuickLinkssectionontheleftsideofthescreenclickSearchCourses3OntheSearchCoursesscreenselectOnlineCoursesthenclicktheGobutton4FromthelistofcoursesselectTECH900andthenclicktheSelectbutton5OntheSignOnpageenteryouremployeeIDandyourlastnameasthepassword6ClicktheOKbutton7Thepreclasswebinarwillbedisplayed

WarningIfyouhaveapop-upblockerrunningtheWebinarwillnotbedisplayedTocheckclicktheInternetExplorerToolsmenuthenPop-UpBlockerandthencheckthesettingMakesureitisturnedoff

INTRODUCTIONS

AnintroductionisusuallythefirstsectioninaformalreportTheintroductionintroducesthereporttothereader

TheintroductionexplainswhatthereportisaboutwhyitwaswrittenforwhomitwaswrittenandwhatitwillcoverAnintroductionisusuallynomorethanoneortwopages(Figure334)

MostintroductionsdothefollowingIntroducethetopicofthereportExplainthepurposeofthereportIdentifythetargetaudienceforthereportProvideanoverviewofthecontentcoveredinthereportProvideanyhistorythatmaymotivatereaderstobeinterested

SectionswithinthereportmayhavetheirownintroductionsAsectionintroductionintroducesanewtopicprovidesacontentoverviewofthetopicandeasesthetransitionsbetweensections

INTRODUCTION

AmericarsquosDynamicWorkforcepresentsanoverviewofcurrentconditionsandnotabletrendsaffectingtheAmericanlabormarketandeconomicactivityPrimaryemphasisisonmeasuresoflabormarketperformancemdashemploymentlaborforceparticipationunemploymentandcompensationGeneralmeasuresofeconomicperformancesuchasgrossdomesticproduct(GDP)andproductivitygrowtharealsodescribedastheyrelatetolabormarketconditionsandtrendsThroughoutthisreportthefocusisonthedatamdashwhatthenumbersactuallysayabouttheAmericanlabormarketmdashandonhowindividualdataitemsfittogethertopresentanoverallportraitofthehealthanddynamismofthemarket

TherearesixchaptersChapter1summarizesthecurrentlevelsandtrendsofpayrolljobstotalemploymentjobopeningsturnoverunemploymentandGDPChapter2providesaglobalcontextforunderstandingtheUSlabormarketandcomparestheUnitedStatesandothercountriesalongcommondimensionsoflabormarketindicatorsChapter3presentsanoverviewofpatternsrecenttrendsandprojectionsregardingthe

distributionofemploymentacrossindustriesandoccupationsChapter4examinestheeducationalattainmentofthelaborforceincludingtrendsandcomparisonsofemploymentearningsandunemploymentrelativetoeducationalattainmentChapter5examinestheconceptoflaborforceflexibilityintermsofschedulesworkarrangementsandotherfactorsChapter6highlightsthedimensionsofopportunityintheAmericanworkforceincludingdynamicagegenderraceandethnicityperspectives

Theendnotesprovideimportanttechnicaldetailscaveatsandreferencestoadditionalinformationaboutthedataitemsdiscussedinthemaintext

MostofthetablesandchartsinAmericarsquosDynamicWorkforce2006reflectannualaveragedataforcalendaryearsendingin2005asthemostrecentfullyearavailableInsomecasesmonthlydatathroughthelatestavailablemonthin2006(typicallyJune)arealsoreferenced

Inthisreportthetermsldquopopulationrdquoandldquolaborforcerdquorefertotheciviliannon-institutionalpopulationages16andolderandtothecivilianlaborforceage16andoverunlessspecifiedotherwiseSimilarlydataonworkersrefertoemployedpersonsage16andoverunlessotherwisenotedMonthlyorquarterlylabormarketdataareseasonallyadjustedunlessspecifiedotherwise

MuchofthedatainthisreportwerecompiledfromthepublicaccessfilesoftheBureauofLaborStatisticsrsquoWebsiteatwwwblsgov

(CourtesyoftheUSDepartmentofLabor)

INQUIRYLETTER

InquirylettersarewrittentoaskforinformationortomakearequestDonrsquotsendaninquiryletterforinformationyoucouldeasilyobtainontheInternetoronthetelephoneAllowtwoweeksaftersendinganinquiryletterandnotgettingaresponsebeforesendingafollow-upletter

Whenwritinganinquiryletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure335)UseacourteoustonebecauseyouarerequestingthereaderrsquostimetofulfillyourrequestBegintheletterbystatingwhoyouareandhowyoufoundoutaboutthereaderrsquosorganization

StatewhatyouarerequestingasclearlyaspossibleExplainthepurposeofyourrequestandhowitwillhelpyou

MentionyourqualificationsifdoingsoisappropriateThelettershouldbeshortbutshouldadequatelyexplainwhatyouarerequestingandwhatactionyouwantthereadertotake

OffertopayforanycopiesorsuppliesthatmightbeneededtofulfillyourrequestProvideaself-addressedstampedenvelopeifyouhaverequesteddocuments

IncludethedateyouneedtheinformationWhenthepersonrespondstoyourinquirysendathank-younote

InquirylettersaretypicallywrittentoRequesttechnicalassistanceRequestareprintedarticleorpublicationSeekpersonaladviceRequestinformationaboutaproductorserviceRequestanofficialdocumentRequestareplytoasurveyRequestanapplicationRequestanestimateorbidRequestinformationaboutajobseekerRequestinformationfromagovernmentagencyRequestsamplesorinformation

May152012

654WestLakeDriveSeattleWA98101

TechnicalSupportFirstDataSoftware421ResearchDriveSuite300ResearchTriangleParkNC27709

DearTechnicalSupportDepartment

IamwritingtoasksomequestionsaboutFirstDatarsquosnewupgradeforKitchenDesigner40IhavebeenusingKitchenDesigner20inmyremodelingbusinessforthepastseveralyears

andithashelpedmeimmensely

IrsquovereadthelatestsalesliteratureaboutthesoftwarebutIwasunabletofindtheanswerstomyquestionsSincethenewversionhasnotyetbeenreleasedyouronlinesupportpagesalsodonotanswermyquestions

ToupgradeIneedtoknowwhetherthenewsoftwarewilloperateproperlywithmycurrentcomputerPleaseletmeknowtheanswerstothefollowing1DoesKitchenDesigner40stilluseaserialportsecuritydongle2WillthesoftwaresupportageForce800videocardusingtwinmonitors3WilldesignscreatedusingKitchenDesigner20openin40

IfyouranswertoallthreequestionsisldquoyesrdquothenIwoulddefinitelybeinterestedinpurchasingtheupgrade

Youcanrespondtomebyemailatlsullivanabcdcomorbycallingmeat(206)555-1111Iappreciateyourassistance

Sincerely

LouisSullivan

JOBDESCRIPTIONS

Jobdescriptionsareoftenusedwhenadvertisinganopenpositionorwhendeterminingcompensation

Ajobdescriptionfocusesonthejobresponsibilitiestaskskeyqualificationsandbasicskillsneededtoperformthejob(Figure336)

ThecategoriesthatmakeupatypicaljobdescriptionincludeJobtitleDepartmentandtowhomthepersondirectlyreportsListofresponsibilitiesListofotherjobtitlesanddepartmentsthatthepersonwillworkwithonaregularbasisTermsofemploymentThenecessaryskillsandexperiencerequiredincludinglengthofpreviousexperienceeducationalrequirementsandcertifications

Forexistingpositionsfocusonthefutureneedsandobjectivesofthebusinessratherthanon

thecurrentresponsibilitiesoftheposition

Bespecificwhendescribingtasksandresponsibilities

Anyreferencestoracecolorreligionagesexnationaloriginnationalityorphysicalormentaldisabilityareillegal

TitleofthepositionTrainingProjectManager

DepartmentHumanResources

ReportstoManagerofLearningTechnology

Overallresponsibility

Providesprojectmanagementandtrainingdevelopmentservicesforlearningmanagementsystemimplementationsandupgrades

KeyareasofresponsibilityProvideprojectmanagementservicesfore-learningcoursedevelopmentProvidetrainingservicesforLMSadministratorsatsubsidiariesDeveloptrainingforLMSadministratorsandusersProvidesupportservicesforLMSusersProducedistancelearningWebinarsforBenefitsandPeopleSoftinstructionProvidesupporttosubsidiariesfore-learningimplementationsontheLMSManagetheLMSadministratorProcesstrainingrequestsandassignments

ConsultswithHumanResourcesDevelopmentdepartmentTrainingdepartmentsatsubsidiaries

Termofemployment

Full-timeon-sighthours800AMto500PM

QualificationsAtleasttwoyearsofprojectmanagementexperienceforsoftwareimplementationsExperienceworkingwithlearningmanagementsystemsExperienceconductinginstructor-ledtrainingsessionsExperiencewritingworkbooksandjobaidsExperiencesupportingendusersinahelpdeskfunction

JOBOFFERLETTER

Jobofferlettersarewrittenbyanemployertoajobcandidatetoofferemploymentwiththecompany

Jobofferlettersshouldincludefactsaboutthefollowing(Figure337)StartingsalaryJoblocationWorkinghoursBenefitsStartdateJobtitleJobresponsibilities

ThetoneofthelettershouldbedirectandencouragingTheoffermaybecontingentonprovidingproofofemploymenteligibility

January202012

CommunicationEnterprises3211WestPeachtreeStreetDunwoodyGA32311

AileenRobertson2422ChurchillLaneApt233RoswellGA30322

DearMsRobertson

ItismypleasuretopresentourofferofemploymentastrainingdeveloperreportingtomeKenWallaceLearningTechnologyManager

AstrainingdeveloperyouwillbecreatingcoursemanualsPowerPointpresentationsandHelpsystemsasapartofyournormaljobInadditionyoumayalsobeaskedtoserveasaninstructorfromtimetotime

Yourannualizedbasesalarywillbe$62000payableonasemimonthlybasisYouwillalsobeeligibleforanannualincentivewhichwillrangefrom0to4ofbasesalarypaidwithatargetof3ofbasesalarypaid

CommunicationEnterprisesoffersthefollowingcompetitivebenefitsallofwhicharesubjecttothetermsofthecompanyorbenefitplanguidelinesAllofthesebenefitsarecoveredindetailintheencloseddocumentsYouwillbeeligibletoparticipateinthecompanyhealthplanuponhireandinthecompanypensionplanuponhireoratage21whicheverislaterBasedonyourprojectedhiredateofFebruary12012youwillbeeligibletoparticipateinthe401(k)planonJuly12012Additionallyyouwillhaveuptotwoweeksofpaidvacationninecompanypaidholidaysandtwopersonalfloatingholidays

AileenyoubringabackgroundofexperienceandcapabilitythatshouldgreatlyenhanceoureffortsinthetrainingdepartmentWelookforwardtothebeginningofalongandmutuallyrewardingrelationship

Sincerely

KenWallaceLearningTechnologyManager

MEETINGAGENDA

AmeetingagendaisaroadmapforameetingTheagendaprovidestheplanforthemeetingandasenseofdirectionandpurpose

Ameetingagendashouldinclude(Figure338)MeetingstartingandendingtimesMeetinglocationTopicheadingswithtopicdetailsHowmuchtimeeachtopicdiscussionisexpectedtolastWhichmeetingparticipantswillfacilitatethetopics

MEETINGMINUTES

MeetingminutesarearecordofwhattookplaceduringameetingTheyallowthemeetingattendeestoreviewthemeetinglatertolookforoutstandingissuesandactionitems

Insomecasessuchasstockholderandboardofdirectorsmeetingstheminutesarerequiredbylawandareincludedinthecorporateminutebook

Meetingminutesshouldinclude(Figure339)ThenameoforganizationThenameofbodyconductingthemeetingThedatehourandlocationofthemeetingThelistofthosepresentandthoseabsentAreadingofpreviousminutesandtheirapprovaloramendmentUnfinishedbusinessNewbusinessThedateofthenextmeetingThetimeofadjournment

Thesignatureoftherecorder

CorporateMinutes

Allcorporationsmustdocumenttheminutesofshareholderandboardofdirectorsmeetings

Inmanystatestheabsenceofpropermeetingminutesmaybealiabilityforthecorporationespeciallywhentheshareholdersarealsoontheboardofdirectorsortherearecloserelationshipsamongboardmembers

AllcorporationsintheUnitedStatesarerequiredtoholdannualshareholderrsquosmeetingstoelectdirectorsThebylawsofmostcorporationsrequiretheboardofdirectorstohaveannualmeetings

AtcorporatemeetingsthefollowingactionswillnormallybeapprovedbytheboardofdirectorsElectionofofficersofthecorporationNewbusinesspoliciesandplansCreationofcommitteesandassignmentsIssuingandsellingstockApprovalofthesaletransferleaseorexchangeofanycorporatepropertyorassetsApprovalofmergersandreorganizationsAdoptionofapensionprofit-sharingorotheremployeebenefitplansandstockoptionplans

ApprovalofcorporateborrowingandloansEntryintojointventuresDesignationofcorporatebankaccountsandauthorizedsignaturesChanginganofficerrsquoscompensationEntryintomajorcontractualagreements

CorporateResolutions

FormalresolutionsmaybemadeinoneoftheseformsWHEREASitisnecessarytohellipandWHEREASconditionsaresuchthathellipandThereforebeitRESOLVEDThathellipandbeit

RESOLVEDfurtherThathellip

Notethatthewordwhereasisincapswithnocommafollowingitthefirstwordafteritisnotcapitalizedunlessitisapropername

Thewordresolvedisalsosetincapsbutisfollowedbyacommaandacapitalletter

MinutesofMeetingoftheHistoricalSocietyoftheUniversityofTexas

HotelDriscollAustinTexasMay12012

AtthemeetingoftheHistoricalSocietyoftheUniversityofTexasatAustinsome100chartermembersbeingpresenttheSocietywascalledtoorderat105pmbyMrJohnRCombschairpersonwhorequestedMrWarrenTScaggstoserveastemporarysecretary

MrCombsdispensedwiththereadingoftheminutesofthelastmeetingbecauseacopyhadbeenpreviouslydistributedtoallmembers

AcommunicationfromtheNationalHistoricalSocietyreadandacceptedbytheSocietydealtwiththeplantingofredbudtreesthroughoutAmerica

AcommunicationfromMissHarrietAllenofNewYorkCityaskedthattheSocietyrefrainfromitsnormalpatternofconductingspringtoursthroughouttheStateofTexasSeveralmembersafterthereadingexpresseddisagreementwiththeviewsgivenbyMissAllen

Therewasnounfinishedbusiness

NewbusinesswastheelectionofofficersfortheremainingcurrentyearThefollowingnominationswereannouncedbyMrWarrenTScaggschairpersonoftheNominatingCommittee

AfteranunansweredcallfornominationsfromtheflooritwasmovedbyMrsWilliamRMetcalfethatthesecretarycastoneballotforofficersnominatedThemotionwassecondedandcarriedandtheofficersweredeclaredelected

ThenextmeetingoftheHistoricalSocietyoftheUniversityofTexasatAustinwillbeheldonJune11attheHotelDriscollinAustinTexasat100pm

AftercongratulationstothenewlyelectedofficersbythechairpersontheSocietyadjournedat325pm

WarrenTScaggsTemporarySecretary

MEMORANDUM

Anofficememorandumormemoisoftenusedtocommunicatewiththeemployeesofacompany(Figure340)

Mostmemosaresentusingemailhoweversometypesofcommunicationarenotappropriateforemailandshouldinsteadbeprintedonpaperanddistributed

ExampleConfidentialinformationorinformationthatshouldnotbeforwarded

MemosthataredirectedtoindividualsshouldbeprintedandsignedIfcopiesaresenttootherpartiesanotationtothateffectshouldbemadeatthelowerleftcorneroftheform

Ifamemoisconfidentialitshouldbeprintedandenclosedinanenvelope

Figure340Memo

AmeetinghasbeenscheduledforTuesdayMay12inmyofficetodiscusswithseveralcarrierrepresentativessuggestedmethodsandcoststodeliverourproductstointernationalmarketsYourattendanceisrequested

DistributionTomAlberton

MarthaReeves

MISSIONSTATEMENTS

AmissionstatementexplainsanorganizationrsquospurposefunctionandreasonforexistingAmissionstatementmotivatesemployeescustomersandstockholders

AmissionstatementguidesdecisionmakingthroughouttheorganizationMissionstatementsareoftenincludedinannualreportscompanybrochuresandWebsitesandtheymayalsobeprintedandframed

Whenwritingamissionstatementconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure341)IncludeastatementofpurposeIncludeadescriptionoftheorganizationrsquosbusinessorprincipalactivitiesIncludeacknowledgmentofallstakeholdersOptionallyincludetheorganizationrsquosgoalsandhowtheycanbemeasuredOptionallyincludetheorganizationrsquosvaluesandestablishasenseofidentity

WhenbrainstormingandwritingamissionstatementaskandanswerthefollowingquestionsWhywastheorganizationcreatedWhoarethestakeholdersWhatservicesdoestheorganizationprovideWhatidentitydoyouwanttoprojectfortheorganizationrsquosproductsorservicesWhatdoyouwanttocommunicatetothecommunityWhatdoesthefuturelooklikefortheorganizationWhatorganizationalvaluesareneededtoachieve

PROJECTBLOOMMISSIONSTATEMENT

Topromotetherecognitionappreciationanddevelopmentofthehumanresourcesteamthroughdirectinvolvementexcitingcommunicationsandsharingofinnovativeideaswhichresultinthefullestappreciationofthediversityoftheteam

NEWSLETTERS

CorporatenewslettersarewrittentopublicizenewsaboutacompanyordepartmentforreadingbyemployeesorcustomersNewsletterscanbedistributedonpapersentviaemailorpostedonaWebsite(Figure342)

RegardlessofwhethertheyarepaperorelectroniccorporatenewslettersusuallyinvolveafrontpageinsidearticlesandannouncementsonthebackpageFrontpagenewsfocusesonachievementssuccessstoriesorchangesthataffecttheaudience

Exampleanewcontractcompletionofaprojectopeningofanewofficelaunchofanewproducthiringofanewexecutive

InsidearticlesUsuallyincludedepartmentalnewsthatletsreadersknowwhatvariouspartsofthecompanyaredoingFocusondepartmentalachievementsandinformationaboutspecificprojectsOftenintroducenewlyhiredemployeestotherestofthecompanyCanalsohighlightpersonalachievementsofindividualemployees

Companyupdatesareoftenincludedtocommunicateinformationaboutpoliciesandproceduresmakeannouncementsaboutnewequipmentandtellabouttrainingopportunities

EmployeenewsarticlesoftenhighlightemploymentanniversarieswiththecompanyCalendaritemslistcompany-wideeventssuchaspartiesquarterlyorannualmeetingsandtrainingevents

Employeeannouncementsmaylistjobopeningstransferspromotionsandothersimilarevents

Fillermaterialisusedwhenspaceisavailableincludingartcartoonsorhumorousitems

NewslettercontentdependsonwhethertheaudienceconsistsoftheentirecompanyasingledepartmentandwhethercustomerswillseeitSomecompaniespublishnewslettersthataredistributedexclusivelytocustomersusuallyviaemail

NewslettersforacustomeraudienceshouldincludeInformationaboutnewproductsandservicesHelpfultipsofinteresttocustomersCalendaritemsofimportancetocustomersInformationaboutmajorpromotionsinvolvingemployeeswhoworkdirectlywithcustomers

Newslettersaremorevisuallyappealingiftheyincludephotographs

NewsletterArticles

Considerthefollowingguidelineswhenwritinganewsletterarticle(Figure343)DevelopatitleforthearticlethatwillaccuratelyconveythetopicorthemeUseatitlethatarousescuriosityUsephotographsthatillustratethestoryOptionallywriteanopeningstorysummarythatcanbesetapartinboldandincludedatthebeginningofthearticleorinasidebar

Theleadsentenceshouldintroducethetopicengagethereaderandfocusonthereaderrsquospointofview

ThebodyofthearticleshouldincluderelevantbackgroundandhistoryexplaintheimplicationsofthetopicprovidespecificexamplesandmakesuggestionsUsetransitionstoconnectthemainpointsofthearticle

Thearticlersquosconclusionshouldrepeatthemostimportantpointandemphasizewhyitisimportanttothereaders

UseappropriatelanguagefortheaudienceAvoidusingjargonandclicheacutesAvoidcomplicatedsentenceconstructionsandwordinessKeepparagraphsshortandfocusedUsequotesandtestimonialswhenappropriate

WHATDOYOUHAVETOLOSE

Haveyounoticedsomethingmissingfromthe11thfloorLike91pounds

ThatrsquoshowmuchtheparticipantsoftheldquoWhatDoYouHavetoLoserdquochallengelostalltogetherWehadthreeteamsoffivepeopleandtheteamthathadthehighestpercentageofweightlossattheendofthechallengewonThechallengekickedoffonJuly10andwrappeduponSeptember7Inadditiontolosing91poundssomeparticipantsbroughttheirbloodpressuredowntoahealthierlevelothersstartedanexerciseprogramandsomereplacedtheirdailycokesandcoffeeswith64ouncesofwater

CongratulationstothewinnersTheFabulousFive(DonnaGilbertKenWillinghamSterlingMabryCathyPriceandDarleneWarren)Togethertheyhada21weightlossThewinners

eachreceiveda$110VisaGiftCard

Figure342Newsletter

NOTICES

NoticeshighlightinformationthatreadersmustunderstandtoavoidmistakesinjuriesordamagetoequipmentNoticesareoftenincludedinuserandtrainingmanuals

ThemostcommontypesofnoticesareNotesmdashtoserveasremindersortoavoidproblemsormistakes(Figure344)Tipsmdashtoprovideusefultroubleshootingortime-savinginformation(Figure345)Warningsmdashaboutthingsthatcancausemajorproblemsoraninjury(Figure346)

Cautionsmdashaboutthingsthatcanresultindamagetoequipmentordataloss(Figure347)Dangermdashaboutthepossibilityofseriousorfatalinjuries(Figure348)Noticesshouldnotonlyprovidewarningstheyshouldalsoexplaintheconsequencesforfailuretoabidebytheadviceofferedinthenotice

NoticesareformatteddifferentlyfromtherestofthetextinadocumentTheyareplacedwithinthetextwhenneededCautionanddangernoticesareplacedbeforethecontenttowhichtheyapplySpecialiconsaresometimesusedtoemphasizeanotice

NotesareusuallysetapartintheirownparagraphwiththewordNoteinboldfollowedbyacolonSkipalineaboveandbelowthenoteandsinglespacethenoteAdditionallinesinthenoteshouldalignwiththewordNote

Figure344Note

COBRAOverage

ACOBRAoverageprocesswasputinplacetokeepthebenefitsplanincompliancewithIRSguidelinesWhenCOBRAoverageprocessingrunsonSundayandWednesdaynightitevaluatesallemployeesrsquobenefitsandtheircovereddependents

Whenadependentreacheshisorher23rdbirthday(withoutthedisabledindicatorchecked)thesystemautomaticallydropsthedependentfromanymedicalandordentalcoverage

NoteHomeOfficechangesthedisabledindicatorinthedatabaseonceandependentisapprovedperplanguidelines

TipsshouldbeformattedlikenoteswiththewordTipinboldandfollowedbyacolon

Figure345Tip

Withtheexceptionsoftheemployeersquosretirementoreligibilityforlong-termdisability(LTD)domesticpartnersarenoteligibleforCOBRAindependentlyoftheemployeeEventswhereCOBRAshouldnotbeofferedtoadomesticpartnerincludeterminationofthedomesticpartnerrelationshipanddeathoftheemployeeThedomesticpartnercoverageisterminatedduetotheemployeersquosretirementoreligibilityfortheLTDhealthcareplanatwhichtimethedomesticpartnerwillbegiventheoptiontoelectCOBRAcontinuationforaperiodof18months

TipIfanemployeeterminatesandhasdomesticpartnercoverageunderdomesticpartner

medicaldentalorvisiontheCOBRAformsgenerateddonotincludeCOBRAratesforthedomesticpartnerToensurethattheemployeeisofferedCOBRAforthedomesticpartnerwritethedomesticpartnerrsquosnameSocialSecurityNumberanddateofbirthontheCOBRAformintheldquoEligibleParticipantsrdquosection

WarningnoticesshouldbeformattedwiththewordWarningwritteninitalicswithapproximatelyahalf-inchoftabspaceseparatingthewordfromthemessageThetextofthemessageshouldusetheregularbodyfontwithnoitalicsorboldSkiponelinebeforeandafterthewarning

ThebatteryisoneofthemostimportantcomponentsonavehicletodayItsuppliesnotonlythecrankingamperagetostarttheenginebutalsotheinitialvoltageneededtoruntheonboardcomputerignitionsystemfuelinjectorslightsandallthevehicleaccessoriesMostofthesesystemsrequireaminimumlevelofpowertooperatecorrectlyHavingagoodbatteryisabsolutelyessentialforreliablevehiclestartingandoperationWarningBecarefulwhenhandlingbatteriesduetocorrosivebatteryacidthatmayleakfrom

thebatteryanddamageyourskinoreyesAlwayswearglovesandeyeprotection

CautionnoticesareformattedwiththewordCautioninboldandfollowedbyacolonCautionshouldappearonalinebyitselfSkiponelinebeforeandafterthecautionnoticeThetextforthemessageissingle-spacedandisalignedwiththewordCaution

MultimediaiscommonlydefinedascombiningmultipleformsofmediasuchasaudiographicstextandvideoTogetherwewillexplorethemultimediacontrolpanelonyourcomputerandfindouthowyoucancustomizethefeaturestoenhanceclassroompresentations

Caution

AlthoughwefeelthatitisimportanttoshowyouhowtocontrolyoursettingswerecommendthatyounotmakeanychangestothesystematthistimeThisisamultimediacourseItcouldbeaffectedbyanychangesyoumake

DangernoticesshouldbeformattedwiththewordDANGERinallcapsboldandfollowedbyacolon

AlignthewordDANGERwiththenormaltextinthedocumentTherestofthetextshouldbeindentedandalignedapproximately10spacesfromtheleftmargin

Addagraphicboxaroundthenotice

ItisasimpleprocesstochangewallswitchesaroundyourhomeYoursquollneedascrewdriverareplacementswitchkitaneontesterandelectricaltape

DANGERAlwaysshutoffthepowerbeforebeginninganyelectricalrepairTripthebreakerforthecircuitthatyouwillbeworkingonUseaneontesterontheoutlettobesurethepowerisoffIfthereisanydoubttripthemainbreakerorremovethefuseandshutoffpowertoentirehouseFailuretofollowthesesafetyprecautionsmayresultinseriouselectricalshockinjuryordeath

PERMISSIONLETTER

ApermissionletteriswrittentograntauthoritytosomeoneforaspecificpurposeApprovallettersandauthorizationlettersaresimilar

Whenwritingapermissionletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figures349ndash350)BegintheletterbystatingwhatpermissionisbeinggrantedandtowhomitisbeinggivenStatethereasonsforgrantingpermissionIndicatethenextstepsthepersonisauthorizedtotakeStateanydateswhenthepermissioniseffectivedateofaspecificeventanddatethepermissionwillexpire

IncludeanyotherspecificinformationregardinguseofthepermissionIncludeanyspecialstipulationsorguidelinesthatarerequiredOutlineanyresponsibilities

PermissionlettersaretypicallywrittentoApprovearequestApproveavacationorleaveofabsenceApprovetheuseoffacilitiesGivepermissiontobephotographedasamodel

ApprovetheuseofacompanyvehicleAuthorizetheuseofcopyrightedmaterialGrantpermissiontoattendaconferenceortrainingsessionAuthorizemedicaltreatmentAuthorizeworkonaprojectDelegateauthorityDelegateaspecialprojectAuthorizeresearch

PHOTOIMAGEGRANTOFRIGHTSANDRELEASE

Inconsiderationoftheopportunitytohavemyimagepublishedandothergoodandvaluableconsiderationthereceiptandsufficiencyofwhichisherebyacknowledgedtheundersigned(ldquoReleasorrdquo)herebygrantsXYZCorporationitsaffiliatesandtheirpermittees(collectivelyldquoReleaseesrdquo)thefollowingrightswithrespecttotheuseoftheReleasorrsquosimageinthephotographstakenonAugust252012describedasfollowsXYZTrainingPhotos1ToalterandeditReleasorrsquosimagewithoutlimitation2TouseandpublishReleasorrsquosimageandinconjunctionwithitReleasorrsquosnameand

biographicalinformationinanymediumwhethernoworhereafterexistingincludingwithoutlimitationanyonlineserviceorWebsiteandforanypurposeincludingwithoutlimitationpromotionaladvertisingandmarketingpurposes

WithregardtotheserightsReleasorreleasesanddischargesReleaseesandeachofthemfromanyandallclaimsanddemandsarisingoutoforinconnectionwiththeuseofsuchphotograph(s)theimagestherein(whetheralteredorunaltered)andReleasorrsquosnameandbiographicalinformationincludingwithoutlimitationanyclaimfordefamationmisappropriationrightofpublicityfalselightinvasionofprivacyandcopyrightinfringement

ThePhotoImageGrantofRightsandReleaseconstitutesanAgreementbetweenReleasorandXYZCorporationandcontainstheentireunderstandingbetweenthepartiesItcannotbemodifiedexceptbywrittenagreementsignedbybothpartiesandshallbegovernedandconstruedinaccordancewiththelawsoftheStateofGeorgia

March212012

DylanWilsonAtlantaCommunityCollege1311WestNorthfieldDriveDecaturGA30133

DearMrWilson

ThisletterconfirmsourrecenttelephoneconversationregardingtheuseofatranscriptofyourCommunications101courselectureonmediaresponsibilityintheJuneissueofourcorporatenewsletter

IamresponsibleforeditingthenewsletterandrecentlyIheardyouspeakataTechnicalCommunicationsAssociationmeetingonthissubjectAfterspeakingwithyouInowknowthistalkispartofyourregularcourselecturesatAtlantaCommunityCollege

Ourcorporatenewsletterisdistributedtoapproximately30000employeesItisaninternal-onlypublication

PleaseindicateyourapprovalofthispermissionbysigningthisletterwhereindicatedbelowandreturningittomeassoonaspossibleIhaveenclosedaself-addressedstampedenvelopeforthatpurpose

Thankyouverymuchforagreeingtoletuspublishyourlecture

Sincerely

AlGordonCommunicationsManager

Permissiongrantedfortheuserequestedabove

POLICIESRULESORGUIDELINES

PoliciesarerulesorguidelinesforaspecificbusinessprocessTheyareformalcorporate-wideinstructionsthatmustbefollowedbyeveryonewithintheorganizationViolationofpoliciesmayresultindisciplinaryactionNewpoliciesmustbeapprovedbycorporatemanagement(Figure351)

RulesarelessformalthanpoliciesanddefineacceptablebehaviorwithinaparticulardepartmentordivisionRulesmaynotimpacttheentireorganizationNewrulesmustbeapprovedbydepartmentordivisionheadsViolationofrulesmayresultindisciplinaryaction

GuidelinessuggestwaysofhandlingcertainsituationsViolatingaguidelinedoesnotnecessarilyinvolvesanctionsAsubjectmatterexpertshouldapproveguidelines

PoliciesaddressaparticularproblemorissueandspecificgroupsofemployeesPoliciesmustbeformallysharedwiththegroupofemployeeswhowillbegovernedbythelanguage

Employeehandbooksareoftenpublishedwithcompanypoliciesanddistributedtoallemployees

TowriteapolicyruleorguidelinefollowthesestepsCreateanoutlineofthetopicsthatcouldbecoveredbythepolicyruleorguidelineStatethepurposeofthepolicyruleorguidelineStateclearlywhatthepolicyruleorguidelineallowsanddoesnrsquotallowExplaintowhomthepolicyruleorguidelineappliesProvideanybackgroundinformationthatprovidescontextonwhythepolicyruleorguidelineisneeded

ListanylegislationthatgovernsthepolicyruleorguidelineDescribeanyspecificprocedurethatmustbefollowedUseshortparagraphsornumberedstepsGrouptaskstogetherundersubheadings

ExplainwhattodoifviolationsoccurExplainanyterminologythatmaybeconfusingtoageneralaudienceofemployeesListanyspecialcircumstanceswhenthepolicyruleorguidelinedoesnotapply

Listanytimerestraintsifapplicableincludingtheeffectivedate

Figure351Policy

WHOISENTITLEDTOBENEFITSUNDERCOBRA

TherearethreeelementstoqualifyingforCOBRAbenefitsCOBRAestablishesspecificcriteriaforplansqualifiedbeneficiariesandqualifyingevents

QualifiedBeneficiariesmdashAqualifiedbeneficiarygenerallyisanindividualcoveredbyagrouphealthplanonthedaybeforeaqualifyingeventwhoiseitheranemployeetheemployeersquosspouseoranemployeersquosdependentchildIncertaincasesaretiredemployeetheretiredemployeersquosspouseandtheretiredemployeersquosdependentchildrenmaybequalifiedbeneficiariesInadditionanychildborntoorplacedforadoptionwithacoveredemployeeduringtheperiodofCOBRAcoverageisconsideredaqualifiedbeneficiaryAgentsindependentcontractorsanddirectorswhoparticipateinthegrouphealthplanmayalsobequalifiedbeneficiaries

QualifyingEventsmdashQualifyingeventsarecertaineventsthatwouldcauseanindividualtolosehealthcoverageThetypeofqualifyingeventwilldeterminewhothequalifiedbeneficiariesareandtheamountoftimethattheplanmustofferthehealthcoveragetothemunderCOBRA

QualifyingEventsforEmployeesVoluntaryorinvoluntaryterminationofemploymentforreasonsotherthangrossmisconduct

Reductioninthenumberofhoursofemployment

QualifyingEventsforSpousesVoluntaryorinvoluntaryterminationofthecoveredemployeersquosemploymentforanyreasonotherthangrossmisconduct

ReductioninthehoursworkedbythecoveredemployeeCoveredemployeersquosbecomingentitledtoMedicareDivorceorlegalseparationofthecoveredemployeeDeathofthecoveredemployee

QualifyingEventsforDependentChildrenLossofdependentchildstatusundertheplanrulesVoluntaryorinvoluntaryterminationofthecoveredemployeersquosemploymentforanyreasonotherthangrossmisconduct

POWERPOINTPRESENTATIONS

PowerPointpresentationsarecreatedtoprovidevisualaidsduringoralpresentationssalespresentationsandasstand-alonecomputer-basedtraining(Figures352ndash355)WhencreatingPowerPointpresentationsconsiderthefollowingtipsSlidedesignsshouldfocustheaudiencersquosattentiononaparticularaspectofeachslideDonrsquotusetoomuchtextUsecontrastingcolorsdifferenttextsizesboldoritalicstosetapartaparticularelementonthescreenHighlightindividuallinesoftextthatarethefocusoftheslide

BulletedtextlinesshouldbealignedtogivethepageanelegantlookKeepallbulletsonthesamelevelgrammaticallyparallelIndenttextfromthebulletsymbolsbyaconsistentspaceforalllevelsofbulletsAvoidbigparagraphsoftextthatfilltheslideUsebulletsheadingsandsubheadingsinstead

RepeatvisualelementsandtextthroughoutthepresentationtofocusonkeypointsandtounifythepresentationRepeatheadingsfromslidetoslidewhenappropriateRepeattextfromslidetoslidewhilehighlightingadifferentlineoneachslide

GroupsimilaritemsontheslidetoshowarelationshipUsesubheadingswithnestedbulletsforalistUseagraphicwithassociatedtexttoshowavisualconnectiontothetext

UsesansseriffontslikeHelveticaSwissArialAvantGardeandModernAvoidmixingserifandsansseriffontswithinthesamepresentation

ApplybackgroundshadingforpresentationsthatwillbeprojectedUseawhitebackgroundforpresentationsthatwillbeprintedanddistributedonpaperIfshadingisuseduseagradientthatgraduallychangesfromlighttodarkorfromonecolortoanothertoaddvisualdepthtothepresentationApplyaconsistentcolorschemetotheentirepresentation

DonotusedifferentlycoloredbackgroundsforeachslideinthepresentationCreatestylesfortheentirepresentationusingSlideMastertoSetthetextplacementaswellasfontsizeandcoloronallslidesKeepthepresentationconsistent

UseNotesMastertoinsertspeakernotesintothepresentationWhenprintedonpapertheslideappearsatthetopofthepageandthenotesappearatthebottom

UseHandoutMastertoaddtextandartworktoaudiencehandoutsTosavetimewhendesigningapresentationusePowerPointtemplatesthatareprebuiltandprofessionallydesignedTemplatesareavailablewithinthePowerPointapplicationAdditionaltemplatescanbedownloadedfromtheInternet

UsechartsphotosorillustrationsthatcommunicatevisuallyFreeclipartisavailablewithinPowerPointBarchartsandpiechartscanbecreatedinPowerPointOrganizationalchartscanalsobecreatedwithinPowerPoint

TheSmartArtGraphicsfeatureavailablewithinthePowerPointprogramallowsyoutoinsertnicelookingdiagramsDigitalcamerascanbeusedtotakephotographsthatcanbeimportedintoPowerPointandplacedonaslideAutoShapesallowsyoutocreategeometricshapesarrowsandlinestohelpillustrateyourslides

Videosanimationandsoundcanbeaddedtoslidestocreateamultimediapresentation

PlanningaPresentation

ConsiderthefollowingguidelinesasyouplanyourpresentationDetermineyourgoalandobjectives

ExampleDoyouwanttopersuadeorinform

KeepthepresentationsimpleandfocusedAclearmessagewithmoreimpactismorelikelytoachieveresultsthananunfocusedoneAcomplicatedmessageismuddledandwillleavetheaudienceconfusedandfrustrated

KeepthenumberoftopicscoveredtoaminimumDesignthepresentationlikecreatingastoryOrganizethecontentwithabeginningmiddleandend

DesignfordramaPiqueyouraudiencersquosinteresttowardtheendofthepresentationanddeliverthecentralconclusionofyourmessagewhenyouhavethefullattentionofeveryone

PlanyourmediaselectionWillyouuseslidesandadigitalprojectorprintedhandoutsorboth

ThinkandplanaheadIfyougivetheaudiencehandoutsbeforetheshowtheycanfollowalongandwritenotesdirectlyonthehandoutsHandoutsalsogivetheaudiencesomethingtoreferenceiftheyhavetroubleseeingthescreenIfyoudistributehandoutsattheendofthepresentationyoucanavoidgivingawayanyplannedsurprises

ConsiderthesubjectmatterThetoneofyourpresentationdependsonthetypeofpresentationtrainingseminarpresentationtomanagersoremployeesorasalespresentationtocustomers

ConsidertheaudiencersquosFamiliaritywiththesubjectmatterComposition(willtheaudiencebeexclusivelyemployeesorcustomersormixed)Size(largeaudiencesdictatetheneedformorestructureandformalitysmallaudiencesmaybelessformalgivingyoumoreroomforimprovisationandone-on-oneinteraction)

ConsidertheenvironmentforthepresentationHowvisibleisthescreenfromeachpartoftheroomIfvisibilityisinquestionincludehandoutswithprintedversionsofeachslideIfyouarenotfamiliarwiththeequipmentarrangetimeforsettingupandrehearsingyourpresentationbeforedeliveringtherealthing

PracticedeliveringyourpresentationDeliveryourpresentationtoacoworkerorfriendandaskforacritique

PRESSRELEASES

ApressreleaseisawrittencommunicationdirectedatthenewsmediaforthepurposeofmakinganannouncementWhenwritingapressreleaseconsiderthefollowingguidelines(Figure356)Layoutyourdocumentonan8frac12times11-inchpageProvidewidemarginsanddouble-spacethecopyIncludeareleasedateatthetopofthepageProvideacontactnameandaddressProvideasmuchcontactinformationaspossibleincludingfaxemailandWebsiteaddresses

IncludethephraseldquoForImmediateReleaserdquoalongwithacontactnameandphonenumberIfthereleasedateisinthefutureinsteadsayldquoForReleaseon[date]rdquo

IncludeasuggestedheadlineStartyourfirstparagraphwiththelocationinallcapsfollowedbythemonthanddaySummarizeyourstoryinthefirstparagraphincludingwhowhatwhywherewhenandhow

Makesurethefirst10wordsareeffectivetheyarethemostimportantElaborateonthedetailsincludingquotesfromimportantsourcesMakesuretheinformationisnewsworthybysuggestingothertie-insPickanangleTrytomakeyourpressreleasetimelybytyingittocurrenteventsorsocialissues

AvoidexcessiveuseofadjectivesandfancylanguageUseonlyenoughwordstotellyourstory

UsetheactivenotpassivevoiceVerbsintheactivevoicebringyourpressreleasetolifeAvoidjargonspecifictoyourorganizationthatmightnotberecognizedbyotherreadersAnswerthequestionwhyshouldanyonecare

Usereal-lifeexamplesifpossiblethatincludestoriesofthepeopleinvolvedRaiseotherquestionsorsuggesttopicsofinterestifyouaretryingtogenerateafeaturestoryorradioorTVinterview

SuggestinacoveringpitchletteraninterviewwiththeprincipalpersonororganizationinvolvedsuchasthecompanyCEOorabookauthor

TypethewordmoreattheendofeachpageAttheendofyourreleasetypeandcenterit

October12011

ContactNameAddressCityStateZipEmailWebAddress

ForImmediateReleaseContactJasonBrownmdash770-555-1234

BRONSONMEDIASIGNS$8MILLIONCONTRACTWITHVIDEOLOGIESINCTOBEEXCLUSIVEPROVIDEROFCIRCULATIONSYSTEMSNETWORKANDAPPLICATIONS

ATLANTAOct1mdashBronsonMediathelargestAmericannewspaperownersignedan$8millioncontractmakingVideologiesInctheexclusiveproviderofcirculationsystemsnetworkandapplicationsforprintmediaholdings

VideologieswillnowprovidecirculationsoftwareforallofBronsonMediarsquosnewspapersincludingtheLosAngelesHeraldTheSeattleConstitutionandtheAtlantaDailyThecontractwasawardedtoVideologiesafteranextensiveproductandcompanyreviewBronsonMediawilltakeadvantageoftheentirelineofVideologiescirculationsoftwareVID42isaprogramspeciallydesignedforprintmediatochartproductionandmaterialcoststooptimizeproductivityVIDRouterallowsnewspaperstomakeroutingdecisionsanddesigndeliveryroutesbasedonscannedmaps

MarkGiddingsvicepresidentofprintmediaoperationsatBronsonMediacommentedldquoThecontractwithVideologiesisabigstepforwardforBronsonrsquosnewspapersItwillallowustostandardizecirculationandproductionsystemsmakingcooperationbetweenourprintmediaholdingsmoreefficientandeffectiverdquo

PROCEDURES

Proceduresareinstructionsthatexplainhowtoperformaparticulartask(Figure357)

TowriteaprocedureStatethegoaloftheprocedure

ExampleThisproceduretellsyouhowtoinstallacablemodem

Theheadingfortheproceduremayalsostatethegoal

ExampleInstallingaCableModem

Ifspecificsuppliesorknowledgeareneededfortheprocedureprovidealistbeforedetailingthesteps

ExampleBeforeyoustartyoursquollneedthefollowingcoaxialcablepliersandascrewdriver

Ifacertainlevelofexperienceisnecessaryprovidealistforwhomtheproceduresareintended

ExampleBeforeattemptingthisprocedureyoushouldhaveabasicunderstandingofanoperatingsystem

WhenisitnecessarytousespecificterminologytodescribetheprocedureuseonlywhatisabsolutelynecessaryDonrsquotoverloadtheprocedurewithunnecessaryjargonExplainanyspecializedtechnicaltermsthatareused

ProvideanestimateofhowlongitwilltaketocompletetheprocedureListthestepsintheprocedureusingnumberedlistsBreakthestepsintheoverallprocedureintosmallersectionsLimitthenumberofstepsto10ineachsectionEachsectionshouldhaveitsowntitle

Ifaparticularstephassubstepsindentasecondarylistusingletterstodesignatethem

DescribeonlyonestepatatimeEachstepshoulddescribeonetask

IncludeillustrationswhereappropriateIfcertainconditionsapplyorifperformingastepwillcausesomethingtohappenpresentthisinformationatthebeginningofthestep

ExampleToshutdownthecomputerclicktheStartbuttonthenclickTurnOfftheComputer

Whensomeoneelseissupposedtoperformaparticularstepintheproceduredescribewhoisresponsibleandwhatheorshewilldo

ExampleThelicensingdepartmentwillacceptyourserialnumberandwillemailyouanactivationcode

Attheendoftheprocedureincludeastatementthattellsusersthattheprocedureiscompleteandwhattheresultislikelytobe

ExampleThatcompletesthestepsforinstallingthecablemodemThepowerandInternetlightsshouldbesolidgreen

Providereferencestootherusefulinformation

Figure357Procedures

WALKTHROUGHmdashPASTESPECIALgtVALUES

InthiswalkthroughyouwillusethePasteSpecialgtValuesfunctiontoconverttheresultofaformulatotext1ContinuewiththeTTFFPmdashDailyActivityExercisexlsfilewhichshouldalreadybe

open2SelectcellI2thecellyourconcatenatingformulaisin3SelectEditgtCopy4SelectEditgtPasteSpecial5SelecttheValuesradiobutton6ClickOK

Notehowyourformulahasbeentransformedintotext

7SaveyourworkbyclickingFilegtSaveAsandthenchangingthenameofthefiletoldquoDailyActivityExerciseArdquoandthenclicktheSavebutton

8ClosethespreadsheetbyclickingFilegtClose

Thatcompletesthiswalkthrough

PROGRESSREPORTS

ProgressreportsarewrittentoinformasupervisoraboutthestatusofaprojectThesereportsdetailwhatwascompletedforthepreviousperiodwhatpercentageoftheworkhasbeencompletedandwhatisplannedforthenextperiodAnyproblemsorissuesarelistedinthereport

ProgressreportsletmanagementknowabouttheoverallhealthofaprojectanditsteammembersProgressreportsalsoleteveryoneontheteamknowhowtheoverallprojectisgoing

ThesereportsrangefromsimplememosforsmallprojectstoinformalletterstoformalreportsMemosareoftenusedforinternalprogressreportsProgressreportlettersaresenttooutsideclientsFormalprogressreportsarealsosenttooutsideclients

Allprogressreportsinclude(Figure358)

WhatworkhasbeencompletedsincethelastreportWhatworkiscurrentlybeingperformedWhatworkisplannedIndividualtaskssometimeslistedalongwiththeircompletionpercentagesTheprogressofdifferentstagesofdevelopmentandcategoriesfordifferentdepartments(maybelistedforlargeprojects)

ProjectreportspreparedforoutsidecustomersmayalsoincludeTheprojectpurposeObjectivesScopeorlimitationsStartdateandcompletiondateCurrentdevelopmentphaseTeammembers

ERPUPGRADEPROJECTSTATUSREPORT

NameofProjectERPUpgradeDateJuly272012ProjectManagerMaryDawsonSponsorAllanCummings

ProjectObjectives

UpgradetheexistingERPapplicationtopositionAcmeIndustriestomaintainvendorsupportfortheapplicationandtoconsiderundertakingprojectsaftertheupgradewhichwillimplementnewfunctionalityofferedintheERPsystem

ImplementationDateAugust202012CurrentPhaseQATestingUATTestingImplementationPlanning

ProjectManagementSummary

Theupgradeprojectremainsontrack14businessdaysuntilwebeganourupgradeimplementation

IntegratedQAtestenvironmentwasplannedforMay7andisnotcompletelyready

UpdatemdashStellentconfigurationissuewasresolvedandtestingforStellentwillstartnextweek

QATestingmdashTheformalQAtestingperiodisoverhoweverQAtestingwillcontinueforsomeitemsincludingHRbenefitsmdash75completeOutstandingareitemsassociatedwithHCFAMSYRetireesandFSA

eAppsmdash95completeOutstandingareitemsassociatedwithintegrationtestingthatwedelayednotoperatinginourintegratedtestenvironment

Securitymdash90completeOutstandingitemsare4reportsthathavebeenonholdpendingresolutiontoreportingproblemsinQATestingplannedfornextweekisindevelopment

SystemtestingandUAThavebeencombinedforHRMHRMDataPrepHyperionandStellentStatusforthesewillbereportedunderuseracceptancetesting

Third-partyinterfacetestingisinprocessTheteamresolvedoutstandingissueswiththeintegratedtestingenvironment

UserAcceptanceTestingmdashContinuedformalUATsessionsUATtestingisexpectedtobecompleteonAugust3HRBenefitsmdash50completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough83Payrollmdash85completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough727interfacetestingwillrunintonextweek

Authoriamdash80completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough730401(k)mdash60completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough83Compensationmdash90completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough727HRMmdash90completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough83Outstandingissuewithhomephone

HRMDataPrepmdash50completemdashsessionsscheduledthrough83eAppsmdash0completemdashsessionscheduledfor730Securitymdash90completeretestsessionsscheduledforearlynextweekeRecruitmdash50completesessionsscheduledthrough731HyperionEDWmdash70completesessionsscheduledthrough730Stellentmdash0completesessionsscheduledthough83PensionmdashUATiscompleteESPPmdashUATiscomplete

SimpleStepsmdashUATiscompletePDRmdashUATiscompleteLMSmdashUATiscompleteTotalCompmdashUATiscomplete

LoadTestingmdashBeganloadtestingforeRecruitmdashexpectedcompletionis731LoadtestingfortheeAppswillfollowwithcompletionexpectedon810

ParallelTestingmdashCompletedparallel3withexcellentresults34of36siteshavesignedoffasof8amFriday

DevelopmentDevelopmentteamisontrackwithissuesanddefectsRetrofittingforpublicandprivatequeriescontinuesContinuedrefinementofimplementationplanPlanneddressrehearsalmdashTestMove7Completedsomepre-implementationtasksinPRODmdashcopiedsoftwaresetupdatafilesandaddedtemporaryspaceforbackups

eRecruitContinuedQAtestingandUATtestingReceivedsignofffromsubsidiariesAdditionalsessionsarescheduledfornextweek

Trainingdocumentationandcommunicationtasksareonschedule

Deliverablescompletedlastweek

Deliverablesscheduledforcompletioninnext2weeks

ResourceChangesNone

FutureMeetingsDailyUATtestingsessionsDailyParalleltestingsessionsandmorningmeetingsFullTeamStatusMeeting731MovedtoTuesdayforthisweekonlyWeeklyTrainingDocumentationandCommunicationsTeamMeeting730WeeklyImplementationMeeting81WeeklyITLeadsTeamMeeting81WeeklyHRBenefitsAnalystTeamMeeting81WeeklyQATeamMeeting82WeeklyPayrollAnalystTeamMeeting82WeeklyDevelopersTeamMeeting82

PROPOSALS

ProposalsusuallyconsistofabidandadescriptionofaprojectandtheyaresenttoacustomerManyproposalsaresentafteraprospectivecustomermakesarequestforproposal(RFP)

ThereareseveraldifferenttypesofproposalsInternalproposalswrittenforsomeonewithinthesamebusinessExternalproposalswrittentoanotherbusinessorgovernmentagencySolicitedproposalsthatarewrittenandsentinresponsetoandinaccordancewiththeguidelinesdescribedinanRFP

Unsolicitedproposalsthataresenttoconvinceapotentialcustomertodobusinesswithyou

Mostproposalsincludethefollowingsections(Figure359)CoverlettermdashtobesentwithaproposalIntroductionmdashintroducingtheproposalreferringtopreviouscontactswiththecustomerandprovidinganoverviewofthecontentsoftheproposal

BackgroundmdashinformationabouttheneedfortheprojectBenefitsmdashdescribinghowtheproposedsolutionwillsolvetheproblemsdiscussedinthebackgroundsection

Projectdescriptionmdashdescribingwhatisinvolvedintheprojectincludingspecificationsfortheendproduct

MethodmdashdiscussinghowtheprojectwillbecompletedSchedulemdashdetailingtheprojecttimelineQualificationsmdashdiscussingtheorganizationrsquosqualificationsforcompletingtheprojectBudgetmdashlistingthecostsConclusionmdashfinalwordsaboutwhythesubmitteroftheproposalshouldbeawardedtheproject

WhenpreparingaproposalconsiderthefollowingMakesureyouaddresseverythingaskedforifrespondingtoanRFPIdentifyallthetasksthatarenecessarytocompletetheprojectBreakoutthebudgetintoindividuallineitemsandincludehourlyratesifapplicable

LPSTRAININGVideoProductionProposal

SubmittedtoAndyNorvell

SAROfficeManagerBSPEnergyProductsCompany

ByVideologies

AcworthGeorga

(CourtesyofVideologiesInc)

INTRODUCTION

ThisproposalisfortheproductionofanLPStrainingvideoforBSPEnergyrsquosSARDepartment

BSPEnergyrsquosrequestincludesthefollowingrequirementsLimitvideolengthtoapproximately35minutesDeliverthefinishedvideobyNovember302012ShootattwositesineitherNewJerseyorLosAngelesbasinareaCreate10minutesofmaterialondrillingmonitorwellinstallationandsamplingtasksCreate10minutesofmaterialontrenchingandSVEinstallationLPOsCreate6minutesofmaterialforsupervisorfeedbacksessionsCreate9minutesofmaterialfeaturingahostoncameraforintroductionsandothercommentary

AftercarefulexaminationoftheserequirementsVideologiesproposesthefollowingResearchandscriptwritingwithaccesstosubjectmatterexpertsintheAtlantaareaorviatelephoneoremail

Pre-productionlocationvisitbyourproducerFivedaysofproductionattwodifferentlocationsineitherNewJerseyorLosAngelesOnedayofproductionintheAtlantaareaforshootinganon-camerahostVideostillgraphicstoillustrateconceptsTextandgraphicsOptionalCD-ROMversionOptionalStreamingVideoversionforWebdistribution

SPECIFICATIONS

TheLPSTrainingvideoproducedforBSPEnergywillincludethefollowingspecifications35-minutevideoscriptProducerservicestocoordinateallaspectsoftheproductionVideoproductionusingXDCAMHDformatVideoproductioncrewincludingadirectorcameraoperatorandlightingassistantsasappropriate

Useofaprofessionalactororactressforon-cameraandvoice-overnarrationOnepre-productiontriptoeitherNewJerseyorLosAngelestoscoutlocationsand

coordinateactivitiesOnefive-daytriptoeitherNewJerseyorLosAngelesforshootingsegmentsABandCasoutlinedintheLPSTrainingVideoWorkScopeprovidedbyAndyNowellofBSPEnergy

NonlinearpostproductiontoeditamastertapeforduplicationVideographicsforillustratingconceptsTitlesandtransitionaleffectsBackgroundmusicTwoapprovalcopiesOneBlu-RayDVDmasterforduplication

BSPEnergywillprovidethefollowinglogisticalandreviewrequirementsScriptreviewandapprovalLocationsAllnecessarypropsPersonnelfordemonstrationsandactivitiesdescribedinthescriptSubjectmatterexpertsCompanylogos

TREATMENT

BasedonourJune182012meetingweproposeavideotreatmentthatutilizesanon-camerahosttoguideusthroughthevideo

ThehostwillbeshotonlocationintheAtlantaareaandwillbeusedtointroducethecontentoncameraandthennarratesequencesshotonlocation

SincethepurposeofthevideoistogiveviewerspracticeinobservingLPOsituationswewilldividethevideointoshorttwo-tothree-minutesegmentsStudentswillchoosesegmentsfromamenuEachsegmentwillhaveatitlescreendescribingitscontentTheon-camerahostwillintroduceeachsegmentandexplainwhatviewersareabouttoseeInstructionswillbegivenforviewerstopracticetheirLPOobservationsastheywatchscenesofvariousworkpracticesThenarratorwilldescribethescenebutwillallowviewerstomakeandrecordtheirownobservationsFollowingthissequencewewillreplaythesamesequenceagainthistimewiththenarratorpointingoutallthepossibleobservationsThiswillallowtheviewerstochecktheiranswers

BecausestudentswillwatchthesesequencestwiceoncewithoverviewnarrationandonceagainwiththenarratordescribingtheLPOobservationsthefinishedvideowillbelonger

than35minutesHoweverforpurposesofbudgetingweareplanningonnomorethan35minutesoforiginalmaterialRepeatingmaterialinthesamevideowillnotincreasethebudget

ItisunderstoodthatonlyasamplingofpossibleLPOobservationsthatmayoccurinanactivitysuchasdrillingwillbefeaturedinthevideoWewillworkwithBSPEnergyrsquossubjectmatterexpertstoconstructscenesthatfeatureasmanyworkpracticeobservations(bothgoodandbad)aspossible

Thetrainingwillbedesignedsothatitcanbeself-pacedAspartofourdeliverablestoBSPEnergywewillproduceashortstudentguide(inAdobeAcrobatPDFformat)thatprovidesinstructionsforeachvideosegmentactivityWeassumethatBSPEnergywillprovidecopiesofLPOformssostudentscanfillouttheformswhilewatchingthevideo

ThefollowingLPOtargetareaswillbefeaturedinthevideoDrillingmonitorwellinstallationandsamplingtasksTrenchingandSVEinstallationLPOsSupervisorfeedbacksessions

PRODUCTION

TheproductionprocesswillconsistofthefollowingstagesContentanalysisanddesignScriptwritingVideoproductionGraphicsproductionPostproductionProgrammingStudyguideproductionRevisionsFinalmastering

ContentAnalysisandDesign

VideologieswillmeetwithsubjectmatterexpertsandreviewpreviouslyproducedmaterialssuchasLPOformsandLPShandbooksWewillworktogethertoplanourworkpracticescenariostofeaturespecificLPOopportunitiesforstudentsAftercompletingcontentanalysisVideologieswillcreateadesigndocumentthatsummarizesourplansforthevideo

Scriptwriting

AfteradesignisapprovedbyBSPEnergythescriptwriterwilldraftascriptinatwo-columnformatdescribingvisualsandnarrationorsuggestedon-cameraaudioThisscriptwillbesubmittedtoBSPEnergyforreviewAfterthisreviewanyrevisionsrequiredwillbemadeandafinalscriptwillbesubmittedforapproval

VideoProduction

AfterthescriptisapprovedvideoproductionwillbeginVideoproductionwillconsistofthefollowingFivedaysofproductiononlocationattwositesineitherNewJerseyorLosAngelesOnedayofproductioninAtlantatoshoottheon-camerahostNarrationrecording

GraphicsProduction

VideographicswillbecreatedtoillustrateconceptswhereappropriateTitlescreenswillalsobecreatedandaddedwhereappropriate

PostProduction

Duringpostproductionwewilledittherawfootagemixtheaudioaddmusicinsertgraphicsandincorporatetransitionaleffectswhereappropriate

StudyGuideProduction

Ashort10ndash20pagestudyguidewillbecreatedtofacilitatethelearningexperienceforself-pacedtraining

FinalMastering

AfterfinalapprovalofthevideoaBlu-RayDVDmasterwillbedeliveredforduplicationpurposes

OPTIONS

BSPEnergyhasrequestedthatVideologiesprovidequotesonfutureupgradesofthevideotoCD-ROMandpossibleWebsitedeliveryInadditionwecanprovideVHSduplicationsuponrequest

CD-ROM

ThecontentcreatedfortheLPSTrainingvideoandstudyguidecanbeupgradedfordeliveryviaCD-ROMDependingonthedesignandcontentrequirementswecancreateawidevarietyofCD-ROMndashbasedprogramsrangingfromasimpleAVIvideoplayertoamore

complexsystemincorporatingadditionalaudioinstructiongraphicssimulationsandtestquestions

ThefinishedvideosegmentscanbeconvertedtoaWindowsAVIvideoformatatascreensizeof320times240andplayedonaIBMPCcompatibleequippedwithaCD-ROMdrivesoundcardandspeakersorheadphonesWewouldrecommendaminimumconfigurationofPentiumII350withan8XCD-ROMdrive

AstheleastexpensiveoptionwecancreateaCDthatincludesanautorunfeaturesoinstallationisnotnecessaryUponinsertingtheCDtheuserwillseea640times480menuscreenthatgivesstudentsaccesstoadownloadablestudyguidedownloadableLPOformsandmenuchoicesforviewingthevariousvideosequences(orlessons)

AmoreexpensivealternativecanincludequizandtestquestionsgraphicandtextscreensaudioandsimulationsforamoresubstantiallearningexperienceThecoursewouldrequiretheuseofaWebbrowsersuchasInternetExplorertoviewcontentpagesaccessLPOformsandviewvideoandaudiosequencesTestquestionswillprovidefeedbackandremediationtoensureanddocumentastudentrsquoscomprehension

WebDelivery

VideologiescanprovidestreamingmediaversionsofthefinishedvideosequencesineitherWindowsMediaorRealMediaformatscompressedforplaybackat300KspeedsAnythinglessthan300KcompressionproducesqualitythatistooreducedforeffectivetrainingAtleasta300KconnectionisrequiredtoviewthefilesThisspeedofconnectionisusuallyavailablewithDSLCableModemorofficeLANconnections

BSPEnergywillneedtoprovideastreamingmediaserver(bypurchasingastreamingmedialicensefromeitherRealNetworksorMicrosoft)inordertoldquostreamrdquothevideosWithoutthisservertheusersmustdownloadeachvideosequencebeforeplayingit

VideologiescanprovideservicesrangingfromjustsupplyingthemediafilestoBSPEnergyforpostingontheirownWebsitetocreatingacompleteWeb-basedcoursesimilartotheCD-ROMversioncompletewithmenusgraphicsandtesting

DELIVERABLES

ThisproposalcallsforthefollowingdeliverablesfromVideologiesDesigndocumentScriptOne10ndash20ndashpagestudyguideinPDFformatTwoapprovalDVDcopies

OneBlu-RayDVDmaster

OptionaldeliverablesincludeCD-ROMversionWindowsMediaorRealMediaWebfilesDVDduplications

LOGISTICSANDSCHEDULE

Videologiesproposesthefollowingscheduleforthevideo

AnydelaybyBSPEnergyinreviewingscriptsprovidingpersonnelorlocationsmaydelaydeliveryofthefinalvideo

BUDGET

TheservicesprovidedbyVideologieswillrequirethefollowingdevelopmentbudget

RATESANDMANPOWER

RatesarebasedonthefollowingWritingproducingdirectingservicesandproductioncrewat$50perhouror$500perdayperperson

Videoproductionequipmentrentalsat$700perdayincludescameratripodlightsmonitorswaveformandgripequipment

Postproductionservicesat$125perhourGraphicservicesat$50perhourComputerprogrammingservicesat$75perhourAVIandstreamingmediaconversationat$40perfinishedminuteProfessionalunionactorat$1500perday

EstimatedmanpowerrequirementsincludeWritermdash14daysProducermdash7daysDirectormdash6daysplus2traveldaysCameraoperatormdash6daysplus2traveldays

Lightingspecialistmdash6daysplus2traveldaysProductionassistantmdash6daysplus2traveldaysEditormdash60hoursGraphicartistmdash25hoursProfessionalunionactormdash1day

EstimatedequipmentrentaldaysincludeCamerapackagemdash6daysNonlineareditormdash60hours

QUESTIONNAIRESANDSURVEYS

Questionnairesandsurveysareusedtogatherdataaboutcustomersandemployeesforuseindecisionmakingmarketingandthedevelopmentofnewproductsandservices(Figure360)

QuestionnairescanbedistributedonpaperoronlineOnlinesurveysareespeciallyhelpfulbecausetheycanbeemailedaslinksandtheresultscanbeautomaticallytabulatedintoadatabaseorspreadsheet

Usingaquestionnaireisamultistageprocessinvolvingthedesignanddevelopmentofthequestionsdeterminingthesurveygroupconductingthesurveyandtheninterpretingtheresults

QuestionnairesareusuallydesignedtogatherqualitativeorquantitativedataQualitativesurveysaskaboutopinionsandaskrespondentstoratethequalityofaproductorservice

Quantitativesurveysmeasurehowmanypeopledoaparticularthingsuchasuseaproductorwatchaparticulartelevisionchannel

QuestionnairesareoftenusedinsteadofpersonalinterviewsbecauseTheycanbeinexpensivetocreateanduseTheprivacyoftheparticipantscanbeprotectedWhenusedwithotherdatasuchassalestrendstheycanbeusefulasaconfirmationtool

ConsiderthefollowingstepswhencreatingaquestionnaireThefirststepincreatingaquestionnaireistodefinetheobjectivesThequestionsshouldfocusonobtainingspecificinformationTodeterminequalitativedataaboutaproductorserviceyoumustbreakdownthe

qualitiesintovariousaspectsthatcanbeisolatedandmeasuredThequestionordershouldhavealogicalflow

ThesecondstepincreatingaquestionnaireistowritethequestionsWriteanintroductiontothequestionnairethatexplainsitspurpose

ProvideinstructionsonhowtoanswerthequestionsExplaintheratingscaleifoneisused

IncludedemographicquestionstogatherinformationabouttherespondentsThisinformationishelpfullaterwhenyouareanalyzingtheresultsandcomparingresponsesamongdifferentgroupsofpeopleCommondemographicquestionsincludingagesexlevelofeducationannualearningsandsoforthDemographicquestionsarenormallyaskedatthebeginningofthequestionnaire

Therearetwogeneraltypesofsurveyquestionsmultiple-choiceorfill-in-the-blankFill-in-the-blankquestionsaremoretime-consumingduringthedataanalysisphaseMultiplechoicequestionsmakeiteasiertotabulatetheresponsesandcalculatepercentagesMultiple-choicequestionsalsomakeiteasiertotrackopinionsovertimetoseehowthesamequestionnaireisansweredbysimilargroupsofpeopleoveraspecificperiod

Formultiple-choicequestionsinvolvingaratingscaleitisbesttohaveanevennumberofratingchoicesHavinganoddnumberofchoicesleavesrespondentswithamiddleneutralchoicewhichisoftenusedbyrespondentswhoareboredHavinganevennumberofchoiceseliminatesthepossibilityofneutralanswers

Multiple-choicequestionsshouldhavecleardistinctanswerchoicesldquoVeryoftenrdquoldquoOftenrdquoandldquoSometimesrdquoanswerchoicescanbeinterpreteddifferentlybydifferentrespondentsldquoEverydayrdquoldquo2to5timesaweekrdquoandldquoOnceamonthrdquoanswerchoicesareeasiertointerpretAvoidleadingquestionsthatimplyabiasedanswer

ExampleAratingscalewithchoiceslikeldquoIncrediblerdquoldquoSuperbrdquoldquoExcellentrdquoldquoGreatrdquoldquoGoodrdquo

IncorrectIsthisthebestsoftwareyoursquoveeverused

AvoidadjectivesandadverbsinyourquestionstheyimplyabiasedanswerAvoidembarrassingquestionsthatdealwithpersonalorprivatemattersAvoidhypotheticalquestionstheyarebasedonfantasyratherthanfactAvoidusingnotinyourquestionsthiswordcanleadtodoublenegativesandalreadyimpliesanegativelybiasedanswer

AfteryoursquovewrittenthequestionsforthesurveyproofreadandtestthesurveyonasmallsamplingofrespondentsReviewthequestionnairewiththetestaudienceandworktogethertoresolveanyproblemsRevisethesurveyafterthepilottestPutadateonthequestionnairesothatyoucankeeptrackofversions

Figure360Survey

REFERENCELETTERS

AreferenceletterstatesthequalificationsforapersonseekingemploymentItoffersanendorsementofthepersonrsquosjobperformanceskillsandcharacterAreferencelettermaybeacceptedinlieuofcontactingreferencesonthephone

Areferencelettershouldinclude(Figure361)HowandforhowlongyouknowthepersonYourqualificationsforwritingthereferenceletterAlistofthepersonrsquosqualitiesandskillsKeypointsaboutthepersonthatthereadershouldnoteExamplesthatbackupyouropinionsaboutthepersonYourcontactinformation

ReferencelettersaretypicallywrittentoRecommendsomeoneforajobRecommendsomeonewhohasappliedtoschoolEndorseapoliticalcandidateProvideacreditreferenceRecommendaserviceorproductRecommendsomeoneforclubmembership

JohnDavidsonVideologiesInc1313OldAlabamaHighwayAtlantaGA30121

ThisisaletterofrecommendationforPeterCarson

PeterhasworkedwithmeforthepastyearintheroleoftrainingtechnologymanageratVideologiesIncamultimediaandtrainingdevelopmentbusiness

AtVideologiesPeterworkedondesigningatrainingcourseforourLearningManagementSystemHedesignedandcreatedawebinarpresentationandastudentexerciseworkbook

Peteralsoworkedonthreemultidayinstructor-ledcoursesonthesubjectofaccountingpracticesPeterdidanalysiscreatedthedesigncoordinatedwiththecustomerandcreatedworkbooksandPowerPointpresentations

IhighlyrecommendPeterCarsonforinstructionaldesignandcoursedevelopmentprojects

Sincerely

JohnDavidsonVicePresident

REFUSALLETTER

ArefusalletteriswrittentodenyarequestdeclineaninvitationorreplynegativelytoasuggestionWhenwritingarefusalletterconsiderthefollowingtips(Figure362)BeasdiplomaticaspossibletoavoidhurtfeelingsOpentheletterwithasincerestatementthatexplainsthatyouarerefusingtherequestExplainyourreasonsfortherefusalandincludeanyevidencetobackupyourdecisionOfferalternativestothereadersthatmighthaveabetterchanceofbeingacceptedBecourteousandwishthereadersuccesselsewhere

RefusallettersaretypicallywrittentoDeclineaninvitationorappointmentDeclineaclaimrequestfromacustomerTurndownarequestforadonationDeclineajobofferpromotionortransferRejectanapplicationforemploymentDeclinetojoinanorganizationTerminateabusinessrelationshipDeclinearequesttowritealetterofrecommendationTurndownasuggestionDeclinearequestforcreditDeclineagiftDeclineordersorrequestsforinformation

February212012

BuffaloGraphics3133Highway9RoswellGA32311

DearMrWilson

ThankyouforinvitationtobeaguestlecturerinyourcommunicationsclassatAtlantaCommunityCollegeIrsquomsorrybutIrsquollhavetodeclinetheinvitation

IrecentlybecamethepresidentoftheAtlantaCommunicationsAssociationandtheseaddedresponsibilitieshavealreadyrequiredmoretimethanIhaveavailableIwouldsuggestthatyoucontactAlGordontheex-presidentofACAHemaybeavailableandwithhisexperienceheshouldmakeanexcellentguestlecturer

IamhonoredtohavebeeninvitedbyyouYouarewellrespectedwithinthecommunicationsindustryandIwishyouallthebestwithyourclass

Sincerely

MichaelWoodsonPresident

REPORTS

TherearefourcommonreportformatsMemorandumreportLetterreportShortreportFormalreport

MemorandumReport

ThememorandumreportisaroutineandinformalreportthatmightbepreparedonaweeklybasistoreportthestatusofprojectstouppermanagementThistypeofreport

IsobjectiveandimpersonalintoneMaycontainbriefintroductorycommentsContainsheadingsandsubheadingsusedforquickreferenceandtohighlightcertainaspectsofthereport

Isusuallysingle-spacedandprintedonplainpaper(Howeverinsomebusinessesthisreportmaybesentasanemailoremailattachment)

LetterReport

Theletterreportisnormallyaone-pageletterthatisprintedoncompanyletterheadIfthereportscontainsecondsheetsthecontinuationpagesarealsoprintedonletterheadTheletterreportIstypicallysentoutsidethecompanytoconsultantsclientsortheboardofdirectorsShouldhaveheadingsandsubheadingstoorganizeitscontent

ShortReport

TheshortreporthasatitlepageapreliminarysummarywithconclusionsandrecommendationsauthorizationinformationastatementoftheproblemfindingsconclusionsandrecommendationsTheshortreportMaycontaintablesandgraphsandcanbeeithersingle-ordouble-spacedContainsheadingsandsubheadingstoorganizethecontentandtoemphasizecertainaspectsHasatitlepagewithThereporttitle(longtitlesaredividedandcentered)ThenametitleandaddressofthepersonorcompanytowhomthereportisbeingsubmittedThepreparerrsquosnametitleandaddress

FormalReport

IncludedintheformalreportaretheCoverTitlepageFlyleafTitleflyLetterofauthorizationLetteroftransmittal

ForewordandorprefacesAcknowledgmentsTableofcontentsListoftablesListoffiguresSynopsisBodyEndnotesorfootnotesAppendixGlossaryBibliographyIndex

WhenformattingyourreportconsiderthefollowingguidelinesThemarginsettingsforaformalreportareFirstpagersquostopmarginmdash2inchesSubsequentpagesrsquotopmarginmdash1inchBottommarginsonallpagesmdash1inchTheleftandrightmarginsonallpagesmdash1inch

Forboundreportstheleftmarginshouldbe1frac12inchestoallowextraroomforthebindingThebodyofthereportcanbesingle-ordouble-spacedSetoffquotationsshouldbesingle-spacedasarefootnotesParagraphindentionsshouldbefivespacesLongquotationsshouldbeindentedfivespacesfromtheleftmarginNumberedandbulletlistsshouldalsobeindentedfivespacesFootnotesshouldmatchparagraphmarginsPrimaryheadingsshouldbecenteredandboldwithadditionalspaceaboveandbelowA20-to24-pointsansseriffontsuchasHelveticashouldbeusedSecondaryheadingsshouldbealignedleftjustifiedboldwitha16-to18-pointsansseriffont

Third-levelheadingsshouldalsobealignedleftandboldwith12-to14-pointsansseriffont

Thereshouldbenopagenumberonthetitlepagealthoughapagenumbershouldbe

assignedfornumberingpurposesThefrontmattershouldusesmallRomannumerals(iiiiiietc)fornumberingThebodyofthereportshoulduseArabicnumeralsstartingwith1Pagenumbersshouldbeeithercenteredorintherightmargineitherfrac12to1inchfromthetoporfrac12inchfromthebottom

Headingsandsubheadingsshouldbeparallelinstructure

Exampleofnonparallelstructure1ReadingtheManual2TheInstructions3HowtoInstalltheSoftware

Exampleofparallelstructure1ReadingtheManual2FollowingtheInstructions3InstallingtheSoftware

YoushoulduseanumberingsystemforheadingsYoucanusenumbersoracombinationofnumbersandletters

Figure363showstwoalternativeheadingnumberingsystems

System11MainHeading11Subheading12Subheading121Third-levelheading122Third-levelheading

System2IMainHeadingaSubheading

bSubheading1Third-levelheading2Third-levelleading

Thecover(Figure364)shouldhavethetitleandauthorrsquosnamewiththetitleprintedinallcapitalletters

Thecovermaybeprintedoncardstockpaper

ThetitlepageshouldincludeThetitleofthereportinallcapitalsandsubtitleifthereisoneTherecipientrsquosnamecorporatetitledepartmentcompanynameandaddressThepreparerrsquosnamecorporatetitledepartmentcompanynameandaddressThedatethereportissubmitted

TheflyleafisablankpagethatisinsertedafterthecoverItisalsosometimesaddedtotheendofthereportjustbeforethebackcover

Thetitleflyisasinglepagewithjustthereporttitleinallcapitalscenteredontheupperthirdofthepage

Theletterofauthorizationshouldbeprintedonletterheadandexplainwhoauthorizedthereportandanyspecificdetailsregardingtheauthorization

Theletteroftransmittal(Figure365)isacoverletterforthereportItexplainsthepurposeofthereportthescopelimitationsreferencematerialsspecialcommentsandacknowledgments

Theletteroftransmittalmaytaketheplaceofaforewordorpreface

Theacknowledgementspageshouldlistindividualscompaniesorinstitutionsthatassistedincreatingthereport

Thetableofcontents(Figure366)shouldincludeheadingssubheadingsandthird-levelheadingswithpagenumbersYoucanuseanoutlinestylewithaheadingnumberingsystemIfyouareusingawordprocessoryoucanautomaticallygenerateatableofcontentsbasedontheheadingstyles

IftablesareusedinthereportyoushouldincludealistoftablesinthefrontmatterThelistshouldinclude

TablenumbersPagenumbersThedescriptionsusedastabletitlesinthebodyofthereport

Ifillustrationsareusedinthereportyoushouldincludealistoffigures(Figure367)inthefrontmatterThelistshouldincludeFigurenumbersPagenumbersThecaptionsusedwiththefiguresinthebodyofthereport

Thebodyofthereport(Figure368)shouldincludeAnintroductiontothereportIntroductionstothemajorsectionsmdashheadingssubheadingsandthird-levelheadingsAsummaryattheendofmajorsectionsNormalparagraphbreaksbulletlistsnumberedlistsillustrationsandtablesFootnotesorendnotestopresentcontentthatisnotpartofthemainflowofthebodyFootnotesareshortnotessetatthebottomofthepageEndnotesareplacedattheendofthereport

Usuallyfootnotesorendnotesarenumberedwithasmallraisednumber(12etc)insertedattheendofthetextwiththecorrespondinglynumberednoteatthebottomofthepageorattheendofthereport

FootnotesandendnotesshouldincludeTheauthororauthorrsquosnamesThetitleofthesourceThepublisherThedateApagereference

SometimesafootnoteisusedforjustthefirstreferencetoasourceTheninsubsequentreferencesjusttheauthornamesandthepagenumberarelisted

ExampleWilsonandWauson205

Otherparentheticalreferencesareinsertedinthetextofthedocumentinsideparentheses

Iftherearesupplementaryreferencematerialsorsourcesofresearchmdashperhapsinformationthatmightbeofinteresttoonlysomereadersmdashyoucanincludethemattheendofthereportinanappendix

TheglossaryshouldincludetechnicaltermswithdefinitionsalongwithanyabbreviationsInthebodyofthereporttheabbreviationsshouldbespelledoutthefirsttimetheyareused

ThebibliographylistsAllthesourcesofinformationusedtocompilethereportResearchthatwasnotcitedasafootnotebutusedtocreatethereport

ThebibliographylistingsareorderedalphabeticallybytheauthorsrsquolastnamesIfthereisnomainauthorthenthebooktitleisusedTheauthorrsquossurnamecomesfirstAdditionalauthorsarelistedfirstnamelastname

ExampleWilsonKevinandJenniferWausonTheAMAHandbookofBusinessWriting(NewYorkAMACOMBooks2010)

AnindexisanoptionformanyreportsandshouldbeanalphabeticallistingThefirstwordofeachentryhasaninitialcapitalletterandtherestofthewordsareinlowercase

SubentriesintheindexarelikesubheadingsandareindentedoneortwospacesCross-referencesdirectthereadertoanotherlocationintheindex

ONLINEEMPLOYEEBENEFITELECTIONS

ByCatherineMuncieMuncieConsulting

MuncieConsulting1231PeachtreeStreetAtlantaGA30102

May122012

MaryAnnClevelandVicePresidentAlsteadCommunications3324Interstate75ParkwayAtlantaGA30131

DearMsCleveland

Inaccordancetoouragreementforconductingresearchonalternativestopaper-basedbenefitelectionsIampleasedtosubmitthisreportwithmyfindingstitledldquoOnlineEmployeeBenefitElectionsrdquo

ThepurposeofthisreportisprovideinformationtotheAlsteadCommunicationsExecutiveBoardforthepurposeofdeterminingwhetheronlineemployeeself-serviceisapossibilityforannualbenefitelectionsThereportdescribestheonlineprocessandcomparesittothecurrentpaper-basedbenefitelectionprocessInadditionthereportdetailsvariouspoliciesandcontrolsthatwouldneedtobeimplementedinordertomakeonlineelectionssecureinordertoprotectsensitivepersonalinformation

Ihopeyouwillfindthisreporttobeinformative

Respectfullyyours

CatherineMuncieMuncieConsulting

EnclReportonOnlineEmployeeBenefitElections

Figure367ReportListoffigures

Figure368ReportBody

ReportonONLINEEMPLOYEEBENEFITELECTIONS

IIntroduction

Duringtheannualbenefitsenrollmentperiodbenefits-eligibleemployeesmaymakechangestotheirbenefitsorenrollinflexiblespendingaccountsfortheupcomingplanyear

NewbenefitelectionsareeffectiveJanuary1ndashDecember31ofthefollowingyearOnceOpenEnrollmenthasconcludedemployeesmaychangetheirbenefitsduringtheplanyearonlyiftheyexperienceaqualifiedstatuschange(marriagedivorcebirthadoptionofachildordeathofadependent)

ThehumanresourcesdepartmentmustcompleteanumberoftasksduringAugustandSeptemberinordertoensuretheonlineformsarecorrectThesetasksincludethefollowingDeterminingwagesforcommissionedemployeesVerifyingemploymentstatusEnteringsalaryincreasesintotheemployeedatabaseUpdatingemployeeaddresses

REQUESTLETTERS

ArequestletteriswrittentoseekinformationpermissionoranexplanationThistypeoflettershould(Figure369)BecourteoustactfulbriefconfidentandpersuasiveBestraightforwardandincludeasmuchdetailaspossibleabouttherequestNotbeoverbearingormanipulativeintryingtoobtaintherequestAvoidapologizingfortherequestMakesureyourrequestisreasonable

MakethereaderfeelcomplimentedtobeaskedforafavorExpressyourwillingnesstoreciprocateInvitethepersontocontactyouwithanyquestionsorconcerns

RequestlettersaretypicallywrittentoRequestamodificationtoanagreementRequestadocumentorpublicationSeekaraiseorpromotionRequestaresponsetoasurveyAskforassistanceRequestadiscountAskforthecorrectionofanerrorAskforafavorRequestarefundExtendaninvitation

AskformoreinformationRequestanestimateorbid

May82012

RoswellNewsWeekly3233AlpharettaHighwayRoswellGA32311

CaptainLarryMuncieUnitedStatesAirForceDobbinsAirForceBaseAtlantaGA30223

DearCaptainMuncie

ThisisarequestundertheFreedomofInformationAct(5USCsect552)Irequestthatthefollowingdocumentsbeprovidedtome1PhotographsoftheB-29airplaneintheDobbinsMuseum2MissioninformationfortheB-29airplaneondisplay3Manufacturinginformationincludingwhenitwascompletedandwhatfactorybuiltthe

aircraft

TohelpyoudeterminemystatusforthepurposeofassessingfeesyoushouldknowthatIamarepresentativeofthenewsmediaaffiliatedwiththeRoswellWeeklynewspaperandthisrequestismadeaspartofnewsgatheringnotforcommercialuse

Iamwillingtopaytheappropriatefeesforthisrequestuptoamaximumof$25Ifyouestimatethatthefeeswillexceedthislimitpleasecontactme

IhavealsoincludedmytelephonenumberandemailaddressatwhichIcanbecontactedifnecessarytodiscussanyaspectofmyrequest

Sincerely

SheliaJeffersonStaffReporter(770)555-1234SJeffersonrosweeklycom

RESEARCHREPORT

Researchreportssummarizeexperimentalfindingsanduseadditionalreferencesourcestosupportthefindings(Figure370)

ResearchreportsarecommonlywritteninoneoftwowaysAnargumentativeresearchreportmakesastatementaboutaparticularsubjectandthenpresentsresearchtosupportthethesis

Ananalyticalresearchreportasksaquestionandthenpresentsresearchdescribingvariousanswerstothequestion

AtypicalresearchreportincludesthefollowingsectionsTitlepagemdashashort15-word-or-lessdescriptionofthereportAbstractmdashashortoverviewofthereportthatincludesAstatementoftheproblemThestudygroupDependentandindependentvariablesResearchstrategyMajorfindingsConclusions

Introductionmdashapagethatpresentstheinvestigatedproblemexplainstheimportanceofthestudyandsuppliesanoverviewoftheresearchstrategy

Methodmdashdescribingthesamplematerialsandproceduresusedfortheresearch(includingallsurveystestsquestionnairesinterviewformsandlaboratoryequipmentusedintheresearch)

ResultsmdashasummaryofthefindingsfromtheresearchDiscussionmdashaninterpretationofthefindingsandtheimplicationsReferencesmdashalistofsourcesusedintheresearch

RESIGNATIONLETTER

AresignationletterbecomespartofyourpersonnelfileandmaybeseenbyfutureemployersorifyoureapplyatthesameorganizationWhenwritingaresignationletterconsiderthesetips(Figure371)Highlightyouraccomplishmentsattheorganizationbecauseyourlettermaybereadbycolleagues

AvoidemotionandmaintainyourdignityHighlightyourskillsusingactionverbsEmphasizethecontributionsyouhavemadetotheorganizationmdashbepositiveShowenthusiasmandappreciationforwhatyouhaveaccomplishedattheorganizationThetermsofyourresignationshouldattempttomaintainagoodrelationshipwithyouremployer

ResignationlettersaretypicallywrittentoResignfromajobAnnounceyourretirementResignforhealthreasonsResigntotakeanotherjobResignforfamilyreasonsTakeearlyretirement

DorothySpeers7877BellsFerryRoadAcworthGA30188(770)555-1212DorothySpeersabcdcom

September12012

SallyDuffeyIndustrialLightingSupply4300WestfieldHighwayCummingsGA30134

DearMsDuffey

ThisletteristoannouncemyresignationfromIndustrialLightingSupplyeffectiveOctober12012

IhaveenjoyedworkingforthiscompanyforthepastfiveyearsanditwasadifficultdecisiontoleaveIhaveenjoyedworkingwithyouandtherestofthesalesdepartmentteamWeaccomplishedalottogetherIamespeciallyproudofthesalesordersystemthatIhelpedimplementandforwhichIdevelopedthetrainingprogram

IhaveacceptedapositionasgeneralsalesmanageratLoganManufacturinginDouglasvilleGeorgiaThisisagreatcareeropportunityformeanditwillreducemymorningcommutesubstantially

IwishyouandeveryoneatIndustrialLightingSupplytheverybest

Sincerely

DorothySpeers

REacuteSUMEacuteS

ThepurposeofareacutesumeacutetogetthereadertogiveyouaninterviewAreacutesumeacuteshouldsummarizeandorganizetheinformationsothatthereaderunderstandsthatyouarequalifiedforthejob

AllreacutesumeacutesshouldincludeYournameaddressandtelephonenumberEducationalbackground(schoolsattendeddegreesdiplomasspecialtraining)AlistingofallpreviousemploymentThedatejobtitleandorganizationAbriefdescriptionofyourjobNotsalary

InformationaboutyourcurrentjobSkillsyouhaveacquiredYourresponsibilities

OptionallyareacutesumeacutecanalsocontainAjobobjectivewhichShouldbetailoredtoeachjobforwhichyouapplyStatethereasonyouaresubmittingyourreacutesumeacuteforaparticularjob

ExampleToobtainamanagementpositioninhumanresourcesforalargecommunicationsfirmthatutilizesmyleadershipandorganizationskills

SpecialskillssuchasSoftwarepackagesyoursquoveusedLanguagesyouspeakreadandorwrite

ProfessionalassociationmembershipsHonorsandawards

DonotincludereferencesinyourreacutesumeacuteInsteadstatethatldquoReferencesareavailableuponrequestrdquoHavealistofreferencesavailablewithnametitleaddressandphonenumber

Useactionverbstodescribeyourskills

ExampleDesignedanewsystemtocatchdataentryerrors

DonotexplaininyourreacutesumeacutewhyyouarelookingforanewjobCreateseveralversionsofyourreacutesumeacuteadaptingtheinformationtoemphasizedifferentskillsrequiredfordifferentjobsEmphasizeyourexperienceforvariousjobpossibilities

TherearetwobasicreacutesumeacuteformatsThehistory(orchronological)formatfocusesonwhereyouhaveworked(Figure372)Theskillsformatlistsskillsyouhaveacquired(Figure373)

EvelynFloBoyd12345HeartsideDriveWesternBranchGA31234404-555-1234

Experience

OfficemanagerandassistanttobusinessownerMaintainedfilesandrecordsaccountsreceivableandcustomerdatabaseAssistedphotographerwithphotosubjectsaswellassalesofproofsandprintsHandledschedulingofbusinessactivitiesallcorrespondenceandtravelarrangements

OfficeassistantScheduledclientsandfacilitiesforvideoproductionandpostproductionfacilityScheduledfreelancecrewsandequipmentrentalsArrangedforshippingofequipmentandtravelforcrewsAlsohandledinvoicingandcorrespondence

Education1993ndash1997BAEnglishUniversityofTexasAustinTexas

Referencesfurnisheduponrequest

Experience

ADMINISTRATIONmdashMaintainedfilesandrecordsaccountsreceivableandcustomerdatabaseHandledschedulingofbusinessactivitiesallcorrespondenceandtravelarrangements

SALESmdashWorkedwithcustomerstosetappointmentsandtosellphotographyservices

VIDEOPRODUCTIONmdashCoordinatedschedulingofcrewsandfacilitiesHiredfreelancecrewsandoutlineequipmentrentals

TECHNICALSKILLSmdashCompleteunderstandingofIBM-compatiblesoftwareincludingWindowsWordforWindowsExcelandWordPerfectAlsosomeunderstandingofAppleMacintoshcomputersincludingMicrosoftWordandExcelGoodtypingskills50wpmWorkingknowledgeofmostofficeequipmentcopiersfaxmachinesandtypewriters

WorkHistory2009ndashPresentOfficeManagerandAssistanttoBusinessOwnerLyonrsquosStillPhotographyAcworthGeorgia

1997ndash2009OfficeAssistantThirdCoastVideoIncAustinTexas

Education1993-1997BAEnglishUniversityofTexasAustinTexas

SALESLETTERS

SaleslettersarewrittentocatchtheattentionofreadersinanattempttosellthemaproductorserviceWhenwritingasalesletterconsiderthesetips(Figures374and375)

AgoodsalesletterfocusesonwhatintereststhereadersThebenefitstothecustomerHowthecustomerwillusetheproductorservice

IftheletterisnotpersonallyaddressedtothereaderstarttheletterwithaheadlinethatDescribesthekeybenefittothereaderUsespowerwordssuchasfreeprovenimaginehowtofastcheapsaveenjoyandintroducing

Getsthereaderrsquosattentiontargetstheaudiencelistsabenefitandmakesapromise

ExampleHowtosave50ormoreonofficefurniture

Iftheletterispersonallyaddressedtheopeningsentencebecomestheheadline

ExampleDearMrSmithHowwouldyouliketosave50ormoreonofficefurnitureforyourbusiness

KeeptheletterbriefbutinterestingUseshortsentencesshortparagraphsbulletpointsindentedparagraphsandsubheadingstodesignthelookoftheletterandtomakeitvisuallyattractive

StarttheletterbyidentifyingtheuniquesellingpointoftheproductorserviceConsiderthefollowingpossibilitiesTellastoryabouttheproductorserviceandhowitwasusedMakeanannouncementofsomeimportantnewsabouttheproductorserviceAskthereaderaquestionthatinvolvestheuniquesellingpointIncludeaquotationfromatestimonialIncludeacelebrityendorsementProvidesurprisingstatisticstobackupyourclaims

Addressthereaderdirectly

IncorrectManyofyouwanthellip

CorrectYouwanthellip

Subheadingswithinthelettercanbeusedtoidentifyadditionalsellingpoints

Letthereaderknowhowmuchtheproductorservicecosts

TheclosingofthelettershouldincludeacalltoactionthatasksforanorderandexplainshowtoorderTheclosingMayincludeadeadlineAlwaysincludesathank-you

IncludeaPSattheendofthelettertoofferanincentivesalefreetrialorgiftPeopleoftenreadaPS

SaleslettersaretypicallywrittentoAnnounceasaleorasales-relatedcontestContactcustomerswhohavebeeninactiveforawhileSendathank-younotetoanexistingcustomerIntroduceanewcatalogorproductOffergiftsandincentivestocustomersInviteacustomertorequestasampleMakeanappointmentforasalespresentationRespondtocustomerinquiriesSolicitmailorderpurchasesWelcomeanewcustomerStrengthenarelationshipwithanexistingcustomer

BusinessFurnitureLiquidators1245NorthMainStreetAtlantaGeorgia30322December12012

MarthaSanchezFirstInsurance3211LakeTarnTerraceAcworthGA30188

DearMsSanchez

Howwouldyouliketosaveupto75onname-brandofficefurnitureBusinessFurnitureLiquidatorsspecializesinpreownedHermanMillerandSteelcasedesksandchairsWhypayfullpricefornewofficefurniturewhenyoucangetqualityrefurbishedfurnitureatupto75off

AreyouplanningtoexpandyourbusinessorupgradeyourexistingofficesBusinessFurnitureLiquidatorscanhelpyoudesignandfurnishofficesreceptionareasandconferenceroomsWehaveanetworkofdistributorsthroughoutthesoutheastthatallowustoofferyouawiderangeofchoicesatapriceyoucanaffordWersquollpersonallydeliverandinstallyourfurnituretoensureyoursatisfaction

VisitourWebsiteatwwwbflcomorcallusat1-800-555-1212torequestafreequoteYoursquollfinddailyspecialsonourWebsiteandpicturesofourlatestofferings

Sincerely

WarrenGladson1-800-555-1212Wgladsonblfcomwwwblfcom

PSForthemonthofDecemberwearehavingaliquidationsaleonallHermanMillerofficechairsThisisagreatopportunityforyoutoupgradeyourofficechairstoergonomicallyfriendlyHermanMillerchairsat80offtheretailpriceCalloremailmetodayforaninventorylistandapricequote

RealtyInvestors7788PrincetonAvenueStLouisMO63107

Doyouhaveahouseyouwouldliketosell

DearHomeowner

DoyouownahomeinStLouisthatyouwouldliketosellIfsowewouldliketomeetwithyoutodiscusssomegreatopportunities

RealtyInvestorsspecializesinhelpinginvestorsfindgreatopportunitiesinrentalproperties

WeworkwithalargenetworkofinvestorswhoareinterestedinpurchasingrentalpropertiesIfyouareinterestedinsellingyourpropertynowisagreattimetotalktousandletushelpyougetthebestpricepossible

Lastyearwehelpedourinvestorspurchaseover$20millioninpropertiesintheStLouismetroareaandthisyearwewilleasilyexceedthatamount

HereisalistofpropertiesourinvestorsarelookingforSingle-family2-or3-bedroomhomespricedunder$150000Duplexeswith2bedroomsand1bathoneachsideMobilehomesTwo-storyhomesofanysize

IfyouownapropertylikeoneofthesepleasegivemeacallandletmeconductapropertyevaluationTherersquosnoobligationtosellandtheevaluationiscompletelyfree

SellingyourpropertywithRealtyInvestorsisanoutstandingopportunity

Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou

Sincerely

BillStovall(314)555-1212

SEASONALCORRESPONDENCE

Seasonalcorrespondenceisawayofgreetingcustomersandemployeesbywritingholidayletters(Figure376)Holidayletterstocustomerscanincludespecialoffersandincentiveswithdeadlinesrelatedtotheholiday

TheseletterstocustomersmayalsoexpressappreciationforpastbusinessWhenwritingaholidaylettertocustomersconsiderthesetipsGreetthecustomerAcknowledgetheupcomingholidayDescribetheofferExpressappreciationforthecustomerrsquosbusinessClosebyofferingwarmwishes

HolidayletterstoemployeescanbeusedtoexpressthanksfortheirhardworkWhenwriting

holidayletterstoemployeesconsiderthesetipsBeginwithapersonalgreetingAcknowledgetheupcomingholidayMentionitintheletterifitincludesabonusorgiftcheckAnnounceanyholidaypartiesandincludeinformationaboutthedatetimelocationandwhetherthereisaneedtoRSVP

Includeanymessagesaboutcompanyaccomplishmentsforthelatestperiodandanygoalsforthefuture

Closebywishingtheemployeeahappyholiday

HolidaylettersaremosteffectivewhentheyarepersonallyaddressedtothereaderBesensitivetothefactthattheindividualmaynotcelebratetheholiday

HolidaylettersaretypicallywrittentoAnnounceaholiday-relatedsaleThankcustomersfortheirpreviousbusinessAnnounceaholiday-relatedopenhouseAnnounceapartyOfferseasonrsquosgreetingsAnnounceaholidayschedule

AcmeAutoSupply5353BuffaloSpeedwayHoustonTX77097

December72012

JeffRichardsonJeffrsquosAutoRepair3221StellaLinkHoustonTX77098

DearMrRichardson

Withtheholidayseasonapproachingthereissomuchpersonalandbusinessactivitytotakecareofthatitissometimeseasytoforgettothankourgreatcustomerswhohavehelpedmakeitagreatyearforus

IwanttopersonallythankyouforyourbusinessandforbeingaloyalcustomerofAcmeAutoSupply

Maythisholidayseasonbringhappinesstoyouandyourfamily

Verytrulyyours

SamHenderson(713)555-1212

SPECIFICATIONS

Specificationsappearinvariousformsmdashthedesignofhigh-techproductssoftwaredevelopmentengineeringandarchitecture(Figure377)SpecificationsdictatethedesignoftheprojectTheydescribehowtheproductshouldappearwhencompletedTheycanbeincludedaspartofacontract

TherearefourmajortypesofspecificationsRequirementspecifications(architectureandengineering)describeAproductduringthedesignphaseThefunctionstheproductwillbecapableofperformingThecostsinvolvedinmakingtheproduct

Functionalspecifications(manufacturing)describeThepurposeuseandoperationoftheproductHowthecomponentsworktogetherTheelectronicsthatwillbeusedThepowerrequirementsTheproductionandmaintenancecosts

Designspecifications(software)describeThedocumentsthatcontaininformationabouttheproductTheproductrsquosfunctionswhatitdoesandhowitdoesitAnyexternalcomponentsthatinterfacewiththeproductThedetailsofalltheproductsrsquofunctionsThepowerrequirements

Testspecifications(manufacturingandsoftware)describeAlltheteststhatwillberunontheproductduringthedevelopmentphase

Alltheteststhatwillberunontheproductionversionoftheproduct

WhenwritingspecificationskeepthefollowinglanguageusageguidelinesinmindKeepsentencesshortandsimpleEditcarefullytoavoidmistakesthatcauseerrorsintheinterpretationofthespecificationsandthatresultinmanufacturingordevelopmentmistakes

ReferenceotherdocumentsandparagraphsratherthanrepeatcontentDonrsquotworryaboutrepeatingthesamewordsandphrasesUsecautionwithambiguouswordslikeanyincludeandrunDefineacronymsthefirsttimetheyareusedAvoidtheuseofwordsthatmaycreatelogicerrorsinthespecifications

Exampleallalwaysnevereverynone

Donotuseslashmarksinspecifications

IncorrectAB

CorrecteitherAorB

UseverbsinthefuturetenseusingtheemphaticformsuchasshallShallexpressesarequirementWillshouldandmaydonotexpressarequirement

Describethepersonwhowillbeusingtheproductinthespecifications

ExampleTheoperatorwillbealicensedengineer

Bespecificwhenusingnounmodifiersthatcouldbeinterpretedtoapplytotwoormorenouns

IncorrectThecabindoorwillbeconnectedtothedoorwayusingmetalpinsandlockpinsmadeoftitanium

CorrectThecabindoorwillbeconnectedtothedoorwayusingtitaniumpinsandtitaniumlockpins

Usecautionwhenwritingessentialandnonessentialdependentclauseswithwordslikethatandwhich

EssentialclausesarerequiredtospecifyaparticularitemandareoftenintroducedbythatNonessentialclausesarenotrequiredtospecifyanythingandareoftenintroducedusingwhichOtherintroductorywordsthatintroduceessentialandnonessentialclausesareafterasasifasthoughassoonasatwhichbecausebeforebywhichforwhichifinorderthatsincesothattowhichunlesswhenwherewhichwhilewhowhomandwhose

Avoidusingmultipleconjunctionsinthesamesentence

IncorrectThecabindoorwillbesealedbygluingandclampingorriveting

CorrectThecabindoorwillbesealedeitherbygluingandclampingorbyriveting

Usethethirdperson

IncorrectYouwillpushthegreenon-screenStartbuttontobeginthetest

CorrectTheoperatorwillpushthegreenon-screenStartbuttontobeginthetest

WhenincludinglistsinspecificationsmakesuretheyarecompleteandparallelinstructureTheelementsofthelistshouldbethesamepartofspeech

STUDENTCOMPUTERSPECIFICATIONS

AllstudentsarerequiredtohaveadesktoporlaptopcomputeraswellasaprinterforusethroughouttheschoolyearComputersmustalsoincludeathree-yearon-sitewarrantyforpartsandlaboraswellastelephoneorInternetsupport

OperatingSystemWindows7

SoftwareSuiteMicrosoftOfficeProfessionalwithWordExcelPowerPointandOutlookInternetExplorerbrowserNortonAntivirus

ComputerHardware

Processorspeedofatleast2GHzMemory(RAM)of2GBormoreHarddiskdriveofatleast100GBDVDburnerCD-RWcombodiscdrive19-inchflatpaneldisplayInkjetprinterandprintercableplusthreeadditionalsetsofreplacementinkcartridges10100Base-TEthernetcardorwirelessEthernetcardUSBFlashmemorystickwithatleast1GBofcapacityMultimediasoundcapabilityHeadphones

SPEECHESANDORALPRESENTATIONS

Writingaspeechinvolveswritingascriptthatcanbememorizedorreadfromateleprompteraswellasspeakernotesthatthespeakercanrefertoduringthepresentation(Figure378)

InplanningaspeechkeepthefollowinginmindIsthepurposeofthespeechtoinforminstructorpersuade

AninformationalspeechfocusesonfactsAninstructionalspeechexplainshowtodosomethingApersuasivespeechattemptstoconvincetheaudiencetothinkandactacertainway

ConsidertheaudienceforthespeechandthelocationTheaudienceandlocationwillaffectthetoneofthespeechConsiderwhatthemembersoftheaudiencehaveincommonsuchasageinterestsgenderandethnicityConsiderhowmuchtheaudiencealreadyknowsaboutthetopicWilltheyalreadybefamiliarwiththecontentorwillyoubeintroducingnewideasWhatlevelofdetailisappropriatefortheaudienceWhatmightoffendtheaudience

PlanthepresentationtoavoidstandingbehindapodiumWalkaroundbutdonrsquotpacePlanonaddressingdifferentpartsoftheaudienceratherthanoneortwopeopleinthefrontrow

DeterminewhetheraccompanyingvisualsareappropriateTheymaybeappropriate

dependingontheaudienceandlocation

InwritingaspeechconsiderthefollowingWriteagoodintroductionthatgivesashortoverviewandcreatesinterestCreateahookthatcapturestheaudiencersquosattentionOffershockingstatisticsAskathought-provokingquestion

EstablishthereasonyouarespeakingandwhyyourtopicisimportantDescribethetopicfromtheaudiencersquospointofview

DivideyourspeechintosectionsandgiveeachsectionaverbaltitleUsesummariesandlogicaltransitionstomovefromonesectiontothenextRepeatcrucialpointstoremindtheaudienceRepeatcrucialbuzzwordstoreinforcetheirmeaningUsepowerfultransitionstoreinforceorcontrastideas

WritethespeechwithshortuncomplicatedsentencesAvoidusingtoomanysubordinateclausesAvoidtheuseoftoomanypronounsitishardforanaudiencetorememberwhoandwhatittheyandthismean

UsethestrategiesofethospathosandlogosEthosbuildstrustbetweenthespeakerandtheaudiencePathosappealstotheaudiencersquosemotionsLogosprovidesfactsstatisticsandlogic

ConcludethespeechbysummarizingstatingyourownconclusionandthenaddinglastthoughtsascommentaryRestatethemainpointsofthespeechbutdonrsquotrepeatthemthesamewaytheywereoriginallydeliveredEndwithacalltoactionthatcreatesaconnectionwiththeaudience

ASKNOTWHATYOURCOUNTRYCANDOFORYOUByJohnFKennedy

VicePresidentJohnsonMrSpeakerMrChiefJusticePresidentEisenhowerVicePresidentNixonPresidentTrumanreverendclergyfellowcitizensweobservetodaynotavictoryof

partybutacelebrationoffreedommdashsymbolizinganendaswellasabeginningmdashsignifyingrenewalaswellaschangeForIhaveswornbeforeyouandAlmightyGodthesamesolemnoathourforebearsprescribednearlyacenturyandthreequartersago

TheworldisverydifferentnowFormanholdsinhismortalhandsthepowertoabolishallformsofhumanpovertyandallformsofhumanlifeAndyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefsforwhichourforebearsfoughtarestillatissuearoundtheglobemdashthebeliefthattherightsofmancomenotfromthegenerosityofthestatebutfromthehandofGod

WedarenotforgettodaythatwearetheheirsofthatfirstrevolutionLetthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplacetofriendandfoealikethatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericansmdashborninthiscenturytemperedbywardisciplinedbyahardandbitterpeaceproudofourancientheritagemdashandunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthosehumanrightstowhichthisNationhasalwaysbeencommittedandtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld

Leteverynationknowwhetheritwishesuswellorillthatweshallpayanypricebearanyburdenmeetanyhardshipsupportanyfriendopposeanyfoeinordertoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty

Thismuchwepledgemdashandmore

TothoseoldallieswhoseculturalandspiritualoriginswesharewepledgetheloyaltyoffaithfulfriendsUnitedthereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventuresDividedthereislittlewecandomdashforwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder

TothosenewStateswhomwewelcometotheranksofthefreewepledgeourwordthatoneformofcolonialcontrolshallnothavepassedawaymerelytobereplacedbyafarmoreirontyrannyWeshallnotalwaysexpecttofindthemsupportingourviewButweshallalwayshopetofindthemstronglysupportingtheirownfreedommdashandtorememberthatinthepastthosewhofoolishlysoughtpowerbyridingthebackofthetigerendedupinside

TothosepeoplesinthehutsandvillagesacrosstheglobestrugglingtobreakthebondsofmassmiserywepledgeourbesteffortstohelpthemhelpthemselvesforwhateverperiodisrequiredmdashnotbecausetheCommunistsmaybedoingitnotbecauseweseektheirvotesbutbecauseitisrightIfafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepooritcannotsavethefewwhoarerich

TooursisterrepublicssouthofourborderweofferaspecialpledgemdashtoconvertourgoodwordsintogooddeedsmdashinanewallianceforprogressmdashtoassistfreemenandfreegovernmentsincastingoffthechainsofpovertyButthispeacefulrevolutionofhopecannotbecomethepreyofhostilepowersLetallourneighborsknowthatweshalljoinwiththemtoopposeaggressionorsubversionanywhereintheAmericasAndleteveryotherpowerknow

thatthisHemisphereintendstoremainthemasterofitsownhouse

TothatworldassemblyofsovereignstatestheUnitedNationsourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeacewerenewourpledgeofsupportmdashtopreventitfrombecomingmerelyaforumforinvectivemdashtostrengthenitsshieldofthenewandtheweakmdashandtoenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun

Finallytothosenationswhowouldmakethemselvesouradversaryweoffernotapledgebutarequestthatbothsidesbeginanewthequestforpeacebeforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction

WedarenottemptthemwithweaknessForonlywhenourarmsaresufficientbeyonddoubtcanwebecertainbeyonddoubtthattheywillneverbeemployed

Butneithercantwogreatandpowerfulgroupsofnationstakecomfortfromourpresentcoursemdashbothsidesoverburdenedbythecostofmodernweaponsbothrightlyalarmedbythesteadyspreadofthedeadlyatomyetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthehandofmankindrsquosfinalwar

SoletusbeginanewmdashrememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweaknessandsincerityisalwayssubjecttoproofLetusnevernegotiateoutoffearButletusneverfeartonegotiate

Letbothsidesexplorewhatproblemsuniteusinsteadofbelaboringthoseproblemswhichdivideus

Letbothsidesforthefirsttimeformulateseriousandpreciseproposalsfortheinspectionandcontrolofarmsmdashandbringtheabsolutepowertodestroyothernationsundertheabsolutecontrolofallnations

LetbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrorsTogetherletusexplorethestarsconquerthedesertseradicatediseasetaptheoceandepthsandencouragetheartsandcommerce

LetbothsidesunitetoheedinallcornersoftheearththecommandofIsaiahmdashtoldquoundotheheavyburdensmdashandtolettheoppressedgofreerdquo

Andifabeachheadofcooperationmaypushbackthejungleofsuspicionletbothsidesjoinincreatinganewendeavornotanewbalanceofpowerbutanewworldoflawwherethestrongarejustandtheweaksecureandthepeacepreserved

Allthiswillnotbefinishedinthefirst100daysNorwillitbefinishedinthefirst1000daysnorinthelifeofthisAdministrationnorevenperhapsinourlifetimeonthisplanetButletusbegin

InyourhandsmyfellowcitizensmorethaninminewillrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourseSincethiscountrywasfoundedeachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyaltyThegravesofyoungAmericanswhoansweredthecalltoservicesurroundtheglobe

Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagainmdashnotasacalltobeararmsthougharmsweneednotasacalltobattlethoughembattledwearemdashbutacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggleyearinandyearoutldquorejoicinginhopepatientintribulationrdquomdashastruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofmantyrannypovertydiseaseandwaritself

CanweforgeagainsttheseenemiesagrandandglobalallianceNorthandSouthEastandWestthatcanassureamorefruitfullifeforallmankindWillyoujoininthathistoriceffort

InthelonghistoryoftheworldonlyafewgenerationshavebeengrantedtheroleofdefendingfreedominitshourofmaximumdangerIdonotshrinkfromthisresponsibilitymdashIwelcomeitIdonotbelievethatanyofuswouldexchangeplaceswithanyotherpeopleoranyothergenerationTheenergythefaiththedevotionwhichwebringtothisendeavorwilllightourcountryandallwhoserveitmdashandtheglowfromthatfirecantrulylighttheworld

AndsomyfellowAmericansasknotwhatyourcountrycandoforyoumdashaskwhatyoucandoforyourcountry

MyfellowcitizensoftheworldasknotwhatAmericawilldoforyoubutwhattogetherwecandoforthefreedomofman

FinallywhetheryouarecitizensofAmericaorcitizensoftheworldaskofusthesamehighstandardsofstrengthandsacrificewhichweaskofyouWithagoodconscienceouronlysurerewardwithhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeedsletusgoforthtoleadthelandweloveaskingHisblessingandHishelpbutknowingthathereonearthGodrsquosworkmusttrulybeourown

SUMMARIES

Summarywritingisawayoforganizingandsummarizinginformationthatcondenseslargequantitiesofinformationintoashorterversionthatcanbeusedforeasyreference

Intechnicalwritingsummarywritingisemployedtocreateabstractswhichprovideabriefoverviewofadocument

Towritesummariesorabstractsdothefollowing(Figure379)ReadthelongerdocumentthoroughlyandmakesureyoucompletelyunderstandthecontentReviewthelongerdocumentasecondtimeandstrikeoutmaterialthatyoufeelisnrsquotnecessaryandunderlinethemostimportantpoints

WriteasummaryinyourownwordsfollowingtheorganizationoftheoriginalmaterialMentiontheauthortitleandpublicationdateAvoidunnecessarydetailsandquotesDonrsquotgiveyourownopinionAnymaterialusedverbatimfromtheoriginalshouldbeproperlydocumentedCompareyourdraftsummarywiththeoriginalforaccuracyThefinishedsummaryshouldbenolongerthan20oftheoriginalrsquoslength

Figure379Summary

ENERGYANDECONOMICIMPACTSOFIMPLEMENTINGBOTHA25-PERCENTRPSANDA25-PERCENTRFSBY2025

1BackgroundandScopeoftheAnalysis

Background

ThisServiceReportwaspreparedbytheEnergyInformationAdministration(EIA)inresponsetoarequestfromSenatorJamesInhofe5SenatorInhoferequestedananalysisofaproposal(referredtoasthe25times25PolicyScenarioinhisletterrequest)toachievea25-percentrenewableportfoliostandard(RPS)anda25-percentrenewablefuelstandard(RFS)by2025ThecombinedRPSandRFSpolicyproposalisreferredtoasldquothePolicyrdquohereafterinthereportCopiesoftherequestletterandafollow-upletterofclarificationareprovidedinAppendixA

ProposalSummary

Theproposalanalyzedinthisstudyhastwocomponents(1)anRPSwhichrequiresthatthepercentageofelectricitysalesproducedfromrenewablesourcesexcludingexistinghydroelectricgenerationmustreach25percentby2025and(2)anRFSwhichrequiresthatthevolumetricpercentageofthetransportationgasolineanddieselfuelmarketsuppliedfromrenewableresourcesintheformofethanolandbiodieselmustreach25percentby2025andthengrowproportionatelywithgrowthindemandfortransportationgasolineanddieselfuelEachsector(electricitysalesandgasolineplusdieseltransportfuels)isrequiredtomeetitsowntargetby2025Twenty-fivepercentofelectricitysaleswouldbefromrenewablegeneratorsand25percentofgasolineplusdieselfuelsaleswouldbefromeitherethanolorbiodieselonavolumetricbasis

Akeyassumptioninboththeelectricityandtransportationsectorsisthatalltaxorotherpolicyincentivesfordomesticrenewablefuelsandethanolimporttariffsincurrentlawsand

regulationsareallowedtosunsetwithoutextension

TheRPStargetintheelectricitysectorisimplementedusingacredittradingsystemwherethequalifyingrenewablesinclude

(CourtesyoftheUSDepartmentofEnergy)

Biomassusedindedicatedplantsorco-firedwithotherfuelsGeothermalMunicipalsolidwaste(includinglandfillgas)SolarthermalPhotovoltaic(PV)Wind(bothonshoreandoffshore)Incrementalnewhydroelectricityabovethatexistingin2006

FurtherexistingqualifyinggeneratorsexceptexistinghydroelectricityreceivecreditsundertheproposedPolicyTherenewableshareisexpressedasashareofelectricitysalesinkilowatthoursTherequiredshareissetequaltotheshareofqualifyingrenewablegenerationsalesin2006andincreasesto25percentin2025Thereafteritisheldat25percentAllretailelectricitysellersareincludedRPScredittradingisallowedonlywithintheelectricitysectorandthereisnocaponthecreditprice

TheRFStargetforthemotortransportationsectorisalsoimplementedusingtradablecreditswherethequalifyingrenewablefuelsincludeCorn-basedethanolCellulose-basedethanolBiodieselproductionfromallsourcesincludinganimalfatsandoil-basedbeansseeds

AswiththeRPSexistingqualifyingsourcesreceivecreditsTherenewableshareisexpressedasashareofallliquidssoldinthemotortransportationsectorthatdisplaceeithergasolineordieselTherequiredshareissetequaltotheshareofqualifyingrenewablessoldin2006andincreasesto25percentin2025Thereafteritisheldat25percentRFScredittradingisallowedonlywithinthetransportationsectorandthereisnocaponthecreditpriceTheexistingimporttariffonBrazilianethanolimports(51centspergallon)isallowedtosunsetin2010FinallymeasuresthatfacilitatecompliancewiththeRFSsuchasmandatestoproduceFlexFuelVehicles(FFVs)andtheavailabilityofE85pumpsatgasolinedispensingstationsareassumedasstipulatedinSenateBill23(S23)

GeneralMethodology

Inthisstudyanalysesoftheenergysectorimpactsandenergy-relatedeconomicimpactsofthePolicyproposalarebasedontheAnnualEnergyOutlook2007(AEO2007)6referenceandhighpricecasesasamendedtoallowfortheadditionalassumptionsandmodelingenhancementsnecessarytoevaluatetheproposalAsinthepreparationoftheAnnualEnergyOutlookandmostEIAservicereportstheNationalEnergyModelingSystem(NEMS)wasusedtoevaluatetheimpactsofthePolicyCaseandalternativeassumptions

AnumberofchangesweremadeinNEMStoaddressthePolicyandtoincludeenhancementsrelevanttotheanalysisTheyincludedchangestothemacroeconomicmoduletoimprovetherepresentationoftheimpactontheentireeconomyofpriceincreasesforagriculturalproductsmotorfuelandelectricitychangesinthePetroleumMarketModuletoensureconvergenceofNEMSandchangestotheRenewableFuelsandTransportationModulestoincorporatetheproposalrsquosmandatesThechangesmadetotheAEO2007NEMSaresummarizedinAppendixB

SensitivityCases

InadditiontothefourcasesrequestedbySenatorInhofe(ReferenceHighPricePolicyandHighPricePolicy)fouradditionalcasesareprovidedtoillustratetheimpactsofhigheravailabilityofethanolimportsandmoreoptimisticassumptionsforthecellulosicethanoltechnologyLow-CostEthanolImportsLow-CostEthanolImportsPolicyHighRenewableTechnologyandHighRenewableTechnologyPolicyThecasesanalyzedforthisrequestareshowninTable1HighRenewableTechnologyandHighTechnologyareusedinterchangeablythroughoutthistext

TERMINATIONOFEMPLOYMENTLETTER

AterminationofemploymentletterisanofficialannouncementregardingalayofforfiringAterminationlettershouldcomeattheendofaterminationprocessthatinvolvespersonnelmeetings

Terminationlettersareusuallywrittenbecauseofredundancyinpositionsmisconductbyanemployeeorpoorperformance

Aterminationofemploymentlettershould(Figure380)BecourteousandprofessionalStartbyannouncingtheterminationandtheeffectivedateStatethereasonsfortheterminationClearlystateanyindividualrequirementssuchasthereturnofacompanycarcreditcardcomputerorcellphone

Clearlystateanydetailsregardingpayholidaypaybenefitspensionandotherfinancial

settlementDescribetheappealsprocessandscheduleifanappealsprocessisrequiredduetostatelaworunioncontract

Includeaplacefortheemployeetosigntoconfirmreceiptoftheletter

CreditCorpAmerica4300InterstateParkwayDallasTX75301September62012

MarySullivan6426LakewoodBlvdDallasTX75214

DearMrsSullivan

AswediscussedinourmeetingonSeptember52012IregretfullymustinformyouthatyouremploymentwithCreditCorpAmericawillbeterminatedtodaySeptember62012

AsdescribedinourmeetingthereasonforterminationofyouremploymentisyourfailuretomeetyoursalesquotasYoufailedtomeetyourmonthlyquotathreemonthsagoandweregivenawarningatthattimeYouhavecontinuedtomissyourquotaforeachofthepastthreemonths

Aspartoftheterminationprocessyoumustreturnyoursalesliteraturecustomerlistsandcompanylaptop

YouwillreceivetwoweeksrsquopaywhichwillbesenttoyourhomewithinthenextfivedaysYouwillalsoretainyour401(k)accountYourhealthinsurancebenefitswillcontinuethroughtheendofSeptemberAtthattimeyouhavetheoptionofcontinuingyourcoveragebypurchasingitthroughtheCOBRAprogram

Toacknowledgeyourreceiptofthisletterpleasesignanddatebelowandreturnittome

Wearesorrytoseeyouleaveandwishyouthebestforthefuture

MaryAnnLemerVicePresidentofSales

Iacknowledgereceiptofthisletter

TRAININGMANUAL

TrainingmanualsaredesignedtoinstructthereaderonhowtodosomethingTherearetwomaintypesoftrainingmanualsInstructor-ledmanualsmayrelyonlecturesanddemonstrationsbytheinstructor(Figure381)

Self-pacedtrainingmanualsmustprovidemoreinstructionsthananinstructor-ledmanual(Figure382)

AtypicaltrainingmanualincludesCover(Figure383)Tableofcontents(Figure384)How-to-get-startedinformation(Figure385)LessonmodulesAppendixitemsGlossaryEnd-of-coursequiz(Figure386)Courseevaluationform(Figure387)

TrainingmanualsarenormallydividedintolessonsortopicsAtypicallessonincludesLessonoverviewandobjectives(Figure388ndash389)ExplanationintheformofheadingssubheadingsparagraphsoftextandlistsIllustrationsdiagramschartsscreencapturesorphotographsTables(Figure390)Step-by-stepinstructions(Figure391)UseofbolditalicsandallcapstohighlightactionstobetakenbytheparticipantExercises(Figure392)QuizzesSummaries

Instructor-ledmanualsmayincludeCopiesofPowerPointslidesusedbytheinstructorasvisualaids

SpeakernotesthatsummarizetheinstructorrsquoslectureSpeakernotesintheparticipantrsquosversionofthemanualNotesandwarningmessagesmaybeformattedwithiconsandgraphicboxestofocusthestudentrsquosattention

TrainingmanualsmaybeintegratedwithotherformsofinstructionsuchasHands-onexercisesTeamexercisesExercisesinvolvingonlinesimulationsVideosandaudiorecordingsComputer-basedtrainingWebinarsJobaids

Figure382Self-StudyTrainingManual

TRIPREPORT

Atripreportisusuallyasimplememothatissenttoasupervisorafteranemployeereturnsfromabusinesstrip

Atripreportshouldinclude(Figure393)ThepurposeofthetripAsummaryofwhathappenedonthetripAdiscussionofanyinformationlearnedonthetripthatneedstobeconsideredsuchascustomerneedsorcomplaints

Recommendationsforanyactionthatneedstobetaken

Figure393TripReport

MEMORANDUM

PurposeThisisanupdateofmysalestriplastweektoOklahomaCitySummaryIcalledonfourofourexistingcustomersandthreenewpotentialcustomersThe

existingcustomers(ABCDowdElectricPaceSuppliesandJumboConstruction)allseemedpleasedwithourserviceThethreenewcustomers(XecelJeffersonBinghamandWinstead)aremainlyinterestedinpricing

DiscussionJeffBrownatXecelshowedmeourcompetitorrsquospricelistOurpricesareabout10moreJeffexpressedinterestindoingbusinesswithusifourpriceswerecomparableIbelievethesamewouldbetrueforJeffersonBinghamandWinstead

RecommendationIsuggestwerunsometypeofspecialsaleorpromotionforaspecificperiodoftimetogettheseguystogiveusatryOncetheyexperienceourlevelofserviceifourpricesincreaselatertheymaynotcare

USERGUIDE

UserguidesaredocumentsabouttheoperationofaproductThetypesofuserguidesareLargeuserguidesforcomplexproductsSoftwareuserguidespublishedasbooksonlineasWebpages(Figure394)orbothwaysSmalluserguideswrittenforproductsrangingfromtoasterstoautomobiles

SomeuserguidesmayincludetutorialsforlearningtousetheproductProducttutorialsareoftenpublishedasseparatedocuments(Figure395)Userguidesoftenincludetroubleshootingprocedures

UserguidesoftenincludeHeadingorganizationwithsubheadingsNumberedandbulletedlistsStep-by-stepinstructionsGraphicsandillustrationsTablesUseofboldfaceitalicsallcapsanddifferentfontstohighlightcontentSpecialnoticeswithnotestipswarningscautionsanddangermessages

Userguidesalsoincludecovers(Figure396)titlepageslistoftrademarksdisclaimerswarrantieslicenseagreementsappendixitemsglossariesandanindex

Theproduct-relatedcontentincludedinauserguideisusuallypresentedinoneofthefollowingwaysStep-by-stepinstructionsguideusersthroughoperatingtheproduct(Figure397)TheseguidesoftencontainIllustrationsasaroadmapNumberedlistsorlistbulletsasformatting

Referenceinformationprovidescontentaboutallofthecomponentssettingscontrolsandoptions(Figure398)Referenceinformationisoftenpresentedintableform

Getting-startedinformationprovidesuserswithatutorialonhowtostartusingtheproductimmediately(Figure399)

Technicalspecificationsprovidereferenceinformationformaintenanceandtroubleshooting

WARNINGLETTER

WarningordisciplinelettersarewrittentomakeanemployeeawareofaproblemandtodefinepotentialdisciplinaryactionAwarningletterbecomespartofanemployeersquospersonnelfileandmaybeusedlaterduringtheterminationprocess

Whenwritingawarningletterconsiderthesetips(Figure3100)StarttheletterbystatingbrieflywhateventsledtothewrittenwarningIncludespecificsituationsdatesandtimes

Identifyyourexpectationsfortheemployeeandwhatbehaviortheemployeeneedstochange

WarntheemployeethatdisciplinaryactionmayhavetobetakenifthebehaviorisnotcorrectedProvidedetailsaboutwhatthedisciplinaryactionmayinclude

Statethatfailuretocorrectthesituationmayresultintermination

WarninglettersaretypicallywrittentoDocumentareprimandWarnanemployeeforbreachofpolicyWarnanemployeeforpoorperformanceReprimandanemployeeforpoorattendanceorlatenessWarntenantsinarentalpropertyWarncustomersaboutacreditsuspension

CreditCorpAmerica4300InterstateParkwayDallasTX75301June22012

DearMrsSullivan

Asyouwillrecallthesalesquotaforourcustomerrepresentativesis$10000permonthIdiscussedwithyouattheendofAprilthatitwasimportantforyoutoachievethisquotaeachandeverymonthForthemonthofMayyoursalestotaledonly$5500

CompanypolicystatesthatanycustomerrepresentativewhofailstoachievehishersalesquotafortwoconsecutivemonthsissubjecttoterminationAsaresultofthissituationthisletterwillserveasawarningandacopywillbeplacedinyourpersonnelfileToavoidterminationyouwillneedtoachieveyourquotaforthemonthofJune

Ifyouknowofanyproblemsthatwillpreventyoufromreachingthesegoalsorifyouwishtodiscussthismatterwithmeinmoredetailpleasearrangeforameeting

WEBSITES

WritingforaWebsiteisdifferentfromwritingforprintWritingforprintislinearinnaturewhereaswritingfortheWebisnonlinearWebpagecontentisusuallychunkedandpackagedsothatareadercanquicklyscanthepageanddecidewhethertoreadmore(ReadersspendverylittletimereadingtextonanindividualWebpage)

Webpagesfeaturehighlightedkeywordsextensiveuseofsubheadingsbulletedlistsandnormallyhalfthewordlengthofasimilarpaperdocument

WhenwritingcontentforaWebsiteconsiderthesetips(Figure3101)Tonedownpromotionalmarketinghypeandfocusinsteadonreferenceandhelpfulinformation

UseanobjectiveratherthanasubjectivetoneUsetheactivevoiceforWebcontentShownumbersasnumeralsinallWebcontentNumeralsareeasiertoscanandtakeuplessroom

Spelloutlargenumberssuchasamillionbillionandtrillionbecausethewordsareshorterthanthenumerals

WhenwritingheadlinesforWebarticlesKeepheadlinesshortandformattheminboldSummarizethearticlesothatuserswillknowenoughtodeterminewhethertheywanttoreadit

IncludethemostimportantkeywordsfirstintheheadlinebecausereadersoftenscanonlythefirstfewwordsofaheadlineUsekeywordsthatmatchcommonusersearchcriteriainsearchengines

SubstitutecommonlyknownwordsfortechnicaljargonUsegenericnamesratherthanbrandnamesMaketheaverageheadlinefivewords

WhenwritingaWebarticleconsiderthefollowingUsetheinvertedpyramidapproachthatisoftenusedbyjournalistswhereyoubeginthearticlebytellingthereadertheconclusionfollowedbyimportantsupportinginformationandthenendbyprovidingbackgrounddetails

Usedown-to-earthinformallanguagetomakethecontenteasytounderstandIncludehyperlinkstoreferencesourcesforaddedcredibility

UsehumorwithcautionbecauseofthewidevarietyofuserpreferencesUseapproximately60fewerwordsthanyouwouldifyouwerewritingthesamecontentforprint

Chunkthecontentintosectionsandmovenice-to-knowcontenttootherpagesandincludehyperlinkstothiscontentinthemainarticle

Illustrationsshouldalwayshaveacaptionandcomplementthetextratherthanusedjusttomakethepageflashy

SegmentthetexttomakeiteasiertoscanthedocumentBreakuplongparagraphsintosmallersegmentsIncludeaheadingthatdescribesthesubjectofeachsegmentandcapitalizethefirstletterofeachwordIncludesubheadingswhereappropriateandcapitalizeonlythefirstword

ForlistsofanykindusebulletlistsUsethethreeaspectsofrhetoricethospathosandlogosEthosmdashEstablishthecredibilityoftheauthorbyincludingreferencesandhyperlinkstoyoursourcesPathosmdashMakeanappealtothereaderrsquosemotionsbywritingfromthereaderrsquospointofviewLogosmdashAppealtothereaderrsquoslogicbyprovidingstatisticalfactsandconvincingexamples

Figure3101WebSite

WHITEPAPERS

Whitepapersarewrittentointroduceaninnovativeproductortechnologytotheindustryemphasizetheuniquequalitiesandadvantagesofaproductorservicehelpinfluencecustomerbuyingdecisionsandarethebeginningstepsinthecreationofaproductmarketingstrategy

WhenpreparingtowriteawhitepaperreadotherwhitepapersavailableontheInternetandlookforsuccessfulmodelsConsiderhowthewhitepaperwillbepublishedpaper-basedoronaWebsite

Whenwritingawhitepaper(Figure3102)DefinetheaudienceandunderstandtheirconcernsBeawareofthetimeinvestmentrequiredbytheaudiencetoreadyourwhitepaperMakesureitisengagingandcapturestheaudiencersquosattention

Startwithaone-paragraphexecutivesummarywiththekeypointstheaudienceneedstoknow

StatetheproblemfacedbythecustomerthattheproductorservicecansolveDescribetheproductandincludethefollowingdetailsHowtheproductwasdesignedWhatindustrystandardswereusedorconsideredWhattypeoftestingwasconductedontheproductorserviceWhatbestpracticeswerelearned

KeepapositivetoneUsetheactivevoiceAvoidjargonandkeepthepresentationasnontechnicalaspossibleIncludediagramsandillustrationsExplainhowtheproductresolvestheproblemstatedearlierTietheproducttotheproblemandincludecasestudyevidenceofhowtheproductsolvedtheproblemIncludetestimonialsandinterviewquotesifavailable

ConcludebysummarizingthebenefitsanddiscussingthereturnoninvestmentforcustomersMentionfutureproductdevelopmentandtimelinesforrelease

PUTTINGCITIZENSFIRSTTransformingOnlineGovernement

AWhitePaperWrittenforthePresidentialTransitionTeambyTheFederalWebManagersCouncil

CurrentandformermembersoftheFederalWebManagersCouncilwhocontributedtothispaperBevGodwinGeneralServicesAdministrationUSAgov(ExecutiveSponsor)SheilaCampbellGeneralServicesAdministrationUSAgov(co-chair)RachelFlaggDeptofHousingandUrbanDevelopment(co-chair)MelissaAllenDeptofInteriorAndyBaileyDeptofLaborLesBenitoDeptofDefenseJoyceBoundsDeptofVeteransAffairsNicoleBurtonGeneralServicesAdministrationUSAgovBruceCarterSocialSecurityAdministration(retired)NatalieDavidsonGeneralServicesAdministrationUSAgovKateDonohueDeptofTreasuryBrianDunbarNASATimEvansSocialSecurityAdministrationKellieFeeneyDeptofTransportationSamGallagherDeptofHousingand

UrbanDevelopmentColleenHopeDeptofStateRonJonesDeptofCommerceNOAATinaKelleyDeptofJusticeGwynneKostinDeptofHomelandSecurityJeffreyLevyEPABethMartinDeptofHealthandHumanServicesLeilaniMartinezGSAGobiernoUSAgovSuzanneNawrotDeptofEnergyRussellOrsquoNeillGeneralServicesAdministrationUSAgovTomParisiDeptofTreasuryIRSVicPowellUSDARezaurRahmanAdvisoryCouncilonHistoricPreservationEricRamothDeptofHousingandUrbanDevelopmentRandRuggieriDeptofCommerceRichardStapletonDeptofHealthandHumanServicesKimTaylorUSDAKirkWintersDeptofEducation

WewelcomeyourquestionsandcommentsPleasecontacttheFederalWebManagersCouncilco-chairsSheilaCampbell(Sheilacampbellgsagov)andRachelFlagg(Rachelflagghudgov)

(CourtesyoftheWhitehousegov)

Introduction

ThisWhitePaperrecommendsspecificstrategiesforrevolutionizinghowtheUSGovernmentdeliversonlineservicestotheAmericanpeopleItwasdevelopedbytheFederalWebManagersCouncilcomprisedofCabinetagencyWebDirectors

Thecurrentstateofgovernmentonlinecommunications

TheimportanceoftheInternethasgrownexponentiallyoverthelastdecadebutthegovernmentrsquosabilitytoprovideonlineservicestotheAmericanpeoplehasnrsquotgrownatthesamepaceBuildingthiscapacitywillpresentoneofthebiggestchallengesmdashandmostpromisingopportunitiesmdashforPresident-electObamaWeneedtobuildonthegroundswellofcitizenparticipationinthepresidentialcampaignandmakepeoplersquoseverydayinteractionswiththeirgovernmenteasierandmoretransparent

ItwonrsquotbeaneasytaskThereareapproximately24000USGovernmentwebsitesnowonline(butnooneknowstheexactnumber)ManywebsitestoutorganizationalachievementsinsteadofeffectivelydeliveringbasicinformationandservicesManywebmanagersdonrsquothaveaccesstosocialmediatoolsbecauseoflegalsecurityprivacyandinternalpolicyconcernsManyagenciesfocusmoreontechnologyandwebsiteinfrastructurethanimprovingcontentandservicedeliveryTechnologyshouldnotdriveourbusinessdecisionsbutratherhelpusservetheneedsoftheAmericanpeopleHerersquostheresultwhencommunicationtakesabackseattotechnology

ldquoOftenIcanfindthepageonagovernmentsitethatrsquossupposedtocontaintheinformationIneedbutIcanrsquotmakeheadsortailsofitIrecentlytriedtoGoogleaspecificrequirementfordependentcareflexaccountsAlthoughIgottothecorrectpageitdidnrsquotanswermyquestionThelinkstookmetothetypicalpoorlywrittentaxguidanceWheredidIgetthe

answertomyquestionOnWikipediardquo

WersquoreworkingtoaddresstheseproblemsWersquovebuiltanetworkofover1500federalstateandlocalwebprofessionalsacrossthecountrytosharebestpracticeswecreatedalarge-scaletrainingprogramforwebmanagersandwersquoreworkingtosupporttheuseofsocialmediawhilealsoaddressingimportantprivacysecurityandlegalimplications

Whileoureffortshavebeenverysuccessfulahigh-levelmandatefromthenewAdministrationisneededtoquicklyandradicallytransformgovernmentwebsites

Aboldnewvisionforthefuture

President-electObamashouldbeabletopromisetheAmericanpeoplethatwhentheyneedgovernmentinformationandservicesonlinetheywillbeabletoEasilyfindrelevantaccurateandup-to-dateinformationUnderstandinformationthefirsttimetheyreaditCompletecommontasksefficientlyGetthesameanswerwhethertheyusethewebphoneemaillivechatreadabrochureorvisitin-person

ProvidefeedbackandideasandhearwhatthegovernmentwilldowiththemAccesscriticalinformationiftheyhaveadisabilityorarenrsquotproficientinEnglish

TherecommendationsbelowaredesignedtohelpthenewAdministrationincreasetheefficiencytransparencyaccountabilityandparticipationbetweengovernmentandtheAmericanpeopleSomeofthesechangescanbeimplementedquicklyandatminimalcostOtherswillrequiresignificantchangesinhowagenciesconductbusinessandmayrequireshiftsinhowtheyfundwebcommunications

EstablishWebCommunicationsasacoregovernmentbusinessfunction

OneofthebiggestproblemswefaceinimprovinggovernmentwebsitesisthatmanyagenciesstillviewtheirwebsiteasanITprojectratherthanasacorebusinessfunctionManygovernmentwebsiteslackadedicatedbudgetOnlyaminorityofagencieshavedevelopedstrongwebpoliciesandmanagementcontrolsSomehavehundredsofldquolegacyrdquowebsiteswithoutdatedorirrelevantcontentWithlimitedresourcesmanyfinditdifficulttosolicitregularcustomerinputandtakequickactiontoimprovetheirsitesWhiletherearemanyeffectivegovernmentwebsitesmostwebteamsarestrugglingtomanagetheamountofonlinecontentthegovernmentproduceseverydayAgenciesshouldberequiredtofundtheirldquovirtualrdquoofficespaceaspartoftheircriticalinfrastructureinthesamewaytheyfundtheirldquobricksandmortarrdquoofficespace

Agenciesshouldberequiredtoappointaneditor-in-chiefforeverywebsitetheymaintain

asdothetopcommercialwebsitesThispersonshouldbegivenappropriatefundingandauthoritytodevelopandenforcewebpoliciesandpublishingstandardsincludingensuringthatprimerealestateongovernmentwebsitesisdedicatedtohelpingpeoplefindtheinformationtheyneed

OPMshoulddevelopstandardjobdescriptionsandcoretrainingrequirementssoagenciescanhireandretainhighlyqualifiedexpertsinwebcontentandnewmediamdashnotjustITspecialists

Helpthepubliccompletecommongovernmenttasksefficiently

TheUSeconomylosesmillionsofhoursofldquocitizenproductivityrdquoeveryyearwhenpeoplecanrsquotefficientlyaccomplishbasicgovernmenttasksonlinesuchasfillingoutaformapplyingforaloanorcheckingeligibilityforagovernmentprogramThisaddstopeoplersquosdissatisfactionwiththeirgovernmentAgenciesshouldberequiredandfundedtoidentifytheircoreonlinecustomertasksandtodevelopservicestandardsandperformancebenchmarksforcompletingthosetasksIfthecorecustomertasksarenotyetonlineagenciesshoulddeterminewhetherornotthosetaskscanbemadeavailableonlineandifsodevelopaplanformakingthemavailableonlinewithinoneyear

TheGovernmentshouldusesocialmedianotjusttocreatetransparencybutalsotohelppeopleaccomplishtheircoretasksForexampleagenciescouldpostinstructionalvideosonYouTubetoexplainhowtoapplyforasmallbusinessloanorlearnaboutMedicarebenefitsTodothisthegovernmentmustensurethatfederalemployeeswhoneedaccesstosocialmediatoolshavethemandthatthesenewwaysofdeliveringcontentareavailabletoallincludingpeoplewithdisabilities

ThenewAdministrationshoulddevelopgovernment-wideguidelinesfordisseminatingcontentinuniversallyaccessibleformats(dataformatsnewsfeedsmobilevideopodcastsetc)andonnon-governmentsitessuchasYouTubeWikipediaandSecondLifeToremainrelevantgovernmentneedstotakeourcontenttowherepeoplealreadyareontheWebratherthanjustexpectingpeoplewillcometogovernmentwebsitesHavingguidelineswillensurethatwersquorepartofthelargerldquoonlineinformationecosystemrdquowithoutcompromisingtheintegrityofgovernmentinformation

Cleanupthecluttersopeoplecanfindwhattheyneedonline

President-electObamawillinheritthousandsofUSgovernmentwebsitesWehavetoomuchcontenttocategorizesearchandmanageeffectivelyandthereisnocomprehensivesystemforremovingorarchivingoldorunderusedcontentSomeagencieshavepostedcompetingwebsitesonsimilartopicscreatingduplicationofeffortandcausingconfusionforthepublicMuchgovernmentwebcontentiswritteninldquogovernmenteserdquoinsteadofplainlanguageTheGovernmentshouldsetstricterstandardsforapprovingneworrenewingexistinggovernmentwebsitesAllfederallyownedmanagedandordirectlyfundedwebsites

mustbehostedongovmilorfedusdomainsWhereagencymissionsarerelatedaleadagencyshouldbeappointedtocoordinatetheonlineldquoinformationlanerdquoandallotheragenciesshoulddefertotheleadagencyforpostingcomprehensivegovernmentinformationonthattopicThiswillreduceduplicationsavemoneyandhelpconsumersfindaccurateinformation

Agenciesshouldberequiredandfundedtoconductregularcontentreviewstoensuretheironlinecontentisaccuraterelevantmission-relatedandwritteninplainlanguageTheyshouldhaveaprocessforarchivingcontentthatisnolongerinfrequentuseandnolongerrequiredonthewebsite

AgenciesshouldbefundedandrequiredtofollowthelatestbestpracticesinwebsearchThiswillimprovethequalityandfindabilityofonlinegovernmentinformationandhelpagenciesdelivertheservicesmostrequestedbytheircustomers

Engagethepublicinadialoguetoimproveourcustomerservice

AgenciesoftendonrsquothaveresourcestoeffectivelymanagecustomerinputForthosethatdotheymustgothroughaclearanceprocessbeforetheycansurveythepublic(requirementsofthePaperworkReductionActwhichwasenactedbeforemanyagenciesevenhadwebsites)ManywebpagesaredevelopedwithoutregularfeedbackortestingwithcustomersWhenpeopledoprovidefeedbackorideastheyoftenneverhearwhatthegovernmentwilldowiththeirsuggestionsAgenciesshouldberequiredandfundedtoregularlysolicitpublicopinionandanalyzecustomersrsquoonlinepreferencesmdashjustasAmazoneBayandothertopcommercialwebsitesdoThiscanbedoneonanldquoopt-inrdquobasisandwithouttrackingpersonallyidentifiableinformationbyusingblogsonlinesurveysaldquoCitizensInsightPanelrdquo(suchasthatusedbytheCanadiangovernment)orsimilartoolsAgenciesshouldberequiredandfundedtodousertestingbeforeundertakingmajorimprovementstoanycurrentwebsiteorlaunchinganewwebsite

AgenciesshouldusetheirwebsitetopublishasummaryofcommoncustomercommentsandexplaintheactionstheyaretakinginresponsetothefeedbackDoingsowillcreatebettertransparencyandaccountability

Ensurethepublicgetsthesameanswerwhethertheyusethewebphoneemailprintorvisitin-person

AgenciescommunicatewithcitizensviamanydifferentldquodeliverychannelsrdquoincludingwebemailpublicationslivechatsblogspodcastsvideoswikisvirtualonlineworldsandmoreButitrsquosdifficulttoensuretimelinessandconsistencywhenvariousdeliverychannelsaremanagedbydifferentdivisionswithinanagencyAgenciesshouldprovidemultiplewaysforpeopletocontactthemandensurethatinformationisconsistentacrossallchannelsTheyshouldbefundedtocoordinatealltypesofcontenttargetedtothegeneralpublic(webpublicationscallcenteremail

commonquestionswebchatetc)Agenciesshouldberewardedfordeliveringconsistentinformationbothwithinagenciesandacrossgovernment

Ensureunderservedpopulationscanaccesscriticalinformationonline

AgenciesarerequiredtoprovideonlineinformationthatrsquosreadilyaccessiblebypeoplewithdisabilitiesaswellastopeoplewithlimitedEnglishproficiencyHoweverfewagencieshavethefundingtrainingorresourcestomeettheseobligationsThegovernmentshouldestablishstandardsandguidelinesformultilingualwebsitesandagenciesshouldbefundedandstaffedwithqualifiedbilingualwebcontentprofessionalswhocancreateandmaintainthemThiswillhelpnewcomerslearnabouttherightsandresponsibilitiesoflivingintheUS

AgenciesshouldreceiveadequateresourcestomaketheirwebsitesfullyaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilitiesandmeetrequirementsoftheRehabilitationActThenewAdministrationshouldinvestingovernment-widesolutionssuchascaptioningsoftwaretomakevideosandwebcastsaccessibletopeoplewithdisabilities

Conclusion

ByharnessingthecollaborativenatureofthewebthenewAdministrationhasthepotentialtoengagethepubliclikeneverbeforeThewebcanfosterbettercommunicationandallowpeopletoparticipateinimprovingtheoperationsoftheirgovernmentBylisteningtoourcustomerswecanprovidebetterservicesfocusontheirmostpressingneedsandspendtheirtaxdollarsefficientlyWersquoreconfidentthatPresident-electObamawillappointleaderswhowillinvestinthewebasastrategicassetandmakethesegoalsarealityThemillionsofAmericanswhointeractwiththeirgovernmentonlineexpectanddeservenoless

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

SECTION 1 The Writing Process

Audience Analysis

Brainstorming

Research

Interviewing

Outlining

Writing a Draft

Business Writing Style

Using Visuals

Page Design

Publication Design

Editing

Proofreading

Document Review

Revisions

Documenting Sources

Footnotes and Endnotes

Bibliographies

Global Communications

Collaborative Writing

Promotional Writing

SECTION 2 The Business Writerrsquos Alphabetical Reference

A An

Abbreviations

Titles Before and After Names

Names

Mathematical Units and Measurements

Long Phrases

Words Used with Numbers

Common Latin Terms

States and Territories

Things You Should Not Abbreviate

Spacing and Periods for Abbreviations

Guidelines for Using Abbreviations in Your Writing

Abbreviations for Measurements

Abbreviations for Numbers

Above Below

Absolute Form of an Adjective

Absolute Phrase

Absolutely

Abstract Nouns

Accent Marks

Accept Except

Access Excess

Acronyms

Action Verbs

Active Voice

AD

Adjectival Noun

Adjectival Opposites

Adjective Phrase

Adjectives

Placement of Adjectives in a Sentence

Use of Multiple Adjectives

Degrees of Adjectives

Irregular Form Adjectives

A-Adjectives

Adjuncts Disjuncts and Conjuncts

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Phrase

Adverbs

Prepositional Phrases Acting as Adverbs

Infinitive Phrases Acting as Adverbs

Adverbs in a Numbered List

Adverbs to Avoid

Positioning Adverbs in a Sentence

Order of Adverbs

Inappropriate Adverb Order

Viewpoint Adverbs

Focus Adverbs

Negative Adverbs

Advice Advise

Affect Effect

Affixes

African-American

Age

Agents

Agreement

Aid Aide

Alike

A Little

Allegories

Alliteration

All Right Alright

Allusion Illusion

Alone Lonely

A Lot Alot Allot

Already All Ready

Altogether All Together

Ambitransitive Verbs

American English British English

Among Between

Ampersand

AM PM

An

Anadiplosis

Anaphora

And Also

AndOr

Angry Mad

Animate Nouns

Antagonyms

Antecedent

Anti-

Antimetabole

Antonyms

Any Either

Any Some

Apart A Part

Apodosis

Apostrophe

Appears Displays

Appendix

Apposition

Appositives

Articles

As Like

Assure Insure Ensure

Asterisks

As to Whether

As Well As

Autoantonyms

Auxiliary Verbs

Average Mean Median

A While Awhile

Awful Awfully

Bad Badly

Back-Channeling

Backslash Slash

Back up Backup

Base Form of a Verb

Basically Essentially Totally

BC

Because Since As

Been Gone

Being That Being As

Below

Beside Besides

Between Among

Bias Biased

Biased or Sexist Language

Bibliography

Billion

Biweekly Bimonthly Semiweekly Semimonthly

Blind

Blog Weblog

Bold Fonts

Bored Boring

Both Alike

Both Each

Brackets

Changes to Quoted Material

Digressions within Parentheses

Brake Break

Brand Names

Breath Breathe

Bring Take

British English

Bulleted List

Bushel

Business Right

Buzzwords

By Bye Buy

By Until

Call Back Callback

Call Out Callout

Callouts

Came By

Can May

Cannot

Canrsquot Seem

Canvas Canvass

Capital Letters

Capital Capitol

Capitalization

Acts of Congress

Associations

Book Titles and Their Subdivisions

Railroad Cars and Automobile Models

Churches and Church Dignitaries

Cities

Clubs

Legal Codes

Compass Points Designating a Specific Region

Constitutions

Corporations

Courts

Decorations

Degrees (Academic)

Districts

Educational Courses

Epithets

Fleets

Foundations

Geographic Divisions

Government Divisions

Historical Terms

Holidays

Libraries

Localities

Military Services

Nobility and Royalty

Oceans and Continents

Parks Peoples and Tribes

Personification

Planets and Other Heavenly Bodies

Rivers

Sports Stadiums Teams and Terms

Captions

Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers

Case

Cataphora

Causative Verbs

Caution Notice

CD DVD

Censor Censure Sensor Censer

Champaign Champagne

Check Control

Chiasmus

Chicano Latino Hispanic

Choose Chose

Cite Site Sight

Citing Publications

Clauses

Cleanup Clean Up

Cleft Sentences

Clicheacutes

Click

Click and Drag

Click On

Closed Compounds

Coleman-Liau Index

Collective Adjectives

Collective Nouns

Collocations

Colloquial

Colon

Emphasis or Anticipation

Time

Titles

Combination

Comma

Compound and Complex Sentences

Introductory Expressions

Other Transitional Words

Prepositional Phrases

Contrasting Phrases

Nonrestrictive Modifiers

Infinitive Phrases

Designating Dialogue

Repeated Words

Word Omission

Transposed Adjective Order

Numbers

Addresses

Titles

Company Names

Common Adjectives

Common Nouns

Company and Product Names

Comparatives

Compared to Compared with

Complement Compliment

Complements

Complex Prepositions

Compound Nouns

Compound Predicates

Compound Sentences

Compounding Sentence Elements

Compound Words

Open Compounds

Closed Compounds

Hyphenated Compounds

Comptroller Controller

Concord

Concrete Nouns

Conditional Perfect

Conditionals

Conjunctions

And

But

Or

Punctuation for Coordinating Conjunctions

Other Conjunctions

Subordinating Conjunctions

Correlative Conjunctions

Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjuncts

Connote Denote

Considered to Be

Consonants

Continuous Verbs

Contractions

Contranyms

Control

Convince Persuade

Cooperate

Coordinated Adjectives

Coordinating Conjunctions

Copula Verbs

Copyright

Correlative Conjunction

Could of Might of

Council Counsel Consul

Count Nouns

Credible Credulous

Cross-Reference

Cut-and-Paste

Danger Notice

Dangling Modifiers

Characteristics of Dangling Modifiers

Revising Dangling Modifiers

Dangling Participles

Dash

Data

Dates

Deaf or Hard of Hearing

Deal

Decimals

Declarative Mood

Declarative Sentence

Defining Relative Clause

Definite Article

Defuse Diffuse

Degree Adverbs

Degree Titles

Deixis

Demonstrative Adjectives

Demonstrative Pronouns

Denominal Adjectives

Denote Connote

Dependent Clauses

Descriptive Writing

Desert Dessert

Determiners

Device Devise

Diacritic

Different from Different than

Diffuse Defuse

Dimensions

Direct Objects

Disability

Disc Disk

Discreet Discrete

Disease Names

Disjuncts

Display Monitor Screen

Disyllabic

Ditransitive Verbs

Ditto Marks

Do Does Did

Dollars and Cents

Dollar and Cent Signs

Decimal Points

Donrsquot Doesnrsquot

Dorsquos and Donrsquots

Dot-Com

Double Negatives

Double Possessives

Double-Click

Download Upload

Downtoners

Drag-and-Drop

Due to the Fact That

DVD

Dynamic Adjectives

Dynamic Verbs

Each Other One Another

Each Their

Effect Affect

Eggcorn

eg ie

Either Neither

Elicit Illicit

Ellipses

Elliptical Clauses

Email

Embedded Questions

Em Dash

Emigrate Immigrate

Eminent Imminent Immanent

Emoticons

Empathic Forms

Empathy Sympathy

En Dash

Endnotes

End Result

Endophora

Engine Motor

Enough Not Enough

Enquire Inquire

Ensure Assure Insure

Enthuse Enthusiastic

Entitled

Envelop Envelope

Epanadiplosis

Epanalepsis

Epistemic Modality

Epistrophe

Epizeuxis

Equally as Important

Equations

Ergative Verbs

Essentially

et al

etc

Euphemisms

Everyday

Everyone Every One

Every Time

Except Unless

Excess Access

Exclamation Point

Exclamatory Sentence

Exclusive Adverbs

Existential There

Exit

Exophoric

Expect

Expletive Constructions

Expository Writing

Extranet

Extraposition

Factitive Verbs

Faint

Fair Fare

FANBOYS

Farther Further

Faze Phase

Feint Faint

Female Woman

Fewer Less

Few A Few

Figuratively

Figure of Speech

Figures

Finite Verbs

First Conditional

Fix Situation

Flair Flare

Flesch-Kincaid Index

Flier Flyer

Focus Adverb

Fog Index

Font Typeface

Foot Feet

Footnotes Endnotes

Forego Forgo

Foreign Words and Phrases

Forever For Ever

For Fore Four

Formatting

Formulas

Forward Forwards Foreword

Fractions

Fragments

Full Time Full-time

Further

Fused Sentences

Future Perfect

Future Perfect Progressive

Future Progressive

Gage Gauge

Gender

Genitive Marker

Gerund

Gigabyte

Gigahertz

Glossary

Gone Went

Good Well

Got Gotten

Grammatical Hierarchy

Gray Grey

Guess

Handicap Disability

Hard Disk Hard Drive

Headings and Subheadings

Helping Verbs

Hendiatris

Heteronyms

Highlighting

Hispanic Latino Chicano

Hit

Homographs

Homonyms

Homophones

Hypallage

Hyperbaton

Hyperbole

Hyperlinks

Hyphens

Line Breaks

Substitute Words

Pronunciation

Compound Adjectives

Hyphenated Compound Words

Hyphenated Numbers

Hyponyms

Hypophora

Hypothetical Questions

Hysteron Proteron

Idiolect

Idioms 230ie eg

If When Whether

Illicit Elicit

Illusion Allusion

Illustrations

I Me Myself

Immanent Eminent

Immigrate Emigrate

Imperative Mood

Imply Infer

Inanimate Nouns

Inaugurate

Inchoative Verbs

Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Pronouns

Independent Clauses

Index

Indicative Mood

Indirect Objects

Indirect Speech

Inductive Antonomasia

Infinitives

Inflection

Inherent and Noninherent Adjectives

Initialisms Acronyms

Innuendo

In Order to

Inquire Enquire

In-Sentence Lists

Inside of Within

Insure Ensure Assure

Intensive Pronouns

Interjections

Internet Intranet Extranet

Interrogative Pronouns

Interrogative Sentences

Intranet

Intransitive Verbs

Introductory Modifier

Invite

Irony

Irregular Plurals

Irregular Spelling

Irregular Verbs

Isocolon

Italics

Its Itrsquos

Infinitive Phrase

Jargon

Job Titles

Joint Possessives

Jr Sr

Kenning

Keyboard Terminology

Kilobyte

Kilohertz

Kind Kinds

Kind of Sort of

Latino Hispanic Chicano

Latin Terms

Latitude Longitude

Lay Lie

Lay Out Layout

Lead Led

Learn Teach

Leave Let

Led Lead

Lend Loan

Lessen Lesson

Less Fewer

Let Leave

Lets Letrsquos

Lexical Density

Liable Likely

Lie Lay

Lighted Lit

Like As

Line

Linking Verbs

Lists

In-Sentence Lists

Vertical Lists

Numbered Lists

Bulleted Lists

Multicolumn Lists

Literally Figuratively

Lit Lighted

Litotes

Little A Little

Loan Lend

Log On Log Off Logon Logoff

Lonely Alone

Longitude Latitude

Loose Lose

Lost Lost Out

Lots

Mad Angry

Margin Notes

Mass Nouns

Mathematical Equations

Maybe May Be

May Can

May Might

Mean Median Average

Megabyte

Megahertz

Meiosis

Me Myself I

Metaphor

Metonymy

Mfr Mfg

Might Could

Might May

Might of Should of Would of Could of

Minimal Pairs

Misplaced Modifiers

Mixed Conditionals

Mixed Metaphor

Mnemonics

Modifiers

Initial Modifiers

Midsentence Modifiers

Terminal Modifiers

Combining Modifiers

Misplaced Modifiers

Monitor

Monosyllabic

Mood

More Than Over

Morpheme

Most of All Almost

Motor Engine

Mouse Terminology

Multicolumn Lists

Myself Me

Names

Negative Adverbs

Negative Formations

Negative Pronouns

Neither Either

Neologism

Never

Nominal Adjectives

Nominative Absolutes

Nominative Case

Nominative Possessives

Noncount Nouns

Nondefining Relative Clause

Nonfinite Verbs

Noninherent Adjectives

Nonrestrictive Clauses

Notices

Noun Case

Noun Clause

Noun Phrase

Noun Plurals

Nouns

Nouns of Address

Number Abbreviations

Numbered List

Numbers or Words

Printed Text and Prose Text

At the Beginning of a Sentence

Legal Documents

Round Numbers

Sets of Numbers

Large Numbers

Separating Digits

Object

Object Complement

Objective Case

Off

Offline

On Account of

One

One Another Each Other

Online Offline

Only

Onomatopoeia

Open

Open Compounds

Ordinal Numbers

Over More Than

Oxford Comma

Oxymoron

Page Breaks

Page Numbering

Page Number Formats

Palindromes

Paragraphs

Elements of a Paragraph

Paragraph Development

When to Start a New Paragraph

Paragraph Transitions

Parallel Construction

Paraphrasing

Parentheses

Parenthetical Elements

Participle

Participial Phrase

Parts of Speech

Party

Passed Past

Passive Voice

Past Perfect Progressive Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Past Progressive Tense

Past Simple Tense

People

Per

Percent

Percentage

Perfect Aspect

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Tense

Period

Person

Personal Pronouns

Personification

Persuade Convince

Phase Faze

Phatic Speech

Phrasal Verbs

Phrases

Phrases and Words to Omit

Pidgin

Plagiarism

Pleonasm

Pluperfect

Plurals

Plurals of Numbers

Plus

PM

Point in Time

Polyptoton

Polyseme

Polysyllabic

Possessive Adjectives

Possessive Case

Possessive Pronouns

Possessives

Posted Informed

Postmodifier

Precede Proceed

Predeterminers

Predicates

Preface

Prefixes

Premodifier

Prepositional Phrase

Prepositions

Time At On In For and Since

Place At On In

Location At On In

Movement To Toward

Combinations

Present Infinitive

Present Participle

Present Perfect Tense

Present Progressive Tense

Present Simple Tense

Press Type Click Strike Hit Select

Previous

Principal Principle

Problem Pronouns

I Nominative Case Never an Object

She He Nominative Case Never an Object

They Nominative Case Never an Object

We Nominative Case Never an Object

Me Us Her Him Them Objective Case Never a Subject

Proceed Precede

Progressive Verbs

Pronouns

Pronouns and Antecedent Agreement

Proper Adjectives

Proper Nouns

Protatis

Quantifiers

Question Mark

Question Types

Quitclaim

Quit Exit

Quotation Marks

Quotations within Quotations

Quotations for Titles

Quotation Marks and Punctuation

Raise Rise

Rational Rationale

Real

Reciprocal Pronouns

Recur Reoccur

Redundancy

Reflexive Pronouns

Regard Regards

Regular Verbs

Relative Adverbs

Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns

Reoccur

Reported Speech

Restrictive Clauses

Resultative Adjective

Resumptive Modifier

Rhetorical Question

Rhyme

Right Business

Right-click

Rise Raise

Roman Numerals

Root Rout Route

Run

Run-On Sentences

Same

Sarcasm

Satire

Screen

Screen Terminology

Second Conditional

Select

Semicolon

Semiweekly Semimonthly

Sensor Censor

Sentence

Sentence Fragments

Sentence Subject

Sentence Types

Sentence Variety

Setup Set Up

Sexist Language

Shall Will

Shape

Should Must

Should of

Should Would

Shut Down Shutdown

Sic

Sign In Sign Out Sign On Sign Up

Simile

Since Because

Singular

Sit Set

Site Sight Cite

Slang

Slash

AndOr Combinations

Indicating Other Relationships

Small Caps

So

Software Menus and Commands

Solidus

Some Any

Sometime Some Time

Sort of Kind of

Spaces After Periods

Split Infinitive

Sr Jr

Stative Adjective

Stative Verb

Subheadings

Subject

Subject Complement

Subjective Case

Subjective Pronouns

Subject-Verb Agreement

Subject-Verb Inversion

Subjunctive

Submittal Submission

Subordinate Clause


Suffix

Summative Modifier

Superlative

Syllable

Symbols and Special Characters

Sympathy Empathy

Synecdoche

Synonyms

Table of Contents

Tables

Tag Question

Take Bring

Tautology

Teach Learn

Telephone Numbers

Temperature

Tense

Terabyte

Than I Than Me

Than Then

That Which

There Their Theyrsquore

Third Conditional

Time

Dates

Time Zones

Titled Entitled

Titles

Formatting the Title of a Manuscript

Tmesis

To At

Tone

Topic Sentence

Totally

Toward Towards

Transitions

Transitional Expressions

Repeating Key Words

Pronoun Reference

Parallelism

Transitive Verb

Try and Come and Be Sure and

Type Enter

Typeface Font

Unbiased Language

Sexist Language

Uncountable Noun

Underlining

Understatement

Until By

Upload Download

Uppercase

URL

US

Used to

Utterance

Vain Vane Vein

Verbal Phrase

Verb Complement

Verb Forms

Verb Group

Verbiage

Verb Mood

Verbose Expressions

Verbs

Verb Tense

Versus vs

Vertical Lists

Visually Impaired Blind

Voice

Voice Mail

Vowels

Wait On

Wander Wonder

Web

Weblog

Web Pages Web Site

Weights and Measures

Well Good

Went Gone

When Whether

Where

Whether or Not

Which

Whorsquos Whose

Who Which

Who Whom

Will Shall

Within Inside of

Woman Female

Wonder Wander

Word Classes

Words or Figures

Wordy Expressions

Would of

Would Should

Xmas Christmas

YesNo Questions

Zero Article

Zero Conditional

Zeugma

Zip Code

SECTION 3 Sample Business Documents

Abstracts

Acceptance Letter

Acknowledgment Letter

Adjustment Letter

Announcement Letter

Annual Report

Application Letter

Brochures

Business Letter

Business Letter Writing Style

Business Letter Format

Business Plan

Collection Letter

Commendation Letter

Complaint Letter

Cover Letters

Directives

Email

Endorsement Letter

Forms

Fund-Raising Letter

Grant Proposals

Instructions

Introductions

Inquiry Letter

Job Descriptions

Job Offer Letter

Meeting Agenda

Meeting Minutes

Corporate Minutes

Corporate Resolutions

Memorandum

Mission Statements

Newsletters

Newsletter Articles

Notices

Permission Letter

Policies Rules or Guidelines

PowerPoint Presentations

Planning a Presentation

Press Releases

Procedures

Progress Reports

Proposals

Questionnaires and Surveys

Reference Letters

Refusal Letter

Reports

Memorandum Report

Letter Report

Short Report

Formal Report

Request Letters

Research Report

Resignation Letter

Reacutesumeacutes

Sales Letters

Seasonal Correspondence

Specifications

Speeches and Oral Presentations

Summaries

Termination of Employment Letter

Training Manual

Trip Report

User Guide

Warning Letter

Web Sites

White Papers

TheAMAHandBookofBusinessWriting

TheUltimateGuidetoStyleGrammarUsagePunctuationConstructionandFormatting

KEVINWILSONand

JENNIFERWAUSON

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

RequestLetters

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

Exhibit325Directive

Figure327Contract

Figure340Memo

Figure342Newsletter

Figure344Note

Figure345Tip

Figure351Policy

Figure357Procedures

Figure360Survey

Figure368ReportBody

Figure379Summary

Figure393TripReport

Figure3101WebSite

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUDIENCEANALYSIS

BRAINSTORMING

RESEARCH

INTERVIEWING

OUTLINING

WRITINGADRAFT

USINGVISUALS

PAGEDESIGN

PUBLICATIONDESIGN

EDITING

PROOFREADING

DOCUMENTREVIEW

REVISIONS

DOCUMENTINGSOURCES

Bibliographies

PROMOTIONALWRITING

Abbreviations

ExampleDrMrMrsRep

ExampleSrJrMDPhD

ExampleMITFBIUN

ExampleUSA

ExampleIBMNBCITT

ExampleMLKJFKFDR

ExampleCDTVDVRPC

Example20ft30lb

LongPhrases

CommonLatinTerms

ExampleStLouis

Example30ft20lb

ExampleTRSmith

IncorrectATMmachine

CorrectATM

CorrectBuilding48

CorrectInvoice3219

IncorrectPageno102

CorrectPage102

ABOVEBELOW

Examplethepoor

ABSOLUTEPHRASE

ABSOLUTELY

ABSTRACTNOUNS

Exampleaconcept

ACCENTMARKS

ACCEPTEXCEPT

ACCESSEXCESS

ACRONYMS

ExampleCBSCIANFL

ACTIONVERBS

ActiveVoice

AdjectivalNoun

AdjectivalOpposites

AdjectivePhrase

SeeAdjectives

Adjectives

anadjectiveclause

DegreesofAdjectives

A-Adjectives

ADVERBIALCLAUSE

ADVERBIALPHRASE

ADVERBS

Adverbsofplace

Adverbsoffrequency

Adverbsoftime

Adverbsofpurpose

Amplify

Tonedown

AdverbstoAvoid

Beforetheverbusedto

OrderofAdverbs

ViewpointAdverbs

FocusAdverbs

NegativeAdverbs

ADVICEADVISE

AFFECTEFFECT

AFFIXES

AFRICAN-AMERICAN

AGENTS

AGREEMENT

AIDAIDE

SeeBothAlike

ALITTLE

SeeLittleALittle

ALLEGORIES

ALLITERATION

ALLRIGHTALRIGHT

ALLUSIONILLUSION

ALONELONELY

ALOTALOTALLOT

Alotisnotaword

ALREADYALLREADY

AMBITRANSITIVEVERBS

Change

AMONGBETWEEN

SeeBetweenAmong

AMPERSAND

SeeAAn

ANADIPLOSIS

ANAPHORA

ANDALSO

ANGRYMAD

SeeMadAngry

ANIMATENOUNS

ANTAGONYMS

Buckle

Citation

ANTECEDENT

ANTIMETABOLE

ANTONYMS

ANYEITHER

ANYSOME

APARTAPART

APODOSIS

APOSTROPHE

APPEARSDISPLAYS

APPENDIX

APPOSITION

APPOSITIVES

ARTICLES

ASLIKE

SeeLikeAs

ASSUREINSUREENSURE

ASTERISKS

ASTOWHETHER

ASWELLAS

AUTOANTONYMS

SeeAntagonyms

AUXILIARYVERBS

AVERAGEMEANMEDIAN

AWHILEAWHILE

AWFULAWFULLY

BADBADLY

BACK-CHANNELING

BACKSLASHSLASH

BACKUPBACKUP

BASEFORMOFAVERB

BECAUSESINCEAS

instead

BEENGONE

BEINGTHATBEINGAS

SeeAboveBelow

BESIDEBESIDES

BETWEENAMONG

BIASBIASED

Incorrectfireman

Correctfirefighter

Incorrectmailman

Correctmailcarrier

Incorrectstewardess

Incorrectpoliceman

Incorrectmalenurse

Correctnurse

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BILLION

BLOGWEBLOG

BOLDFONTS

BOREDBORING

BOTHALIKE

BOTHEACH

BRACKETS

BRAKEBREAK

BRANDNAMES

BREATHBREATHE

BRINGTAKE

BRITISHENGLISH

BULLETEDLIST

BUSHEL

BUSINESSRIGHT

BUZZWORDS

BYBYEBUY

BYUNTIL

CALLBACKCALLBACK

CALLOUTCALLOUT

CALLOUTS

CAMEBY

CANMAY

ExampleMayIhelpyou

CANNOT

Cannotisoneword

CANrsquoTSEEM

CANVASCANVASS

CAPITALLETTERS

CAPITALCAPITOL

Capitalization

CAPTIONS

Table28PronounCases

CATAPHORA

CAUSATIVEVERBS

CAUTIONNOTICE

SeeNotices

CHAMPAIGNCHAMPAGNE

CHECKCONTROL

CHIASMUS

CHOOSECHOSE

Choseisthepasttense

CITESITESIGHT

CITINGPUBLICATIONS

CLAUSES

CLEANUPCLEANUP

CLEFTSENTENCES

CLICHeacuteS

CLICKANDDRAG

SeeMouseTerminology

CLICKON

SeeMouseTerminology

CLOSEDCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

Coleman-LiauIndex

A-B=Index

COLLECTIVENOUNS

COLLOCATIONS

Examplehotandcold

COLLOQUIAL

Example515AMEST

COMBINATION

ExampleYesIwillgo

ContrastingPhrases

InfinitivePhrases

DesignatingDialogue

RepeatedWords

WordOmission

Numbers

Example249586

Example1345000

Addresses

Titles

CompanyNames

COMMONADJECTIVES

ExampleaSwisswatch

COMMONNOUNS

COMPARATIVES

SeeSuperlative

COMPLEMENTS

COMPLEXPREPOSITIONS

COMPOUNDNOUNS

Examplenewmoon

COMPOUNDPREDICATES

SeePredicates

COMPOUNDSENTENCES

combined

COMPOUNDWORDS

OpenCompounds

ClosedCompounds

HyphenatedCompounds

CONCORD

CONCRETENOUNS

CONDITIONALPERFECT

CONDITIONALS

CONJUNCTIONS

OtherConjunctions

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBS

CONJUNCTS

CONNOTEDENOTE

CONSIDEREDTOBE

CONSONANTS

CONTINUOUSVERBS

CONTRACTIONS

CONTRANYMS

SeeAntagonyms

CONTROL

SeeCheckControl

CONVINCEPERSUADE

COOPERATE

SeeAdjectives

COPULAVERBS

COPYRIGHT

SeeConjunctions

COULDOFMIGHTOF

COUNTNOUNS

CREDIBLECREDULOUS

CROSS-REFERENCE

CUT-AND-PASTE

DANGERNOTICE

SeeNotices

DANGLINGMODIFIERS

30minutes

DANGLINGPARTICIPLES

Example9162012or9-16-2012

Example1990s

Examplersquo80s

DEAFORHARDOFHEARING

DECIMALS

Example05[one-half]

DECLARATIVEMOOD

DECLARATIVESENTENCE

DEFINITEARTICLE

DEFUSEDIFFUSE

DEGREEADVERBS

DEGREETITLES

ExampleBAMAPhD

DEIXIS

DENOMINALADJECTIVES

DENOTECONNOTE

SeeConnoteDenote

DEPENDENTCLAUSES

DESCRIPTIVEWRITING

DESERTDESSERT

DETERMINERS

DEVICEDEVISE

DIACRITIC

DIFFUSEDEFUSE

SeeDefuseDiffuse

DIMENSIONS

DIRECTOBJECTS

DISABILITY

DISCDISK

DISCREETDISCRETE

DISEASENAMES

DISJUNCTS

DISYLLABIC

DITRANSITIVEVERBS

DITTOMARKS

DODOESDID

ExampleDoyoudrive

ExampleDoesshedrive

ExampleDidyoudrive

DOLLARSANDCENTS

Example1centor1cent

DollarandCentSigns

$10000

Correct25cent

Example$03564

DecimalPoints

Example$3$1200$1775

DOT-COM

DOUBLENEGATIVES

DOUBLEPOSSESSIVES

DOUBLE-CLICK

DOWNLOADUPLOAD

anothercomputer

DOWNTONERS

DRAG-AND-DROP

DUETOTHEFACTTHAT

SeeCDDVD

DYNAMICADJECTIVES

ExampleBepatient

DYNAMICVERBS

EACHOTHERONEANOTHER

EACHTHEIR

EFFECTAFFECT

SeeAffectEffect

EGGCORN

EITHERNEITHER

ELICITILLICIT

ELLIPSES

ELLIPTICALCLAUSES

EMBEDDEDQUESTIONS

EMDASH

SeeDash

EMIGRATEIMMIGRATE

EMOTICONS

Example-)isasmile

EMPATHICFORMS

EMPATHYSYMPATHY

ENDASH

SeeDash

ENDNOTES

ENDRESULT

ENDOPHORA

ENGINEMOTOR

ENOUGHNOTENOUGH

ENQUIREINQUIRE

ENSUREASSUREINSURE

ENTHUSEENTHUSIASTIC

ENTITLED

SeeTitledEntitled

ENVELOPENVELOPE

EPANADIPLOSIS

EPANALEPSIS

EPISTEMICMODALITY

EPISTROPHE

EPIZEUXIS

EQUALLYASIMPORTANT

EQUATIONS

ExampleX+Y=5

Example

ExampleH2+OregH2O

ERGATIVEVERBS

Verbsusedincooking

ESSENTIALLY

EUPHEMISMS

EVERYDAY

EVERYONEEVERYONE

EVERYTIME

EXCEPTUNLESS

EXCESSACCESS

SeeAccessExcess

EXCLAMATIONPOINT

EXCLAMATORYSENTENCE

EXCLUSIVEADVERBS

EXISTENTIALTHERE

SeeQuitExit

EXOPHORIC

EXPECT

EXPOSITORYWRITING

EXTRANET

EXTRAPOSITION

FACTITIVEVERBS

SeeFeintFaint

FAIRFARE

FANBOYS

FARTHERFURTHER

FAZEPHASE

FEINTFAINT

FEMALEWOMAN

FEWERLESS

SeeLessFewer

FEWAFEW

FIGURATIVELY

FIGUREOFSPEECH

FIGURES

FINITEVERBS

FIRSTCONDITIONAL

FIXSITUATION

FLAIRFLARE

FLESCH-KINCAIDINDEX

FLIERFLYER

FOCUSADVERB

FOGINDEX

FONTTYPEFACE

FOOTFEET

FOOTNOTESENDNOTES

FOREGOFORGO

FOREVERFOREVER

FORFOREFOUR

FORMATTING

FORMULAS

ExampleE=mc2

Example

FRACTIONS

Example025inch

FRAGMENTS

FULLTIMEFULL-TIME

FURTHER

SeeFartherFurther

FUSEDSENTENCES

FUTUREPERFECT

FUTUREPROGRESSIVE

GAGEGAUGE

GENDER

GENITIVEMARKER

GERUND

GIGABYTE

GIGAHERTZ

GLOSSARY

GONEWENT

GOODWELL

ExampleHespeakswell

GOTGOTTEN

CorrectIhaveanewcar

CorrectHehasanewjob

GRAYGREY

HANDICAPDISABILITY

HARDDISKHARDDRIVE

Incorrect

Correct

CorrectPrintDialog

HELPINGVERBS

SeeLinkingVerbs

HENDIATRIS

HETERONYMS

HIGHLIGHTING

HOMOGRAPHS

HOMONYMS

HOMOPHONES

HYPALLAGE

HYPERBATON

HYPERBOLE

HYPERLINKS

HYPHENS

SubstituteWords

Pronunciation

CompoundAdjectives

HYPHENATEDNUMBERS

Examplethirty-three

Exampleone-third

Example112

HYPONYMS

HYPOPHORA

HYSTERONPROTERON

IDIOLECT

IDIOMS

Seeegie

IFWHENWHETHER

ILLICITELICIT

SeeElicitIllicit

ILLUSIONALLUSION

SeeAllusionIllusion

ILLUSTRATIONS

SeeFigures

IMEMYSELF

IMMANENTEMINENT

IMMIGRATEEMIGRATE

IMPERATIVEMOOD

IMPLYINFER

INANIMATENOUNS

INAUGURATE

INCHOATIVEVERBS

INDEFINITEARTICLES

INDEFINITEPRONOUNS

INDEPENDENTCLAUSES

Figure24SampleIndex

INDICATIVEMOOD

INDIRECTOBJECTS

INDIRECTSPEECH

INFINITIVES

ExampleIliketodream

Perfectforms

Passiveforms

InfinitivePhrase

Asanoun

Asanadverb

INFLECTION

INITIALISMSACRONYMS

SeeAcronyms

INNUENDO

INORDERTO

INQUIREENQUIRE

SeeEnquireInquire

IN-SENTENCELISTS

SeeLists

INSIDEOFWITHIN

INSUREENSUREASSURE

INTENSIVEPRONOUNS

INTERJECTIONS

ExampleWhatisthat

ExampleWhoiscoming

INTRANET

INTRANSITIVEVERBS

INVITE

IRREGULARPLURALS

IRREGULARSPELLING

perseverance

IRREGULARVERBS

haveirregularforms

ISOCOLON

ITALICS

ITSITrsquoS

JARGON

JOBTITLES

JOINTPOSSESSIVES

ExampleMrStephens

KENNING

KEYBOARDTERMINOLOGY

ExamplePressEnter

ExampleCTRL+Shift

KILOBYTE

KILOHERTZ

KINDKINDS

KINDOFSORTOF

LATINTERMS

SeeAbbreviations

LATITUDELONGITUDE

LAYLIE

LAYOUTLAYOUT

LEADLED

LEARNTEACH

LEAVELET

SeeLetLeave

LEDLEAD

SeeLeadLed

SeeLoanLend

LendLoan

LESSENLESSON

LESSFEWER

wordless

LETLEAVE

Letmeanstopermit

LETSLETrsquoS

LEXICALDENSITY

LIABLELIKELY

LIELAY

SeeLayLie

LIGHTEDLIT

CorrectHelitacandle

LIKEAS

LINKINGVERBS

In-SentenceLists

VerticalLists

NumberedLists

BulletedLists

MulticolumnLists

LITLIGHTED

SeeLightedLit

LITOTES

LITTLEALITTLE

LOANLEND

LONELYALONE

SeeAloneLonely

LONGITUDELATITUDE

LOOSELOSE

LOSTLOSTOUT

IncorrectHelostout

CorrectHelost

MADANGRY

MARGINNOTES

MASSNOUNS

SeeEquations

MAYBEMAYBE

MAYCAN

CorrectMayIhelpyou

MAYMIGHT

ExampleItmaysnow

MEANMEDIANAVERAGE

MEGABYTE

MEGAHERTZ

abbreviation

MEIOSIS

MEMYSELFI

SeeIMeMyself

METAPHOR

METONYMY

MFRMFG

MIGHTCOULD

MIGHTMAY

SeeMayMight

MINIMALPAIRS

MISPLACEDMODIFIERS

MIXEDCONDITIONALS

MIXEDMETAPHOR

SeeMetaphor

MNEMONICS

MODIFIERS

InitialModifiers

Infinitivephrase

Adverb

Participialphrase

TerminalModifiers

CombiningModifiers

MisplacedModifiers

MONITOR

MONOSYLLABIC

MORETHANOVER

MORPHEME

thanonemorpheme

MOSTOFALLALMOST

MOTORENGINE

SeeEngineMotor

MOUSETERMINOLOGY

MULTICOLUMNLISTS

SeeLists

MYSELFME

SeeIMeMyself

SeeProperNouns

NEGATIVEADVERBS

NEGATIVEFORMATIONS

NEGATIVEPRONOUNS

NEITHEREITHER

SeeEitherNeither

NEOLOGISM

NOMINALADJECTIVES

NOMINATIVEABSOLUTES

NOMINATIVECASE

SeeCase

NONCOUNTNOUNS

SeeMassNouns

NONFINITEVERBS

NOTICES

NOUNCASE

Object

NOUNCLAUSE

NOUNPHRASE

Exampletalldarkma

Participialphrase

Infinitivephrase

Modifyingclause

Prepositionalphrase

NOUNPLURALS

ExampleWilsonWilson

ExampleJonesJonese

Examplethe1990

Examplecandywooltre

Exampleairwate

Exampleclassfanstea

NOUNSOFADDRESS

SeeNouns

NUMBERABBREVIATIONS

NUMBEREDLIST

NUMBERSORWORDS

LegalDocuments

RoundNumbers

SetsofNumbers

LargeNumbers

SeparatingDigits

Example1001123000143693

OBJECT

ExampleSaveme

OBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

OBJECTIVECASE

SeeSubjectiveCase

OFFLINE

SeeOnlineOffline

ONACCOUNTOF

ONEANOTHEREACHOTHER

ONLINEOFFLINE

ONOMATOPOEIA

OPENCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

ORDINALNUMBERS

OVERMORETHAN

SeeMorethanOver

OXFORDCOMMA

OXYMORON

PAGEBREAKS

PAGENUMBERING

PageNumberFormats

PALINDROMES

PARAGRAPHS

PARAPHRASING

PARENTHESES

PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPIALPHRASE

PARTSOFSPEECH

PASSEDPAST

PASSIVEVOICE

PASTPERFECTTENSE

PASTSIMPLETENSE

PEOPLE

PERCENT

PERCENTAGE

PERFECTASPECT

PERFECTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PERFECTTENSE

PERIOD

ExampleMrsPhDetc

PERSON

PERSONALPRONOUNS

ExampleIamtall

PERSONIFICATION

PERSUADECONVINCE

SeeConvincePersuade

PHASEFAZE

SeeFazePhase

PHATICSPEECH

PHRASALVERBS

PHRASES

PIDGIN

PLAGIARISM

PLEONASM

PLUPERFECT

SeePastPerfectTense

PLURALS

Somepluralsendinen

PLURALSOFNUMBERS

SeeAMPM

POINTINTIME

POLYPTOTON

POLYSEME

POLYSYLLABIC

POSSESSIVECASE

SeeCase

POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

POSSESSIVES

POSTEDINFORMED

POSTMODIFER

PRECEDEPROCEED

PREDETERMINERS

PREDICATES

PREFACE

PREFIXES

PREMODIFIER

PREPOSITIONALPHRASE

PREPOSITIONS

Combinations

PRESENTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PRESENTPARTICIPLE

ExampleIamtalking

PRESENTPERFECTTENSE

participle

PRESENTSIMPLETENSE

PROBLEMPRONOUNS

PROCEEDPRECEDE

SeePrecedeProceed

PROGRESSIVEVERBS

Processverbs

Momentaryverbs

Relationalverbs

PRONOUNS

madeclearpreviously

PROPERADJECTIVES

PROPERNOUNS

PROTATIS

QUANTIFIERS

QUESTIONMARK

ExampleWhattimeisit

ExampleReally

QUESTIONTYPES

QUITCLAIM

QUITEXIT

QUOTATIONMARKS

QuotationsforTitles

RAISERISE

RATIONALRATIONALE

RECIPROCALPRONOUNS

RECURREOCCUR

REDUNDANCY

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

REGARDREGARDS

REGULARVERBS

Exampletalktalked

Examplejokejoked

RELATIVEADVERBS

RELATIVECLAUSES

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

REOCCUR

SeeRecurReoccur

REPORTEDSPEECH

RESTRICTIVECLAUSES

RESUMPTIVEMODIFIER

RHETORICALQUESTION

RIGHTBUSINESS

SeeBusinessRight

RIGHT-CLICK

SeeMouseTerminology

RISERAISE

SeeRaiseRise

ROMANNUMERALS

ROOTROUTROUTE

RUN-ONSENTENCES

SeeFusedSentences

SARCASM

SATIRE

SCREEN

SCREENTERMINOLOGY

Figure26OpenWindow

Figure28WebPage

SECONDCONDITIONAL

SELECT

SEMICOLON

SENSORCENSOR

SENTENCE

SENTENCEFRAGMENTS

SENTENCESUBJECT

SENTENCETYPES

SENTENCEVARIETY

SETUPSETUP

SEXISTLANGUAGE

SeeUnbiasedLanguage

SHALLWILL

ExampleHewillgotoo

SHOULDMUST

SHOULDOF

SHOULDWOULD

SHUTDOWNSHUTDOWN

SIMILE

SINCEBECAUSE

SeeBecauseSinceAs

SINGULAR

SITSET

SITESIGHTCITE

SeeCiteSiteSight

AndOrCombinations

ExampleDearSirMadam

Example1231201

forthefirsttime

Meanldquoperrdquo

Example1000kmhou

Writefractions

Example14+14=1

SMALLCAPS

SOLIDUS

SeeSlash

SOMEANY

SeeAnySome

SOMETIMESOMETIME

SORTOFKINDOF

SeeKindofSortof

SPACESAFTERPERIODS

SPLITINFINITIVE

SeeJrSr

STATIVEADJECTIVE

STATIVEVERB

SeeProgressiveVerbs

SUBHEADINGS

SUBJECT

subject

SUBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

SUBJECTIVECASE

SUBJECTIVEPRONOUNS

SeeSubjectiveCase

ExampleHelovestoeat

Afterthewordso

SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBMITTALSUBMISSION

SUBORDINATECLAUSE

SUFFIX

Examplearguearguing

Examplediedying

Examplelielying

Exampletietying

Examplevievying

Examplemopmopping

SUMMATIVEMODIFIER

SUPERLATIVE

SYLLABLE

SYMPATHYEMPATHY

SeeEmpathySympathy

SYNECDOCHE

SYNONYMS

TABLEOFCONTENTS

TABLES

TAGQUESTION

TAKEBRING

SeeBringTake

TAUTOLOGY

TEACHLEARN

SeeLearnTeach

TELEPHONENUMBERS

Example(800)555-121

Example(22)(42)00000000000(UK

TEMPERATURE

Example55deg

TERABYTE

THANITHANME

THANTHEN

THATWHICH

THIRDCONDITIONAL

Examplea24-hourday

Butadayof24hours

Example100502am

IncorrectMay1st2011

CorrectMay12011

TIMEZONES

TITLEDENTITLED

TITLES

TMESIS

CorrectWhereareyou

CorrectWheredidhego

TOPICSENTENCE

TOTALLY

TOWARDTOWARDS

TRANSITIONS

RepeatingKeyWords

PronounReference

Parallelism

TRANSITIVEVERB

TYPEENTER

TYPEFACEFONT

SeeFontTypeface

UNBIASEDLANGUAGE

SexistLanguage

UNCOUNTABLENOUN

UNDERLINING

SeeTitlesandItalics

UNDERSTATEMENT

UNTILBY

SeeByUntil

UPLOADDOWNLOAD

SeeDownloadUpload

UPPERCASE

ExampleNASAFIFO

SeeCapitalization

USEDTO

UTTERANCE

VAINVANEVEIN

Exampleaweathervan

Exampleaveinofgol

VERBALPHRASE

VERBCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

VERBFORMS

ExampleIthought

ExampleIamthinking

ExampleIhavethought

VERBGROUP

VERBIAGE

VERBMOOD

Pastindicative

Futureindicative

VERBOSEEXPRESSIONS

VERBTENSE

Goingtohappen

Hasalreadyhappened

VERSUSVS

VERTICALLISTS

SeeLists

VOICEMAIL

VOWELS

WAITON

WANDERWONDER

WEBLOG

SeeBlogWeblog

WEBPAGESWEBSITE

WEIGHTSANDMEASURES

WELLGOOD

SeeGoodWell

WENTGONE

SeeGoneWent

WHENWHETHER

SeeIfWhenWhether

WHETHERORNOT

WHOrsquoSWHOSE

WHOWHICH

WHOWHOM

WILLSHALL

SeeShallWill

WITHININSIDEOF

SeeInsideofWithin

WOMANFEMALE

SeeFemaleWoman

WONDERWANDER

SeeWanderWonder

WORDCLASSES

WORDSORFIGURES

SeeNumbersorWords

WORDYEXPRESSIONS

WOULDOF

WOULDSHOULD

SeeShouldWould

XMASCHRISTMAS

YESNOQUESTIONS

ExampleDidyoufindit

ZEROARTICLE

ExampleMoneyispower

ZEROCONDITIONAL

ZEUGMA

ZIPCODE

ABSTRACTS

Abstract

Summary

ACCEPTANCELETTER

October202011

DearMrHarrison

Thankyou

EvelynWauson

August202011

JeffCollins

SubjTaxYear2011

DearMrCollins

Thankyou

ADJUSTMENTLETTER

April202012

DearMrLuntz

Sincerely

MortonBoyd

ANNOUNCEMENTLETTER

May222012

DearMsJones

Sincerely

ANNUALREPORT

APPLICATIONLETTER

DearMsPhillips

Sincerelyyours

AliceGrassley

BROCHURES

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

BUSINESSLETTER

DearMrDuffy

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

BUSINESSPLAN

OfficeoftheDirector

Mission

Vision

Values

Description

MarketAnalysis

Demographics

MarketTrends

MarketNeedsDemands

FinancialAnalysis

SuccessMonitoring

PerformanceMeasures

COLLECTIONLETTER

deadline

DearMrBarrymore

Sincerelyyours

COMMENDATIONLETTER

DearJack

Sincerelyyours

COMPLAINTLETTER

August82011

Gentlemen

Sincerelyyours

COVERLETTERS

DearMrWilson

Sincerelyyours

EvelynBoyd

DIRECTIVES

Figure325Directive

ANNOUNCEMENT

ToAllEmployees

ExampleHelloJim

Avoidsexistlanguage

ENDORSEMENTLETTER

May102012

DearEmoryUniversity

Sincerely

LauraJohnson

Figure327Contract

FUND-RAISINGLETTER

September122012

DearMrsJohnson

Sincerelyyours

GRANTPROPOSALS

Dear___________

October102011

NameIshaFoundation

AddressPhoneEmail

ISummary

IIStatementofNeed

VTimeline

VIEvaluation

VIIIProjectBudget

IXAppendix

INSTRUCTIONS

GettingStarted

INTRODUCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

INQUIRYLETTER

May152012

Sincerely

LouisSullivan

JOBDESCRIPTIONS

Termofemployment

JOBOFFERLETTER

January202012

DearMsRobertson

Sincerely

MEETINGAGENDA

MEETINGMINUTES

CorporateMinutes

MEMORANDUM

Figure340Memo

MarthaReeves

MISSIONSTATEMENTS

NEWSLETTERS

NewsletterArticles

WHATDOYOUHAVETOLOSE

Figure342Newsletter

NOTICES

Figure344Note

COBRAOverage

Figure345Tip

Caution

PERMISSIONLETTER

March212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

Figure351Policy

PRESSRELEASES

October12011

PROCEDURES

Figure357Procedures

PROGRESSREPORTS

ProjectObjectives

ResourceChangesNone

PROPOSALS

ByVideologies

AcworthGeorga

INTRODUCTION

SPECIFICATIONS

TREATMENT

PRODUCTION

Scriptwriting

VideoProduction

GraphicsProduction

PostProduction

FinalMastering

OPTIONS

CD-ROM

WebDelivery

DELIVERABLES

OneBlu-RayDVDmaster

BUDGET

RATESANDMANPOWER

Figure360Survey

REFERENCELETTERS

Sincerely

REFUSALLETTER

February212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

REPORTS

MemorandumReport

LetterReport

ShortReport

FormalReport

May122012

DearMsCleveland

Respectfullyyours

Figure368ReportBody

IIntroduction

REQUESTLETTERS

May82012

DearCaptainMuncie

aircraft

Sincerely

RESEARCHREPORT

RESIGNATIONLETTER

September12012

DearMsDuffey

Sincerely

DorothySpeers

REacuteSUMEacuteS

Experience

SALESLETTERS

DearMsSanchez

Sincerely

DearHomeowner

Sincerely

December72012

DearMrRichardson

Verytrulyyours

SPECIFICATIONS

IncorrectAB

CorrecteitherAorB

Usethethirdperson

ComputerHardware

SUMMARIES

Figure379Summary

Background

ProposalSummary

GeneralMethodology

SensitivityCases

DearMrsSullivan

TRAININGMANUAL

TRIPREPORT

Figure393TripReport

MEMORANDUM

USERGUIDE

WARNINGLETTER

DearMrsSullivan

WEBSITES

Figure3101WebSite

WHITEPAPERS

Introduction

Conclusion

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Audience Analysis

Brainstorming

Research

Interviewing

Outlining

Writing a Draft


Using Visuals

Page Design

Publication Design

Editing

Proofreading

Document Review

Revisions

Documenting Sources


Bibliographies



Promotional Writing


A An

Abbreviations


Names


Long Phrases


Common Latin Terms







Above Below


Absolute Phrase

Absolutely

Abstract Nouns

Accent Marks

Accept Except

Access Excess

Acronyms

Action Verbs

Active Voice

AD

Adjectival Noun


Adjective Phrase

Adjectives





A-Adjectives


Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Phrase

Adverbs




Adverbs to Avoid


Order of Adverbs


Viewpoint Adverbs

Focus Adverbs

Negative Adverbs

Advice Advise

Affect Effect

Affixes

African-American

Age

Agents

Agreement

Aid Aide

Alike

A Little

Allegories

Alliteration

All Right Alright

Allusion Illusion

Alone Lonely

A Lot Alot Allot

Already All Ready




Among Between

Ampersand

AM PM

An

Anadiplosis

Anaphora

And Also

AndOr

Angry Mad

Animate Nouns

Antagonyms

Antecedent

Anti-

Antimetabole

Antonyms

Any Either

Any Some

Apart A Part

Apodosis

Apostrophe

Appears Displays

Appendix

Apposition

Appositives

Articles

As Like


Asterisks

As to Whether

As Well As

Autoantonyms

Auxiliary Verbs

Average Mean Median

A While Awhile

Awful Awfully

Bad Badly

Back-Channeling

Backslash Slash

Back up Backup

Base Form of a Verb


BC

Because Since As

Been Gone

Being That Being As

Below

Beside Besides

Between Among

Bias Biased


Bibliography

Billion


Blind

Blog Weblog

Bold Fonts

Bored Boring

Both Alike

Both Each

Brackets



Brake Break

Brand Names

Breath Breathe

Bring Take

British English

Bulleted List

Bushel

Business Right

Buzzwords

By Bye Buy

By Until

Call Back Callback

Call Out Callout

Callouts

Came By

Can May

Cannot

Canrsquot Seem

Canvas Canvass

Capital Letters

Capital Capitol

Capitalization

Acts of Congress

Associations




Cities

Clubs

Legal Codes


Constitutions

Corporations

Courts

Decorations

Degrees (Academic)

Districts

Educational Courses

Epithets

Fleets

Foundations



Historical Terms

Holidays

Libraries

Localities

Military Services




Personification


Rivers


Captions


Case

Cataphora

Causative Verbs

Caution Notice

CD DVD


Champaign Champagne

Check Control

Chiasmus


Choose Chose

Cite Site Sight

Citing Publications

Clauses

Cleanup Clean Up

Cleft Sentences

Clicheacutes

Click

Click and Drag

Click On

Closed Compounds

Coleman-Liau Index


Collective Nouns

Collocations

Colloquial

Colon


Time

Titles

Combination

Comma





Contrasting Phrases


Infinitive Phrases


Repeated Words

Word Omission


Numbers

Addresses

Titles

Company Names

Common Adjectives

Common Nouns


Comparatives



Complements


Compound Nouns

Compound Predicates

Compound Sentences


Compound Words

Open Compounds

Closed Compounds



Concord

Concrete Nouns

Conditional Perfect

Conditionals

Conjunctions

And

But

Or


Other Conjunctions



Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjuncts

Connote Denote

Considered to Be

Consonants

Continuous Verbs

Contractions

Contranyms

Control

Convince Persuade

Cooperate



Copula Verbs

Copyright


Could of Might of


Count Nouns

Credible Credulous

Cross-Reference

Cut-and-Paste

Danger Notice

Dangling Modifiers




Dash

Data

Dates


Deal

Decimals

Declarative Mood



Definite Article

Defuse Diffuse

Degree Adverbs

Degree Titles

Deixis




Denote Connote

Dependent Clauses

Descriptive Writing

Desert Dessert

Determiners

Device Devise

Diacritic


Diffuse Defuse

Dimensions

Direct Objects

Disability

Disc Disk

Discreet Discrete

Disease Names

Disjuncts


Disyllabic

Ditransitive Verbs

Ditto Marks

Do Does Did

Dollars and Cents


Decimal Points



Dot-Com

Double Negatives

Double Possessives

Double-Click

Download Upload

Downtoners

Drag-and-Drop


DVD

Dynamic Adjectives

Dynamic Verbs


Each Their

Effect Affect

Eggcorn

eg ie

Either Neither

Elicit Illicit

Ellipses

Elliptical Clauses

Email

Embedded Questions

Em Dash

Emigrate Immigrate


Emoticons

Empathic Forms

Empathy Sympathy

En Dash

Endnotes

End Result

Endophora

Engine Motor

Enough Not Enough

Enquire Inquire



Entitled

Envelop Envelope

Epanadiplosis

Epanalepsis

Epistemic Modality

Epistrophe

Epizeuxis


Equations

Ergative Verbs

Essentially

et al

etc

Euphemisms

Everyday

Everyone Every One

Every Time

Except Unless

Excess Access

Exclamation Point


Exclusive Adverbs

Existential There

Exit

Exophoric

Expect


Expository Writing

Extranet

Extraposition

Factitive Verbs

Faint

Fair Fare

FANBOYS

Farther Further

Faze Phase

Feint Faint

Female Woman

Fewer Less

Few A Few

Figuratively

Figure of Speech

Figures

Finite Verbs

First Conditional

Fix Situation

Flair Flare


Flier Flyer

Focus Adverb

Fog Index

Font Typeface

Foot Feet

Footnotes Endnotes

Forego Forgo


Forever For Ever

For Fore Four

Formatting

Formulas


Fractions

Fragments

Full Time Full-time

Further

Fused Sentences

Future Perfect


Future Progressive

Gage Gauge

Gender

Genitive Marker

Gerund

Gigabyte

Gigahertz

Glossary

Gone Went

Good Well

Got Gotten


Gray Grey

Guess

Handicap Disability



Helping Verbs

Hendiatris

Heteronyms

Highlighting


Hit

Homographs

Homonyms

Homophones

Hypallage

Hyperbaton

Hyperbole

Hyperlinks

Hyphens

Line Breaks

Substitute Words

Pronunciation

Compound Adjectives


Hyphenated Numbers

Hyponyms

Hypophora


Hysteron Proteron

Idiolect

Idioms 230ie eg

If When Whether

Illicit Elicit

Illusion Allusion

Illustrations

I Me Myself

Immanent Eminent

Immigrate Emigrate

Imperative Mood

Imply Infer

Inanimate Nouns

Inaugurate

Inchoative Verbs

Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Pronouns

Independent Clauses

Index

Indicative Mood

Indirect Objects

Indirect Speech


Infinitives

Inflection



Innuendo

In Order to

Inquire Enquire

In-Sentence Lists

Inside of Within


Intensive Pronouns

Interjections




Intranet

Intransitive Verbs


Invite

Irony

Irregular Plurals

Irregular Spelling

Irregular Verbs

Isocolon

Italics

Its Itrsquos

Infinitive Phrase

Jargon

Job Titles

Joint Possessives

Jr Sr

Kenning


Kilobyte

Kilohertz

Kind Kinds

Kind of Sort of


Latin Terms

Latitude Longitude

Lay Lie

Lay Out Layout

Lead Led

Learn Teach

Leave Let

Led Lead

Lend Loan

Lessen Lesson

Less Fewer

Let Leave

Lets Letrsquos

Lexical Density

Liable Likely

Lie Lay

Lighted Lit

Like As

Line

Linking Verbs

Lists

In-Sentence Lists

Vertical Lists

Numbered Lists

Bulleted Lists

Multicolumn Lists


Lit Lighted

Litotes

Little A Little

Loan Lend


Lonely Alone

Longitude Latitude

Loose Lose

Lost Lost Out

Lots

Mad Angry

Margin Notes

Mass Nouns


Maybe May Be

May Can

May Might

Mean Median Average

Megabyte

Megahertz

Meiosis

Me Myself I

Metaphor

Metonymy

Mfr Mfg

Might Could

Might May


Minimal Pairs

Misplaced Modifiers

Mixed Conditionals

Mixed Metaphor

Mnemonics

Modifiers

Initial Modifiers


Terminal Modifiers

Combining Modifiers

Misplaced Modifiers

Monitor

Monosyllabic

Mood

More Than Over

Morpheme

Most of All Almost

Motor Engine

Mouse Terminology

Multicolumn Lists

Myself Me

Names

Negative Adverbs

Negative Formations

Negative Pronouns

Neither Either

Neologism

Never

Nominal Adjectives


Nominative Case


Noncount Nouns


Nonfinite Verbs



Notices

Noun Case

Noun Clause

Noun Phrase

Noun Plurals

Nouns

Nouns of Address


Numbered List

Numbers or Words



Legal Documents

Round Numbers

Sets of Numbers

Large Numbers

Separating Digits

Object

Object Complement

Objective Case

Off

Offline

On Account of

One


Online Offline

Only

Onomatopoeia

Open

Open Compounds

Ordinal Numbers

Over More Than

Oxford Comma

Oxymoron

Page Breaks

Page Numbering

Page Number Formats

Palindromes

Paragraphs






Paraphrasing

Parentheses


Participle

Participial Phrase

Parts of Speech

Party

Passed Past

Passive Voice


Past Perfect Tense


Past Simple Tense

People

Per

Percent

Percentage

Perfect Aspect

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Tense

Period

Person

Personal Pronouns

Personification

Persuade Convince

Phase Faze

Phatic Speech

Phrasal Verbs

Phrases


Pidgin

Plagiarism

Pleonasm

Pluperfect

Plurals

Plurals of Numbers

Plus

PM

Point in Time

Polyptoton

Polyseme

Polysyllabic


Possessive Case

Possessive Pronouns

Possessives

Posted Informed

Postmodifier

Precede Proceed

Predeterminers

Predicates

Preface

Prefixes

Premodifier


Prepositions


Place At On In

Location At On In

Movement To Toward

Combinations

Present Infinitive

Present Participle





Previous

Principal Principle

Problem Pronouns






Proceed Precede

Progressive Verbs

Pronouns


Proper Adjectives

Proper Nouns

Protatis

Quantifiers

Question Mark

Question Types

Quitclaim

Quit Exit

Quotation Marks




Raise Rise

Rational Rationale

Real

Reciprocal Pronouns

Recur Reoccur

Redundancy

Reflexive Pronouns

Regard Regards

Regular Verbs

Relative Adverbs

Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns

Reoccur

Reported Speech

Restrictive Clauses


Resumptive Modifier

Rhetorical Question

Rhyme

Right Business

Right-click

Rise Raise

Roman Numerals

Root Rout Route

Run

Run-On Sentences

Same

Sarcasm

Satire

Screen

Screen Terminology

Second Conditional

Select

Semicolon


Sensor Censor

Sentence

Sentence Fragments

Sentence Subject

Sentence Types

Sentence Variety

Setup Set Up

Sexist Language

Shall Will

Shape

Should Must

Should of

Should Would

Shut Down Shutdown

Sic


Simile

Since Because

Singular

Sit Set

Site Sight Cite

Slang

Slash

AndOr Combinations


Small Caps

So


Solidus

Some Any

Sometime Some Time

Sort of Kind of


Split Infinitive

Sr Jr

Stative Adjective

Stative Verb

Subheadings

Subject

Subject Complement

Subjective Case

Subjective Pronouns



Subjunctive


Subordinate Clause


Suffix

Summative Modifier

Superlative

Syllable


Sympathy Empathy

Synecdoche

Synonyms

Table of Contents

Tables

Tag Question

Take Bring

Tautology

Teach Learn

Telephone Numbers

Temperature

Tense

Terabyte

Than I Than Me

Than Then

That Which


Third Conditional

Time

Dates

Time Zones

Titled Entitled

Titles


Tmesis

To At

Tone

Topic Sentence

Totally

Toward Towards

Transitions


Repeating Key Words

Pronoun Reference

Parallelism

Transitive Verb


Type Enter

Typeface Font

Unbiased Language

Sexist Language

Uncountable Noun

Underlining

Understatement

Until By

Upload Download

Uppercase

URL

US

Used to

Utterance

Vain Vane Vein

Verbal Phrase

Verb Complement

Verb Forms

Verb Group

Verbiage

Verb Mood

Verbose Expressions

Verbs

Verb Tense

Versus vs

Vertical Lists


Voice

Voice Mail

Vowels

Wait On

Wander Wonder

Web

Weblog

Web Pages Web Site


Well Good

Went Gone

When Whether

Where

Whether or Not

Which

Whorsquos Whose

Who Which

Who Whom

Will Shall

Within Inside of

Woman Female

Wonder Wander

Word Classes

Words or Figures

Wordy Expressions

Would of

Would Should

Xmas Christmas

YesNo Questions

Zero Article

Zero Conditional

Zeugma

Zip Code


Abstracts

Acceptance Letter


Adjustment Letter

Announcement Letter

Annual Report

Application Letter

Brochures

Business Letter



Business Plan

Collection Letter

Commendation Letter

Complaint Letter

Cover Letters

Directives

Email

Endorsement Letter

Forms

Fund-Raising Letter

Grant Proposals

Instructions

Introductions

Inquiry Letter

Job Descriptions

Job Offer Letter

Meeting Agenda

Meeting Minutes

Corporate Minutes


Memorandum

Mission Statements

Newsletters

Newsletter Articles

Notices

Permission Letter




Press Releases

Procedures

Progress Reports

Proposals


Reference Letters

Refusal Letter

Reports

Memorandum Report

Letter Report

Short Report

Formal Report

Request Letters

Research Report

Resignation Letter

Reacutesumeacutes

Sales Letters


Specifications


Summaries


Training Manual

Trip Report

User Guide

Warning Letter

Web Sites

White Papers

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

RequestLetters

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

Exhibit325Directive

Figure327Contract

Figure340Memo

Figure342Newsletter

Figure344Note

Figure345Tip

Figure351Policy

Figure357Procedures

Figure360Survey

Figure368ReportBody

Figure379Summary

Figure393TripReport

Figure3101WebSite

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUDIENCEANALYSIS

BRAINSTORMING

RESEARCH

INTERVIEWING

OUTLINING

WRITINGADRAFT

USINGVISUALS

PAGEDESIGN

PUBLICATIONDESIGN

EDITING

PROOFREADING

DOCUMENTREVIEW

REVISIONS

DOCUMENTINGSOURCES

Bibliographies

PROMOTIONALWRITING

Abbreviations

ExampleDrMrMrsRep

ExampleSrJrMDPhD

ExampleMITFBIUN

ExampleUSA

ExampleIBMNBCITT

ExampleMLKJFKFDR

ExampleCDTVDVRPC

Example20ft30lb

LongPhrases

CommonLatinTerms

ExampleStLouis

Example30ft20lb

ExampleTRSmith

IncorrectATMmachine

CorrectATM

CorrectBuilding48

CorrectInvoice3219

IncorrectPageno102

CorrectPage102

ABOVEBELOW

Examplethepoor

ABSOLUTEPHRASE

ABSOLUTELY

ABSTRACTNOUNS

Exampleaconcept

ACCENTMARKS

ACCEPTEXCEPT

ACCESSEXCESS

ACRONYMS

ExampleCBSCIANFL

ACTIONVERBS

ActiveVoice

AdjectivalNoun

AdjectivalOpposites

AdjectivePhrase

SeeAdjectives

Adjectives

anadjectiveclause

DegreesofAdjectives

A-Adjectives

ADVERBIALCLAUSE

ADVERBIALPHRASE

ADVERBS

Adverbsofplace

Adverbsoffrequency

Adverbsoftime

Adverbsofpurpose

Amplify

Tonedown

AdverbstoAvoid

Beforetheverbusedto

OrderofAdverbs

ViewpointAdverbs

FocusAdverbs

NegativeAdverbs

ADVICEADVISE

AFFECTEFFECT

AFFIXES

AFRICAN-AMERICAN

AGENTS

AGREEMENT

AIDAIDE

SeeBothAlike

ALITTLE

SeeLittleALittle

ALLEGORIES

ALLITERATION

ALLRIGHTALRIGHT

ALLUSIONILLUSION

ALONELONELY

ALOTALOTALLOT

Alotisnotaword

ALREADYALLREADY

AMBITRANSITIVEVERBS

Change

AMONGBETWEEN

SeeBetweenAmong

AMPERSAND

SeeAAn

ANADIPLOSIS

ANAPHORA

ANDALSO

ANGRYMAD

SeeMadAngry

ANIMATENOUNS

ANTAGONYMS

Buckle

Citation

ANTECEDENT

ANTIMETABOLE

ANTONYMS

ANYEITHER

ANYSOME

APARTAPART

APODOSIS

APOSTROPHE

APPEARSDISPLAYS

APPENDIX

APPOSITION

APPOSITIVES

ARTICLES

ASLIKE

SeeLikeAs

ASSUREINSUREENSURE

ASTERISKS

ASTOWHETHER

ASWELLAS

AUTOANTONYMS

SeeAntagonyms

AUXILIARYVERBS

AVERAGEMEANMEDIAN

AWHILEAWHILE

AWFULAWFULLY

BADBADLY

BACK-CHANNELING

BACKSLASHSLASH

BACKUPBACKUP

BASEFORMOFAVERB

BECAUSESINCEAS

instead

BEENGONE

BEINGTHATBEINGAS

SeeAboveBelow

BESIDEBESIDES

BETWEENAMONG

BIASBIASED

Incorrectfireman

Correctfirefighter

Incorrectmailman

Correctmailcarrier

Incorrectstewardess

Incorrectpoliceman

Incorrectmalenurse

Correctnurse

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BILLION

BLOGWEBLOG

BOLDFONTS

BOREDBORING

BOTHALIKE

BOTHEACH

BRACKETS

BRAKEBREAK

BRANDNAMES

BREATHBREATHE

BRINGTAKE

BRITISHENGLISH

BULLETEDLIST

BUSHEL

BUSINESSRIGHT

BUZZWORDS

BYBYEBUY

BYUNTIL

CALLBACKCALLBACK

CALLOUTCALLOUT

CALLOUTS

CAMEBY

CANMAY

ExampleMayIhelpyou

CANNOT

Cannotisoneword

CANrsquoTSEEM

CANVASCANVASS

CAPITALLETTERS

CAPITALCAPITOL

Capitalization

CAPTIONS

Table28PronounCases

CATAPHORA

CAUSATIVEVERBS

CAUTIONNOTICE

SeeNotices

CHAMPAIGNCHAMPAGNE

CHECKCONTROL

CHIASMUS

CHOOSECHOSE

Choseisthepasttense

CITESITESIGHT

CITINGPUBLICATIONS

CLAUSES

CLEANUPCLEANUP

CLEFTSENTENCES

CLICHeacuteS

CLICKANDDRAG

SeeMouseTerminology

CLICKON

SeeMouseTerminology

CLOSEDCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

Coleman-LiauIndex

A-B=Index

COLLECTIVENOUNS

COLLOCATIONS

Examplehotandcold

COLLOQUIAL

Example515AMEST

COMBINATION

ExampleYesIwillgo

ContrastingPhrases

InfinitivePhrases

DesignatingDialogue

RepeatedWords

WordOmission

Numbers

Example249586

Example1345000

Addresses

Titles

CompanyNames

COMMONADJECTIVES

ExampleaSwisswatch

COMMONNOUNS

COMPARATIVES

SeeSuperlative

COMPLEMENTS

COMPLEXPREPOSITIONS

COMPOUNDNOUNS

Examplenewmoon

COMPOUNDPREDICATES

SeePredicates

COMPOUNDSENTENCES

combined

COMPOUNDWORDS

OpenCompounds

ClosedCompounds

HyphenatedCompounds

CONCORD

CONCRETENOUNS

CONDITIONALPERFECT

CONDITIONALS

CONJUNCTIONS

OtherConjunctions

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBS

CONJUNCTS

CONNOTEDENOTE

CONSIDEREDTOBE

CONSONANTS

CONTINUOUSVERBS

CONTRACTIONS

CONTRANYMS

SeeAntagonyms

CONTROL

SeeCheckControl

CONVINCEPERSUADE

COOPERATE

SeeAdjectives

COPULAVERBS

COPYRIGHT

SeeConjunctions

COULDOFMIGHTOF

COUNTNOUNS

CREDIBLECREDULOUS

CROSS-REFERENCE

CUT-AND-PASTE

DANGERNOTICE

SeeNotices

DANGLINGMODIFIERS

30minutes

DANGLINGPARTICIPLES

Example9162012or9-16-2012

Example1990s

Examplersquo80s

DEAFORHARDOFHEARING

DECIMALS

Example05[one-half]

DECLARATIVEMOOD

DECLARATIVESENTENCE

DEFINITEARTICLE

DEFUSEDIFFUSE

DEGREEADVERBS

DEGREETITLES

ExampleBAMAPhD

DEIXIS

DENOMINALADJECTIVES

DENOTECONNOTE

SeeConnoteDenote

DEPENDENTCLAUSES

DESCRIPTIVEWRITING

DESERTDESSERT

DETERMINERS

DEVICEDEVISE

DIACRITIC

DIFFUSEDEFUSE

SeeDefuseDiffuse

DIMENSIONS

DIRECTOBJECTS

DISABILITY

DISCDISK

DISCREETDISCRETE

DISEASENAMES

DISJUNCTS

DISYLLABIC

DITRANSITIVEVERBS

DITTOMARKS

DODOESDID

ExampleDoyoudrive

ExampleDoesshedrive

ExampleDidyoudrive

DOLLARSANDCENTS

Example1centor1cent

DollarandCentSigns

$10000

Correct25cent

Example$03564

DecimalPoints

Example$3$1200$1775

DOT-COM

DOUBLENEGATIVES

DOUBLEPOSSESSIVES

DOUBLE-CLICK

DOWNLOADUPLOAD

anothercomputer

DOWNTONERS

DRAG-AND-DROP

DUETOTHEFACTTHAT

SeeCDDVD

DYNAMICADJECTIVES

ExampleBepatient

DYNAMICVERBS

EACHOTHERONEANOTHER

EACHTHEIR

EFFECTAFFECT

SeeAffectEffect

EGGCORN

EITHERNEITHER

ELICITILLICIT

ELLIPSES

ELLIPTICALCLAUSES

EMBEDDEDQUESTIONS

EMDASH

SeeDash

EMIGRATEIMMIGRATE

EMOTICONS

Example-)isasmile

EMPATHICFORMS

EMPATHYSYMPATHY

ENDASH

SeeDash

ENDNOTES

ENDRESULT

ENDOPHORA

ENGINEMOTOR

ENOUGHNOTENOUGH

ENQUIREINQUIRE

ENSUREASSUREINSURE

ENTHUSEENTHUSIASTIC

ENTITLED

SeeTitledEntitled

ENVELOPENVELOPE

EPANADIPLOSIS

EPANALEPSIS

EPISTEMICMODALITY

EPISTROPHE

EPIZEUXIS

EQUALLYASIMPORTANT

EQUATIONS

ExampleX+Y=5

Example

ExampleH2+OregH2O

ERGATIVEVERBS

Verbsusedincooking

ESSENTIALLY

EUPHEMISMS

EVERYDAY

EVERYONEEVERYONE

EVERYTIME

EXCEPTUNLESS

EXCESSACCESS

SeeAccessExcess

EXCLAMATIONPOINT

EXCLAMATORYSENTENCE

EXCLUSIVEADVERBS

EXISTENTIALTHERE

SeeQuitExit

EXOPHORIC

EXPECT

EXPOSITORYWRITING

EXTRANET

EXTRAPOSITION

FACTITIVEVERBS

SeeFeintFaint

FAIRFARE

FANBOYS

FARTHERFURTHER

FAZEPHASE

FEINTFAINT

FEMALEWOMAN

FEWERLESS

SeeLessFewer

FEWAFEW

FIGURATIVELY

FIGUREOFSPEECH

FIGURES

FINITEVERBS

FIRSTCONDITIONAL

FIXSITUATION

FLAIRFLARE

FLESCH-KINCAIDINDEX

FLIERFLYER

FOCUSADVERB

FOGINDEX

FONTTYPEFACE

FOOTFEET

FOOTNOTESENDNOTES

FOREGOFORGO

FOREVERFOREVER

FORFOREFOUR

FORMATTING

FORMULAS

ExampleE=mc2

Example

FRACTIONS

Example025inch

FRAGMENTS

FULLTIMEFULL-TIME

FURTHER

SeeFartherFurther

FUSEDSENTENCES

FUTUREPERFECT

FUTUREPROGRESSIVE

GAGEGAUGE

GENDER

GENITIVEMARKER

GERUND

GIGABYTE

GIGAHERTZ

GLOSSARY

GONEWENT

GOODWELL

ExampleHespeakswell

GOTGOTTEN

CorrectIhaveanewcar

CorrectHehasanewjob

GRAYGREY

HANDICAPDISABILITY

HARDDISKHARDDRIVE

Incorrect

Correct

CorrectPrintDialog

HELPINGVERBS

SeeLinkingVerbs

HENDIATRIS

HETERONYMS

HIGHLIGHTING

HOMOGRAPHS

HOMONYMS

HOMOPHONES

HYPALLAGE

HYPERBATON

HYPERBOLE

HYPERLINKS

HYPHENS

SubstituteWords

Pronunciation

CompoundAdjectives

HYPHENATEDNUMBERS

Examplethirty-three

Exampleone-third

Example112

HYPONYMS

HYPOPHORA

HYSTERONPROTERON

IDIOLECT

IDIOMS

Seeegie

IFWHENWHETHER

ILLICITELICIT

SeeElicitIllicit

ILLUSIONALLUSION

SeeAllusionIllusion

ILLUSTRATIONS

SeeFigures

IMEMYSELF

IMMANENTEMINENT

IMMIGRATEEMIGRATE

IMPERATIVEMOOD

IMPLYINFER

INANIMATENOUNS

INAUGURATE

INCHOATIVEVERBS

INDEFINITEARTICLES

INDEFINITEPRONOUNS

INDEPENDENTCLAUSES

Figure24SampleIndex

INDICATIVEMOOD

INDIRECTOBJECTS

INDIRECTSPEECH

INFINITIVES

ExampleIliketodream

Perfectforms

Passiveforms

InfinitivePhrase

Asanoun

Asanadverb

INFLECTION

INITIALISMSACRONYMS

SeeAcronyms

INNUENDO

INORDERTO

INQUIREENQUIRE

SeeEnquireInquire

IN-SENTENCELISTS

SeeLists

INSIDEOFWITHIN

INSUREENSUREASSURE

INTENSIVEPRONOUNS

INTERJECTIONS

ExampleWhatisthat

ExampleWhoiscoming

INTRANET

INTRANSITIVEVERBS

INVITE

IRREGULARPLURALS

IRREGULARSPELLING

perseverance

IRREGULARVERBS

haveirregularforms

ISOCOLON

ITALICS

ITSITrsquoS

JARGON

JOBTITLES

JOINTPOSSESSIVES

ExampleMrStephens

KENNING

KEYBOARDTERMINOLOGY

ExamplePressEnter

ExampleCTRL+Shift

KILOBYTE

KILOHERTZ

KINDKINDS

KINDOFSORTOF

LATINTERMS

SeeAbbreviations

LATITUDELONGITUDE

LAYLIE

LAYOUTLAYOUT

LEADLED

LEARNTEACH

LEAVELET

SeeLetLeave

LEDLEAD

SeeLeadLed

SeeLoanLend

LendLoan

LESSENLESSON

LESSFEWER

wordless

LETLEAVE

Letmeanstopermit

LETSLETrsquoS

LEXICALDENSITY

LIABLELIKELY

LIELAY

SeeLayLie

LIGHTEDLIT

CorrectHelitacandle

LIKEAS

LINKINGVERBS

In-SentenceLists

VerticalLists

NumberedLists

BulletedLists

MulticolumnLists

LITLIGHTED

SeeLightedLit

LITOTES

LITTLEALITTLE

LOANLEND

LONELYALONE

SeeAloneLonely

LONGITUDELATITUDE

LOOSELOSE

LOSTLOSTOUT

IncorrectHelostout

CorrectHelost

MADANGRY

MARGINNOTES

MASSNOUNS

SeeEquations

MAYBEMAYBE

MAYCAN

CorrectMayIhelpyou

MAYMIGHT

ExampleItmaysnow

MEANMEDIANAVERAGE

MEGABYTE

MEGAHERTZ

abbreviation

MEIOSIS

MEMYSELFI

SeeIMeMyself

METAPHOR

METONYMY

MFRMFG

MIGHTCOULD

MIGHTMAY

SeeMayMight

MINIMALPAIRS

MISPLACEDMODIFIERS

MIXEDCONDITIONALS

MIXEDMETAPHOR

SeeMetaphor

MNEMONICS

MODIFIERS

InitialModifiers

Infinitivephrase

Adverb

Participialphrase

TerminalModifiers

CombiningModifiers

MisplacedModifiers

MONITOR

MONOSYLLABIC

MORETHANOVER

MORPHEME

thanonemorpheme

MOSTOFALLALMOST

MOTORENGINE

SeeEngineMotor

MOUSETERMINOLOGY

MULTICOLUMNLISTS

SeeLists

MYSELFME

SeeIMeMyself

SeeProperNouns

NEGATIVEADVERBS

NEGATIVEFORMATIONS

NEGATIVEPRONOUNS

NEITHEREITHER

SeeEitherNeither

NEOLOGISM

NOMINALADJECTIVES

NOMINATIVEABSOLUTES

NOMINATIVECASE

SeeCase

NONCOUNTNOUNS

SeeMassNouns

NONFINITEVERBS

NOTICES

NOUNCASE

Object

NOUNCLAUSE

NOUNPHRASE

Exampletalldarkma

Participialphrase

Infinitivephrase

Modifyingclause

Prepositionalphrase

NOUNPLURALS

ExampleWilsonWilson

ExampleJonesJonese

Examplethe1990

Examplecandywooltre

Exampleairwate

Exampleclassfanstea

NOUNSOFADDRESS

SeeNouns

NUMBERABBREVIATIONS

NUMBEREDLIST

NUMBERSORWORDS

LegalDocuments

RoundNumbers

SetsofNumbers

LargeNumbers

SeparatingDigits

Example1001123000143693

OBJECT

ExampleSaveme

OBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

OBJECTIVECASE

SeeSubjectiveCase

OFFLINE

SeeOnlineOffline

ONACCOUNTOF

ONEANOTHEREACHOTHER

ONLINEOFFLINE

ONOMATOPOEIA

OPENCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

ORDINALNUMBERS

OVERMORETHAN

SeeMorethanOver

OXFORDCOMMA

OXYMORON

PAGEBREAKS

PAGENUMBERING

PageNumberFormats

PALINDROMES

PARAGRAPHS

PARAPHRASING

PARENTHESES

PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPIALPHRASE

PARTSOFSPEECH

PASSEDPAST

PASSIVEVOICE

PASTPERFECTTENSE

PASTSIMPLETENSE

PEOPLE

PERCENT

PERCENTAGE

PERFECTASPECT

PERFECTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PERFECTTENSE

PERIOD

ExampleMrsPhDetc

PERSON

PERSONALPRONOUNS

ExampleIamtall

PERSONIFICATION

PERSUADECONVINCE

SeeConvincePersuade

PHASEFAZE

SeeFazePhase

PHATICSPEECH

PHRASALVERBS

PHRASES

PIDGIN

PLAGIARISM

PLEONASM

PLUPERFECT

SeePastPerfectTense

PLURALS

Somepluralsendinen

PLURALSOFNUMBERS

SeeAMPM

POINTINTIME

POLYPTOTON

POLYSEME

POLYSYLLABIC

POSSESSIVECASE

SeeCase

POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

POSSESSIVES

POSTEDINFORMED

POSTMODIFER

PRECEDEPROCEED

PREDETERMINERS

PREDICATES

PREFACE

PREFIXES

PREMODIFIER

PREPOSITIONALPHRASE

PREPOSITIONS

Combinations

PRESENTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PRESENTPARTICIPLE

ExampleIamtalking

PRESENTPERFECTTENSE

participle

PRESENTSIMPLETENSE

PROBLEMPRONOUNS

PROCEEDPRECEDE

SeePrecedeProceed

PROGRESSIVEVERBS

Processverbs

Momentaryverbs

Relationalverbs

PRONOUNS

madeclearpreviously

PROPERADJECTIVES

PROPERNOUNS

PROTATIS

QUANTIFIERS

QUESTIONMARK

ExampleWhattimeisit

ExampleReally

QUESTIONTYPES

QUITCLAIM

QUITEXIT

QUOTATIONMARKS

QuotationsforTitles

RAISERISE

RATIONALRATIONALE

RECIPROCALPRONOUNS

RECURREOCCUR

REDUNDANCY

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

REGARDREGARDS

REGULARVERBS

Exampletalktalked

Examplejokejoked

RELATIVEADVERBS

RELATIVECLAUSES

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

REOCCUR

SeeRecurReoccur

REPORTEDSPEECH

RESTRICTIVECLAUSES

RESUMPTIVEMODIFIER

RHETORICALQUESTION

RIGHTBUSINESS

SeeBusinessRight

RIGHT-CLICK

SeeMouseTerminology

RISERAISE

SeeRaiseRise

ROMANNUMERALS

ROOTROUTROUTE

RUN-ONSENTENCES

SeeFusedSentences

SARCASM

SATIRE

SCREEN

SCREENTERMINOLOGY

Figure26OpenWindow

Figure28WebPage

SECONDCONDITIONAL

SELECT

SEMICOLON

SENSORCENSOR

SENTENCE

SENTENCEFRAGMENTS

SENTENCESUBJECT

SENTENCETYPES

SENTENCEVARIETY

SETUPSETUP

SEXISTLANGUAGE

SeeUnbiasedLanguage

SHALLWILL

ExampleHewillgotoo

SHOULDMUST

SHOULDOF

SHOULDWOULD

SHUTDOWNSHUTDOWN

SIMILE

SINCEBECAUSE

SeeBecauseSinceAs

SINGULAR

SITSET

SITESIGHTCITE

SeeCiteSiteSight

AndOrCombinations

ExampleDearSirMadam

Example1231201

forthefirsttime

Meanldquoperrdquo

Example1000kmhou

Writefractions

Example14+14=1

SMALLCAPS

SOLIDUS

SeeSlash

SOMEANY

SeeAnySome

SOMETIMESOMETIME

SORTOFKINDOF

SeeKindofSortof

SPACESAFTERPERIODS

SPLITINFINITIVE

SeeJrSr

STATIVEADJECTIVE

STATIVEVERB

SeeProgressiveVerbs

SUBHEADINGS

SUBJECT

subject

SUBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

SUBJECTIVECASE

SUBJECTIVEPRONOUNS

SeeSubjectiveCase

ExampleHelovestoeat

Afterthewordso

SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBMITTALSUBMISSION

SUBORDINATECLAUSE

SUFFIX

Examplearguearguing

Examplediedying

Examplelielying

Exampletietying

Examplevievying

Examplemopmopping

SUMMATIVEMODIFIER

SUPERLATIVE

SYLLABLE

SYMPATHYEMPATHY

SeeEmpathySympathy

SYNECDOCHE

SYNONYMS

TABLEOFCONTENTS

TABLES

TAGQUESTION

TAKEBRING

SeeBringTake

TAUTOLOGY

TEACHLEARN

SeeLearnTeach

TELEPHONENUMBERS

Example(800)555-121

Example(22)(42)00000000000(UK

TEMPERATURE

Example55deg

TERABYTE

THANITHANME

THANTHEN

THATWHICH

THIRDCONDITIONAL

Examplea24-hourday

Butadayof24hours

Example100502am

IncorrectMay1st2011

CorrectMay12011

TIMEZONES

TITLEDENTITLED

TITLES

TMESIS

CorrectWhereareyou

CorrectWheredidhego

TOPICSENTENCE

TOTALLY

TOWARDTOWARDS

TRANSITIONS

RepeatingKeyWords

PronounReference

Parallelism

TRANSITIVEVERB

TYPEENTER

TYPEFACEFONT

SeeFontTypeface

UNBIASEDLANGUAGE

SexistLanguage

UNCOUNTABLENOUN

UNDERLINING

SeeTitlesandItalics

UNDERSTATEMENT

UNTILBY

SeeByUntil

UPLOADDOWNLOAD

SeeDownloadUpload

UPPERCASE

ExampleNASAFIFO

SeeCapitalization

USEDTO

UTTERANCE

VAINVANEVEIN

Exampleaweathervan

Exampleaveinofgol

VERBALPHRASE

VERBCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

VERBFORMS

ExampleIthought

ExampleIamthinking

ExampleIhavethought

VERBGROUP

VERBIAGE

VERBMOOD

Pastindicative

Futureindicative

VERBOSEEXPRESSIONS

VERBTENSE

Goingtohappen

Hasalreadyhappened

VERSUSVS

VERTICALLISTS

SeeLists

VOICEMAIL

VOWELS

WAITON

WANDERWONDER

WEBLOG

SeeBlogWeblog

WEBPAGESWEBSITE

WEIGHTSANDMEASURES

WELLGOOD

SeeGoodWell

WENTGONE

SeeGoneWent

WHENWHETHER

SeeIfWhenWhether

WHETHERORNOT

WHOrsquoSWHOSE

WHOWHICH

WHOWHOM

WILLSHALL

SeeShallWill

WITHININSIDEOF

SeeInsideofWithin

WOMANFEMALE

SeeFemaleWoman

WONDERWANDER

SeeWanderWonder

WORDCLASSES

WORDSORFIGURES

SeeNumbersorWords

WORDYEXPRESSIONS

WOULDOF

WOULDSHOULD

SeeShouldWould

XMASCHRISTMAS

YESNOQUESTIONS

ExampleDidyoufindit

ZEROARTICLE

ExampleMoneyispower

ZEROCONDITIONAL

ZEUGMA

ZIPCODE

ABSTRACTS

Abstract

Summary

ACCEPTANCELETTER

October202011

DearMrHarrison

Thankyou

EvelynWauson

August202011

JeffCollins

SubjTaxYear2011

DearMrCollins

Thankyou

ADJUSTMENTLETTER

April202012

DearMrLuntz

Sincerely

MortonBoyd

ANNOUNCEMENTLETTER

May222012

DearMsJones

Sincerely

ANNUALREPORT

APPLICATIONLETTER

DearMsPhillips

Sincerelyyours

AliceGrassley

BROCHURES

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

BUSINESSLETTER

DearMrDuffy

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

BUSINESSPLAN

OfficeoftheDirector

Mission

Vision

Values

Description

MarketAnalysis

Demographics

MarketTrends

MarketNeedsDemands

FinancialAnalysis

SuccessMonitoring

PerformanceMeasures

COLLECTIONLETTER

deadline

DearMrBarrymore

Sincerelyyours

COMMENDATIONLETTER

DearJack

Sincerelyyours

COMPLAINTLETTER

August82011

Gentlemen

Sincerelyyours

COVERLETTERS

DearMrWilson

Sincerelyyours

EvelynBoyd

DIRECTIVES

Figure325Directive

ANNOUNCEMENT

ToAllEmployees

ExampleHelloJim

Avoidsexistlanguage

ENDORSEMENTLETTER

May102012

DearEmoryUniversity

Sincerely

LauraJohnson

Figure327Contract

FUND-RAISINGLETTER

September122012

DearMrsJohnson

Sincerelyyours

GRANTPROPOSALS

Dear___________

October102011

NameIshaFoundation

AddressPhoneEmail

ISummary

IIStatementofNeed

VTimeline

VIEvaluation

VIIIProjectBudget

IXAppendix

INSTRUCTIONS

GettingStarted

INTRODUCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

INQUIRYLETTER

May152012

Sincerely

LouisSullivan

JOBDESCRIPTIONS

Termofemployment

JOBOFFERLETTER

January202012

DearMsRobertson

Sincerely

MEETINGAGENDA

MEETINGMINUTES

CorporateMinutes

MEMORANDUM

Figure340Memo

MarthaReeves

MISSIONSTATEMENTS

NEWSLETTERS

NewsletterArticles

WHATDOYOUHAVETOLOSE

Figure342Newsletter

NOTICES

Figure344Note

COBRAOverage

Figure345Tip

Caution

PERMISSIONLETTER

March212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

Figure351Policy

PRESSRELEASES

October12011

PROCEDURES

Figure357Procedures

PROGRESSREPORTS

ProjectObjectives

ResourceChangesNone

PROPOSALS

ByVideologies

AcworthGeorga

INTRODUCTION

SPECIFICATIONS

TREATMENT

PRODUCTION

Scriptwriting

VideoProduction

GraphicsProduction

PostProduction

FinalMastering

OPTIONS

CD-ROM

WebDelivery

DELIVERABLES

OneBlu-RayDVDmaster

BUDGET

RATESANDMANPOWER

Figure360Survey

REFERENCELETTERS

Sincerely

REFUSALLETTER

February212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

REPORTS

MemorandumReport

LetterReport

ShortReport

FormalReport

May122012

DearMsCleveland

Respectfullyyours

Figure368ReportBody

IIntroduction

REQUESTLETTERS

May82012

DearCaptainMuncie

aircraft

Sincerely

RESEARCHREPORT

RESIGNATIONLETTER

September12012

DearMsDuffey

Sincerely

DorothySpeers

REacuteSUMEacuteS

Experience

SALESLETTERS

DearMsSanchez

Sincerely

DearHomeowner

Sincerely

December72012

DearMrRichardson

Verytrulyyours

SPECIFICATIONS

IncorrectAB

CorrecteitherAorB

Usethethirdperson

ComputerHardware

SUMMARIES

Figure379Summary

Background

ProposalSummary

GeneralMethodology

SensitivityCases

DearMrsSullivan

TRAININGMANUAL

TRIPREPORT

Figure393TripReport

MEMORANDUM

USERGUIDE

WARNINGLETTER

DearMrsSullivan

WEBSITES

Figure3101WebSite

WHITEPAPERS

Introduction

Conclusion

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Audience Analysis

Brainstorming

Research

Interviewing

Outlining

Writing a Draft


Using Visuals

Page Design

Publication Design

Editing

Proofreading

Document Review

Revisions

Documenting Sources


Bibliographies



Promotional Writing


A An

Abbreviations


Names


Long Phrases


Common Latin Terms







Above Below


Absolute Phrase

Absolutely

Abstract Nouns

Accent Marks

Accept Except

Access Excess

Acronyms

Action Verbs

Active Voice

AD

Adjectival Noun


Adjective Phrase

Adjectives





A-Adjectives


Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Phrase

Adverbs




Adverbs to Avoid


Order of Adverbs


Viewpoint Adverbs

Focus Adverbs

Negative Adverbs

Advice Advise

Affect Effect

Affixes

African-American

Age

Agents

Agreement

Aid Aide

Alike

A Little

Allegories

Alliteration

All Right Alright

Allusion Illusion

Alone Lonely

A Lot Alot Allot

Already All Ready




Among Between

Ampersand

AM PM

An

Anadiplosis

Anaphora

And Also

AndOr

Angry Mad

Animate Nouns

Antagonyms

Antecedent

Anti-

Antimetabole

Antonyms

Any Either

Any Some

Apart A Part

Apodosis

Apostrophe

Appears Displays

Appendix

Apposition

Appositives

Articles

As Like


Asterisks

As to Whether

As Well As

Autoantonyms

Auxiliary Verbs

Average Mean Median

A While Awhile

Awful Awfully

Bad Badly

Back-Channeling

Backslash Slash

Back up Backup

Base Form of a Verb


BC

Because Since As

Been Gone

Being That Being As

Below

Beside Besides

Between Among

Bias Biased


Bibliography

Billion


Blind

Blog Weblog

Bold Fonts

Bored Boring

Both Alike

Both Each

Brackets



Brake Break

Brand Names

Breath Breathe

Bring Take

British English

Bulleted List

Bushel

Business Right

Buzzwords

By Bye Buy

By Until

Call Back Callback

Call Out Callout

Callouts

Came By

Can May

Cannot

Canrsquot Seem

Canvas Canvass

Capital Letters

Capital Capitol

Capitalization

Acts of Congress

Associations




Cities

Clubs

Legal Codes


Constitutions

Corporations

Courts

Decorations

Degrees (Academic)

Districts

Educational Courses

Epithets

Fleets

Foundations



Historical Terms

Holidays

Libraries

Localities

Military Services




Personification


Rivers


Captions


Case

Cataphora

Causative Verbs

Caution Notice

CD DVD


Champaign Champagne

Check Control

Chiasmus


Choose Chose

Cite Site Sight

Citing Publications

Clauses

Cleanup Clean Up

Cleft Sentences

Clicheacutes

Click

Click and Drag

Click On

Closed Compounds

Coleman-Liau Index


Collective Nouns

Collocations

Colloquial

Colon


Time

Titles

Combination

Comma





Contrasting Phrases


Infinitive Phrases


Repeated Words

Word Omission


Numbers

Addresses

Titles

Company Names

Common Adjectives

Common Nouns


Comparatives



Complements


Compound Nouns

Compound Predicates

Compound Sentences


Compound Words

Open Compounds

Closed Compounds



Concord

Concrete Nouns

Conditional Perfect

Conditionals

Conjunctions

And

But

Or


Other Conjunctions



Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjuncts

Connote Denote

Considered to Be

Consonants

Continuous Verbs

Contractions

Contranyms

Control

Convince Persuade

Cooperate



Copula Verbs

Copyright


Could of Might of


Count Nouns

Credible Credulous

Cross-Reference

Cut-and-Paste

Danger Notice

Dangling Modifiers




Dash

Data

Dates


Deal

Decimals

Declarative Mood



Definite Article

Defuse Diffuse

Degree Adverbs

Degree Titles

Deixis




Denote Connote

Dependent Clauses

Descriptive Writing

Desert Dessert

Determiners

Device Devise

Diacritic


Diffuse Defuse

Dimensions

Direct Objects

Disability

Disc Disk

Discreet Discrete

Disease Names

Disjuncts


Disyllabic

Ditransitive Verbs

Ditto Marks

Do Does Did

Dollars and Cents


Decimal Points



Dot-Com

Double Negatives

Double Possessives

Double-Click

Download Upload

Downtoners

Drag-and-Drop


DVD

Dynamic Adjectives

Dynamic Verbs


Each Their

Effect Affect

Eggcorn

eg ie

Either Neither

Elicit Illicit

Ellipses

Elliptical Clauses

Email

Embedded Questions

Em Dash

Emigrate Immigrate


Emoticons

Empathic Forms

Empathy Sympathy

En Dash

Endnotes

End Result

Endophora

Engine Motor

Enough Not Enough

Enquire Inquire



Entitled

Envelop Envelope

Epanadiplosis

Epanalepsis

Epistemic Modality

Epistrophe

Epizeuxis


Equations

Ergative Verbs

Essentially

et al

etc

Euphemisms

Everyday

Everyone Every One

Every Time

Except Unless

Excess Access

Exclamation Point


Exclusive Adverbs

Existential There

Exit

Exophoric

Expect


Expository Writing

Extranet

Extraposition

Factitive Verbs

Faint

Fair Fare

FANBOYS

Farther Further

Faze Phase

Feint Faint

Female Woman

Fewer Less

Few A Few

Figuratively

Figure of Speech

Figures

Finite Verbs

First Conditional

Fix Situation

Flair Flare


Flier Flyer

Focus Adverb

Fog Index

Font Typeface

Foot Feet

Footnotes Endnotes

Forego Forgo


Forever For Ever

For Fore Four

Formatting

Formulas


Fractions

Fragments

Full Time Full-time

Further

Fused Sentences

Future Perfect


Future Progressive

Gage Gauge

Gender

Genitive Marker

Gerund

Gigabyte

Gigahertz

Glossary

Gone Went

Good Well

Got Gotten


Gray Grey

Guess

Handicap Disability



Helping Verbs

Hendiatris

Heteronyms

Highlighting


Hit

Homographs

Homonyms

Homophones

Hypallage

Hyperbaton

Hyperbole

Hyperlinks

Hyphens

Line Breaks

Substitute Words

Pronunciation

Compound Adjectives


Hyphenated Numbers

Hyponyms

Hypophora


Hysteron Proteron

Idiolect

Idioms 230ie eg

If When Whether

Illicit Elicit

Illusion Allusion

Illustrations

I Me Myself

Immanent Eminent

Immigrate Emigrate

Imperative Mood

Imply Infer

Inanimate Nouns

Inaugurate

Inchoative Verbs

Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Pronouns

Independent Clauses

Index

Indicative Mood

Indirect Objects

Indirect Speech


Infinitives

Inflection



Innuendo

In Order to

Inquire Enquire

In-Sentence Lists

Inside of Within


Intensive Pronouns

Interjections




Intranet

Intransitive Verbs


Invite

Irony

Irregular Plurals

Irregular Spelling

Irregular Verbs

Isocolon

Italics

Its Itrsquos

Infinitive Phrase

Jargon

Job Titles

Joint Possessives

Jr Sr

Kenning


Kilobyte

Kilohertz

Kind Kinds

Kind of Sort of


Latin Terms

Latitude Longitude

Lay Lie

Lay Out Layout

Lead Led

Learn Teach

Leave Let

Led Lead

Lend Loan

Lessen Lesson

Less Fewer

Let Leave

Lets Letrsquos

Lexical Density

Liable Likely

Lie Lay

Lighted Lit

Like As

Line

Linking Verbs

Lists

In-Sentence Lists

Vertical Lists

Numbered Lists

Bulleted Lists

Multicolumn Lists


Lit Lighted

Litotes

Little A Little

Loan Lend


Lonely Alone

Longitude Latitude

Loose Lose

Lost Lost Out

Lots

Mad Angry

Margin Notes

Mass Nouns


Maybe May Be

May Can

May Might

Mean Median Average

Megabyte

Megahertz

Meiosis

Me Myself I

Metaphor

Metonymy

Mfr Mfg

Might Could

Might May


Minimal Pairs

Misplaced Modifiers

Mixed Conditionals

Mixed Metaphor

Mnemonics

Modifiers

Initial Modifiers


Terminal Modifiers

Combining Modifiers

Misplaced Modifiers

Monitor

Monosyllabic

Mood

More Than Over

Morpheme

Most of All Almost

Motor Engine

Mouse Terminology

Multicolumn Lists

Myself Me

Names

Negative Adverbs

Negative Formations

Negative Pronouns

Neither Either

Neologism

Never

Nominal Adjectives


Nominative Case


Noncount Nouns


Nonfinite Verbs



Notices

Noun Case

Noun Clause

Noun Phrase

Noun Plurals

Nouns

Nouns of Address


Numbered List

Numbers or Words



Legal Documents

Round Numbers

Sets of Numbers

Large Numbers

Separating Digits

Object

Object Complement

Objective Case

Off

Offline

On Account of

One


Online Offline

Only

Onomatopoeia

Open

Open Compounds

Ordinal Numbers

Over More Than

Oxford Comma

Oxymoron

Page Breaks

Page Numbering

Page Number Formats

Palindromes

Paragraphs






Paraphrasing

Parentheses


Participle

Participial Phrase

Parts of Speech

Party

Passed Past

Passive Voice


Past Perfect Tense


Past Simple Tense

People

Per

Percent

Percentage

Perfect Aspect

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Tense

Period

Person

Personal Pronouns

Personification

Persuade Convince

Phase Faze

Phatic Speech

Phrasal Verbs

Phrases


Pidgin

Plagiarism

Pleonasm

Pluperfect

Plurals

Plurals of Numbers

Plus

PM

Point in Time

Polyptoton

Polyseme

Polysyllabic


Possessive Case

Possessive Pronouns

Possessives

Posted Informed

Postmodifier

Precede Proceed

Predeterminers

Predicates

Preface

Prefixes

Premodifier


Prepositions


Place At On In

Location At On In

Movement To Toward

Combinations

Present Infinitive

Present Participle





Previous

Principal Principle

Problem Pronouns






Proceed Precede

Progressive Verbs

Pronouns


Proper Adjectives

Proper Nouns

Protatis

Quantifiers

Question Mark

Question Types

Quitclaim

Quit Exit

Quotation Marks




Raise Rise

Rational Rationale

Real

Reciprocal Pronouns

Recur Reoccur

Redundancy

Reflexive Pronouns

Regard Regards

Regular Verbs

Relative Adverbs

Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns

Reoccur

Reported Speech

Restrictive Clauses


Resumptive Modifier

Rhetorical Question

Rhyme

Right Business

Right-click

Rise Raise

Roman Numerals

Root Rout Route

Run

Run-On Sentences

Same

Sarcasm

Satire

Screen

Screen Terminology

Second Conditional

Select

Semicolon


Sensor Censor

Sentence

Sentence Fragments

Sentence Subject

Sentence Types

Sentence Variety

Setup Set Up

Sexist Language

Shall Will

Shape

Should Must

Should of

Should Would

Shut Down Shutdown

Sic


Simile

Since Because

Singular

Sit Set

Site Sight Cite

Slang

Slash

AndOr Combinations


Small Caps

So


Solidus

Some Any

Sometime Some Time

Sort of Kind of


Split Infinitive

Sr Jr

Stative Adjective

Stative Verb

Subheadings

Subject

Subject Complement

Subjective Case

Subjective Pronouns



Subjunctive


Subordinate Clause


Suffix

Summative Modifier

Superlative

Syllable


Sympathy Empathy

Synecdoche

Synonyms

Table of Contents

Tables

Tag Question

Take Bring

Tautology

Teach Learn

Telephone Numbers

Temperature

Tense

Terabyte

Than I Than Me

Than Then

That Which


Third Conditional

Time

Dates

Time Zones

Titled Entitled

Titles


Tmesis

To At

Tone

Topic Sentence

Totally

Toward Towards

Transitions


Repeating Key Words

Pronoun Reference

Parallelism

Transitive Verb


Type Enter

Typeface Font

Unbiased Language

Sexist Language

Uncountable Noun

Underlining

Understatement

Until By

Upload Download

Uppercase

URL

US

Used to

Utterance

Vain Vane Vein

Verbal Phrase

Verb Complement

Verb Forms

Verb Group

Verbiage

Verb Mood

Verbose Expressions

Verbs

Verb Tense

Versus vs

Vertical Lists


Voice

Voice Mail

Vowels

Wait On

Wander Wonder

Web

Weblog

Web Pages Web Site


Well Good

Went Gone

When Whether

Where

Whether or Not

Which

Whorsquos Whose

Who Which

Who Whom

Will Shall

Within Inside of

Woman Female

Wonder Wander

Word Classes

Words or Figures

Wordy Expressions

Would of

Would Should

Xmas Christmas

YesNo Questions

Zero Article

Zero Conditional

Zeugma

Zip Code


Abstracts

Acceptance Letter


Adjustment Letter

Announcement Letter

Annual Report

Application Letter

Brochures

Business Letter



Business Plan

Collection Letter

Commendation Letter

Complaint Letter

Cover Letters

Directives

Email

Endorsement Letter

Forms

Fund-Raising Letter

Grant Proposals

Instructions

Introductions

Inquiry Letter

Job Descriptions

Job Offer Letter

Meeting Agenda

Meeting Minutes

Corporate Minutes


Memorandum

Mission Statements

Newsletters

Newsletter Articles

Notices

Permission Letter




Press Releases

Procedures

Progress Reports

Proposals


Reference Letters

Refusal Letter

Reports

Memorandum Report

Letter Report

Short Report

Formal Report

Request Letters

Research Report

Resignation Letter

Reacutesumeacutes

Sales Letters


Specifications


Summaries


Training Manual

Trip Report

User Guide

Warning Letter

Web Sites

White Papers

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

RequestLetters

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

Exhibit325Directive

Figure327Contract

Figure340Memo

Figure342Newsletter

Figure344Note

Figure345Tip

Figure351Policy

Figure357Procedures

Figure360Survey

Figure368ReportBody

Figure379Summary

Figure393TripReport

Figure3101WebSite

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AUDIENCEANALYSIS

BRAINSTORMING

RESEARCH

INTERVIEWING

OUTLINING

WRITINGADRAFT

USINGVISUALS

PAGEDESIGN

PUBLICATIONDESIGN

EDITING

PROOFREADING

DOCUMENTREVIEW

REVISIONS

DOCUMENTINGSOURCES

Bibliographies

PROMOTIONALWRITING

Abbreviations

ExampleDrMrMrsRep

ExampleSrJrMDPhD

ExampleMITFBIUN

ExampleUSA

ExampleIBMNBCITT

ExampleMLKJFKFDR

ExampleCDTVDVRPC

Example20ft30lb

LongPhrases

CommonLatinTerms

ExampleStLouis

Example30ft20lb

ExampleTRSmith

IncorrectATMmachine

CorrectATM

CorrectBuilding48

CorrectInvoice3219

IncorrectPageno102

CorrectPage102

ABOVEBELOW

Examplethepoor

ABSOLUTEPHRASE

ABSOLUTELY

ABSTRACTNOUNS

Exampleaconcept

ACCENTMARKS

ACCEPTEXCEPT

ACCESSEXCESS

ACRONYMS

ExampleCBSCIANFL

ACTIONVERBS

ActiveVoice

AdjectivalNoun

AdjectivalOpposites

AdjectivePhrase

SeeAdjectives

Adjectives

anadjectiveclause

DegreesofAdjectives

A-Adjectives

ADVERBIALCLAUSE

ADVERBIALPHRASE

ADVERBS

Adverbsofplace

Adverbsoffrequency

Adverbsoftime

Adverbsofpurpose

Amplify

Tonedown

AdverbstoAvoid

Beforetheverbusedto

OrderofAdverbs

ViewpointAdverbs

FocusAdverbs

NegativeAdverbs

ADVICEADVISE

AFFECTEFFECT

AFFIXES

AFRICAN-AMERICAN

AGENTS

AGREEMENT

AIDAIDE

SeeBothAlike

ALITTLE

SeeLittleALittle

ALLEGORIES

ALLITERATION

ALLRIGHTALRIGHT

ALLUSIONILLUSION

ALONELONELY

ALOTALOTALLOT

Alotisnotaword

ALREADYALLREADY

AMBITRANSITIVEVERBS

Change

AMONGBETWEEN

SeeBetweenAmong

AMPERSAND

SeeAAn

ANADIPLOSIS

ANAPHORA

ANDALSO

ANGRYMAD

SeeMadAngry

ANIMATENOUNS

ANTAGONYMS

Buckle

Citation

ANTECEDENT

ANTIMETABOLE

ANTONYMS

ANYEITHER

ANYSOME

APARTAPART

APODOSIS

APOSTROPHE

APPEARSDISPLAYS

APPENDIX

APPOSITION

APPOSITIVES

ARTICLES

ASLIKE

SeeLikeAs

ASSUREINSUREENSURE

ASTERISKS

ASTOWHETHER

ASWELLAS

AUTOANTONYMS

SeeAntagonyms

AUXILIARYVERBS

AVERAGEMEANMEDIAN

AWHILEAWHILE

AWFULAWFULLY

BADBADLY

BACK-CHANNELING

BACKSLASHSLASH

BACKUPBACKUP

BASEFORMOFAVERB

BECAUSESINCEAS

instead

BEENGONE

BEINGTHATBEINGAS

SeeAboveBelow

BESIDEBESIDES

BETWEENAMONG

BIASBIASED

Incorrectfireman

Correctfirefighter

Incorrectmailman

Correctmailcarrier

Incorrectstewardess

Incorrectpoliceman

Incorrectmalenurse

Correctnurse

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BILLION

BLOGWEBLOG

BOLDFONTS

BOREDBORING

BOTHALIKE

BOTHEACH

BRACKETS

BRAKEBREAK

BRANDNAMES

BREATHBREATHE

BRINGTAKE

BRITISHENGLISH

BULLETEDLIST

BUSHEL

BUSINESSRIGHT

BUZZWORDS

BYBYEBUY

BYUNTIL

CALLBACKCALLBACK

CALLOUTCALLOUT

CALLOUTS

CAMEBY

CANMAY

ExampleMayIhelpyou

CANNOT

Cannotisoneword

CANrsquoTSEEM

CANVASCANVASS

CAPITALLETTERS

CAPITALCAPITOL

Capitalization

CAPTIONS

Table28PronounCases

CATAPHORA

CAUSATIVEVERBS

CAUTIONNOTICE

SeeNotices

CHAMPAIGNCHAMPAGNE

CHECKCONTROL

CHIASMUS

CHOOSECHOSE

Choseisthepasttense

CITESITESIGHT

CITINGPUBLICATIONS

CLAUSES

CLEANUPCLEANUP

CLEFTSENTENCES

CLICHeacuteS

CLICKANDDRAG

SeeMouseTerminology

CLICKON

SeeMouseTerminology

CLOSEDCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

Coleman-LiauIndex

A-B=Index

COLLECTIVENOUNS

COLLOCATIONS

Examplehotandcold

COLLOQUIAL

Example515AMEST

COMBINATION

ExampleYesIwillgo

ContrastingPhrases

InfinitivePhrases

DesignatingDialogue

RepeatedWords

WordOmission

Numbers

Example249586

Example1345000

Addresses

Titles

CompanyNames

COMMONADJECTIVES

ExampleaSwisswatch

COMMONNOUNS

COMPARATIVES

SeeSuperlative

COMPLEMENTS

COMPLEXPREPOSITIONS

COMPOUNDNOUNS

Examplenewmoon

COMPOUNDPREDICATES

SeePredicates

COMPOUNDSENTENCES

combined

COMPOUNDWORDS

OpenCompounds

ClosedCompounds

HyphenatedCompounds

CONCORD

CONCRETENOUNS

CONDITIONALPERFECT

CONDITIONALS

CONJUNCTIONS

OtherConjunctions

CONJUNCTIVEADVERBS

CONJUNCTS

CONNOTEDENOTE

CONSIDEREDTOBE

CONSONANTS

CONTINUOUSVERBS

CONTRACTIONS

CONTRANYMS

SeeAntagonyms

CONTROL

SeeCheckControl

CONVINCEPERSUADE

COOPERATE

SeeAdjectives

COPULAVERBS

COPYRIGHT

SeeConjunctions

COULDOFMIGHTOF

COUNTNOUNS

CREDIBLECREDULOUS

CROSS-REFERENCE

CUT-AND-PASTE

DANGERNOTICE

SeeNotices

DANGLINGMODIFIERS

30minutes

DANGLINGPARTICIPLES

Example9162012or9-16-2012

Example1990s

Examplersquo80s

DEAFORHARDOFHEARING

DECIMALS

Example05[one-half]

DECLARATIVEMOOD

DECLARATIVESENTENCE

DEFINITEARTICLE

DEFUSEDIFFUSE

DEGREEADVERBS

DEGREETITLES

ExampleBAMAPhD

DEIXIS

DENOMINALADJECTIVES

DENOTECONNOTE

SeeConnoteDenote

DEPENDENTCLAUSES

DESCRIPTIVEWRITING

DESERTDESSERT

DETERMINERS

DEVICEDEVISE

DIACRITIC

DIFFUSEDEFUSE

SeeDefuseDiffuse

DIMENSIONS

DIRECTOBJECTS

DISABILITY

DISCDISK

DISCREETDISCRETE

DISEASENAMES

DISJUNCTS

DISYLLABIC

DITRANSITIVEVERBS

DITTOMARKS

DODOESDID

ExampleDoyoudrive

ExampleDoesshedrive

ExampleDidyoudrive

DOLLARSANDCENTS

Example1centor1cent

DollarandCentSigns

$10000

Correct25cent

Example$03564

DecimalPoints

Example$3$1200$1775

DOT-COM

DOUBLENEGATIVES

DOUBLEPOSSESSIVES

DOUBLE-CLICK

DOWNLOADUPLOAD

anothercomputer

DOWNTONERS

DRAG-AND-DROP

DUETOTHEFACTTHAT

SeeCDDVD

DYNAMICADJECTIVES

ExampleBepatient

DYNAMICVERBS

EACHOTHERONEANOTHER

EACHTHEIR

EFFECTAFFECT

SeeAffectEffect

EGGCORN

EITHERNEITHER

ELICITILLICIT

ELLIPSES

ELLIPTICALCLAUSES

EMBEDDEDQUESTIONS

EMDASH

SeeDash

EMIGRATEIMMIGRATE

EMOTICONS

Example-)isasmile

EMPATHICFORMS

EMPATHYSYMPATHY

ENDASH

SeeDash

ENDNOTES

ENDRESULT

ENDOPHORA

ENGINEMOTOR

ENOUGHNOTENOUGH

ENQUIREINQUIRE

ENSUREASSUREINSURE

ENTHUSEENTHUSIASTIC

ENTITLED

SeeTitledEntitled

ENVELOPENVELOPE

EPANADIPLOSIS

EPANALEPSIS

EPISTEMICMODALITY

EPISTROPHE

EPIZEUXIS

EQUALLYASIMPORTANT

EQUATIONS

ExampleX+Y=5

Example

ExampleH2+OregH2O

ERGATIVEVERBS

Verbsusedincooking

ESSENTIALLY

EUPHEMISMS

EVERYDAY

EVERYONEEVERYONE

EVERYTIME

EXCEPTUNLESS

EXCESSACCESS

SeeAccessExcess

EXCLAMATIONPOINT

EXCLAMATORYSENTENCE

EXCLUSIVEADVERBS

EXISTENTIALTHERE

SeeQuitExit

EXOPHORIC

EXPECT

EXPOSITORYWRITING

EXTRANET

EXTRAPOSITION

FACTITIVEVERBS

SeeFeintFaint

FAIRFARE

FANBOYS

FARTHERFURTHER

FAZEPHASE

FEINTFAINT

FEMALEWOMAN

FEWERLESS

SeeLessFewer

FEWAFEW

FIGURATIVELY

FIGUREOFSPEECH

FIGURES

FINITEVERBS

FIRSTCONDITIONAL

FIXSITUATION

FLAIRFLARE

FLESCH-KINCAIDINDEX

FLIERFLYER

FOCUSADVERB

FOGINDEX

FONTTYPEFACE

FOOTFEET

FOOTNOTESENDNOTES

FOREGOFORGO

FOREVERFOREVER

FORFOREFOUR

FORMATTING

FORMULAS

ExampleE=mc2

Example

FRACTIONS

Example025inch

FRAGMENTS

FULLTIMEFULL-TIME

FURTHER

SeeFartherFurther

FUSEDSENTENCES

FUTUREPERFECT

FUTUREPROGRESSIVE

GAGEGAUGE

GENDER

GENITIVEMARKER

GERUND

GIGABYTE

GIGAHERTZ

GLOSSARY

GONEWENT

GOODWELL

ExampleHespeakswell

GOTGOTTEN

CorrectIhaveanewcar

CorrectHehasanewjob

GRAYGREY

HANDICAPDISABILITY

HARDDISKHARDDRIVE

Incorrect

Correct

CorrectPrintDialog

HELPINGVERBS

SeeLinkingVerbs

HENDIATRIS

HETERONYMS

HIGHLIGHTING

HOMOGRAPHS

HOMONYMS

HOMOPHONES

HYPALLAGE

HYPERBATON

HYPERBOLE

HYPERLINKS

HYPHENS

SubstituteWords

Pronunciation

CompoundAdjectives

HYPHENATEDNUMBERS

Examplethirty-three

Exampleone-third

Example112

HYPONYMS

HYPOPHORA

HYSTERONPROTERON

IDIOLECT

IDIOMS

Seeegie

IFWHENWHETHER

ILLICITELICIT

SeeElicitIllicit

ILLUSIONALLUSION

SeeAllusionIllusion

ILLUSTRATIONS

SeeFigures

IMEMYSELF

IMMANENTEMINENT

IMMIGRATEEMIGRATE

IMPERATIVEMOOD

IMPLYINFER

INANIMATENOUNS

INAUGURATE

INCHOATIVEVERBS

INDEFINITEARTICLES

INDEFINITEPRONOUNS

INDEPENDENTCLAUSES

Figure24SampleIndex

INDICATIVEMOOD

INDIRECTOBJECTS

INDIRECTSPEECH

INFINITIVES

ExampleIliketodream

Perfectforms

Passiveforms

InfinitivePhrase

Asanoun

Asanadverb

INFLECTION

INITIALISMSACRONYMS

SeeAcronyms

INNUENDO

INORDERTO

INQUIREENQUIRE

SeeEnquireInquire

IN-SENTENCELISTS

SeeLists

INSIDEOFWITHIN

INSUREENSUREASSURE

INTENSIVEPRONOUNS

INTERJECTIONS

ExampleWhatisthat

ExampleWhoiscoming

INTRANET

INTRANSITIVEVERBS

INVITE

IRREGULARPLURALS

IRREGULARSPELLING

perseverance

IRREGULARVERBS

haveirregularforms

ISOCOLON

ITALICS

ITSITrsquoS

JARGON

JOBTITLES

JOINTPOSSESSIVES

ExampleMrStephens

KENNING

KEYBOARDTERMINOLOGY

ExamplePressEnter

ExampleCTRL+Shift

KILOBYTE

KILOHERTZ

KINDKINDS

KINDOFSORTOF

LATINTERMS

SeeAbbreviations

LATITUDELONGITUDE

LAYLIE

LAYOUTLAYOUT

LEADLED

LEARNTEACH

LEAVELET

SeeLetLeave

LEDLEAD

SeeLeadLed

SeeLoanLend

LendLoan

LESSENLESSON

LESSFEWER

wordless

LETLEAVE

Letmeanstopermit

LETSLETrsquoS

LEXICALDENSITY

LIABLELIKELY

LIELAY

SeeLayLie

LIGHTEDLIT

CorrectHelitacandle

LIKEAS

LINKINGVERBS

In-SentenceLists

VerticalLists

NumberedLists

BulletedLists

MulticolumnLists

LITLIGHTED

SeeLightedLit

LITOTES

LITTLEALITTLE

LOANLEND

LONELYALONE

SeeAloneLonely

LONGITUDELATITUDE

LOOSELOSE

LOSTLOSTOUT

IncorrectHelostout

CorrectHelost

MADANGRY

MARGINNOTES

MASSNOUNS

SeeEquations

MAYBEMAYBE

MAYCAN

CorrectMayIhelpyou

MAYMIGHT

ExampleItmaysnow

MEANMEDIANAVERAGE

MEGABYTE

MEGAHERTZ

abbreviation

MEIOSIS

MEMYSELFI

SeeIMeMyself

METAPHOR

METONYMY

MFRMFG

MIGHTCOULD

MIGHTMAY

SeeMayMight

MINIMALPAIRS

MISPLACEDMODIFIERS

MIXEDCONDITIONALS

MIXEDMETAPHOR

SeeMetaphor

MNEMONICS

MODIFIERS

InitialModifiers

Infinitivephrase

Adverb

Participialphrase

TerminalModifiers

CombiningModifiers

MisplacedModifiers

MONITOR

MONOSYLLABIC

MORETHANOVER

MORPHEME

thanonemorpheme

MOSTOFALLALMOST

MOTORENGINE

SeeEngineMotor

MOUSETERMINOLOGY

MULTICOLUMNLISTS

SeeLists

MYSELFME

SeeIMeMyself

SeeProperNouns

NEGATIVEADVERBS

NEGATIVEFORMATIONS

NEGATIVEPRONOUNS

NEITHEREITHER

SeeEitherNeither

NEOLOGISM

NOMINALADJECTIVES

NOMINATIVEABSOLUTES

NOMINATIVECASE

SeeCase

NONCOUNTNOUNS

SeeMassNouns

NONFINITEVERBS

NOTICES

NOUNCASE

Object

NOUNCLAUSE

NOUNPHRASE

Exampletalldarkma

Participialphrase

Infinitivephrase

Modifyingclause

Prepositionalphrase

NOUNPLURALS

ExampleWilsonWilson

ExampleJonesJonese

Examplethe1990

Examplecandywooltre

Exampleairwate

Exampleclassfanstea

NOUNSOFADDRESS

SeeNouns

NUMBERABBREVIATIONS

NUMBEREDLIST

NUMBERSORWORDS

LegalDocuments

RoundNumbers

SetsofNumbers

LargeNumbers

SeparatingDigits

Example1001123000143693

OBJECT

ExampleSaveme

OBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

OBJECTIVECASE

SeeSubjectiveCase

OFFLINE

SeeOnlineOffline

ONACCOUNTOF

ONEANOTHEREACHOTHER

ONLINEOFFLINE

ONOMATOPOEIA

OPENCOMPOUNDS

SeeCompoundWords

ORDINALNUMBERS

OVERMORETHAN

SeeMorethanOver

OXFORDCOMMA

OXYMORON

PAGEBREAKS

PAGENUMBERING

PageNumberFormats

PALINDROMES

PARAGRAPHS

PARAPHRASING

PARENTHESES

PARTICIPLE

PARTICIPIALPHRASE

PARTSOFSPEECH

PASSEDPAST

PASSIVEVOICE

PASTPERFECTTENSE

PASTSIMPLETENSE

PEOPLE

PERCENT

PERCENTAGE

PERFECTASPECT

PERFECTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PERFECTTENSE

PERIOD

ExampleMrsPhDetc

PERSON

PERSONALPRONOUNS

ExampleIamtall

PERSONIFICATION

PERSUADECONVINCE

SeeConvincePersuade

PHASEFAZE

SeeFazePhase

PHATICSPEECH

PHRASALVERBS

PHRASES

PIDGIN

PLAGIARISM

PLEONASM

PLUPERFECT

SeePastPerfectTense

PLURALS

Somepluralsendinen

PLURALSOFNUMBERS

SeeAMPM

POINTINTIME

POLYPTOTON

POLYSEME

POLYSYLLABIC

POSSESSIVECASE

SeeCase

POSSESSIVEPRONOUNS

POSSESSIVES

POSTEDINFORMED

POSTMODIFER

PRECEDEPROCEED

PREDETERMINERS

PREDICATES

PREFACE

PREFIXES

PREMODIFIER

PREPOSITIONALPHRASE

PREPOSITIONS

Combinations

PRESENTINFINITIVE

SeeInfinitives

PRESENTPARTICIPLE

ExampleIamtalking

PRESENTPERFECTTENSE

participle

PRESENTSIMPLETENSE

PROBLEMPRONOUNS

PROCEEDPRECEDE

SeePrecedeProceed

PROGRESSIVEVERBS

Processverbs

Momentaryverbs

Relationalverbs

PRONOUNS

madeclearpreviously

PROPERADJECTIVES

PROPERNOUNS

PROTATIS

QUANTIFIERS

QUESTIONMARK

ExampleWhattimeisit

ExampleReally

QUESTIONTYPES

QUITCLAIM

QUITEXIT

QUOTATIONMARKS

QuotationsforTitles

RAISERISE

RATIONALRATIONALE

RECIPROCALPRONOUNS

RECURREOCCUR

REDUNDANCY

REFLEXIVEPRONOUNS

REGARDREGARDS

REGULARVERBS

Exampletalktalked

Examplejokejoked

RELATIVEADVERBS

RELATIVECLAUSES

RELATIVEPRONOUNS

REOCCUR

SeeRecurReoccur

REPORTEDSPEECH

RESTRICTIVECLAUSES

RESUMPTIVEMODIFIER

RHETORICALQUESTION

RIGHTBUSINESS

SeeBusinessRight

RIGHT-CLICK

SeeMouseTerminology

RISERAISE

SeeRaiseRise

ROMANNUMERALS

ROOTROUTROUTE

RUN-ONSENTENCES

SeeFusedSentences

SARCASM

SATIRE

SCREEN

SCREENTERMINOLOGY

Figure26OpenWindow

Figure28WebPage

SECONDCONDITIONAL

SELECT

SEMICOLON

SENSORCENSOR

SENTENCE

SENTENCEFRAGMENTS

SENTENCESUBJECT

SENTENCETYPES

SENTENCEVARIETY

SETUPSETUP

SEXISTLANGUAGE

SeeUnbiasedLanguage

SHALLWILL

ExampleHewillgotoo

SHOULDMUST

SHOULDOF

SHOULDWOULD

SHUTDOWNSHUTDOWN

SIMILE

SINCEBECAUSE

SeeBecauseSinceAs

SINGULAR

SITSET

SITESIGHTCITE

SeeCiteSiteSight

AndOrCombinations

ExampleDearSirMadam

Example1231201

forthefirsttime

Meanldquoperrdquo

Example1000kmhou

Writefractions

Example14+14=1

SMALLCAPS

SOLIDUS

SeeSlash

SOMEANY

SeeAnySome

SOMETIMESOMETIME

SORTOFKINDOF

SeeKindofSortof

SPACESAFTERPERIODS

SPLITINFINITIVE

SeeJrSr

STATIVEADJECTIVE

STATIVEVERB

SeeProgressiveVerbs

SUBHEADINGS

SUBJECT

subject

SUBJECTCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

SUBJECTIVECASE

SUBJECTIVEPRONOUNS

SeeSubjectiveCase

ExampleHelovestoeat

Afterthewordso

SUBJUNCTIVE

SUBMITTALSUBMISSION

SUBORDINATECLAUSE

SUFFIX

Examplearguearguing

Examplediedying

Examplelielying

Exampletietying

Examplevievying

Examplemopmopping

SUMMATIVEMODIFIER

SUPERLATIVE

SYLLABLE

SYMPATHYEMPATHY

SeeEmpathySympathy

SYNECDOCHE

SYNONYMS

TABLEOFCONTENTS

TABLES

TAGQUESTION

TAKEBRING

SeeBringTake

TAUTOLOGY

TEACHLEARN

SeeLearnTeach

TELEPHONENUMBERS

Example(800)555-121

Example(22)(42)00000000000(UK

TEMPERATURE

Example55deg

TERABYTE

THANITHANME

THANTHEN

THATWHICH

THIRDCONDITIONAL

Examplea24-hourday

Butadayof24hours

Example100502am

IncorrectMay1st2011

CorrectMay12011

TIMEZONES

TITLEDENTITLED

TITLES

TMESIS

CorrectWhereareyou

CorrectWheredidhego

TOPICSENTENCE

TOTALLY

TOWARDTOWARDS

TRANSITIONS

RepeatingKeyWords

PronounReference

Parallelism

TRANSITIVEVERB

TYPEENTER

TYPEFACEFONT

SeeFontTypeface

UNBIASEDLANGUAGE

SexistLanguage

UNCOUNTABLENOUN

UNDERLINING

SeeTitlesandItalics

UNDERSTATEMENT

UNTILBY

SeeByUntil

UPLOADDOWNLOAD

SeeDownloadUpload

UPPERCASE

ExampleNASAFIFO

SeeCapitalization

USEDTO

UTTERANCE

VAINVANEVEIN

Exampleaweathervan

Exampleaveinofgol

VERBALPHRASE

VERBCOMPLEMENT

SeeComplements

VERBFORMS

ExampleIthought

ExampleIamthinking

ExampleIhavethought

VERBGROUP

VERBIAGE

VERBMOOD

Pastindicative

Futureindicative

VERBOSEEXPRESSIONS

VERBTENSE

Goingtohappen

Hasalreadyhappened

VERSUSVS

VERTICALLISTS

SeeLists

VOICEMAIL

VOWELS

WAITON

WANDERWONDER

WEBLOG

SeeBlogWeblog

WEBPAGESWEBSITE

WEIGHTSANDMEASURES

WELLGOOD

SeeGoodWell

WENTGONE

SeeGoneWent

WHENWHETHER

SeeIfWhenWhether

WHETHERORNOT

WHOrsquoSWHOSE

WHOWHICH

WHOWHOM

WILLSHALL

SeeShallWill

WITHININSIDEOF

SeeInsideofWithin

WOMANFEMALE

SeeFemaleWoman

WONDERWANDER

SeeWanderWonder

WORDCLASSES

WORDSORFIGURES

SeeNumbersorWords

WORDYEXPRESSIONS

WOULDOF

WOULDSHOULD

SeeShouldWould

XMASCHRISTMAS

YESNOQUESTIONS

ExampleDidyoufindit

ZEROARTICLE

ExampleMoneyispower

ZEROCONDITIONAL

ZEUGMA

ZIPCODE

ABSTRACTS

Abstract

Summary

ACCEPTANCELETTER

October202011

DearMrHarrison

Thankyou

EvelynWauson

August202011

JeffCollins

SubjTaxYear2011

DearMrCollins

Thankyou

ADJUSTMENTLETTER

April202012

DearMrLuntz

Sincerely

MortonBoyd

ANNOUNCEMENTLETTER

May222012

DearMsJones

Sincerely

ANNUALREPORT

APPLICATIONLETTER

DearMsPhillips

Sincerelyyours

AliceGrassley

BROCHURES

Figure313Brochure

Figure314Brochure

BUSINESSLETTER

DearMrDuffy

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

July72011

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

Sincerelyyours

JeffWatkins

BUSINESSPLAN

OfficeoftheDirector

Mission

Vision

Values

Description

MarketAnalysis

Demographics

MarketTrends

MarketNeedsDemands

FinancialAnalysis

SuccessMonitoring

PerformanceMeasures

COLLECTIONLETTER

deadline

DearMrBarrymore

Sincerelyyours

COMMENDATIONLETTER

DearJack

Sincerelyyours

COMPLAINTLETTER

August82011

Gentlemen

Sincerelyyours

COVERLETTERS

DearMrWilson

Sincerelyyours

EvelynBoyd

DIRECTIVES

Figure325Directive

ANNOUNCEMENT

ToAllEmployees

ExampleHelloJim

Avoidsexistlanguage

ENDORSEMENTLETTER

May102012

DearEmoryUniversity

Sincerely

LauraJohnson

Figure327Contract

FUND-RAISINGLETTER

September122012

DearMrsJohnson

Sincerelyyours

GRANTPROPOSALS

Dear___________

October102011

NameIshaFoundation

AddressPhoneEmail

ISummary

IIStatementofNeed

VTimeline

VIEvaluation

VIIIProjectBudget

IXAppendix

INSTRUCTIONS

GettingStarted

INTRODUCTIONS

INTRODUCTION

INQUIRYLETTER

May152012

Sincerely

LouisSullivan

JOBDESCRIPTIONS

Termofemployment

JOBOFFERLETTER

January202012

DearMsRobertson

Sincerely

MEETINGAGENDA

MEETINGMINUTES

CorporateMinutes

MEMORANDUM

Figure340Memo

MarthaReeves

MISSIONSTATEMENTS

NEWSLETTERS

NewsletterArticles

WHATDOYOUHAVETOLOSE

Figure342Newsletter

NOTICES

Figure344Note

COBRAOverage

Figure345Tip

Caution

PERMISSIONLETTER

March212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

Figure351Policy

PRESSRELEASES

October12011

PROCEDURES

Figure357Procedures

PROGRESSREPORTS

ProjectObjectives

ResourceChangesNone

PROPOSALS

ByVideologies

AcworthGeorga

INTRODUCTION

SPECIFICATIONS

TREATMENT

PRODUCTION

Scriptwriting

VideoProduction

GraphicsProduction

PostProduction

FinalMastering

OPTIONS

CD-ROM

WebDelivery

DELIVERABLES

OneBlu-RayDVDmaster

BUDGET

RATESANDMANPOWER

Figure360Survey

REFERENCELETTERS

Sincerely

REFUSALLETTER

February212012

DearMrWilson

Sincerely

REPORTS

MemorandumReport

LetterReport

ShortReport

FormalReport

May122012

DearMsCleveland

Respectfullyyours

Figure368ReportBody

IIntroduction

REQUESTLETTERS

May82012

DearCaptainMuncie

aircraft

Sincerely

RESEARCHREPORT

RESIGNATIONLETTER

September12012

DearMsDuffey

Sincerely

DorothySpeers

REacuteSUMEacuteS

Experience

SALESLETTERS

DearMsSanchez

Sincerely

DearHomeowner

Sincerely

December72012

DearMrRichardson

Verytrulyyours

SPECIFICATIONS

IncorrectAB

CorrecteitherAorB

Usethethirdperson

ComputerHardware

SUMMARIES

Figure379Summary

Background

ProposalSummary

GeneralMethodology

SensitivityCases

DearMrsSullivan

TRAININGMANUAL

TRIPREPORT

Figure393TripReport

MEMORANDUM

USERGUIDE

WARNINGLETTER

DearMrsSullivan

WEBSITES

Figure3101WebSite

WHITEPAPERS

Introduction

Conclusion

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contents

INTRODUCTION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Audience Analysis

Brainstorming

Research

Interviewing

Outlining

Writing a Draft


Using Visuals

Page Design

Publication Design

Editing

Proofreading

Document Review

Revisions

Documenting Sources


Bibliographies



Promotional Writing


A An

Abbreviations


Names


Long Phrases


Common Latin Terms







Above Below


Absolute Phrase

Absolutely

Abstract Nouns

Accent Marks

Accept Except

Access Excess

Acronyms

Action Verbs

Active Voice

AD

Adjectival Noun


Adjective Phrase

Adjectives





A-Adjectives


Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Phrase

Adverbs




Adverbs to Avoid


Order of Adverbs


Viewpoint Adverbs

Focus Adverbs

Negative Adverbs

Advice Advise

Affect Effect

Affixes

African-American

Age

Agents

Agreement

Aid Aide

Alike

A Little

Allegories

Alliteration

All Right Alright

Allusion Illusion

Alone Lonely

A Lot Alot Allot

Already All Ready




Among Between

Ampersand

AM PM

An

Anadiplosis

Anaphora

And Also

AndOr

Angry Mad

Animate Nouns

Antagonyms

Antecedent

Anti-

Antimetabole

Antonyms

Any Either

Any Some

Apart A Part

Apodosis

Apostrophe

Appears Displays

Appendix

Apposition

Appositives

Articles

As Like


Asterisks

As to Whether

As Well As

Autoantonyms

Auxiliary Verbs

Average Mean Median

A While Awhile

Awful Awfully

Bad Badly

Back-Channeling

Backslash Slash

Back up Backup

Base Form of a Verb


BC

Because Since As

Been Gone

Being That Being As

Below

Beside Besides

Between Among

Bias Biased


Bibliography

Billion


Blind

Blog Weblog

Bold Fonts

Bored Boring

Both Alike

Both Each

Brackets



Brake Break

Brand Names

Breath Breathe

Bring Take

British English

Bulleted List

Bushel

Business Right

Buzzwords

By Bye Buy

By Until

Call Back Callback

Call Out Callout

Callouts

Came By

Can May

Cannot

Canrsquot Seem

Canvas Canvass

Capital Letters

Capital Capitol

Capitalization

Acts of Congress

Associations




Cities

Clubs

Legal Codes


Constitutions

Corporations

Courts

Decorations

Degrees (Academic)

Districts

Educational Courses

Epithets

Fleets

Foundations



Historical Terms

Holidays

Libraries

Localities

Military Services




Personification


Rivers


Captions


Case

Cataphora

Causative Verbs

Caution Notice

CD DVD


Champaign Champagne

Check Control

Chiasmus


Choose Chose

Cite Site Sight

Citing Publications

Clauses

Cleanup Clean Up

Cleft Sentences

Clicheacutes

Click

Click and Drag

Click On

Closed Compounds

Coleman-Liau Index


Collective Nouns

Collocations

Colloquial

Colon


Time

Titles

Combination

Comma





Contrasting Phrases


Infinitive Phrases


Repeated Words

Word Omission


Numbers

Addresses

Titles

Company Names

Common Adjectives

Common Nouns


Comparatives



Complements


Compound Nouns

Compound Predicates

Compound Sentences


Compound Words

Open Compounds

Closed Compounds



Concord

Concrete Nouns

Conditional Perfect

Conditionals

Conjunctions

And

But

Or


Other Conjunctions



Conjunctive Adverbs

Conjuncts

Connote Denote

Considered to Be

Consonants

Continuous Verbs

Contractions

Contranyms

Control

Convince Persuade

Cooperate



Copula Verbs

Copyright


Could of Might of


Count Nouns

Credible Credulous

Cross-Reference

Cut-and-Paste

Danger Notice

Dangling Modifiers




Dash

Data

Dates


Deal

Decimals

Declarative Mood



Definite Article

Defuse Diffuse

Degree Adverbs

Degree Titles

Deixis




Denote Connote

Dependent Clauses

Descriptive Writing

Desert Dessert

Determiners

Device Devise

Diacritic


Diffuse Defuse

Dimensions

Direct Objects

Disability

Disc Disk

Discreet Discrete

Disease Names

Disjuncts


Disyllabic

Ditransitive Verbs

Ditto Marks

Do Does Did

Dollars and Cents


Decimal Points



Dot-Com

Double Negatives

Double Possessives

Double-Click

Download Upload

Downtoners

Drag-and-Drop


DVD

Dynamic Adjectives

Dynamic Verbs


Each Their

Effect Affect

Eggcorn

eg ie

Either Neither

Elicit Illicit

Ellipses

Elliptical Clauses

Email

Embedded Questions

Em Dash

Emigrate Immigrate


Emoticons

Empathic Forms

Empathy Sympathy

En Dash

Endnotes

End Result

Endophora

Engine Motor

Enough Not Enough

Enquire Inquire



Entitled

Envelop Envelope

Epanadiplosis

Epanalepsis

Epistemic Modality

Epistrophe

Epizeuxis


Equations

Ergative Verbs

Essentially

et al

etc

Euphemisms

Everyday

Everyone Every One

Every Time

Except Unless

Excess Access

Exclamation Point


Exclusive Adverbs

Existential There

Exit

Exophoric

Expect


Expository Writing

Extranet

Extraposition

Factitive Verbs

Faint

Fair Fare

FANBOYS

Farther Further

Faze Phase

Feint Faint

Female Woman

Fewer Less

Few A Few

Figuratively

Figure of Speech

Figures

Finite Verbs

First Conditional

Fix Situation

Flair Flare


Flier Flyer

Focus Adverb

Fog Index

Font Typeface

Foot Feet

Footnotes Endnotes

Forego Forgo


Forever For Ever

For Fore Four

Formatting

Formulas


Fractions

Fragments

Full Time Full-time

Further

Fused Sentences

Future Perfect


Future Progressive

Gage Gauge

Gender

Genitive Marker

Gerund

Gigabyte

Gigahertz

Glossary

Gone Went

Good Well

Got Gotten


Gray Grey

Guess

Handicap Disability



Helping Verbs

Hendiatris

Heteronyms

Highlighting


Hit

Homographs

Homonyms

Homophones

Hypallage

Hyperbaton

Hyperbole

Hyperlinks

Hyphens

Line Breaks

Substitute Words

Pronunciation

Compound Adjectives


Hyphenated Numbers

Hyponyms

Hypophora


Hysteron Proteron

Idiolect

Idioms 230ie eg

If When Whether

Illicit Elicit

Illusion Allusion

Illustrations

I Me Myself

Immanent Eminent

Immigrate Emigrate

Imperative Mood

Imply Infer

Inanimate Nouns

Inaugurate

Inchoative Verbs

Indefinite Articles

Indefinite Pronouns

Independent Clauses

Index

Indicative Mood

Indirect Objects

Indirect Speech


Infinitives

Inflection



Innuendo

In Order to

Inquire Enquire

In-Sentence Lists

Inside of Within


Intensive Pronouns

Interjections




Intranet

Intransitive Verbs


Invite

Irony

Irregular Plurals

Irregular Spelling

Irregular Verbs

Isocolon

Italics

Its Itrsquos

Infinitive Phrase

Jargon

Job Titles

Joint Possessives

Jr Sr

Kenning


Kilobyte

Kilohertz

Kind Kinds

Kind of Sort of


Latin Terms

Latitude Longitude

Lay Lie

Lay Out Layout

Lead Led

Learn Teach

Leave Let

Led Lead

Lend Loan

Lessen Lesson

Less Fewer

Let Leave

Lets Letrsquos

Lexical Density

Liable Likely

Lie Lay

Lighted Lit

Like As

Line

Linking Verbs

Lists

In-Sentence Lists

Vertical Lists

Numbered Lists

Bulleted Lists

Multicolumn Lists


Lit Lighted

Litotes

Little A Little

Loan Lend


Lonely Alone

Longitude Latitude

Loose Lose

Lost Lost Out

Lots

Mad Angry

Margin Notes

Mass Nouns


Maybe May Be

May Can

May Might

Mean Median Average

Megabyte

Megahertz

Meiosis

Me Myself I

Metaphor

Metonymy

Mfr Mfg

Might Could

Might May


Minimal Pairs

Misplaced Modifiers

Mixed Conditionals

Mixed Metaphor

Mnemonics

Modifiers

Initial Modifiers


Terminal Modifiers

Combining Modifiers

Misplaced Modifiers

Monitor

Monosyllabic

Mood

More Than Over

Morpheme

Most of All Almost

Motor Engine

Mouse Terminology

Multicolumn Lists

Myself Me

Names

Negative Adverbs

Negative Formations

Negative Pronouns

Neither Either

Neologism

Never

Nominal Adjectives


Nominative Case


Noncount Nouns


Nonfinite Verbs



Notices

Noun Case

Noun Clause

Noun Phrase

Noun Plurals

Nouns

Nouns of Address


Numbered List

Numbers or Words



Legal Documents

Round Numbers

Sets of Numbers

Large Numbers

Separating Digits

Object

Object Complement

Objective Case

Off

Offline

On Account of

One


Online Offline

Only

Onomatopoeia

Open

Open Compounds

Ordinal Numbers

Over More Than

Oxford Comma

Oxymoron

Page Breaks

Page Numbering

Page Number Formats

Palindromes

Paragraphs






Paraphrasing

Parentheses


Participle

Participial Phrase

Parts of Speech

Party

Passed Past

Passive Voice


Past Perfect Tense


Past Simple Tense

People

Per

Percent

Percentage

Perfect Aspect

Perfect Infinitive

Perfect Tense

Period

Person

Personal Pronouns

Personification

Persuade Convince

Phase Faze

Phatic Speech

Phrasal Verbs

Phrases


Pidgin

Plagiarism

Pleonasm

Pluperfect

Plurals

Plurals of Numbers

Plus

PM

Point in Time

Polyptoton

Polyseme

Polysyllabic


Possessive Case

Possessive Pronouns

Possessives

Posted Informed

Postmodifier

Precede Proceed

Predeterminers

Predicates

Preface

Prefixes

Premodifier


Prepositions


Place At On In

Location At On In

Movement To Toward

Combinations

Present Infinitive

Present Participle





Previous

Principal Principle

Problem Pronouns






Proceed Precede

Progressive Verbs

Pronouns


Proper Adjectives

Proper Nouns

Protatis

Quantifiers

Question Mark

Question Types

Quitclaim

Quit Exit

Quotation Marks




Raise Rise

Rational Rationale

Real

Reciprocal Pronouns

Recur Reoccur

Redundancy

Reflexive Pronouns

Regard Regards

Regular Verbs

Relative Adverbs

Relative Clauses

Relative Pronouns

Reoccur

Reported Speech

Restrictive Clauses


Resumptive Modifier

Rhetorical Question

Rhyme

Right Business

Right-click

Rise Raise

Roman Numerals

Root Rout Route

Run

Run-On Sentences

Same

Sarcasm

Satire

Screen

Screen Terminology

Second Conditional

Select

Semicolon


Sensor Censor

Sentence

Sentence Fragments

Sentence Subject

Sentence Types

Sentence Variety

Setup Set Up

Sexist Language

Shall Will

Shape

Should Must

Should of

Should Would

Shut Down Shutdown

Sic


Simile

Since Because

Singular

Sit Set

Site Sight Cite

Slang

Slash

AndOr Combinations


Small Caps

So


Solidus

Some Any

Sometime Some Time

Sort of Kind of


Split Infinitive

Sr Jr

Stative Adjective

Stative Verb

Subheadings

Subject

Subject Complement

Subjective Case

Subjective Pronouns



Subjunctive


Subordinate Clause


Suffix

Summative Modifier

Superlative

Syllable


Sympathy Empathy

Synecdoche

Synonyms

Table of Contents

Tables

Tag Question

Take Bring

Tautology

Teach Learn

Telephone Numbers

Temperature

Tense

Terabyte

Than I Than Me

Than Then

That Which


Third Conditional

Time

Dates

Time Zones

Titled Entitled

Titles


Tmesis

To At

Tone

Topic Sentence

Totally

Toward Towards

Transitions


Repeating Key Words

Pronoun Reference

Parallelism

Transitive Verb


Type Enter

Typeface Font

Unbiased Language

Sexist Language

Uncountable Noun

Underlining

Understatement

Until By

Upload Download

Uppercase

URL

US

Used to

Utterance

Vain Vane Vein

Verbal Phrase

Verb Complement

Verb Forms

Verb Group

Verbiage

Verb Mood

Verbose Expressions

Verbs

Verb Tense

Versus vs

Vertical Lists


Voice

Voice Mail

Vowels

Wait On

Wander Wonder

Web

Weblog

Web Pages Web Site


Well Good

Went Gone

When Whether

Where

Whether or Not

Which

Whorsquos Whose

Who Which

Who Whom

Will Shall

Within Inside of

Woman Female

Wonder Wander

Word Classes

Words or Figures

Wordy Expressions

Would of

Would Should

Xmas Christmas

YesNo Questions

Zero Article

Zero Conditional

Zeugma

Zip Code


Abstracts

Acceptance Letter


Adjustment Letter

Announcement Letter

Annual Report

Application Letter

Brochures

Business Letter



Business Plan

Collection Letter

Commendation Letter

Complaint Letter

Cover Letters

Directives

Email

Endorsement Letter

Forms

Fund-Raising Letter

Grant Proposals

Instructions

Introductions

Inquiry Letter

Job Descriptions

Job Offer Letter

Meeting Agenda

Meeting Minutes

Corporate Minutes


Memorandum

Mission Statements

Newsletters

Newsletter Articles

Notices

Permission Letter




Press Releases

Procedures

Progress Reports

Proposals


Reference Letters

Refusal Letter

Reports

Memorandum Report

Letter Report

Short Report

Formal Report

Request Letters

Research Report

Resignation Letter

Reacutesumeacutes

Sales Letters


Specifications


Summaries


Training Manual

Trip Report

User Guide

Warning Letter

Web Sites

White Papers