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The allelopathic effect of extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii on the
germination and growth of Lepidium satvium
IB Exam May 2017
BIOLOGY
Word count: 3814
1
ABSTRACT
Allelopathy regulates the density and biodiversity of plant communities by the plants release
of allelochemicals into the soil. Allelochemicals have harmful effect on the growth and
metabolism processes in plants, thereby decreasing the productivity of forestry and lowering
crop yield as well as the quality which additionally leads to economic losses. Other
allelochemicals have beneficial effects. Interest in allelopathy has increased during recent
years because knowledge and awareness of the mechanisms can increase yields
productivity.
The aim of this study was to investigate if Vaccinium myrtillus, Sphagnum girgensohnii and
Empetrum nigrum have allelopathic tendencies. In the present investigation the effects of
different extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Sphagnum girgensohnii and Empetrum nigrum on
growth of Lepidium satvium seeds was examined. Seed germination, length of seedling, root
hair development, opening of the leaves of Lepidium satvium seeds harvested in different
concentration of extract (0.00 g/10 cm3, 0.05 g/10 cm3, 0.10 g/10 cm3, 0.50 g/10 cm3 and
1.00 g/10 cm3) was recorded after 10 days.
The results obtained show that all three species had adverse effects on the germination,
length of seedling, root hair development and opening of the leaves of Lepidium satvium
seeds. The allelopathic effects was found to increase with concentration of extracts. The
scale of increasing toxicity of extract in this study was the following: Sphagnum girgensohnii
< Empetrum nigrum < Vaccinium myrtillus. Allelopathy is an eco-friendly way of increasing
agricultural production, and includes both advantages in health and environmental aspects,
however allelopathy requires further research for applications in agricultural production
worldwide. Future studies would include larger range of seeds and seedlings to examine the
relative effectiveness of plants used in this study.
Word count: 273
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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Allelopathy ................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.1 Allelochemicals ........................................................................................ 3
1.1.2 Transport of allelochemicals .................................................................... 4
6.1 Ecological importance and use in agriculture ............................................................... 5
1.2 Vaccinium myrtillus ...................................................................................................... 6
1.3 Empetrum nigrum ........................................................................................................ 7
1.4 Sphagnum girgensohnii ............................................................................................... 8
1.5 Lepidium satvium ......................................................................................................... 9
2. AIM, HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTION .........................................................10
3. MATERIAL, METHOD AND VARIABLES.......................................................................11
3.1 Material .......................................................................................................................11
3.2 Method ........................................................................................................................11
3.2.1 Preparation of extract .............................................................................12
3.2.2 Preparation of Petri dishes ......................................................................13
3.3 Variables .....................................................................................................................14
3.3.1 Dependent variables ...............................................................................14
3.3.2 Independent variables ............................................................................14
3.3.3 Uncontrolled variables ............................................................................14
3.3.4 Controlled variables ................................................................................15
4. RESULTS ........................................................................................................................16
4.1 Raw data.....................................................................................................................17
4.2 Effect on germination ..................................................................................................21
4.3 Length of seedling .......................................................................................................23
4.4 Root hair development ...............................................................................................25
4.5 Opening of the leaves .................................................................................................27
5. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................29
6. DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................................30
6.1 Limitation and improvements .....................................................................................32
7. REFERENCES .................................................................................................................35
3
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Allelopathy The word allelopathy is derived from the Greek words allelon, ''of each other'' and pathos, ''to
suffer'' .The phenomenon is defined as the direct or indirect biochemical interaction of one
plant on another, by the production of allelochemicals which are released by plants into the
environment in respond to stress. Allelopathy is often a result from competition.[6] Competition
is the event in which one plant removes or limits sources from the environment such as light,
water, nutrients, etc, and thereby limits the survival and growth of a neighbouring plant.[2]
Allelopathy can be explained to be a protection mechanism that ensures the survival of a
plant. The plant will act by releasing allelochemicals to limit the population of the species that
threatens them.
Allelopathy contributes to adverse impacts to the plant ecology as it affects the growth,
productivity, diversity and structure of communities.[8] However, there are also
allelochemicals that have beneficial impacts on other species.[6]
1.1.1 Allelochemicals Allelochemicals are substances produced by plants that have inhibitory effect on growth,
metabolism and population biology of neighbouring organisms.[10] They can affect a plant
indirectly by altering soil property, nutrition and population activity of microorganisms, or
directly by altering plant growth, cell division, respiration, mineral uptake, protein synthesis,
germination, photosynthesis, membrane permeability, inhibition of enzymes, metabolism
etc.[2,6]
Agents identified to have allelopathic effects can be divided into two categories; (1) storage
compounds such as organic acids, amino acid, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, and (2)
secondary compounds such as alkaloids, tannins and pigments.[3]
4
1.1.2 Transport of allelochemicals Allelochemicals are released from the donor plant to the soil and is absorbed by the receiver
plant. The donor plant releases allelochemicals through different mechanisms such as root
exudation, biomass decomposition, volatilization and as leachates (Figure 1).[7]
The allelopathic effect depends also on the environment in which the allelochemicals are
released into. Some allelochemicals are reactive and can transform into less harmful or more
toxic substances. Furthermore, their solubility will affect how they move in the soil or water,
their vapour pressure will affect their volatility in the air, and their structure will affect their
degradability. Their mobility in soil will further be affected by particle size, pH and change in
ion concentration in the soil. [6]
Figure 1. shows how allelochemicals move in soil from the donor to the receiver plant.
5
6.1 Ecological importance and use in agriculture Farmers and gardeners have observed allelopathy for over 2000 years, but the phenomenon
was not conducted until the 1900 hundreds.[2]
Allelopathy has a very important impact on the ecosystem. It regulates the density and
biodiversity of plant communities, as the dominant species tend to limit the population size of
minor species.[8]
Furthermore it has been discovered that most plants develop resistance to the
allelochemicals of species which they coexist with, but not to toxins of species which they do
not coexist with and thereby create ecological stability in a plant community. On the other
hand, it can also lead to, if a plant in a community lack resistance, this may result in
disruption of the existing plant community as the dominant species will limit the population of
minor species.[15]
Moreover, it has been found that allelopathy affects the nitrogen cycle due to it inhibitive
effect on plants and microorganisms. The nitrogen cycle demonstrates how nitrogen moves
between plants, animals, bacteria, the air, and soil. The life of every living organism is
dependent on nitrogen supplement. Nitrogen is important component of amino acids,
proteins, DNA and chlorophyll in plants. Allelopathy limits nitrification in many ecosystem by
the loss of nitrogen in the soil due to plant removal, leaching and vitalization.[2]
Scientists have made research about allelopathy to use it for their advantage. Allelopathy
can be used to increase crop yield through the avoidance of negative impacts, suppress pest
(weed, insects, nematodes, pathogens) and the use of allelochemicals as growth regulators.
Allelochemicals act on pest in many ways. They prevent them from infesting the plant, killing
them, or decreasing the effect of damage on the plant.[7] Allelopathy is also used to develop
rotation systems, such as maintenance of soil fertility, soil structure, plant nutrients, etc. [6]
Allelopathy is an eco-friendly way of increasing agricultural production without increasing
farm inputs. It includes both advantages in health and environmental aspects. [6]
6
1.2 Vaccinium myrtillus
Figure 2. Vaccinium myrtillus.
Vaccinium myrtillus belongs to the Ericaceae family. It is a 20-40cm high bush that carries
blue-like berries. The plant bloom in May-June, and the berries do not mature until July-
August.[9]
Vaccinium myrtillus is one of Sweden's most common plants (Figure 3). It has a wide
geographical spread and is dominant in the habitants where it occurs. It is most commonly
found in forests and on mountains. Furthermore, it covers on average 17% of Swedish
forests and the rhizome of a single seedling can cover
an area of 5,5cm3.[1, 9]
Earlier observations have shown that it is hard to plant
new trees close to areas with Vaccinium myrtillus
seedlings. This was later justified by Andreas Jäderlund,
professor at SLU in Umeå reported that Vaccinium
myrtillus has suppressive impact on the germination and
growth of tree seedlings by the production and release
of phenols into the environment.[1]
The Figure 3. The geographical expansion of Vaccinium myrtillus in northern Europe.
7
1.3 Empetrum nigrum
Figure 4. Empetrum nigrum.
Empetrum nigrum belongs to the Ericaceae family. It is approximately 10-30 cm high, and
carries black-like berries. The plants bloom in April-June.[12,13] Empetrum nigrum is the
dominant plant in Götaland and Svealand (Figure 5). Its subspecies Empetrum
hermaphroditum is the dominant specie in Norrland. Empetrum hermaphroditum has larger
berries, and 52 chromosomes, compared to Empetrum nigrum who has only 26
chromosomes.[13] Furthermore, Empetrum nigrum and Empetrum Hermaphroditum have
expanded in Swedish forests over time. This has become serious problems to the ecosystem
because of its aggressive impact on surrounding species
sharing the habitant. The leaves of Empetrum nigrum
release a toxic which prevents germination and growth of
species. According to Marie-Charlotte Nilsson, professor
at SLU in Umeå, this may be the reason for why new
forest in Norrland are difficult to grow.[14] Furthermore,
Empetrum nigrum has the ability to compete for limiting
resources like nutrients, water and light and this
additionally favours the plants survival.[3]
Figure 5. The geographical expansion of Empetrum nigrum in northern Europe.
8
1.4 Sphagnum girgensohnii
Figure 6. Sphagnum girgensohnii. Sphagnum girgensohnii belongs to the Sphagnaceae family. 10% of Swedish surface is
covered with sphagnum. It is mainly found in mires, mosses and marsh. It grows close to, or
on water. This has a great impact on ecosystem as it makes oxygen inaccessible for other
plants, and thereby suffocates them.[10,21]
Additionally, Sphagnum girgensohnii releases organic acids which make the surrounding
environment acidic. Many plants and other organisms cannot survive in acidic environment.
Sphagnum girgensohnii is thereby inhibiting the growth of other species. Additionally, it is
discover that Sphagnum girgensohnii expand vigorously in acidic environment.[10]
Sphagnum girgensohnii violent seed dispersal mechanism has also a great importance for its
enormous expansion. Each spore capsule can hold a capacity of 15 000 - 300 000 spores
which can reach up to twenty centimetres.[16]
9
1.5 Lepidium satvium
Figure 7. Lepidium satvium.
In this experiment, Lepidium satvium seeds were cultured to investigate if Vaccinium
myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii shows allelopathic tendencies on
the germination and growth of the seedlings.
Lepidium satvium (garden cress) is a quick growing seed that can be harvested after 10
days. It is a cool season plant and grows in early spring.[11]
Lepidium satvium is suitable to be grown outdoors and indoors. It grows best in sunny
locations with moist and well-drained soil. The plant requires a lot of water and must
therefore be kept moist. Its tolerate pH is between 6 to 7.[11]
10
2. AIM, HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCH QUESTION From earlier studies, and investigations it has been found that Vaccinium myrtillus and
Empetrum nigrum have harmful effects on the germination and growth of near growing
seedlings. This has become to a problems in many Swedish ecosystems, especially in
forestry as large economical values get lost as allelopathic species like Vaccinium myrtillus
inhibit the growth of newly planted forest seedlings. It has also been reported that Sphagnum
girgenohnii shows similar inhibitory characteristics on aqueous plants. Allelochemicals have
adverse effect on the growth and metabolism processes in plants, hence decreasing
productivity of forestry and lowering the yield produced as well as their quality which
additionally lead to great economic losses.
Aim: The aim was to investigate if Vaccinium myrtillus, Sphagnum girgensohnii and
Empetrum nigrum have allelopathic tendencies. This was explored by observing the
development of growth (germination, root hair development, opening of the leaf and length of
seedling), of Lepidium satvium seeds, exposed to different concentrations of leaf extracts.
Hypothesis: Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii will show
inhibitory effects on the germination and growth of Lepidium satvium seeds.
Research question: Does extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and
Sphagnum girgensohnii have allelopathic impacts on the seed germination, growth, root hair
and leaf development on Lepidium satvium seeds at different concentrations of extract ( 1.00
g/10 cm3, 0.50 g/10 cm3, 0.10 g/10 cm3, 0.05 g/10 cm3 and 0.00 g/10 cm3).
11
3. MATERIAL, METHOD AND VARIABLES
3.1 Material
Plants
• Empetrum nigrum • Vaccinium myrtillus • Sphagnum girgensohnii • Lepidium satvium seeds
Equipments
• Scissor • Mortar and pestle • 100 cm3 measuring cylinder (±1cm3) • Conical flask 500 cm3 • Reagent bottles • Glass rod • Markers • Funnel • Filter paper • Petri dishes • Tweezers • 3 cm3 Pipette (± 0.5cm3)
3.2 Method This experiment was separated into two different stages. The first stage was the preparation
of extract. Extracts of Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus and Sphagnum girgensohnii
were prepared using the same method. The second stage was the preparation for
germinating and cultivating of Lepidium satvium.
12
3.2.1 Preparation of extract 1. The extracts of Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus and Sphagnum girgensohnii, were
made by crushing 50 g plant parts, leaves and stem, with a mortar.
2. Tap water was added successively in small volumes to the crushed plant parts of
Empetrum nigrum. In total 500 cm3 of water was added to 50 g crushed plant parts. This
was repeated for Vaccinium myrtillus and Sphagnum girgensohnii.
3. The extracts were placed in the dark for 24 hours, and then each extract was filtrated.
4. Four different concentrations of each extract was prepared by diluting the stock solution
with tap water into final concentrations of 1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and
0.05g/10cm3 according to Table 1.
Table 1. The table shows how the four concentrations of extract were prepared by diluting the stock solution with water. The final volume of each dilution of the extracts was 250 cm3.
Concentration (g/10cm3) Volume of H2O (cm3) Volume of extract (cm3)
0.5 200 100
0.1 250 25
0.05 300 15
5. The solutions were poured in reagent bottles, and reached a level of 250 cm3 each.
Figure 8. The figure above shows the conical flasks with extracts of Empetrum nigrum, Vaccinium myrtillus and Sphagnum girgensohnii. The extract of Empetrum nigrum and Vaccinium myrtillus had an orange-like colour and had a strong smell, while the extract on Sphagnum girgensohnii was colourless and had a mild smell.
13
3.2.2 Preparation of Petri dishes 1. 30 cress seeds were placed on filter papers in Petri dishes.
2. 10 cm3 of extract with different concentration was added to each Petri dish. The Petri dish
was then covered with a lid to avoid vaporisation, and placed on the windowsill. Three
parallels were run for each extract. Additionally, three control trials were watered with only
water.
3. 2 cm3 of extract was added every 24 hours, and the Petri dishes were rearranged
randomly.
4. Germination, growth, root hair and opening of the leave was recorded after 10 days.
Figure 9. The figure shows the distribution of seeds on the Petri dishes.
14
3.3 Variables
3.3.1 Dependent variables In this investigation several aspects of germination and growth were taken in account:
• The number of seeds that germinated were counted.
• The number seeds that developed root hair were counted.
• The number of seeds that opened their leaf were counted.
• Lengths of seedlings were measured.
3.3.2 Independent variables The seeds were watered with extract form three different extracts:
• Empetrum nigrum
• Vaccinium myrtillus
• Sphagnum girgensohnii
The extracts were at different concentrations to see if the allelopathic affect was
concentration dependent.
3.3.3 Uncontrolled variables The variables that cannot be controlled are that we cannot know if dormant seeds of
Lepidium satvium were present. Dormant seeds will not germinate even under environmental
conditions which normally are favourable for germination. One more variable that is
uncontrolled, is that the plants used to make extract may not have been under stress, as the
stress level of plants varies through different seasons and time in life cycle.
15
3.3.4 Controlled variables The variables that are not changed for this experiment are the number of seeds (30),
culturing time (10 days), sunlight, temperature, watering, oxygen and carbon dioxide
supplement.
Variable Why How Number of seeds
It is important to use the same numbers of seeds in each trial to be able to compare the results.
Each trial was run with the same number of seeds (30 seeds).
Culturing time Culturing time affect germination and growth. If a plant is given more time to culture, more seeds may germinate and the plant may grow more.
Every trial was performed under a period of 10 days.
Sunlight Sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis to occur. Photosynthesis is the plants own production on nutrients. The nutrients who are produced are essential for plant growth.[22]
All trials received the same amount of sunlight. Petri dishes were placed on the window shell during the period of the experiment. The Petri dishes were moved randomly every 24 hours.
Temperature Temperature affects germination, growth and the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis increases with increased temperature. Hence, too hot environments can also decrease the rate of photosynthesis.[18]
The optimal temperature for seed germination changes between species.
All the trials were carried out at the same temperature. The experiments for all trials were performed in the same room at during the same period of time.
Watering Water is also essential for germination. Germination occurs only when seeds have absorbed enough water to create a force strong enough to break the seed coat. [5]
Plants do also require water for photosynthesis.[22] Additionally, many metabolic reaction takes place in water. If there is insufficient supply of water this can cause dehydration and the plant dries out.
All trials were kept moist, by adding 2 ml of extract every day.
Oxygen Oxygen is one of the factors required for cell respiration. Plants need to respire to release the energy in the carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis.[18]
All trials were supplied with the same air containing oxygen.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is one of the factors required for photosynthesis. A plant cannot carry out photosynthesis if there is insufficient carbon dioxide.[18]
All trials were supplied with the same air containing carbon dioxide.
16
4. RESULTS Seedlings of Lepidium satvium were grown in different extract and concentrations. Three
trials were run for each concentration. Germination and growth of seedlings was recorded
after 10 days.
Figure 10. Seedlings watered with only water. Germination started in between 24h hours after culturing.
Figure11.Seedling watered with extract of Sphagnum girgensohnii (1.0g/10cm3). Germination started after 24 hours after culturing.
Figure 12. Seedling watered with extract of Empetrum nigrum (1.0g/10cm3). Germination started after 3 days.
Figure 13. Seedling watered with extract of Vaccinium myrtillus (1.0g/10cm3). Germination was fully inhibited.
17
4.1 Raw data Table 2. The table shows the number of Lepidium satvium seeds that germinated after 10 days. The seeds were cultured in extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum Girgensohnii, at different concentrations ranging from 0.05-1.00 g/cm-3. The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.
Concentration of Vaccinium
myrtillus extract (g/cm3) Concentration of Empetrum
nigrum extract (g/cm3)
Concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii
extract (g/cm3)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Number of germinated Lepidium satvium
seeds
29 23 22 12 0 29 26 24 19 14 29 26 25 23 23
30 25 21 13 0 30 25 24 15 10 30 27 25 25 25
29 24 19 13 0 29 24 18 12 14 29 28 26 25 23
Table 3. The table illustrated the number of Lepidium satvium seedling that developed root hair after 10 days, after cultured in extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum Girgensohnii, at different concentrations ranging from 0.05-1.00 g/cm-3. The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.
Concentration of Vaccinium
myrtillus extract (g/cm3) Concentration of Empetrum
nigrum extract (g/cm3) Concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract (g/cm3)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Number of
Lepidium satvium seeds that
developed root hair
29 21 22 9 0 29 25 22 15 3 29 24 23 21 15
30 25 19 12 0 30 25 23 12 2 30 27 25 23 21
29 24 19 10 0 29 23 16 8 4 29 28 26 25 22
Table 4. The table shows the number of Lepidium satvium seedling that opened their leaves after 10 days of culturing in extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum Girgensohnii, at different concentrations The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.
Concentration of Vaccinium
myrtillus extract (g/cm3) Concentration of Empetrum
nigrum extract (g/cm3) Concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract (g/cm3)
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Number of Lepidium satvium seedlings that opened their
leaves
26 18 16 8 0 26 22 20 12 6 26 24 22 16 18
27 20 16 5 0 27 23 19 11 6 27 25 23 23 19
24 21 15 7 0 24 21 15 8 8 24 25 23 22 19
18
Table 5. The table illustrates the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings that were cultured in different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract.
Concentration of Vaccinium Myrtillus extract (g/cm3) 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m) ±
1m
m
179 109 46 76 60 108 64 62 93 0 0 0 131 118 72 153 96 151 59 108 98 0 0 0 138 182 130 162 177 190 84 88 32 0 0 0 118 114 169 144 122 137 120 105 41 0 0 0 119 148 120 127 141 121 42 97 61 0 0 0 156 121 124 135 94 40 80 84 29 0 0 0 168 156 116 114 79 64 64 76 101 0 0 0 124 178 162 71 61 116 63 97 60 0 0 0 86 162 139 145 149 127 81 54 52 0 0 0
164 79 150 69 132 123 66 74 66 0 0 0 127 158 165 161 174 102 60 62 103 0 0 0 122 157 114 144 137 166 54 69 119 0 0 0 182 141 174 104 150 115 0 69 51 0 0 0 121 113 143 100 115 165 0 0 0 0 0 0 151 113 156 157 111 129 0 0 0 0 0 0 147 159 143 166 111 166 0 0 0 0 0 0 161 121 134 167 75 120 0 0 0 0 0 0 163 176 168 68 161 137 0 0 0 0 0 0 121 171 157 114 128 113 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 184 141 167 107 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 148 132 72 60 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 138 152 130 81 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 124 128 125 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 156 97 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 166 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
19
Table 6. The table illustrates the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings that were cultured indifferent concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract.
Concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract (g/cm3) 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m) ±
1m
m
178 225 194 66 170 178 125 149 155 24 35 25 160 170 163 142 157 98 119 131 124 26 38 28 206 151 81 201 120 210 177 152 140 21 32 21 195 132 209 164 151 162 131 156 140 39 40 39 182 81 176 201 180 170 155 94 88 46 56 45 150 169 80 192 111 186 114 92 123 45 33 48 140 200 196 112 176 195 124 141 121 48 24 46 156 156 182 162 195 153 175 138 117 24 43 36 119 192 119 109 192 153 112 137 114 45 26 73 168 140 166 200 116 185 146 126 171 36 50 40 180 141 169 40 181 204 157 138 111 28 0 24 152 195 190 210 90 188 153 157 115 24 0 38 200 97 178 89 121 168 69 146 0 38 0 24 186 193 220 215 57 137 90 120 0 49 0 40 134 195 168 180 210 130 140 111 0 0 0 0 107 179 154 190 174 199 151 0 0 0 0 0 162 194 190 200 180 200 145 0 0 0 0 0 101 190 148 102 187 192 114 0 0 0 0 0 146 85 167 190 72 0 140 0 0 0 0 0 139 149 155 200 133 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 146 160 147 122 191 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 174 172 190 20 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 119 160 181 175 162 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 98 210 147 178 164 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
201 193 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 154 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20
Table 7. The table illustrates the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings that were cultured indifferent concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract.
Concentration of Sphagnum Girgensohnii extract (g/cm3) 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m) ±
1m
m
155 155 111 155 147 132 116 121 125 110 133 120 133 157 140 189 136 92 140 99 145 111 115 140 176 137 162 136 169 161 140 141 166 190 125 153 166 165 115 131 143 166 130 147 135 192 133 153 159 134 199 200 140 100 102 140 110 152 142 123 170 144 110 132 141 145 132 138 130 120 122 133 160 120 129 116 115 150 115 138 135 120 121 98 150 140 109 145 125 157 195 125 111 108 125 133 143 128 178 157 114 128 159 131 165 121 104 130 116 116 150 122 129 151 132 137 120 103 120 131 189 124 130 137 133 113 142 195 165 198 120 145 159 129 133 157 122 119 122 150 100 111 130 108 130 190 124 132 107 156 147 132 121 190 113 98 135 157 175 125 196 136 140 127 110 125 190 125 188 130 150 134 106 112 129 136 121 115 133 148 149 136 125 128 203 101 140 182 100 135 126 121 87 162 140 175 144 147 110 136 104 123 130 135
121 113 166 127 110 121 153 108 98 116 70 129 102 137 165 120 119 203 130 134 162 192 126 53 189 137 207 130 197 127 180 121 119 139 151 132 135 161 153 109 122 110 140 163 118 90 170 153 160 160 127 142 125 100 166 133 153 111 158 151 211 182 205 126 118 111 125 162 113 108 120 53 120 120 139 152 186 199 0 129 115 0 115 0 130 202 190 100 130 111 0 115 130 0 115 0 134 129 204 0 0 142 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 166 116 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21
4.2 Effect on germination Table 8.The table shows the mean percentage of seeds germinated, when cultured in extract of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii of different concentrations (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3. First the percentage of seeds that germinated was found for each trial. If 30 seeds corresponds to 100%, then 15 seeds equal to 15
30× 100= 50%. The mean germination was found by the
formula:
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠× 100
Mean percentage of seeds germinated (%) Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 98 80 69 42 0 Empetrum nigrum 98 83 73 51 13 Sphagnum girgensohnii 98 90 84 81 79
Table 9. The table illustrates the Standard deviation for the mean percentage of seeds that germinated at different extracts and concentration(1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). To find the standard deviation, the percentage germinated for each trial
was first found, and then the standard deviation was calculated by excel. 𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 = �∑(𝑋𝑋−�̅�𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛−1,
where �̅�𝑥 is the mean of the sample, and n represents the number of values in the sample.
S.D Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.9 3.3 5.1 1.9 0.0 Empetrum nigrum 1.9 3.3 11.6 11.7 7.7 Sphagnum girgensohnii 1.9 3.3 2.0 3.9 3.9
22
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n %
of s
eeds
ger
min
ated
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n %
of s
eeds
ger
min
ated
Concentration of extraxt (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00Mea
n %
of s
seed
s ger
min
ated
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Empetrumnigrum
Control(water)
Graph 1. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on the germination of Lepidium satvium seeds. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 2. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract on the germination of Lepidium satvium seeds. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 3. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract on the germination of Lepidium satvium seeds. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 4. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii extract on the germination of Lepidium satvium seeds.
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n %
of s
eeds
ger
min
ated
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Empetrumnigrum
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
23
4.3 Length of seedling
Table 10. The table demonstrates the effect of different extracts on the mean length of Lepidium satvium seedling measured in millimetres, at different concentration of extract (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.The length of the seedling was measured from the tip of the root to the tip of the shoot. The mean length of seedlings was found by the formula;
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝑆𝑆𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇ℎ 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠× 100
The seedlings that did not germinate, and had therefore a length of 0 mm were not
calculated into the mean.
Mean length of seedling (mm ±1) Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 147 129 122 73 0 Empetrum nigrum 147 162 159 131 37 Sphagnum girgensohnii 147 148 137 134 129
Table 11. The table illustrates the Standard deviation for the mean length of seedlings, at different extracts and concentrations (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.Standard deviation was calculated with excel. The general formula
for standard deviation which excel uses is, 𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 = �∑(𝑋𝑋−�̅�𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛−1, where �̅�𝑥 is the mean of the
sample, and n represents the number of values in the sample.
S.D Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 26.5 28.3 35.4 23.0 0.00 Empetrum nigrum 26.5 32.1 45.2 23.6 11.3 Sphagnum girgensohnii 26.5 27.5 27.0 21.8 28.1
24
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.00
Mea
n le
ngth
of s
eedl
ing
(mm
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtilus
Control(water)
0
50
100
150
200
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.00
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
Control(water)
020406080
100120140160180
0.05 0.10 0.5 1.00
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Empetrumnigrum
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
0
50
100
150
200
250
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.5 1.00
Leng
th o
f see
dlin
g (m
m)
Concentration of extract (g/10 cm3)
Empetrumnigrum
Control(water)
Graph 5. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 6. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract on the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 7. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 8. The graph shows the effect of the length of Lepidium satvium seedlings, cultured in different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii extract.
25
4.4 Root hair development
Table 12. The table shows the mean percentage of Lepidium satvium seedlings that developed root hair, when cultured in extract of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii of different concentrations (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3, and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3. First the percentage of seedlings that developed root hair was found. If 14 of 25 seedlings developed root hair, then 25 = 100%,and, the percentage is 14
25×
100% = 56%. Finally, the mean was calculated with the formula;
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔 𝑛𝑛𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠× 100%
Mean percentage of seedlings that developed root hair (%) Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 98 97 97 81 0 Empetrum nigrum 98 97 92 75 23 Sphagnum girgensohnii 98 97 97 94 82
Table 13. The table illustrates the Standard deviation for the mean percentage of seedlings that developed root hair at different extracts and concentration (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.The standard deviation was calculated with excel,
𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 = �∑(𝑋𝑋−�̅�𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛−1, where �̅�𝑥 is the mean of the sample, and n represents the number of values
in the sample. S.D
Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 1.9 5.0 5.5 9.5 0.0 Empetrum nigrum 1.9 2.3 3.5 7.4 4.6 Sphagnum girgensohnii 1.9 4.4 4.6 4.8 15.4
26
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at d
evel
oped
root
hai
r (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tagg
e of
se
edlin
gs th
at d
evel
oped
root
ha
ir (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Empetrumnigrum
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at d
evel
oped
root
hai
r (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at d
evel
oped
root
hai
r (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Empetrumnigrum
Sphagnumggirgensohnii
Graph 9. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on the development of root hair of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 10. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract on the development of root hair of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 11. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract on the development of root hair of Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 12. The graph shows the effect of the development of root hair of Lepidium satvium seedlings, cultured in different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii extract.
27
4.5 Opening of the leaves
Table 14. The table shows the mean percentage of Lepidium satvium seedlings that opened their leaves, when cultured in extract of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii of different concentrations (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3, and 0.05g/10cm3 ). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3. First, the percentage of seedlings that opened their leaves were found, then the mean was found by the formula;
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 =𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑇𝑇𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔 𝑇𝑇ℎ𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑑𝑑𝑚𝑚𝑠𝑠
𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑚𝑚𝑇𝑇 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑇𝑇𝑜𝑜 𝑠𝑠𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑇𝑇𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔𝑠𝑠× 100%
Mean percentage of seedlings that opened their leaves (%) Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 87 82 76 53 0 Empetrum nigrum 87 88 82 68 53 Sphagnum girgensohnii 87 91 90 83 79
Table 15. The table illustrates the Standard deviation for the mean percentage of seedlings that opened their leaves, at different extracts and concentration (1.00g/10cm3, 0.50g/10cm3, 0.10g/10cm3 and 0.05g/10cm3). The control was watered with regular tap water and had therefore the concentrations 0.00g/cm3.The standard deviation was calculated with excel,
𝑆𝑆.𝐷𝐷 = �∑(𝑋𝑋−�̅�𝑥)2
𝑛𝑛−1, where �̅�𝑥 is the mean of the sample, and n represents the number of values
in the sample.
S.D Concentration (g/10 cm3) 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00 Vaccinium myrtillus 4.1 4.9 3.2 14.1 0.0 Empetrum nigrum 4.1 3.7 2.1 5.2 9.2 Sphagnum girgensohnii 4.1 1.8 2.2 12.0 3.4
28
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at o
pene
d th
eir l
eave
s (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at o
pned
ed th
eir l
eave
s (%
)
Concentration (g/cm3)
Empetrumnigrum
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.00 0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at o
pene
d th
eir l
eave
s (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/10 cm3)
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
Control(water)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.05 0.10 0.50 1.00
Mea
n pe
rcen
tage
of s
eedl
ings
th
at o
pene
d th
eir l
eave
s (%
)
Concentration of extract (g/cm3)
Vacciniummyrtillus
Empetrumnigrum
Sphagnumgirgensohnii
Graph 13. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on the development of leaves Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 14. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract on the development of leaves Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 15. The graph shows the effect of different concentration of Sphagnum girgensohnii extract on the development of leaves Lepidium satvium seedlings. The error bars indicate standard deviation.
Graph 16. The graph shows the effect of the development of leaves on Lepidium satvium seedlings, cultured in different concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii extract.
29
5. CONCLUSION In the present study the allelopathic effect of extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum
nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii on the germination, root hair development, opening of
the leaves, and length of Lepidium satvium seeds was studied.
The obtained result showed that extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus showed the highest inhibitory
effect on germination of Lepidium satvium seeds (Graph 4). 1.0 g/cm3 concentration of
Vaccinium myrtillus extract completely inhibited germination of Lepidium satvium seeds. This
is in line with previous studies[1]. Empetrum nigrum also showed as strong inhibitory effect on
germination in the same range as Vaccinium myrtillus (Graph 4). Sphagnum girgensohnii
only showed a very small inhibitory effect not at all in the range of extracts of Vaccinium
myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum (Graph 4).For all extracts germination was dose-dependent,
i.e. the inhibitory effect on germination was much more pronounced the higher the
concentration of the extract. This is because allelochemicals generally affect cellular
processes like mineral uptake, protein synthesis mineral uptake, protein synthesis,
respiration, membrane permeability, cell division and metabolism of species at higher
concentrations than at lower. [2]
The obtained results also showed that Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum had the
most vigorous effect on the length of Lepidium satvium seedling, where Vaccinium myrtillus
showed the highest inhibitory effect on length (Graph 8). Sphagnum girgensohnii only
inhibited the lengths to a lower extent (Graph 8). At highest concentration of extract of
Sphagnum girgensohnii. The length was only inhibited 12% compared to the control.
Throughout the experiment it was found that Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum had
the greatest impact on root hair development of Lepidium satvium seedlings (Graph 12). At
the highest concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus no seeds germinated so no roots could
develop. The highest concentration of Empetrum nigrum extract showed vigorous effects on
root hair development. Only 23% of Lepidium satvium seedlings developed root hair (Table
30
12).This is in line with previous studies which showed that Empetrum nigrum has the effect to
completely inhibits root hair development[3].
Through the investigation it was also found that extracts of Vaccinium myrtillus had the most
harmful effect on opening of the leaves (Graph 16). Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum
girgensohnii did also show inhibitory effects on opening of the leaves to a slightly smaller
extent.
Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum girgensohnii all showed harmful
effects on the germination and growth of Lepidium satvium seedlings. Taken together, if
placing the allelopathic effect of the different plant extracts on Lepidium satvium seeds on a
scale in decreasing order: Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and Sphagnum
girgensohnii.
6. DISCUSSION
The experiments showed that Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum exerted the
greatest inhibitory effect on Lepidium satvium. (Graph, 4,8,12 and 16). The results with
Empetrum nigrum showed greater variation in the degree of germination at 0.10 and 0.5
g/cm3 of extract, this is shown by a larger value on the standard deviation (Table 9, Graph 2).
Extracts of Sphagnum girgensohnii did only inhibit the germination to a very limited degree
(Graph 3).
The data obtained from measuring the length of seedlings showed a greater variation (see
error bars in Graph 5-7). The trend was however that Vaccinium myrtillus inhibited the length
the most, as there was no germinated seeds in the extracts watered with the highest
concentration of Vaccinium myrtillus, and therefore no seedlings were to be measured.
Empetrum nigrum inhibited the length of the seedlings the same pattern out to a lower
degree. Sphagnum girgensohnii did not inhibit the length of the seedlings very much, and the
31
variation in the data varied like Sphagnum girgensohnii has no effect on the length of the
seedling.
A reason for why sphagnum girgensohnii was observed to have small allopathic effects of
growth on Lepidium satvium seeds in this study could be because Sphagnum girgensohnii
was not exposed to stress during the spring season when it was picked. The frequency of
allelochemicals produced varies through the life cycle of a plant and it is also dependent on
environmental conditions. A decrease in the stress level of a plant can reduce the
allelopathic potential of the donor plant[7]. The Sphagnum girgensohnii used in this study
might not have been under stress. It might also have been the case that the life of the plant
was not threatened by other species in the particular habitant, and therefore did not produce
large amounts of inhibitive chemicals. Another explanation for why Sphagnum girgensohnii
showed small allelopathic effects is that it might not be allelopathic. It is hard to separate
allelopathy from competition as they work together. Sphagnum girgensohnii grows on and
covers small lakes. This makes oxygen inaccessible for other plants in the surrounding, and
suffocates them.[21] Sphagnum girgensohnii has characteristics which favours its
reproduction and survival in the nature. Firstly, Sphagnum girgensohnii releases acids which
makes the soil and the water acidic.[11] Plants and other organisms cannot live in the acidic
environment and die. The extract of Sphagnum girgensohnii prepared might have been
acidic, and thereby inhibited the germination and growth of Lepidium satvium seeds.
Secondly, Sphagnum girgensohnii can procreate itself very fast as it has the ability to
disperse thousand of seeds.[16] This explains that Sphagnum girgensohnii can cover large
areas without allelochemicals being involved. These aspects could not be studied in the
present investigation.
32
6.1 Limitation and improvements
Allelochemicals can be polar and non-polar. Non-polar allelochemicals have difficulties
moving through a very moist environment as they are not soluble in water. The receiver plant
might not receive a high enough dose of allelochemicals for allelopathic properties to be
shown. In this experiment, the solubility of allelochemicals was not taken into consideration.
If non-polar allelochemicals are involved, a non polar solvent should have been used to
extract the allelochemicals from the leaves. On the other hand, many non-polar solvents (ex,
ethanol) act on seed germination and growth of seedlings. If alcohols are in question to be
used it should be noted that a longer expose to alcohols may kill the seed, but in some
cases, alcohol can break the seed dormancy and speed up germination.[20] Water might still
be the best method to extract the allelochemicals as it is used as the solvent in nature.
Another imitation in this experiment is the presence of dormant seeds. Dormant seeds, are
seeds which are not germinating even under environmental conditions which are normally
favourable for germination. Although a dormant seed has received full supply of water, and
carries out normal respiration, protein synthesis and metabolism, it might fail to germinate
due to environmental factors. These environmental factors include too cold or too warm
temperatures and insufficient supply of light. The seeds will not germinate until these
requirements have been satisfied.[5] It was very cloudy during the days of harvest. This might
have restricted germination. In order to improve this experiment a plant lamp should have
been used.
A condition which can inhibit germination of seeds is osmotic potential. Water molecules
move from a hypotonic solution (more water, less solutes) to a hypertonic solution (less
water, more solutes) across the seed coat. Seed absorb water to create a force strong
enough to break the seed coat. Extract of Vaccinium myrtillus, Empetrum nigrum and
Sphagnum girgensohnii is a hypotonic solution as it contains more solute than water.
Therefore, the seeds watered with extract will not absorb enough water the break its coat
33
and germination will not occur. In order to improve this experiment the control should be
altered to have the same osmotic potential as the extract.
Field studies are difficult to replicate in laboratories as the environmental conditions are not
the same. Coexisting species that have been exposed to allelochemicals of one plant may
adapt to the chemicals and become resistant in the long run. The allelopathic effect on
invasive species may therefore reduce over time.[15] Plants have the ability to produce and
excrete enzymes that break the harmful allelochemicals into non-harmful substances,
indicating that a plant may not express any allelopathic properties. This aspect could not be
investigated in the present study. To improve this experiment, different kind of seeds should
have been used. The allelopathic tendency should be tested on both coexisting and non-
coexisting plants to investigate this phenomenon further. Furthermore, allelopathic
tendencies were only tested on seeds and young seedlings. To improve this experiment
mature plant should have been used to investigate this phenomenon further. One more
improvement is that the seeds should be harvested in a pot instead of Petri dishes to prevent
the seeds from moving when watered. A pot experiment is more sustainable for harvesting
as the soil conditions are closer to field studies.
Previous studies have shown that Empetrum nigrum has the effect to completely inhibit the
growth of root hair. In the present study, the highest concentration did not completely inhibit
root hair development. In order to improve this experiment a greater variation of different
concentrations of extract should be used.
Another limitation was the method used to measure the mass of plant used for the extract.
50g of fresh plants part were measured. However, the fresh plant parts contained different
amounts of water which could have an effect on the mass. Empetrum nigrum has very small
leaves which means that they contain not so much water. On the other hand, Sphagnum
girgensohnii grows in water and it soaks in a lot of water making the plant very heavy. In
order to improve this experiment the plants should have been dried.
34
The systematic errors in this experiment include the inability to spread water evenly in Petri
dishes, germination was tricky to measure as the seed were small, limitations on measuring
the exact length of the seedlings and the extract vaporizing quickly if the cover was taken off,
but with the cover on the seedling might not have been able to reach its potential height.
Reasonable results were obtained from this experiment, which means that the systematic
errors did not have a large impact on the result.
In conclusion, this study showed that Vaccinium myrtillus and Empetrum nigrum has
allelopathic impacts on the seed germination and growth on Lepidium satvium seeds.
Sphagnum girgensohnii also showed small inhibitory effects on seed germination and growth
of Lepidium satvium seeds. However, it was not certain if this is because of allelopathy, or
because Sphagnum girgensohnii generally is acidic and thereby inhibits the germination and
growth of Lepidium satvium seeds. Allelopathy has a very important impact on the
ecosystem. It regulates the density and diversity of plant communities. The phenomenon
requires further research for applications in agricultural production worldwide. Future studies
would include larger range of seeds and seedlings.
Word count: 3814
35
7. REFERENCES
BOOKS
1. Jäderlund A. (2001), Bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) in a Boreal Forest Ecosystem -
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2. Elroy L. Rice (1984), PHYSIOLOGICAL ECOLOGY, A series of Monographs, Texts and
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7. Narwal S.S, Hoagland R.E., Dilday R.H. and Reigosa M.J. (1998) Allelopathy in Ecological Agriculture and Forestry. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. [p. 54, 33-4, 184-9] 8. Cheema Z.A, Farooq M, Wahid A. (2013), Allelopathy, Current Trends and Future Applications, Springer Berlin Heidelberg [p. 23 ]
36
WEBSITES
9. Blåbär, Vaccinium myrtuillus L. (2016-06-12) http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/vacci/vaccmyr.html 10. Evigt ung, Vitmossan har egenskaper som gör att den kan överleva i tusentals år (2016-06-11) http://fof.se/tidning/2002/8/evigt-ung 11. How To Grow Garden Cress (2016-09-24) http://herbgardening.com/growinggardencress.htm
12. Kråkbär, Empetrum nigrum (2016-06-12) http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/sv/kukkakasvit/krakbar 13. Kråkbär, Empetrum nigrum L. (2016-06-12) http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html
14. Kråkbärens kemiska krigföring (2016-06-3) http://www.svd.se/krakbarens-kemiska-krigforing 15. Making Allelopathy Respectable, 2016-12-09) http://science.sciencemag.org/content/301/5638/1337 16. Mossans sporer sprids bäst när de är många (1016-06-11) http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=406&artikel=3870674 17. Nordkråkbär, Empetrum hermaphroditum Hagerup (2016-06-12) http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empeher.html 18. Photosynthesis and Respiration (2016-07-03) http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/ocr_gateway_pre_2011/environment/1_food_factory1.shtml 19. Plant Signals and Behavior, To survive or to slay, Resource - foraging role of metabolites implicated in allelopathy (2016-07-03) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2710547/ 20.The Effects of Ethanol on the Germination of Seeds of Japonica and Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.) under Anaerobic and Aerobic Conditions (2016-07-03) http://www.csub.edu/~ddodenhoff/Bio100/literature/effectsofethanolonriceplants.pdf 21. Torvmossor i Sverige (2016-06-11) http://www.ryttaren.nu/Mossen.html 22. What Is Photosynthesis? p, 1-3 (2016-07-03) http://www.livescience.com/51720-photosynthesis.html
37
PHOTO REFERENCE
Figure 1. Cheng F and Cheng Z (2015) Research Progress on the use of Plant Allelopathy in Agriculture and the Physiological and Ecological Mechanisms of Allelopathy. Front. Plant Sci. 6:1020.doi: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01020
Figure 3. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, Hultén (1971) http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/vacci/vaccmyr.html (2016-08-21)
Figure 5. Naturhistoriska riksmuseet, http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/di/erica/empet/empenig.html (2016-08-21)
Figure 7. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Img_0717_garden_cress.jpg#file, taken by Till Westermayer (2016-09-24)
The figures not referenced to are my own.
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