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The Age of Isms
Europe in the Industrial Age
Industrialism
Industrialism
Mechanization of Manufacturing– Importance of textiles machines, steam engine
Mineral Sources of Energy– Coal powers new technology
Development of Factories– Workers concentrated around machines or in
workshops instead of raw materials distributed to homes
New Methods of Transportation– Roads and canals improve movement of raw
materials and finished goods, but railroad is key
Industrialism: Effects
Population Growth– Income from wages leads to earlier
marriages, more children, better nutritionStandard of Living
– Industrial manufacturing makes more goods more affordable to a larger swath of the the population
– “Working class slums”: difficult living conditions and unsanitary environment for working class
Industrialism: Effects
Changing Family Relationships– Initially, women and children are eagerly hired by
factory owners– Over time, women are seen as belonging in the
home and children are seen emotional rather than economic commodities
New Social Class Structure– Old Regime: Nobles vs. Peasants– Industrial Order
Upper Class: Wealthy Capitalists (business owners)Middle Class: “White collar” workers (managers, etc.)Lower Class: “Blue collar” workers (laborers)
Nationalism
Nationalism
Political boundaries should be redrawn in order to reflect shared culture, language and history– Reject dynastic monarchs as legitimate
basis for determining national status
Nationalism: Impact
Unification– Uniting divided groups into single nations
Examples: Germany; Italy
Division– Groups rebelling from imperial powers
Examples: Greeks from Ottoman Empire, Poles from Russia, Czechs from the Hapsburg Empire (AKA Austria-Hungary)
Map of Europe: 1914
Conservatism
Conservatism
Maintain the existing social and political order– Hereditary monarchies, established
churches, and landed nobilitySupport gradual reform rather than
revolution– Only way to protect against anarchy of the
French Revolution
Conservatism: Impact
Dominant political ideology of Industrial Europe and Russia– Example: Holy Alliance of Russia,
Prussia, and Austria-HungaryConservative Nationalism
– Examples: Bismarck (Germany); Cavour (Italy); Third Republic (France)
Liberalism
Liberalism
Government should protect basic rights– Liberals fought for reforms in the name of
freedom Establish and protect individuals rights
– Freedom press, religion, equality in law Expand the right to vote
– Propertied middle class should have greater control of government
Promote free trade– Remove tariffs and other restrictions to
commerce
Liberalism: Impact
Revolution and Reform– Source of major revolutions (such as
1848) and major reforms (such as British Reform Bill)
Socialism
Socialism
Reject free market capitalism in favor of institutions that protect workers– Society should be organized into
communities rather than forcing individuals to fend for themselves (unions, communal workshops, etc.)
– Strong government regulation and redistribution of income are needed to ensure people are treated fairly within the industrial economy
Socialism: Impact
Spread of Marxist thought (Next Unit!)– Marx’s ideas spread not only through
Europe, but to other regions as wellRussian socialism (Lenin)Chinese socialism (Mao)Vietnamese socialism (Ho Chi Minh)African socialism, etc.
Humanitarianism
Humanitarianism
People have a ethical and religious duty to look after their fellow human beings– COT: Medieval monasteries and their
decline in the Early Modern Era
Humanitarianism: Impact
Political and social movements to improve the lives of the lower classes and others– Examples: Abolition of slavery in the
British Empire; “Settlement House” movement
Feminism
Feminism
Women have the right to the same political, economic, and social opportunities as men– No difference between men and women in
the eyes of the law– Complete rejection of patriarchy
Feminism: Impact
Political Feminism– Equality under the law; Suffrage (voting
rights)– Example: Emmeline Pankhurst
Economic Feminism– Opening of jobs closed to women
(doctors, lawyers, etc.)
Romanticism
Romanticism
Focus on passion above intellect– Recognize limits of human reason and focus on
intuition and imagination– Kant’s “Critique of Pure Reason”
Human’s share an innate sense of moral duty, the “categorical imperative”
Challenges the Enlightenment
Appreciation of Nature– Emphasizes beauty of the natural world free from
human influence
Romanticism: Impact
Arts and Literature– Major artistic and literary movement of the
19th centuryRomantic Nationalism
– Idealizing the distant past as justification for political movementsExample: Greek Revolution, Italian
Nationalism
Coach Lerch’s Final Thoughts
Although these “isms” dominate Industrial Europe, they will also go out into the world in the 19th and 20th centuries due to the rise of another European ism: imperialism
As a result, forces like nationalism and socialism are adopted by diverse groups around the world and given their own unique twist (cultural blending!!!)