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The Age of Industrialization
• 1. The Rise of Heavy Industry
• 2. Railroading
• 3. Invention and Technology
• 4. The “Robber Barons”
• 5. Organized Labor
Pittsburgh at night
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
• 3. Technology
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
• 3. Technology
• 4. New methods of Organization
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
• 3. Technology
• 4. New methods of Organization
• 5. New Sources of Power
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
• 3. Technology
• 4. New methods of Organization
• 5. New Sources of Power
• 6. Transportation improvements
Reasons for the rise of heavy industry
• 1. New Articles of Production
• 2. New Purchasers of Material
• 3. Technology
• 4. New methods of Organization
• 5. New Sources of Power
• 6. Transportation improvements
• 7. Improved Communications
The Rise of the Railroads
The Transcontinental Railroad1869
The Transcontinental Railroad1869
• Union Pacific- East to West
The Transcontinental Railroad1869
• Union Pacific- East to West
• Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?
The Transcontinental Railroad1869
• Union Pacific- East to West
• Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?
• Had to go through Rocky Mountains!
The Transcontinental Railroad1869
• Union Pacific- East to West
• Central Pacific- (Collis Huntington) West to East. Much slower. Why?
• Had to go through Rocky Mountains!
• Met at Prometory Point, Utah, May 1869
Jay Gould
Cornelius Vanderbilt
John D. Rockefeller
J. Pierpont Morgan
Andrew Carnegie
• Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
Andrew Carnegie
• Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
• Worked in a textile mill
Andrew Carnegie
• Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
• Worked in a textile mill
• Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.
Andrew Carnegie
• Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
• Worked in a textile mill
• Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.
• Moved into steel industry
Andrew Carnegie
• Started off as a poor immigrant from Scotland.
• Worked in a textile mill
• Started as secretary to RR Superintendent and later became superintendent himself.
• Moved into steel industry
• First to use the “Bessemer Process”
Carnegie and Philanthropy
• The Gospel of Wealth (1889)
Carnegie and Philanthropy
• The Gospel of Wealth (1889)
• Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism
Carnegie and Philanthropy
• The Gospel of Wealth (1889)
• Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism
• Concerned about proper uses of wealth
Carnegie and Philanthropy
• The Gospel of Wealth (1889)
• Influenced by Herbert Spencer and Social Darwinism
• Concerned about proper uses of wealth
• Best method is to distribute it while alive!
Horatio Alger
• Wrote “rags to riches” novels about young men who persevered and rose up from poverty.
Horatio Alger
Distribution of Wealth
Distribution of Wealth
• 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth
Distribution of Wealth
• 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth
• The richest 10 % owned 3/4!
Distribution of Wealth
• 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth
• The richest 10 % owned 3/4!
• But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age.
Distribution of Wealth
• 1900: The richest 2 % owned 1/3 of the wealth
• The richest 10 % owned 3/4!
• But there was a rising standard of living across all classes during Gilded Age.
• Real wages did increase in manufacturing and other industries during period.
Problems of Industrialization
Poor Working Conditions
Slum Housing
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed
• Language barrier
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed
• Language barrier
• Temporary nature of the work
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed
• Language barrier
• Temporary nature of the work
• No “safety net.”
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed
• Language barrier
• Temporary nature of the work
• No “safety net.”
• Management reluctance to recognize.
Why Labor Unions failed to succeed
• Language barrier
• Temporary nature of the work
• No “safety net.”
• Management reluctance to recognize.
• Government siding with management.
Early Labor Unions
• Knights of Labor- Terrence Powderly
• Cooperative labor where workers would own the means of production.
• 8 hour work day
• Open to all producers- regardless of gender, color, or skill level.
Early Labor Unions
• American Federation of Labor- Samuel Gompers
• Skilled laborers only (craft unions)
• Interested in “bread and butter” issues like shorter hours, better pay.
• Women were excluded.
Early Labor Unions
• International Lady Garment Workers Union (ILGWU)- first labor union exclusively for female workers.
• However, most leadership positions were taken by males.
Why Labor Unions Failed
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
• Violence against union membership.
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
• Violence against union membership.
• Use of strike-breakers (scabs).
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
• Violence against union membership.
• Use of strike-breakers (scabs).
• Cultural and language barriers
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
• Violence against union membership.
• Use of strike-breakers (scabs).
• Cultural and language barriers
• Blacklisting
Why Labor Unions Failed
• Management desire to kill unions.
• Violence against union membership.
• Use of strike-breakers (scabs).
• Cultural and language barriers
• Blacklisting
• Military and Police action against unions.
Gilded Age Strikes
Gilded Age Strikes
• Homestead Strike of 1892
Gilded Age Strikes
• Homestead Strike of 1892
• Pullman Strike of 1894
