The Age of Exploration - Core Knowledge Foundation

The

Age

of

Expl

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Timeli

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Chap

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THE AGE OF EXPLORATION

CHAPTER 1: The Spice Islands

Big Question: According to the author, how did the search for the Spice Islands change history?

During the Middle Ages (400s–1400s), the people of Europe relied on spices to preserve and flavor their food. These spices could be obtained only through the Arab spice trade.


CHAPTER 1: The Spice Islands

Big Question: According to the author, how did the search for the Spice Islands change history?

Between 1271 and 1295, Venetian Marco Polo traveled throughout Asia with his father and brother. He later wrote of his experiences, providing inspiration to future explorers. This illustration of Venice is from Polo’s book.


CHAPTER 3: Portuguese Exploration

Big Question: Why do you think Portugal is described as a seagoing pioneer?

In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias rounded Africa’s Cape of Good Hope. This made him the first European to sail from Europe to the Indian Ocean.

Mediterranean Sea

S A H A R A D E S E R T

Cape Bojador

Cape of Good Hope

Mozambique

Mombasa

Lisbon

Malindi

Iberian

Peninsula

20°W 40°E

AFRICA

Portugal

INDIANOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

Beira

Maputo Bay

Mad

agas

car

Early Portuguese Exploration

0° 20°E

40°S

20°N

40°N

0°

20°S

Dias (1487–1488)Key

da Gama (1497–1499)

Gulf of Guinea

N

S

EW

0 1,000 miles

Equator




In 1497, Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope and sailed to India, the first European to do so.

Mediterranean Sea

S A H A R A D E S E R T

Cape Bojador

Cape of Good Hope

Mozambique

Mombasa

Lisbon

Malindi

Iberian

Peninsula

20°W 40°E

AFRICA

Portugal

INDIANOCEAN

ATLANTICOCEAN

Beira

Maputo Bay

Mad

agas

car

Early Portuguese Exploration

0° 20°E

40°S

20°N

40°N

0°

20°S

Dias (1487–1488)Key

da Gama (1497–1499)

Gulf of Guinea

N

S

EW

0 1,000 miles

Equator




In 1500, Pedro Alvares Cabral happened upon present-day Brazil and claimed the land for Portugal.

PACIFIC OCEAN

Gulf of Guinea

INDIANOCEAN

ATLANTIC OCEAN

AFRICA

Portugal

CanaryIslands

Cape VerdeIslands

Cape of Good Hope

N

S

EW

Cabral’s Expedition

Cabral’s route

20°E20°W40°W60°W80°W

Brazil

100°W120°W 0° 40°E 60°E

40°S

40°S

20°S

20°S

0°

NORTH AMERICA

SOUTH AMERICA




During the early 1500s, Portugal established a powerful presence in Africa, primarily on the east coast (Swahili Coast) of the continent.

AFRICA

India

China

AUSTRALIA

INDIANOCEAN

N

S

EW

Portuguese in�uence and trade

Portugal

ATLANTIC OCEAN East Indies

(Indonesia)

Portugal’s Trade Empire

0 1,000 miles

The Spice Islands(Maluku Islands)

Mediterranean Sea

Arabian

Peninsula

Swahili Coast


CHAPTER 4: Christopher ColumbusWith the financial backing of Spain’s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492, believing that he would reach the East Indies.

Big Question: Why do you think Columbus kept a secret log?


CHAPTER 4: Christopher Columbus

Big Question: Why do you think Columbus kept a secret log?

In 1494, Portugal and Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesillas, which divided newly explored territories between the two nations.


CHAPTER 5: A Spanish Empire and Its Critics

Big Question: How did European explorers and colonists treat the indigenous people of the Americas?

After Columbus, other Spanish expeditions explored the Americas, including expeditions led by Juan Ponce de León, Hernando de Soto, and Francisco Vázquez de Coronado.




In 1513 Vasco Núñez de Balboa and 190 of his men became the first Europeans to reach the South Sea (today called the Pacific Ocean).




Between 1519 and 1522, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Hernán Cortés conquered the Aztec Empire in present-day Mexico.




Between 1531 and 1533, Spanish soldiers under the command of conquistador Francisco Pizarro conquered the Inca Empire in present-day Peru.




Bartolomé de Las Casas’s 1542 book The Devastation of the Indies: A Brief Account helped turn Spain’s king against that country’s encomienda system.


CHAPTER 6: Magellan’s Voyage

Big Question: How important was it for explorers to have finally circumnavigated the globe?

In September 1522, the 18 survivors of Ferdinand Magellan’s three-year expedition became the first Europeans to circumnavigate the globe.


CHAPTER 7: England Explores and Colonizes

Big Question: How did European exploration of the Americas lead to settlement and colonization?

From the 1400s through the 1750s, Europeans sought a Northwest Passage through North America to the Pacific Ocean.




In 1497, John Cabot became one of the first Europeans to seek the Northwest Passage. He reached a “new found land” in what is now Canada.




Between 1577 and 1580, Sir Francis Drake robbed other ships’ treasures to give to Queen Elizabeth I of England.




In 1607, England established its first permanent colony in North America at Jamestown in what became Virginia.


CHAPTER 8: France and the Fur Trade

Big Question: The French and the English had different approaches to settlement in North America. In what ways were they different?

Between 1604 and 1610, Samuel de Champlain established colonies in New France in what is now Canada.


CHAPTER 8: France and the Fur Trade

Big Question: The French and the English had different approaches to settlement in North America. In what ways were they different?

In addition to competing for colonies in North America, France and England also competed for trade in India.


CHAPTER 9: Dutch Trade

Big Question: How did the death of a king affect the Spice Trade?

After the death of Portugal’s king in the early 1600s, control of the Spice Islands and other Portuguese holdings shifted to the Dutch.


CHAPTER 9: Dutch Trade

Big Question: How did the death of a king affect the Spice Trade?

In 1609, Henry Hudson searched for the Northwest Passage for the Netherlands.


CHAPTER 10: Slavery

Big Question: How did the Age of Exploration lead to the development of the slave trade?

During the 1600s, enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas to work on the sugar plantations.

Documents

The Age of Exploration - Core Knowledge Foundation