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Location, Location, Location
Position: On top of the kidneys
2 parts: Adrenal Medulla
Inner part of gland
Produces hormones such as adrenaline
Adrenal Cortex
Outer part of gland
Produces hormones such as coritsol
Hormones Cortisol
Steroid hormone
Produced in humans by the zona fasciculata
Released in response to stress and low blood glucose
The function is to increase blood sugar, to suppress the immune system, and to aid in the metabolism of fat, protein, and carbohydrate
Decreases bone formation
Aldosterone Steroid hormone
Produced by the zona glomerulosa
Regulates blood pressure
Increases reabsorption of ions and water in the kidneys
Hormones (cont.) Adrenaline
Also known as Epinephrine
Produced in the medulla of the adrenal glands
Released into the bloodstream and serve as chemical mediators
Also convey the nerve impulses to various organs
Key action: increasing the heart rate, increasing blood pressure, expanding air passages of the lungs, etc.
Norepinephrine Has the role of a neurotransmitter and a hormone
Also referred as a stress hormone
The neurotransmitter released from the sympathetic neurons to affect the heart
Increase in heart rate, glucose release, and breathing rate
It also helps us think clearer by increasing the amount of oxygen going to our brain
Diseases related to the Adrenal Glands
With adrenal gland (or suprarenal) disorders, your glands make too much or not enough hormones.
Causes Genetic mutations
Tumors
Infections
A problem in another gland, such as the pituitary, which helps to regulate the adrenal gland
Adverse reaction to medication
Addison’s Disease
Hypo secretion of the adrenal cortices
results from damage to the adrenal cortex
this causes the cortex to produce hormone levels that are too low
insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone
Causes and Symptoms of Addison’s Disease
destruction of the adrenal glands by infection
an autoimmune attack
an inherited mutation in the ACTH receptor on adrenal cells
Symptoms include weakness of the muscles and constant fatigue, loss of appetite leading to weight loss, nausea, vomiting and a fall in blood pressure
With hormone, or replacement therapy with glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, most people with Addison disease are able to lead a normal life
Cushing’s Disease -excessive production of
glucocorticoids
-cortisol levels are too high
-high hormone levels
-disfiguration of the body
Causes and Symptoms
-excessive production of ACTH by the anterior lobe of the pituitary
-excessive production by the adrenals themselves (e.g., because of a tumor)
-result of glucocorticoid therapy for some other disorder such as
-Rheumatoid arthritis or -preventing the rejection of an organ transplantCure
-Removal of tumor-Steroid drugs
Fun Facts
The adrenal gland is responsible for human’s fight or flight response.
The adrenal gland changes in size throughout a person’s life. Prior to birth, the glands are the size of the kidneys, but shrink once
the baby is born.
When a person reaches old age, the glands are so small they can hardly be seen.
Concept Check Questions
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland? What are the functions of each?
Adrenal Medulla- produces hormones such as adrenaline
Adrenal Cortex- produces hormones such as cortisol
What is another name for epinephrine and what action does this hormone perform?
Adrenaline- Increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, expands air passages of the lungs
Name two adrenal gland hormones. Give a similarity and a difference between the two.
Cortisol- produced in zona fasciculata
Aldosterone- produced in zona glomerulosa
Both are steroid hormones
Works Cited
"Aldosterone." You & Your Hormones. Society for Endocrinology, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2015. <http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/aldosterone.aspx>.
Sargis, Robert M. "An Overview of the Adrenal Glands." Endocrine Web. Vertical Health, n.d. Web. 13 Mar. 2015. <http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/overview-adrenal-glands>.
Shmaefsky, Brian R. Applied Anatomy & Physiology. St. Paul: Paradigm, 2007. Print.