The Abundance of Ostracoda in Offshore Sediment … · THE ABUNDANCE OF OSTRACODA IN OFFSHORE SEDIMENT AROUND PULAU ... Sediment Around Pulau Redang, Terengganu, Malaysia ... were

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THE ABUNDANCE OF OSTRACODA IN OFFSHORE SEDIMENT AROUND PULAU REDANG

The Abundance of Ostracoda in OffshoreSediment Around Pulau Redang,

Terengganu, Malaysia

Ramlan Omar*, Noraswana Nor Faiz, Norhazmira Mihamzah& Nukhdiha Omar

School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources,Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,

43600 Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia*Corresponding author: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

An ecological study has been made of ostracoda in offshore sediment based on twelvebottom samples from the coastal areas of Pulau Redang, Terengganu, Malaysia. Seventytwo species both living and dead belonging to fourteen families were collected and hadbeen identified. However, three species were from unknown family. Ostracoda abundanceand diversity appears to be principally controlled by sediment texture in the study area.The dominant species is Loxoconcha wrighti from Loxoconchidae family and the familygroup with the most variety species is Trachyleberididae.

ABSTRAK

Kajian ekologi telah dilakukan ke atas ostracoda di kawasan sedimen luar pantaiberdasarkan 12 sampel yang telah diambil di kawasan perairan Pulau Redang,Terengganu, Malaysia. Tujuh puluh dua spesies telah dikumpul dan dikena pasti yangmana termasuk specimen yang hidup dan mati. Terdapat juga tiga spesies daripadakumpulan famili yang belum dikenal pasti. Kelimpahan dan kepelbagaian ostracodamenunjukkan kesinambungannya dengan tekstur sediment di kawasan kajian. Spesiesdominant adalah Loxoconcha wrighti daripada famili Loxoconchidae dan kumpulanfamili yang mempunyai kepelbagaian yang tinggi adalah Trachyleberididae.

Keywords: abundance, ostracoda, offshore sediment, Pulau Redang

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EKOSISTEM MARIN MALAYSIA: PELUANG & PENYELIDIKAN TERKINI

IntroductionThe study on some cyprinids species from the Sulu Sea was first reported by Dana 1852.Important work on the recent ostracoda of the South China Sea have been contributed byZhao et al. (1985), Whatley & Watson (1988), Gou (1990), Zhao (1992, 2005), Whatley& Zhao (1992, 1993), Zhou & Zhao (1995, 1999) and Zhao & Zheng (1996). Ostracodafrom the Malacca Straits have been recorded by Brady (1878), Keij (1974, 1975, 1978)and Poulsen (1962, 1965). Whatley & Zhao (1987, 1988) had been reported about recentostracoda from Malacca Straits and recent podocopid ostracod of Sedili River and JasonBay, Southern Malay Peninsula (1989). Recent ostracoda from Java Sea had been studiedby Whatley & Watson (1988) in Thousand Islands and Dewi (1997) in Bawean Islands.Mostafawi (2005) had been reported on recent ostracoda in Bali, Indonesia. The purposeof this study will describe the fauna of the islands and South China Sea.

Study AreaPulau Redang, Terengganu is located on the northern of South China Sea. A total oftwelve sediment samples were collected from twelve sampling stations in Pulau Redang,Terengganu between 05°43’15’’ to 05°45’50’’N and 102°59’09’’ to 103°03’05’’E (Fig.1). The range of salinity in the study area is between 25 ppt to 34 ppt. The maximumvalue of dissolve oxygen is 7.03 mg/L at station 6 while the minimum value is 6.37 mg/L. In the study area, the highest temperature is noted at station 11 with 30.68°C and thelowest is 20.10°C at station 1. The sediment textures in the study area are classified assand, loamy sand and sandy loam (Table 1).

FIGURE 1: Map of Pulau Redang, Terengganu with Sampling Stations Area

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Materials and MethodsOn July 2002, sediment samples were colleted from twelve sampling stations in PulauRedang, Terengganu, with grab sampler of Petite Ponar type. The samples were used foridentification process and physico-chemical analysis. In the laboratory, each of the samplesused for identification process were first soaked in tap water for 1 to 2 days after dryingat 60 °C in an oven, and then washed over a 0.063 mm sieve. The samples were preservedin formalin and later stained with Rose Bengal for estimating the percentage of ostracodaspecies collected alive. Ostracoda specimens were classified as living specimen if theywere judged to have been alive at the time of collection, that is, if they possessed a fullset of appendages and had both strongly and slightly Rose Bengal coloured valves. Manyof the strongly coloured carapaces had their chitinous soft body parts preserved. Specimenswere classified as dead if they had partly preserved or no appendages. All specimenswere picked up from the dried sediment. A number of systematic of quantitative analysiswere applied to the faunal analysis including the simple species diversity (number ofspecies in each sample), abundance (specimen number in each sample) and dominance(percentage of the most abundant species in each sample) have been ascertained in orderto elucidate the nature of the various ostracoda communities and their relationship withthe environmental factors. The species were identified with Spectrum Electron Microscope(SEM) in SEM Unit, Faculty Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia.

TABLE 1: The Coordinate, Temperature, Dissolve Oxygen, Salinity, Organic Matter,Sediment Texture, Number of Species and Total of Ostracods for Every Sampling Stations

St. Coordinate Temperature, Dissolve Salinity, Organic Sediment No. of Total of.°C oxygen, mg/L ppt matter, (%) texture species Ostracods

1 05°45’50N, 20 6.48 31.22 1.67 Loamy sand 26 95103°03’05E

2 05°45’50N, 25 6.37 32.33 1.53 Sand 27 79103°03’05E

3 05°49’12N, 26.66 6.5 31.11 3.32 Loamy sand 28 168103°00’15E

4 05°48’22N, 30 6.92 28.04 3.1 Sandy loam 32 453102°59’09E

5 05°45’36N, 27 6.7 34 6.01 Sandy loam 57 2379102°59’09E

6 05°43’15N, 25 7.03 30.35 1.66 Sand 28 603102°59’55E

7 05°45’24N, 29 6.92 30 5.47 Sandy loam 28 1095103°00’11E

8 05°45’15N, 25 6.71 30.26 4.09 Sand 16 1604103°00’07E

9 05°44’29N, 30.1 6.75 30.25 2.54 Sand 14 252102°59’58E

10 05°44’48N, 29.87 6.84 30.43 3.27 Sand 8 27102°59’57E

11 05°45’07N, 30.68 6.82 30.52 2.13 Sand 24 1250103°00’02E

12 05°44’58N, 30.51 6.87 30.62 1.82 Sand 6 62103°00’34E

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Several in-situ physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolveoxygen, percentage of organic matter and sediment texture were measured and had beendetermined in the laboratory.

Results and Discussions

Ostracoda AbundanceA total of 6024 individual from 15 families, 40 genera and 65 species were found andidentified in offshore sediment around Pulau Redang, Terengganu from the entire set of12 samples (Table 2). The families are Trachyleberididae, Pontocyprididae, Bairdiidae,Paracytheridae, Cytheruridae, Loxoconchidae, Cytherellidae, Brachycytheridae,Schizocytheridae, Paradoxostomatidae, Paracytherideidae, Hemicythereridae,Xestoleberidae and Pectocytheridae. However, there were 2 genera from unknown family.The genera are Cythereis and Corralicythere.

The faunal assemblage is dominated by Trachyleberididae family with 2024individual (average abundance %). The second family is Hemicytheridae (21.4%), followedby Loxoconchidae (14.70%), Xestoleberidae (7.42%), Cytherellidae (7.41%), Bairdiidae(6.55%), Brachycytheridae (4.78%), Paracytherideidae (2.64%), Pontocytheidae (1.62%),Paradoxostomatidae (1.62%), Schizocytheridae (1.59%), Cytheruridae (1.28%),Paracyprididae (1.05%), Pectocytheridae (0.21%) and Sinocytheridae (0.21%). Familywith have the most variety of species is Trachyleberididae with 18 species. There areRadimella cf. virgata, Pistocythereis bradyi, Pistocythereis euplectella, Pistocythereiscibriformis, Lankacythere corralloides, Lankacythere multifora, Lankacythere sp., Keijellapapuensis, Keijella reticulata, Keijella multicus, Keijella sp., Actinocythereis scutigera,Actinocythereis sp. 1, Actinocythereis sp. 2, Actinocythereis sp. 3, Jugosocythereis cf.elongata, Alocopocythere guojoni, Amphisleberis gibbera, Finmarchinella sp. andTrachyleberies sp.. The dominant species is Loxoconcha tumulosa with 533 individualThe abundance of ostracoda were. maximum at Station 8 (1604 individual) and minimumat Station 10 (27 individual). Hemicytherura cellulosa were found only 1 individual atStation 4. Most of ostracoda were found lived in sandy loam sediment.

TaxonomyAll the entire collection is stored at School of Environmental Science and NaturalResources, Faculty Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Class Ostracoda (Latreille, 1806)Order PODOCOPIDA (Muller, 1894)Suborder PODOCOPINA (Sars, 1866)

Family PARACYPRIDIDAE (Sars, 1923)Genus Phlyctenophora Brady, 1880

Phlyctenophora orientalis (Brady), 1868Pl.2, Fig. 20.

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TABLE 2: The Distribution of Ostracoda Species in Pulau Redang, Terengganu,Malaysia According to the Sampling Stations

FAMILI SPESIES S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12

Trachyleberididae Radimella cf. virgata - - - - - - 3 - - - 16 -Pistocythereis bradyi - 1 - 32 55 47 81 60 - - 21 -Alocopocythere guojoni 8 - 2 - - - - - - - - -Pistocythereis cibriformis - 2 18 - 86 - 86 11 - - - -Keijella puncipunctata - - - - 7 - 14 - - - 9 -Finmarchinella sp. - - - - - - 24 - - - 27 -Abrocythereis guangdongensis - - - - - - 50 - - - - -Lankacythere euplectella 2 4 - 1 33 24 - 5 2 - 95 -Lankacythere corralloides - 3 18 - 87 26 - - - - - -Lankacythere eloborata 3 - - - 24 - - - - - - -Actinocythereis scutigera - - - - 25 - - - - - - -Actinocythereis sp. - - - 24 147 26 28 - - - - -Henryhowella keutapangensis - - - 28 140 - 3 - - - - -Keijella papuensis 2 6 - 12 33 - - - - - - -Keijella reticulata - - 1 17 59 - - - - - - -Keijella sp. - 7 - 41 61 25 - - - - - -Keijella multisulcus 1 - 5 - 37 25 17 96 1 - 5 -Jugosocythereis cf. elongata - 3 9 53 41 - - - - - - -

Brachycytheridae Neocytheretta novella - 1 2 - 31 - 52 - - - 3 -Neocytheretta snellii 1 1 - 16 23 11 - - - - - -Neocytheretta vandijki 4 - 1 - 18 21 - - - - - -Neocythretta spongiosa - 2 - 10 32 - - - - - - -Neocytheretta murilineata - - 3 2 6 - - - - - - -Atjehella semiplicata - - - - 87 26 31 - - - - -

Cytheruridae Cytheropteron quadratocostatum - - - - - - 8 - - - 2 -Cytheropteron inflatum - - - - - - - - - 2 18 13Bythoceratina mandviensis - - - - 21 - 2 1 - - 36 -

Bairdiidae Paranesidea conulifera 2 - 4 - 3 - - 1 1 4 5 -Triebelina sertata - - - 14 22 - - 4 2 1 16 -Paranesidea multiforma - 3 4 - 31 30 16 155 162 11 20 15

Paracyprididae Phlyctenophora orientalis 5 - 5 1 20 2 52 - - - - -Cytherellidae Cytherella incohota - - - - - - 32 - - - - -

Cytherella hemipuncta - 2 - - 41 33 - - - - - -Cytherella koegleri - - 2 - 31 - - - - - - -Cytherella sangiranensis 2 - 1 - 30 - - - - - - -Cytherelloidea cingulata - 5 - 1 90 20 163 - - - - -Cytherelloidea excavata 1 - 2 4 8 - - - - - - -Cytherelloidea kayei 4 - - 15 31 - - - - - - -Cytherelloidea leroyi - 1 1 - 32 22 - - - - - -Cytherelloidea malaccaensis 3 - - 5 7 1 - - - - - -

Hemicytheridae Mutilus falcatus - - - - 26 20 13 312 19 - 69 -Hemicythere variornata - - - - - - 22 19 3 - 33 -Hemicytherida ornata - 1 - 9 25 16 - - - - - -Hemicytheridae cancellata 5 8 - 6 177 21 - - - - - -Hemicytheridae reticulata 2 9 - - 149 68 178 - - - - -Hemicytherura cellulosa - - - 1 - - - - - - - -Hermanites transoceanicus 6 - 8 24 32 - 14 150 13 2 84 -Aurila voraginosa - - - - 21 15 - - - - - -Bosasella elongata 9 - 1 18 60 55 - - - - - -Caudites javana - - - - - - 58 6 4 - 16 7

Sinocytheridae Neosinocythere dekroni - - 2 1 10 - - - - - - -Loxoconchidae Loxoconcha paiki - 4 - - - - - 54 3 - 447 17

Loxoconcha tumulosa 5 1 - 7 19 - 53 432 4 2 59 4Loxocorniculum triconicula - - - - - - 14 22 1 - 32 -

Schizocytheridae Neomonoceratina iniqua 2 1 6 5 20 - 12 - - - - -Neomonoceratina bataviana 2 1 15 - 20 - 38 - - - 6 -

Paracytherideidae Parachytheridae tschopi - 3 29 34 92 - 10 33 1 1 9 -Xestoleberidae Xestoleberis cf. hanaii - 3 4 - 15 - 21 243 36 4 217 6

Foveoleberis cypraeoides 4 - 17 - 24 2 - - - - - -Pontocyprididae Propontocypris rostrata - - 1 10 4 1 - - - - - -

Argilloicea sp. 10 1 - 21 30 29 - - - - - -Paradoxosomatidae Paradoxostoma rubrum 5 4 - 38 64 19 - - - - - -Pectocytheridae Keijia labyrinthica 3 1 2 4 5 2 - - - - - -Unknown family Corrallicythere sp. - - - - 55 2 - - - - - -

Cythereis cf. C. longaeva 3 - 4 1 31 - - - - - - -

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1868 Macrocypris orientalis Brady, pp. 61, 62, pl. 7, figs. 1-31880 Phlyctenophora zealandica Brady, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 1a-m1954 Paracypris zealandica (Brady), Keij, p. 352, pl. 1, fig. 61987 Phlyctenophora orientalis (Whatley), Zhao, p. 357, pl. 2, figs. 3, 4

Remarks: The specimens are conspecific with Brady’s type material of M. orientalisfrom the Java Sea and N. zealandica is the male representative of P. orientalis and differsfrom the latter in being lower, thinner and more elongated in outline. This species hasbeen known from Papua, Australia, New Zealand, India, Indonesia, Malacca Straits andSouth China Sea.

Family PONTOCYPRIDIDAE Muller, 1894Genus Argilloecia Sars, 1866

Argilloecia sp.Pl. 1, fig. 7

Remarks: This species is similar in outline to A. conoidea Sars, 1923, but slightly narrowerand more elongate.

Family XESTOLEBERIDAE (Sars, 1928)Genus Xestoleberis

Xesoleberis cf. hanaii

1990 Xestoleberis cf. hanaii, p. 377, pl. 2, fig. 13

Remarks: My specimens are very similar to X. cf. hanaii from Sekisei area, RyukyuIslands, Japan but differs in the latter. The latter is more rounded and higher dorsally.

Genus Foveoleberis Malz, 1980Foveoleberis cypraeoides (Brady), 1868

1868 Cythere cypraeoides Brady, p. 72, pl. 8, figs. 21, 221880 Xestoleberis foveolata Brady, p. 130, pl. 30, fig. 1a-g1948 Foveoleberis foveolata Brady, Kingma, p. 98, pl. 8, fig. 101985 Uroleberis foveolata (Brady), Zhao et al., p. 200, fig. 24, pl. 20, fig. 181988 Foveoleberis cypraeoides Whatley, Zhao, p. 26, pl. 10, fig. 18, 191997 Foveoleberis cypraeoides Dewi, fig. 224

Remarks: The specimens are conspecific of both species C. cypraedoides and X. foveolataby Brady. This species is one of the typical representatives of the Indo-Malaysian ostracodfauna, ranging from Pliocene to Recent and concentrated in the southeastern sector ofthe Malacca Straits.

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Family HEMICYTHERIDAE Puri, 1953Genus Hemicytheridae Kingma, 1948

Hemicytheridae cancellata (Brady), 1868Pl. 4, fig. 31

1868 Cythere cancellata Brady, p. 62, pl. 7, figs. 9-111963 Hemicytheridae? aff. cancellata (Brady), Van Markoven, p. 400, figs. 665-6671980 Hemicytheridae sp., Hanai et al., p. 193.1987 Hemicytheridae cancellata Whatley, Zhao, p. 352, pl. 5, fig. 20

Remarks: C. cancellata belongs to Hemicytheridae. H. cancellata bears ahemigongylodont hinge in which the anterior and median elements are exactly the sameas that of Loxoconcha, but the posterior element in completely different, being simple,elongate and crenulated. This species has been recorded previously from the Java Sea,Philippines and Malacca Straits.

Hemicytheridae reticulataPl. 3, fig. 27

1961 Hemicytheridae reticulata, p. Q352, fig. 273 (1a, b)1989 Hemicytheridae reticulata, p. 14, fig. 15

Remarks: Almost similar with H. reticulata from Sedili River and Jason Bay, southeasternMalay Peninsular. Medium in size, thick-shelled, valves subequal but RV larger than LVand surface reticulate. Previously recorded from Neogene, Sumatra-Java.

Genus Aurila Pokorny, 1955Aurila voraginosa Witte, 1993

1830 Aurila punctata von Munster1963 Aurila dayii Benson & Maddocks1966 Aurila voraginosa van den Bold1972 Aurila punctoreticulata Omatsola1993 Aurila voraginosa Witte, p. 30, pl. 7, figs. 23-26

Remarks: The Mediterranean and Atlantic species A. punctata has a punctuate ornamentthat is similar to that of A. voraginosa. Carapace almond-shape, rounded in front, surfacepitted, hinge holamphidont and adductor muscle scars variable. This species has alsobeen recorded from the Neogene of Gabon, lacks the marginal ribs. The latter species islarger and more elongate. A. dayii from South Africa is also punctuate but differs inhaving a less angular outline with a poorly developed caudal process.

Genus Mutilus Neviani, 1928Mutilus falcatus Witte, 1993

Pl. 1, fig. 1

1993 Mutilus falcatus Witte, p. 29, pl. 7, figs. 12-16

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Remarks: Distinguished by a strong ornamentation consisting of one long continuousrib and two arched median ribs; ribs connected by low transverse riblets, thus forming acoarse, irregular reticulation. This species quite similar in ornamentation to a number ofspecies that are currently attributed to the genus Radimella Pokorny, 1968. The latter isdistinguished from Mutilus by the possession of auxiliary denticles in the hinge of theright valve as well as three instead of one divided adductor muscle scars.

Genus Hemicythere Sars, 1925Hemicythere variornata Hartmann, 1978

Pl. 1, fig. 6

1978 Mutilus variornatus Hartmann, p. 98, pl. 8, figs. 1-91984 Hemicythere auriloforme Hu, p. 91, pl. 1, figs. 16, 18, 19, 221989 Mutilus variornatus Whatley, Keeler, p. 71, pl. 3, figs. 4-61990 Hemicythere variornata Gou, p. 33, pl. 2, figs. 19-20

Remarks: The present species is most similar to H. variornata from Hainan Islands,South China Sea (Gou, 1990) but is distinguished from the latter in having a faint surfacereticulation.

Genus Bosasella Bonaduce, 1985Bosasella elongata Hu, 1979

Pl. 3, fig. 30

1979 Radimella elongata Hu, p. 63, pl. 1, fig. 61986 Jugoscythereis sp. Cabioch et al., pl. 9, fig. 71990 Bradleya elongata Gou, p. 28, pl. 2, fig. 251993 Bradleya elongata Jellinek, p. 148, pl. 24, figs. 391-3982002 Tenedocythere elongata Hoibian et al., pl. 1, fig. 18

Remarks: Differs from Jugoscythereis in having three frontal muscle scars. The paratypeof this species appears to be identical to B.elongata. From the median ridge of the paratype,its only have two radiated costae exist, which are connected to the anterior ridge.

Genus Caudites Coryell, 1937Caudites javana Kingma, 1948

Pl. 1, fig. 10

1948 Caudites medialis Kingma, p. 85, pl. 10, figs. 5a, b1953 Caudites javana Keij, p. 159, pl. 1, figs. 8a, b1954 Caudites javana Keij, p. 385, pl. 2, figs. 12, 131968 Caudites javana Guha, p. 64, pl. 5, figs. 18, 191989 Caudites javana Whatley, Zhao, p. 246, pl. IV, figs. 13, 14

Remarks: This species is characterized by its smooth surface with anterior, ventral,posterior, posterodorsal and posteromedian ribs and subcentral swelling. Have four thinribs and pits at the area between anterior rib and anterior margin.

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Genus HermanitesHermanites transoceanicus Teeter, 1975

Pl. 3, fig. 24

1975 Hermanites transoceanicus Teeter, p. 450, figs. 11o-q, 12h1982 Hermanites transoceanicus Krutak, p. 267, pl. 3, figs. 12, 131988 Hermanites transoceanicus Cronin, p. 884, pl. 1, figs. 1-81990 Tenedocythere transoceanicus Whatley, Maybury, p. 375, pl. 1, fig. 13

Remarks: The present species are similar with T. transoceanicus from Sekisei-sho area,Ryukyu Islands, Japan (Whatley & Maybury, 1990). The size is relatively smaller andthe reticulate ridges are more marked on the posterodorsal area.

Family LOXOCONCHIDAE Sars, 1925Genus Loxoconcha Sars, 1866

Loxoconcha paiki Whatley & Zhao, 1987

1977 Loxoconcha sp. A. paik, pl. 6, figs. 112-115, pl. 10, fig. 1701987 Loxoconcha paiki Whatley, Zhao, p. 351, pl. 5, figs. 14-161990 Loxoconcha cf. paiki Gou, p. 35, pl. 3, fig. 39

Remarks: Distinguished by its massive rhomboidal or subovate carapace. Hingegongylodont; deplicature broad, with anterior and narrow posterior vestibules; adductormuscle scar patterns. This species is similar to L. paiki reported by Whatley & Zhao(1987) from Malacca Straits and was first reported by Dr. Kwang Ho Paik.

Loxoconcha tumulosa Hu, 1979Pl. 2, fig. 18

1979 Loxocorniculum tumulosum Hu, p. 71, pl. 2, figs. 17, 21, 22, 26, 27, 30, 311984 Loxoconcha tumulosa Hu, pl. 4, figs. 17, 18, 201987 Loxoconcha heronislandensis Whatley & Zhao, p. 350, pl. 5, figs. 121990 Loxoconcha tumulosa Gou, p. 33, pl. 3, figs. 45-47

Family CYTHERURIDAE (Muller, 1894)Genus Paracytheridae Muller, 1894

Paracytheridae tschoppi Van den Bold, 1946Pl. 1, fig. 4

1946 Paracytheridae tschoppi Van den Bold, p. 85, pl. 16, figs. 6,71974 Paracytheridae tschoppi Maddocks, p. 211, pl. 4, figs. 1-61982 Paracytheridae tschoppi Llano, p. 80, pl. 1, figs. D71983 Paracytheridae sp., Carbonel et al., p. 38, pl. 1, fig. 121993 Paracytheridae tschoppi Witte, p. 67, pl. 8, figs. 18, 19

Remarks: Carapace stout, very much broadened, with rounded anterior and pointedposterior extremities and hinge weak. Van den Bold (1946) first reported this speciesfrom the Miocene of Cuba and it is now known to occur widely in the Carribean region,

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both fossil and Recent. This species are conspecific with Western Atlantic; Kalimantan,Indonesia; Pliocene of Okinawa; Upper Miocene of Fiji and west African Beach.

Genus Hemicytherura Elofson, 1941Hemicytherura cellulosa Norman, 1865

Pl. 3, fig. 26

1865 Cythere cellulosa Norman, p. 22, pl. 5, figs. 17-201928 Cytherura cellulosa Sars, p. 216, pl. 100, fig. 21953 Hemicytherura cellulosa Ruggieri, p. 48, figs. 1, 1a, 2, 141982 Hemicytherura cellulosa Horne, p. 74, pl. 1, fig. 11993 Hemicytherura celulosa Witte, p. 44, pl. 10, figs. 1, 3

Remarks: The ornamentation pattern in this species and two related form was studied byHoskin (1975). He also introduced a numerical notation system for the fossae. The specieshas been recorded from Atlantic coastal waters of Europe and North Africa. As a fossilit is known from the Quartenary of the Netherlands, Scotland, Wales and Ireland. Thepresent record from West African beach.

Genus Cytheropteron Sars, 1866Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley & Zhao, 1987

1987 Cytheropteron quadratocostatum Whatley, Zhao, p. 348, pl. 4, figs. 23-25

Remarks: Recognized by its smooth, pitted or reticulate carapace, antimeridont hingewith notched median groove and an adductor muscle scar pattern composed of fourvertical posterior scars with one anterior. This species is most similar in morphologicalfeatures to C. excisum Bonaduce et al. (1976) from the Red Sea. The main difference isin that the latter has a punctate instead of a smooth surface. Bearing a flattened medianarea demarcated by a dorsal and two subvertical ribs situated antero and posteromedianly.

Family CYTHERELLIDAE Sars, 1866Genus Cytherella Jones, 1849

Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson, 1969Pl. 2, fig. 19

1969 Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson, p. 37, pl. 1, figs. 4-61979 Cytherella hemipuncta Swanson, p. 8, fig. 41987 Cytherella hemipuncta Whatley, Zhao, p. 333, pl. 1, figs. 2-4

Remarks: Distinguished by its thick shelled ovate, usually smooth or punctate carapace;hinge adont, adductor muscle scar pinnate or feather-shaped, aggregate and sexualdimorphism. Like C. semitalis Brady, this species has a longitudinal in ornate centralarea but the punctate surrounding it are much denser and smaller. This species has beenonly recorded before from New Zealand and Malacca Straits.

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Cytherella sangiranensis Kingma, 1948

1948 Cytherella sangiranensis Kingma, p. 63, pl. 6, figs. 5a, b.1987 Cytherella sangiranensis Whatley, Zhao, p. 333, pl. 1, figs. 5, 6.

Remarks: Surface smooth to faintly ribbed concentrically, carapace milky white, anteriorend rather compressed and with hairs particularly on posterior part of valves. This speciespreviously recorded from the Upper Pliocene of Java and sountheastern sector of MalaccaStraits.

Genus Cytherelloidea Alexander, 1929Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady, 1869

1948 Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady, Kingma, p. 65, pl. 6, fig. 10a, b1964 Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady, Keij, pp. 419, 450, pl. 1, fig. 4-81968 Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady, Guha, p. 58, pl. 4, fig. 11980 Cytherelloidea cingulata Brady, Hanai et al., pp. 101, 1021987 Cytherelloidea cingulata Whatley, Zhao, p. 334, pl. 1, fig. 13, 141997 Cytherelloidea cingulata Dewi, fig. 17

Remarks: Distinguished from others members of the suborder Platycopina by sculpturingon the surface of the carapace, with ridges most prominent. Carapace wedge-shaped,generally compressed in dorsal view. C. cingulata has been found from the Recent of theSouth China Sea, Indonesia, southeastern Australia, Miocene of the Andaman Islandsand Recent of Malacca Straits.

Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, 1964

1964 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, p. 420, pl. 2, fig. 1-41985 Cytherelloidea leroyi Keij, Zhao et al., p. 199, fig. 11, pl. 19, fig. 11987 Cytherelloidea leroyi Whatley, Zhao, p. 334, pl. 1, figs. 15-18

Remarks: Strong ornament, especially ribbing and generally more compressed shellform. This species has been found abundantly on the shelves of the South China Sea offChina, Borneo and one of the dominant species from the Recent of Malacca Straits.

Cytherelloidea malaccaensis

1987 Cytherelloidea malaccaensis Whatley, Zhao, p. 335, pl. 1, figs. 19-211997 Cytherelloidea malaccaensis Dewi, fig. 20

Remarks: This species is very similar to C. leroyi Keij, in ornamentation but the ventralmarginal ridge of the latter coincides completely with the outer margin and connectsevenly with the anterior marginal ridge. Previously recorded from northwestern sectorof Malacca Straits and Java Sea.

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194


Family SCHIZOCYTHERIDAE Mandelstam, 1960Genus Neomonoceratina Kingma, 1948Neomonoceratina iniqua (Brady), 1868

Pl. 3, fig. 23

1886 Cythere iniqua Brady, pp. 310, 311, pl. 39, figs. 31-331975 Neomonoceratina diptera Hu, Yang, p. 108, pl. 1, figs. 19, 201978 Neomonoceratina cf. delicata Ishizaki, Jain, p. 95, fig. 2G1979 Neomonoceratina cf. delicata Ishizaki, Bhatia et al., p. 173, pl. 1, fig. 71983 Neomonoceratina relicata Ishizaki, Gou et al., p. 76, pl. 20, figs. 1-81987 Neomonoceratina iniqua Whatley, Zhao, p. 338, pl. 2, fig. 20

Remarks: This species was first reported from the northern coast of Java and coastalareas of Asia from the Persian Gulf of China, ranging from Pliocene to Recent. Alsofound in Recent of Malacca Strait and west Bawean Islands, Indonesia.

Genus Bythoceratina Hornibrook, 1953Bythoceratina mandviensis Jain, 1978

Pl. 2, fig. 14

1978 Bythoceratina mandviensis Jain, pp. 130, 131, figs. 5K, 1-3

Remarks: This species was first recorded from the west coast of India and also foundfrom recent of Malacca Straits.

Family BRACHYCYTHERIDAEGenus Alocopocythere Siddiqui, 1971Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady), 1868

Pl. 4, fig. 36

1916 Cythere goujoni Brady, Fyan, pp. 1212-1214, figs. 10, 111968 Trachyleberis goujoni (Brady), Guha, p. 214, pl. 1, figs. 10, 221983 Alocopocythere goujoni (Brady), Gou et al., pp. 89, 90, pl. 17, figs. 1, 2, 7, 81988 Alocopocythere goujoni Whatley, Zhao, p. 20, pl. 9, figs. 11, 121997 Alocopocythere goujoni Dewi, fig. 194

Remarks: This species differs from A. kendengensis through detailed carapace features.Previously recorded from Recent sediments of the South China Sea, Indonesia, Australia,Pliocene to Pleistocene of India, Pliocene of the South China and Timor, Java Sea andRecent of Malacca Straits.

Genus Atjehella Kingma, 1948Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948

Pl. 3, fig. 25

1948 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, p. 76, pl.8, figs. 1a-e1977 Atjehella aff. semiplicata Kingma, Paik, pl. 6, figs. 105-109, pl. 10, fig. 1691979 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, Keij, p. 452, pl. 1, figs. 1-6

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195


1988 Atjehella semiplicata Whatley, Zhao, p. 24, pl. 10, fig. 51997 Atjehella semiplicata Dewi, fig. 215

Remarks: It was first recorded in the Pliocene of Indonesia, Recent of Singapore, Recentof Malacca Straits, Java Sea, the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman.

Genus Neocytheretta Van Markhoven, 1963Neocytheretta adunca (Brady), 1868

1869 Cythere cerebalis Brady, p. 1551880 Cythere adunca Brady, p. 97, pl. 25, figs. 6a-d1980 Bicornucythere adunca (Brady), Hanai et al., p. 1721988 Neocytheretta adunca Whatley, Zhao, p. 22, pl. 9, figs 23-281997 Neocytheretta adunca Dewi, fig. 210

Remarks: N. adunca is closest to N. inflata in its tumid carapace and ornament. Differsfrom N. snellii by its less well developed reticulation, smooth anterior surface and muchnarrower inner lamella. Brady reported this species from the Java Sea and Hong Kong.

Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady), 1870Pl. 4, fig. 32

1870 Cythere spongiosa Brady, p. 194, pl. 30, figs. 1, 21980 Neocytheretta spongiosa (Brady), Malz, p. 51, pl. 2, figs. 8, 9; pl. 3, figs. 20-221988 Neocytheretta spongiosa Whatley, Zhao, p. 23, pl. 9, figs. 15, 161997 Neoytheretta spongiosa Dewi, fig. 201

Remarks: N. spongiosa only known from the Recent of Malacca Straits and the Pleistoceneof Taiwan.

Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma), 1948Pl. 1, fig. 3

1948 Paracytheretta snellii Kingma, p. 77, pl. 7, figs. 14a-c1979 Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma), Keij, p. 60, pl. 1, figs. 5, 61981 Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma), Gou et al., p. 152, pl. 76, figs. 21-231985 Neocytheretta snellii (Kingma), Zhao et al., p. 200, pl. 19, fig. 151988 Neocytheretta snellii Whatley, Zhao, p. 22, pl. 9, figs. 18, 191997 Neocytheretta snellii Dewi, figs. 204

Remarks: This species seems to be confined to the Indo-Malayan region, South ChinaSea and Malacca Straits.

Family PECTOCYTHERIDAE Hanai, 1957Genus Keijia Teeter, 1975

Keijia labyrinthica Whatley & Zhao, 1988

1988 Keijia labyrinthica Whatley, Zhao, p. 5, pl. 6, figs. 1-31997 Keijia labyrinthica Dewi, p. 67, figs. 140, 141

Bab18.pmd 21/03/32, 10:32 ’195

196


Remarks: This species differs from K. demissa (Brady, 1868) the type species of thegenus, in being smaller and having more irregular and labyrinthine reticulation. It wasfound in Recent of Malacca Straits.

Family SINOCYTHERIDAE Huang, 1985Genus Neosinocythere Huang, 1985

Neosinocythere dekroni Kingma, 1948Pl. 3, fig. 22

1948 Cythereis dekroni Kingma, p. 79, pl. 9, figs. 15a, b1989 Neosinocythere dekroni Whatley, Zhao, p. 244, pl. IV, figs. 9-12

Remarks: This species is characterized by its surface covered with feeble reticulationand fine, dense puncta, with subcentral, posterodorsal;, anteroventral, posterodorsal andposterior tubercles, a wide groove surrounding the subcentral tubercle. Distributed atEast Java from Pliocene to Pleistocene

Family BAIRDIIDAE Sars, 1888Genus Paranesidae Maddocks, 1969Paranesidae multiforma Witte, 1993

1969 Paranesidae fracticorallicola Maddocks, 19691993 Paranesidae multiforma Witte, p. 3, pl. 2, figs. 1-8

Remarks: Maddocks (1969) divided the large genus Bairdia into several new genera,differing in both soft and hard parts. P. multiforma shows similarities to any generaParanesidae, Neonesidae and Bairdoppilata. The attribution of P. multiforma toParanesidae was prompted primarily by the muscle scar configuration and carapacemorphology.

Paranesidae conulifera Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, 1978Pl. 2, fig. 12

1978 Neonesidae conulifera Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, p. 374, pl. 2, figs. 1-61981 Paranesidae fracticorallicola Maddocks, Hartmann, p. 99, pl. 1, figs. 6-91990 Paranesidae bipustulosa Titterton, Whatley, p. 24, pl. 1, fig. 151995 Paranesidae conulifera Maddocks, p. 210, pl. 4, figs 1-92002 Paranesidae conulifera Bonaduce et al., pl. 1, fig. 14

Remarks: This species is characterized by pustulose tubercules at anterior and posteriormargins, varying in number and size. The surface ornamentation varies from nearlysmooth and punctate, increasing in size peripherally.

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Genus Triebelina Van den Bold, 1946Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948

Pl. 1, fig. 9

1948 Triebelina sertata Triebel, p. 19, figs. 1 & 21974 Triebelina sertata Keij, p. 356, pl. 2, figs. 6-121989 Triebelina sertata Whatley, Keeler, p. 66, pl. 1, fig. 31995 Triebelina sertata Maddocks, p. 3214, pl. 7, figs. 1 & 22002 Triebelina sertata Hoibian et al., pl. 1, figs. 13

Remarks: This species had wide distribution in circum Pacific oceans with expectationof the East Pacific Ocean. It is the only species of the Indo-West Pacific origin and alsofound at Hainan Islands, South China Sea.

Family TRACHYLEBERIDIDAE Sylsvester-Bradley, 1948Genus Acitnocythereis Puri, 1953

Actinocythereis scutigera Brady, 1868Pl. 3, fig. 29

1880 Cythere scutigera Brady, p. 109, . 22, figs. 5a, b1948 Cythereis scutigera Brady, Kingma, p. 83, pl. 9, figs. 6a, b1954 Trachyleberis scutigera Brady, Keij, p. 356, pl. 3, fig. 21976 Actinocythereis cf. scutigera Brady, Paik, p. 48, pl. 3, figs. 50-521985 Actinocythereis scutigera Brady, Zhao etal., pl. 19, fig. 121988 Actinocytheris scutigera Whatley, Zhao, p. 7, pl. 6, fig. 141997 Actinocythereis scutigera Dewi, fig. 145

Remarks: This species has been found in Indo-Pacific area and Recent of Malacca Straits.

Genus Abrocythereis Gou, 1983Abrocythereis guangdongensis Gou, 1983

Pl. 4, fig. 37

1983 Abrocythereis guangdongensis Gou, p.98, pl. 13, figs. 14-181985 Abrocythereis guangdongensis Gou, Wang & Zhao, pl. 7, fig. 71985 Abrocythereis guangdongensis Gou, Zhao et al., p. 199, fig. 4, pl. 9, fig. 111987 Abrocythereis guangdongensis Whatley, Zhao, p. 7, pl. 6, figs. 10-13

Remarks: Differs with C. rastromarginata because A. guangdongensis has a row of 4strong spines along the dorsal margin instead of a smooth rim in C. rastromarginata andthe anterior rim in A. guangdongensis is smooth. This species has been recorded fromthe Pliocene to Recent of eastern China, the Pleistocene of Japan and Recent of MalaccaStraits.

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198


Genus Radimella Hu, 1979Radimella cf. virgata Hu, 1979

Pl. 2, fig. 16

1978 Mutilus splenddideornatus australiensis Hartmann, p. 99, pl. 8, figs. 10-161979 Radimella virgata Hu, p. 63, pl. 1, figs. 18-201985 Radimella virgata Zhao et al., pl. 20, fig. 51988 Radimella virgata Zhao, Wang, pl. 2, fif. 281990 Radimella cf. virgata Whatley, Maybury, p. 376, pl. 2, fig. 2

Remarks: This species is characterized by its reticulate surface with radial ridges andthe median hinge element without auxiliary denticles.

Genus Keijella Ruggeri, 1967Keijella reticulata Whatley & Zhao, 1988

1988 Keijella reticulata Whatley, Zhao, p. 15, pl. 7, figs. 19-231997 Keijella reticulata Dewi, fig. 168

Remarks: This species is similar to K. papuensis in reticulation pattern. Differs from K.apta in that the latter has a reticulation dominated by longitudinal muri and very fineposterior marginal denticles, instead of rodlike spines as in the former and a betterdeveloped selvage in both valves.

Keijella papuaensis Brady, 1880

1880 Cythere papuaensis Brady, p. 95, pl. 25, figs. 5a-d1948 Cythereis papuaensis Brady, Kingma, pp. 81, 82, pl. 10, figs. 2a, b1977 Cythere? cf. papuaensis Brady , Paik, pl. 1, figs. 14-17; pl. 8, fig. 1461980 Bicornucythere papuaensis (Brady), Hanai et al., p. 1741987 Keijella papuaensis Whatley, Zhao, p. 13, pl. 8, figs. 1, 2

Remarks: This species has been recorded from Recent of Papua, the Persian Gulf, westcoast of India, Pliocene of Sumatra and Recent of Malacca Straits.

Keijella multisulcus Whatley & Zhao, 1988Pl. 2, fig. 17

1988 Keijella multisulcus Whatley, Zhao, p. 13, pl. 7, figs. 24-281997 Keijella multisulcus Dewi, fig. 162

Remarks: This species is closest to Cythere hodgii Brady (1866) and differ from K.hodgii Doruk (1973). More developed longitudinal furrows posteriorly and the latterlacks marginal denticules posteriorly and the posteroventral spine nearer with posteriormargin.

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199


Keijella paucipunctata Whatley and Zhao, 1988Pl. 2, fig. 13

1988 Keijella paucipunctata Whatley, Zhao, p. 14, pl. 8, figs. 5-9

Remarks: This species is very easily identified by its tumid carapace, shallow andconcentric punctuate. It was previously recorded at northern sector of the Malacca Straits.

Genus Lankacythere Bhatia and Kumar, 1979Lankacythere corralloides Brady, 1886

Pl. 4, fig. 35

1886 Cythere corralloides Brady, p. 307, pl. 39, fig. 19-221979 Lankacythere corralloides Brady, Bhatia and Kumar, p. 176, pl. 1, figs. 1-51988 Lankacythere corralloides Whatley, Zhao, p. 17, pl. 8, figs. 19-22

Remarks: This species was previously recorded from the northern coast of the IndianOcean and Recent of Malacca Straits.

Lankacythere euplectella Brady, 1869Pl. 3, fig. 28

1869 Cythere euplectella Brady, pp. 157, 158, pl. 16, fig. 5-71981 Bicornucythere euplectella Brady, Hanai et al., p. 1731985 Bicornucythere euplectella Brady, Zhao et al., p. 199, fig. 7, pl.19, fig. 181987 Lankacythere euplectella Whatley, Zhao, p. 18, figs. 1, 2

Remarks: This species is doubtfully placed in Lankacythere mainly based on its hingementand deep concentric fossae but the posterodorsal ridge, one diagnostic feature of thisgenus, is not so prominent. This species has been found in South and East China Seasand Malacca Straits.

Lankacythere elaborata Whatley & Zhao, 1988Pl. 4, fig. 34

1988 Lankacythere elaborata Whatley & Zhao, p. 33, pl. 8, figs. 23-28

Remarks: This species is very close to L.coralloides in overall morphology but is moreinflated and has quadrate fossae bearing radial spinelike extensions inward in muri.

Genus Pistocythereis Gou, 1983Pistocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, 1968

Pl. 2, fig. 11

1978 Echinocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, Guan et al., p. 296, pl. 96, figs. 1, 21982 Wichmannella bradyi Ishizaki, Yajima, p. 2011983 Pistocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, Gou et al., pp. 94, 95, pl. 14, figs. 1-12; pl. 5, fig.

11987 Pistocythereis bradyi Whatley, Zhao, p. 19, pl. 9, fig. 3-5

Bab18.pmd 21/03/32, 10:32 ’199

200


Remarks: Brady (1880) mentioned that the degree of development of spines superimposedon the intersections of the muri is variable. The spines of this species are only discernibleposteriorly, probably due to post-mortem erosion. This species is widespread in thePliocene to Recent of China and Japan and Recent of Malacca Straits.

Pistocythereis cribriformis Brady, 1865Pl. 1, fig. 7

1865 Cythere cribriformis Brady, p. 379, pl.61, figs. 6a-d1948 Cythereis cribriformis Brady, Kingma, pp. 78, 79, pl. 9, figs. a-b1980 Echinocythereis cribriformis Brady, Hanai et al., p. 169, 1701987 Pistocythereis cribriformis Whatley, Zhao, p. 19, pl. 9, figs. 6, 7

Remarks: It was first found in the Mediterranean (Brady, 1865), subsequently recordedmainly from the South China Sea, Java Sea and Malacca Straits.

Genus Henryhowella Puri, 1957Henryhowella keutapangensis Kingma, 1948

Pl. 2, fig. 15

1948 Cythereis keutapangensis Kingma, p. 81, pl. 10, figs. 1a-b1977 Cythere? sp. A. Paik, pl. 1, figs. 18, 191988 Henryhowella keutapangensis Whatley, Zhao, p. 29, pl. 6, figs. 15-18

Remarks: This species is assigned to Henryhowella because of the relatively inflatedposterior portion of the carapace, blunt posterior margin and spiny surface, despite theabsence of the posterior fold of the carapace.

ComparisonIn the study of ostracoda from Malacca Straits, 22 species and 2 genera(Bythocytheropteron and Alataconcha) belonging to a total of 129 species were describedas new (Whatley and Zhao, 1987; 1988). Gou (1990) recorded that a total of 31 speciesbelonging to 21 genera were identified on the Luhuitou reefs from Hainan Islands, SouthChina Sea. Nine species are common only to both the South China Sea and Indonesia. Atotal of 101 species of live and dead assemblages were recorded in study of the recentpodocopid ostracoda of the Sedili River and Jason Bay (Whatley and Zhao, 1989). Zhao(2005) reported that more than 2000 samples were taken from the Oligocene to Quaternarysection, of which 725 contained ostracods and yielded at least 100 species. The presentdetailed local scale study of the distribution of ostracoda faunas from Java Sea, westBawean Island, Indonesia had presented 130 species including 6 new species, 1 newsubspecies and undetermined species (Dewi, 1997). A total of 34 ostracoda species wererecovered belonging to 24 genera from recent reefal flat deposit in Bali, Indonesia(Mostafawi, 2005). Of these, the most abundant and important are Alocopcytherekendengensis, Foveoleberis cypradoides, Neocytheretta snelli and N. spongiosa whichcan be considered as typical representatives of the Indo-Malaysian region even though

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some species like F. cypradoides and N. snelli also spread northwards to the warm of theEast China Sea along the Kuroshio Current. Whatley (1988) has demonstrated that thediversity of ostracods in the open-sea environments is higher than in fresh and brackishwater environments. Today, Whatley and Zhao (1987, 1988) found only 30 speciescommon to both Indonesia waters and Malacca Straits. The common and widespreadspecies are Borneocythere pauncipunctata, Feveoleberis cypraeoides, Actinocythereisscutigera, Cytherelloidea cingulata and Neomonoceratina bataviana. The faunal in thePulau Redang are closet in composition to the faunal of Malacca Straits with total of 54species common to the 2 areas. Some of these are widespread and relatively abundant inboth areas. Among these are Actinocythereis scutigera, Alocopocythere kendengensis,Cytherelloidea leroyi, Keijella papuaensis, Lankacythere coralloides and Pistocythereisbradyi.

AcknowledgementThis research was funded by the IRPA (Code project: 09-02-02-0096-EA240) andMalaysian Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation. We wish to thank Facultyof Science & Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysiafor sponsoring our trip to Pulau Redang, Pahang; SEM Unit, FST, UKM and PuanNormalawati Shamsuddin for SEM micrographs.

ReferencesBenson, R. H. 1961. Ecology of Ostracode assemblages. In Moore, R.C., Treatise on invertebrate

Paleontology, Part Q, Arthropoda 3: Crustacea. Geological Society of America andUniversity of Kansas Press, Colorado. Pp.56-70

Boersma, A. & Haq, B. U. 1980. Introduction to Marine Micropaleontology. New York: ElsevierNorth Holland, Inc.

Brasier, M. D. 1980. Microfossil. George Allen & Unwin LTDCronin, T. M. & Schmidt, N. 1988. Evolution and Biogeography of Orionina in the Atlantic,

Pacific and Caribbean: Evolution and Speciation in Ostracoda, II. In Evolutional Biology ofOstracoda: its fundamentals and applications. In Hanai, T., Ikeya, N. & Ishizaki, K. (ed).Shizuoka, Japan. Elsevier. Pp. 933.

Dewi, K. T. 1993. Ostracoda from the java sea, west of Bawean Island, Indonesia. Departmentof Geology, The University of Wollongong Australia.

Elofson, O. 1941. Marine Ostracoda of Sweden: with special insideration of Skagerrak. German:Israel Program for Scientific Translation.

Gou, Y. X. 1990. Recent Ostracoda from Hainan Island, South China Sea. In Ziegler, W., EuropeanOstracodologists Meeting. Vol. 2. Courier Forschunginstitut Senckenberg.

Markhoven, V. 1963. Post-paleozoic ostracoda: Their morphology, taxonomy, and economicuse. Volume II. Amsterdam: Elsevier Publishing Company.

Martin, R. E. 2000. Environmental micropaleontology. The application of microfossils toenvironmental geology. Vol. 15.

Moore, R. C. 1961. Treatise on invertebrate Paleontology, Part Q, Arthopoda 3: Crustacea.Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Colorado. Pp. 56-70.

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Mostafawi, N., Colin, J. P. & Babinot, J. F. 2005. An account on the taxonomy of ostracodesfrom recent reefal flat deposits in Bali, Indonesia. Revue de micropaleontology, 48: 123-140.

Pokory, V. 1980. Ostracodes. In Boersma, A. & Haq, B. U. Introduction to MarineMicropaleontology. New York: Elsevier North Holland, Inc.

Puri, H., S. 1971. Distribution of ostracodes in the oceans. In. The Micropaleontology of Oceans.University Press, Cambridge.

Scott, H., W., 1961. Classification of ostracoda. In Moore, R. C. Treatise on invertebratepaleontology: Part Q, Arthopoda 3. Crustacea: Ostracoda. The Geological Society ofAmerica and The University of Kansas Press. Pp.78-82

Stepanova, A., Taldenkova, E. & Bauch, H. A. 2002. Recent ostracoda from the Laptev Sea(Arctic Siberia): species assemblages and some environmental relationships. MarineMicropaleontology, 906: 1-26.

Tabuki, R. & Nohara, T. The Ostracoda of the Sekisei-sho area, Ryukyu Island, Japan : apreliminary report on Ostracods from coral reefs in Ryukyu Islands. In Whatley, R. &Maybury, C. (ed). Ostracoda and Global Events. London. Chapman & Hall.

Whatley, R., C. & Zhao, Q. 1987. Recent Ostracoda of the Malacca Straits, part I. Revista Espanolade Micropaleontologie, 19(3): 327-366.

Whatley, R. C. & Zhao, Q. 1988. Recent Ostracoda of the Malacca Straits, part II. Revista Espanolade Micropaleontologie, 20(1): 5-37.

Whatley, R. C. 1988. Ostracoda and Palaeogeography. In P. De decker, J. P. Colin & P. Peypouquet(eds.). Ostracoda in the earth sciences. Elsevier, Amsterdam. Pp.103-123

Whatley, R. C., 1989. A taxonomic of the new species of ostracoda described by J. T. Kingma(1948) from the Late Cainozoic of Indonesia. Acta Micropalaentologica Sinica Sept., 6(3):229-246.

Whatley, R. & Maybury, C. 1990. Ostracoda and global events. London: Chapman and Hall.Witte, L. 1993. Taxonomy and Biogeography of West African Beach Ostracods. Nertherlands:

Geological Survey of the Netherlands.

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Plate 1

Plate 1

Figure 1 Multilus falcatus Witte, 1993; right valve; external view; 137XFigure 2 Corallicythere sp. ; right valve, external view, 119XFigure 3 Neocytheretta snelli Kingma, 1948; right valve; external view; 139XFigure 4 Paracytheridae tschoppi Van den Bold, 1946; left valve; external view; 160XFigure 5 Cytheropteron inflatum Brady, Crosskey and Robertson, 1874; left valve, external

view, 140XFigure 6 Hemicythere variornata Hartmann, 1978; right valve; external view; 141XFigure 7 Pistocythereis cribriformis Brady, 1865; right valve; external view; 113XFigure 8 Argilloecia sp. Sars, 1866; left valve; external view; 167XFigure 9 Triebelina sertata Triebel, 1948; right valve; external view; 152XFigure 10 Caudites javana Kingma, 1948; left valve; external view; 163X

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Plate 2

Plate 2

Figure 11 Pistocythereis bradyi Ishizaki, 1986; right valve; external view; 159XFigure 12 Paranesidea conulifera Bonaduce, Masoli and Pugliese, 1978; left valve, external

view, 121XFigure 13 Keijella puncipunctata Whatley and Zhao, 1988; right valve; external view; 170XFigure 14 Bythoceratina mandviensis Jain, 1978; left valve; external view; 210XFigure 15 Henryhowella keutapangensis Kingma, 1948; left valve; external view; 173XFigure 16 Radimella cf. virgata Hu, 1979; right valve; external view; 153XFigure 17 Keijella multisulcus Whatley and Zhao, 1988; right valve; external view; 110XFigure 18 Loxoconcha tumulosa Hu, 1979; right valve; external view; 155XFigure 19 Cytherella hemipuncta Brady, 1868; left valve; external view; 132XFigure 20 Phlyctenophora orientalis Brady, 1868; right valve; external view; 81X

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Plate 3

Plate 3

Figure 21 Corallicythere sp. left valve; external view; 170XFigure 22 Neosinocythere dekroni Kingma, 1948; right valve; external view; 164XFigure 23 Neomonoceratina iniqua Brady, 1886; left valve; external view; 155XFigure 24 Tenedocythere transoceanica Teeter, 1975; left valve; external view; 150XFigure 25 Atjehella semiplicata Kingma, 1948; left valve; external view; 160XFigure 26 Hemicytherura cellulosa Norman, 1865; left valve; external view; 271XFigure 27 Hemicytheridae reticulata Brady, 1869; right valve; external view; 130XFigure 29 Actinocythereis scutigera Brady, 1868; left valve; external view; 96XFigure 30 Bosasella elongata Hu, 1979; right valve; external view; 100X

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Plate 4

Plate 4

Figure 31 Hemicytheridae cancellata Brady, 1868; left valve; external view; 166XFigure 32 Neocytheretta spongiosa Brady, 1870; left valve; external view; 113XFigure 33 Triebelina sp. Triebel, 1948; right valve; external view; 194XFigure 35 Lankacythere coralloides Brady, 1886; right valve; external view; 119XFigure 36 Alocopocythere goujoni Brady, 1868; left valve; external view; 120XFigure 37 Abrocythereis guangdongensis Gou, 1983; left valve; external view

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