The 1830 RevolutionsThe 1830 Revolutions

France: The “Restoration” Era

(1815-1830)

France: The “Restoration” Era

(1815-1830)4 France emerged from

the chaos of its revolutionary period as the most liberal large state in Europe.

4 Louis XVIII governed France as a Constitutional monarch.

He agreed to observe the 1814 “Charter” or Constitution of the Restoration period.

• Limited royal power.

• Granted legislative power.

• Protected civil rights.

• Upheld the Napoleon Code.

Louis XVIII (r. 1814-1824)

The “Ultras”The “Ultras”4 France was divided by those

who had accepted the ideals of the Fr. Revolution and those who didn’t.

4 The Count of Artois was the leader of the “Ultra-Royalists”

4 1815 “White Terror”

Royalist mobs killed 1000s of former revolutionaries.

4 1816 elections

The Ultras were rejected in the Chamber of Deputies election in favor of a moderate royalist majority dependent on middle class support.

The Count of Artois, the future King

Charles X

(r. 1824-1830)

France: Conservative BacklashFrance: Conservative Backlash4 1820the Duke of Berri, son of Artois, was

murdered.

4 Royalists blamed the left.

4 Louis XVIII moved the govt. more to the right

Changes in electoral laws narrowed the eligible voters.

Censorship was imposed.

4 Liberals were driven out of legal political life and into illegal activities.

4 1823 triumph of reactionary forces!

Fr troops were authorized by the Concert of Europe to crush the Spanish Revolution and restore another Bourbon ruler, Ferdinand VII, to the throne there.

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)4 His Goals:

Lessen the influence of the middle class.

Limit the right to vote.

Put the clergy back in charge of education.

Public money used to pay nobles for the loss of their lands during the Fr Revolution.

4 His Program: Attack the 1814 Charter.

Control the press.

Dismiss the Chamber of Deputies when it turned against him.

Appointed an ultra-reactionary as his first minister.

4 1830 Election brought in another liberal majority.

4 July Ordinances He dissolved the entire parliament.

Strict censorship imposed.

Changed the voting laws so that the government in the future could be assured of a conservative victory.

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

King Charles X of France (r. 1824-1830)

To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!

To the Barracades Revolution, Again!!

Workers, students and some of the middle class call for a Republic!

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”

4 The Duke of Orleans.

4 Relative of the Bourbons, but had stayed clear of the Ultras.

4 Lead a thoroughly bourgeois life.

4 His Program:

Property qualifications reduced enough to double eligible voters.

Press censorship abolished.

The King ruled by the will of the people, not by the will of God.

The Fr Revolution’s tricolor replaced the Bourbon flag.

4 The government was now under the control of the wealthy middle class.

(r. 1830-1848)

Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”Louis Philippe The “Citizen King”

4 His government ignored the needs and demands of the workers in the cities.

They were seen as another nuisance and source of possible disorder.

4 July, 1832 an uprising in Paris was put down by force and 800 were killed or wounded.

4 1834 Silk workers strike in Lyon was crushed.

Seething underclass.

Was seen as a violation of the status quo set down at the Congress of Vienna.

A caricature ofLouis Philippe

Belgian Independence, 1830Belgian Independence, 18304 The first to follow the lead of France.

4 Its union with Holland after the Congress of Vienna had not proved successful.

4 There had been very little popular agitation for Belgian nationalism before 1830 seldom had nationalism arisen so suddenly.

4 Wide cultural differences:

North Dutch Protestant seafarers and traders.

South French Catholic farmers and individual workers.

Belgian Revolution - 1830Belgian Revolution - 1830

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

4 The bloodiest struggle of the 1830 revolutions.

4 The Poles in and around Warsaw gain a special status by the Congress of Vienna within the Russian Empire.

Their own constitution.

Local autonomy granted in 1818.

4 After Tsar Alexander I dies, the Poles became restless under the tyrannical rule of Tsar Nicholas I.

4 Polish intellectuals were deeply influenced by Romanticism.

4 Rumors reached Poland that Nicholas I was planning to use Polish troops to put down the revolutions in France and Belgium.

4 Several Polish secret societies rebelled.

A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830A Stirring of Polish Nationalism - 1830

4 Had the Poles been united, thisrevolt might have been successful.

But, the revolutionaries were split into moderates and radicals.

4 The Poles had hoped that Fr & Eng would come to their aid, but they didn’t.

4 Even so, it took the Russian army a year to suppress this rebellion.

4 The irony by drawing the Russian army to Warsaw for almost a year, the Poles may well have kept Nicholas I from answering Holland’s call for help in suppressing the Belgian Revolt.

Europe in 1830Europe in 1830

The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions?

The Results of the 1820s-1830 Revolutions?

1. The Concert of Europe provided for a recovery of Europe after the long years of Revolution and Napoleonic Wars.

2. The conservatives did NOT reverse ALL of the reforms put in place by the French Revolution.

3. Liberalism would challenge the conservative plan for European peace and law and order.

4. These revolutions were successful only in W. Europe:

Their success was in their popular support.

Middle class lead, aided by the urban lower classes.

5. The successful revolutions had benefited the middle class the workers, who had done so much of the rioting and fighting, were left with empty hands!

6. Therefore, these revolutions left much unfinished & a seething, unsatisfied working class.

Typical Political Typical Political Revolution (TPR)Revolution (TPR)

G The Middle Class allies with the Working Class to revolt against the ruling conservative class.

G Initially the Middle and Working Classes succeed, but then because of their basic differences the alliance falls apart and the conservative forces reassert themselves.

G Middle Class tends to be liberal, while the working classes tend to be more radical.

Louis PhilippeLouis Philippe,, “The Pear,” “The Pear,” 18481848

Revolution in France Revolution in France 18481848

G “the July monarchy in France was a platform of boards built over a volcano. Under it burned the repressed fires of republicanism put down in 1830, which since 1830 had become steadily more socialistic”

G Radicals wanted universal suffrage and a republic, but liberals asked only for broader voting rights within the existing constitutional Monarchy

G Louis Phillipe and his Prime Minister refused any change. Stupid move. What should they have done?

February revolution in February revolution in France 1848France 1848

G Banquet in Paris planned for Feb. 22G On February 21 the gov’t forbade such

meetings-that night barricades went up throughout the city

G Gov’t called the national guard-refused to move-King now promised electoral reform-too late.

G Demonstration at Guizot’s house-20 killed

G February 24 Louis Philippe abdicates to…England

G That leaves us with the liberal reformers and the radical republicans-now it gets interesting.

The February RevolutionThe February RevolutionG Working class & liberals

unhappy with King Louis Philippe, esp. with his minister, Francois Guizot [who opposed electoral reform].

G Reform Banquets used to protest against the King.

Paris Banquet banned. Troops open fire on peaceful protestors. Barricades erected; looting. National Guard [politically disenfranchised]

defects to the radicals. King Louis Philippe loses control of Paris and

abdicates on February 24.

Creation of provisional Creation of provisional governmentgovernment

G Const. Reformers hoped to carry on with the son of Louis Phillipe

G Republicans stormed the Chamber of Deputies and proclaimed a republic-no whiff of grapeshot this time.

G Provisional government: 7 political republicans-Lamartine 3 social republicans- Louis Blanc

•Blanc was interested in creating social workshops

• Instead he got national workshops•By June there were 200,000 idle men in a

city of 1 million

Election of Constituent Election of Constituent AssemblyAssembly

G Elected in April 1848 by Universal Male suffrage across all of France

G Immediately replaced provisional gov’t with temporary executive board of its own

G This new exec board contained NO socialists

Alphonse LamartineAlphonse Lamartine

G A poet & liberal, he believed in the “Rights of Man.”

To vote, to free speech, to property, & to a secular education.

G Declared a new Provisional Government.

Conservatives & liberals are suspicious of republicanism• Reminiscent of the

Reign of Terror.

Louis BlancLouis Blanc

G A Social Democrat.G He believed in the

“Right to Work.” National Workshops.

•Provide work for the unemployed.

G Financial Crisis Flight of capital. Stock market

crashes [55% decline].

New 45% increase of taxes on the peasants.

April ElectionsApril ElectionsG Resulted in a conservative

majority in the National Assembly. They began debating the fate of

social programs [like the National Workshops].

G The conservative majority wanted the removal of radicals like Blanc from the government.

In early June, the National Workshops were shut down.•This heightened class tensions!

The “June Days”The “June Days”G Worker groups in Paris rose up in

insurrection. They said that the government had

betrayed the revolution.•Workers wanted a

redistribution of wealth.

Barricades in the streets.•Victor Hugo’s Les

Miserables was based on this event.

G A new liberal-conservative coalition formed to oppose this lower class radicalism.

““June Days” of 1848June Days” of 1848G One side: nationally elected

constituent assembly G Other side: National workshopsG NW unsuccessfully attacked the

CAG CA declared martial law giving all

power to General Cavaignac (the butcher)

G The bloody June days followed June 24-26

G Class war raged in Paris-CA won

Paris: To the Barricades Paris: To the Barricades Again!Again!

The 2The 2ndnd French Republic French Republic ((1848-18521848-1852))

G General Louis Cavaignac assumed dictatorial powers & crushed the revolt.

10,000 dead. A victory for

conservatives.

G Nov., 1848 a new constitution provided for:

An elected President. A one-house

legislature.

The RepublicThe Republicbyby

Jean-Leon GeromeJean-Leon Gerome

Louis Napoleon Louis Napoleon BonaparteBonaparte

G After the June Days the CA sought to create a republican constitution and elect a new President

G Louis Napoleon Bonaparte won in a landslide.

Defeated Lamartine, Blanc, Cavignac

President Louis Napoleon President Louis Napoleon G The December election:

The “law and order” candidate,Louis Napoleon Bonaparte,defeated Cavaignac.

This was a big shift in middleclass opinion to the right!

G The New President: Purged the govt. of all radical officials.

•Replaced them with ultra-conservative and monarchists.

Disbanded the National Assembly and held new elections.•Represented himself as a “Man of the

People.”

His government regularly used forced against dissenters.

TheHAPSBURG

EMPIRE

TheHAPSBURG

EMPIRE

Revolution in Austria Revolution in Austria 18481848

G Began in Hungary G Louis Kossuth-Demanded national

autonomy from Austrian Empire, full civil liberties and universal male suffrage

G Austrian gov’t hesitatedG Viennese students and workers took

to streets-added own demandsG Aust. Emp. Ferdinand I gave in-

promised reforms and a liberal constitution

G Metternich fled to London

Weaknesses in Austrian revolutionary Weaknesses in Austrian revolutionary coalitioncoalition

G Peasants, who made up most of the army, were satisfied by the Gov’ts aboliton of serfdom

G Hungarian revolutionaries wanted to unify the diverse groups in Hungary-opposed by minority groups-croats, serbs, rumanians-soon were locked in armed combat with the new Hungarian government

G Middle class wanted liberal reformG Urban poor rose in arms-wanted socialist

workshops, universal voting rightsG MC and UP soon were opposing

eachother

Reassertion of Conservative Reassertion of Conservative forcesforces

G Ferdinand I abdicates in his place his nephew Francis Joseph

G Windishgratz-smashed Czechoslovakia

G Austria defeats revolutionaries in ItalyG Army (peasants) attacked student

workers in ViennaG Hungary brought back after Russia

went in with 130,000 troopsG The attempts to liberalize and break

up the Austrian empire were unsuccessful.

The Austrian Empire: The Austrian Empire: 18301830

G The nature of the AustrianEmpire:

Very conservative monarchy[liberal institutions didn’texist].

G Culturally and racially heterogeneous.

G Social reliance on serfdomdooms masses of people to a life without hope.

G Corrupt and inefficient.G Competition with an increasingly

powerful Prussia.

Ferdinand I Ferdinand I (1793-1875)(1793-1875)

Therefore, the Empire was vulnerable to revolutionary challenges.

Austrian Students Form a Austrian Students Form a MilitiaMilitia

G The “February Revolution” in France triggered a rebellion for liberal reforms.

G March 13 rioting broke out in Vienna.

The Austrian Empire collapsed.•Metternich fled.•Constituent Assembly

met.•Serfdom [robot] abolished.

The revolution began to wane.•The revolutionary government failed to

govern effectively.

Vienna, 1848: The Liberal Vienna, 1848: The Liberal RevolutionRevolution

The New AustrianThe New Austrian Emperor Franz JosephEmperor Franz Joseph I I [r. [r.

1848-1916]1848-1916]

The Hungarian The Hungarian RevolutionRevolution

Lajos Kossuth Lajos Kossuth (1802-1894)(1802-1894)

G Hungarian revolutionary leader.

G March laws provided for Hungarian independence.

G Austrians invade. Hungarian armies drove

within sight of Vienna!

G Slavic minorities resisted Magyar invasion & the Hungarian army withdrew.

G Austrian & Russian armies defeated the Hungarian army.

G Hungary would have to wait until 1866 for autonomy.

Tsar Nicholas I Tsar Nicholas I (r. 1825-(r. 1825-1855)1855)

G He raised an army of 400,000 in response to a request from Franz Joseph.

140,000 put down the Hungarian revolt.

TheGermanStates

TheGermanStates

Revolution in Prussia 1848Revolution in Prussia 1848G Prussia’s middle class wanted a liberal

constitutional monarchy that would unite Germany into a united and liberal German nation.

G Prussian middle class pushed demands after the French rev of 1848

G Demands not grantedG Workers in Berlin explodedG Frederick William IV gave in to

demandsG FWIV promised Prussia liberal const. +

merge into German stateG Workers wanted more

The Germans Follow the The Germans Follow the FrenchFrench

G After the February French revolutions, there were many riots in minor German states.

G Austria and Prussia expected to intervene to crush these revolts, BUT:

Vienna Revolution led to the fall of Metternich.

Berlin riots• Prussian army efficiently suppressed the

revolutionaries.

•King Frederick William IV withdraws the troops and hand the Prussia liberals a big victory!

•Other Princedoms collapse when Prussia’s nerve fails.

Funeral for Berlin Freedom Funeral for Berlin Freedom FightersFighters

Prussian workers Prussian workers demandsdemands

G March 26 workers issued a series of radical demands: universal voting rights, minimum wage, 10 hour day

G The Prussian middle class could not go along with it

G While the tensions in Prussia escalated , an elected body met in Berlin to write a constitution for a Prussian State

Frankfurt AssemblyFrankfurt AssemblyG Self appointed from various German

States successfully called for a national constituent assembly to begin writing a Const. For a unified German State

G Denmark distraction: Schleswig/Holstein

G March 1849, Frankfurt assembly finally offered throne to FWIV

G By early 1849 reaction had been successful in Prussia

G FWIV refused the Frankfurt assemblies “crown from the gutter”

The Frankfurt AssemblyThe Frankfurt Assembly

G German liberals are overjoyed!G German National Assembly established

in Frankfurt: Universal suffrage. Delegates mostly from the middle class. Debate over the nature of the state

monarchy of Habsburgs or Hohenzollerns? They chose the Austrian Habsburg Archduke

John rather than the King of Prussia.• He was a well-known liberal sympathizer.

• But they couldn’t guarantee the loyalty of the Prussian Army.

Frankfurt Assembly Frankfurt Assembly MeetsMeets

Prussian ResurgencePrussian ResurgenceG The Prussian army moved to crush the

new Polish Grand Duchy.G The Prussian parliament disagreed with

the Frankfurt Parliament.G The Prussian army

invaded Schleswig-Holstein (at Frankfurt’s request).

Horrified international liberal opinion.

Britain & Russia threatened war with Prussia.

Prussia agreed to its own peace with Denmark.•The Prussian army abandoned the Frankfurt

government.

Austria & Prussia Reassert Austria & Prussia Reassert ControlControl

G Austria re-gained control of Vienna.

G Frederick William deposed the Berlin parliament.

G The Frankfurt Assembly offered the emperorship to Frederick William.

He declined. Radicals took to the

barricades again. The Prussian army crushed all

resistance. April, 1849 the Assembly collapsed.

A New German A New German ConfederationConfederation

G Frederick William IV of Prussia was still interested in ruling a united Germany.

G 1850 the German Confederation was re-established at Olmutz.

G But, Frederick was forced to accept Austrian leadership of Central Europe.