The 13 Colonies & Early American

Identity

Review- Reasons for European Settlement

Desire for spices, fabrics, gold- things they couldn’t get in England

The Renaissance

New navigation technology- stern rudders that could sail into the wind

Monarchs who want wealth and power with empires

Converting Natives to Catholicism

Mercantilism

Spain

Mostly settled in Cuba, Mexico, California, American Southwest, Florida

Colonial administration in the hands of Spanish born governors

Eventually replace Indian slaves with African slaves

Columbian Exchange

Impact on Native people- destruction of civilizations, diseases, intermarried with some natives, conversion to Catholicism

France

Claims in eastern Canada and Mississippi Valley

Overlapped with England and Spain

Controlled immigrations- no Huguenots

Coexisted peacefully with Indians

Wealth from fur trade

Population growth much slower than other countries

Dutch maintained a colony in NY from 1624-1665

England

Factors that led to English exploration Religious controversy- Protestant vs. Catholic Glorious Revolution Foreign wars

Other reasons English immigrated to America Economic gain Escape from political persecution Desire for religious freedom from non-Anglicans

Main Idea

Between 1607 and 1763, North American colonists developed experience in, and the expectation of, self-government in the political, religious, economic, and social aspects of their lives.

Virginia

Jamestown 1607- settled by the London VA Company for economic gain

Saved from ruin/starving time by tobacco

Most were Anglican and were wealthy Englishmen (Cavaliers)- received land from the king, were the 2nd sons

First Africans arrive in 1619- many became indentured servants, eventually turn to slavery after Bacon’s Rebellion

House of Burgesses in 1619- Starts representative government and beginning of salutary neglect/self-government

Fought with the Powhatan Indians twice- ended in 1644 with the Indians banished from their land-suffered from disease, disorganization, and disposability (no longer needed once the colonists knew how to grow their own food)

New England

Pilgrims- Plymouth Colony in 1620 Leader was William Bradford Wanted to separate from the Church of England-

separatists Originally fled to Holland, but didn’t like that their children

becoming more Dutch than English Negotiated with Jamestown to settle in Jamestown, but

the Mayflower was blown off course during the voyage and they ended up in Massachusetts

Had no government- wrote the Mayflower Compact- was an agreement to submit to the will of the majority, created the basis for government by consent and an example for self-government of future colonies. Agreed to make decisions in town meetings with open discussions.

New England

Puritans- wanted to reform/purify the Church of England

1629 got a royal charter to form the Massachusetts Bay Company 11 ships carrying 1,000 people- bigger than any of the other

English settlements

John Winthrop was the 1st governor Believed he had calling from God to lead the religious

experiment “We shall be as a city upon a hill,” a beacon to humanity Thought they had a covenant with God, an agreement to build a

holy society to be a model for humankind

Becomes the biggest and most influential of the New England colonies

New England

Dissenters began to develop in New England- people we persecuted with fines, floggings, banishment, even death for disagreeing with the strict Puritan society Ex. Ann Hutchinson- banished for her ideas on predestination,

moved to Rhode Island while pregnant with her 14th child

Rhode Island- Started by Roger Williams in 1636 after he was banished for

his radical ideas. Wanted a clean break from the church and challenged the MA Bay Charter for taking the land from Indians

Established complete freedom of religion even for Jews and Catholics, no taxes for the church, etc.

Made Rhode Island more liberal than any of the other English settlements

New England

Connecticut- 1636- Settled by Thomas Hooker to be a Puritan colony. Made money by fishing and fur trading.

New Hampshire- Started in 1623 to make money from trading and fishing and to escape religious persecution. Leaders were Benning & John Wentworth and John Wheelwright.

New England

Mostly founded for religious freedom

Covenant Communities & Town Meetings characterized the government

Made money with fishing, lumber, ship building, trading

Little religious freedom- most were Puritans

Small farms and towns characterized the landscape

Middle Colonies

New York- 1625- started as a Dutch colony called New Netherland around the Hudson River Bought Manhattan from the Indians for virtually

worthless trinkets. New Amsterdam- becomes New York City- was run by the

Dutch Company to make money New England (English settlers) were hostile of the growth

of the Dutch colony and began to move into the area. The English regarded them as intruders

Charles II granted the land to his brother, Duke of York, who sent an English squadron who beat the defenses of New Amsterdam, who surrendered without firing a shot. Renamed New York in honor of the Duke of York in 1664

Middle Colonies

Pennsylvania- Started by William Penn as a way to make money, an experiment in government, and a haven for Quakers- dissenters (Protestants that were not Anglican) 1681 received a grant of land from the king due to a debt the

king owed his deceased father Called it Pennsylvania- meaning “Penn’s Woodland” Best advertised of any of the colonies- attracted English,

Dutch, French, and Germans Encouraged substantial land holdings Philadelphia was the most carefully planned city in colonial

America Purchased the land from the Indians Representative assembly, no-tax for church, freedom of

worship

Middle Colonies

New Jersey- 1664 by John Berkeley and John Carteret. Got the land from the Duke of York in order to make money.

Sold some of the land to a group of Quakers for religious freedom

Delaware- Started in 1638 but gets its own government in 1703. Originally a Swedish colony, but taken over by the English. Named after Lord De La Warr Worked closely with Pennsylvania

Middle Colonies

Maryland- 1634 started as a Catholic colony to help Catholics escape religious persecution Started by George Calvert (Lord Baltimore) and Cecilis

Calvert Copies VA in order to make money by growing tobacco Passed the Maryland Act of Toleration in 1649

Catholics were worried they would lose their religious freedom as more protestants were moving in to Maryland from VA, DE, PA

Passed the Act while Catholics still had power of the government and protected their religious freedom

Beginning of religious freedom in America, even though Jews and atheists were still discriminated against

Middle Colonies

Became known as the “bread colonies” due to their heavy exports of grain

Participated in the fur trading, lumbering, and ship building

NY and Philadelphia grew to be huge seaports

Had largest middle class

Democratic local governments

Most diverse (maybe “most American”) and most religious toleration

Southern Colonies

South Carolina- 1670 by eight nobles- Lords Proprietors- friends of Charles II Colonization began again because Charles was

brought back into power- the Restoration Wanted to make money by growing sugar Rice emerges as the cash crop- wanted slaves from

West Africa who had experience growing rice in Africa Many wealthy British men moved to Carolina- 2nd sons-

because they had been deprived of land inheritance Became “aristocratic” Often fought with the Spanish in FL and the Indians

Southern Colonies

North Carolina- originally started by “squatters” from VA and SC. Fought with the SC governor for man years, until it was eventually separated in 1712 Regarded as “riff raff” by the wealthier settlers of VA

& SC- thought to be hospitable to pirates and poor Just like Rhode Island- becomes one of the most

democratic, independent-minded, and least aristocratic of the 13 colonies

Fought wars with the Tuscarora Indians- wins the war and sells the Indians into slavery

Southern Colonies

Georgia- Started in 1733- last of the 13 colonies. Created by the crown to serve as a buffer between the Spanish in Florida and the French in Louisiana and South Carolina. Got money from the crown to serve as the buffer Also started by James Oglethorpe who wanted to

reform prisons Allowed debtors to come to Georgia to start over

Tried to outlaw slavery but caves to pressure from SC who had been losing slaves to GA

Southern Colonies

Cash crops- tobacco, rice, indigo

Slavery and plantation colonies

Plantations and large rivers thwarted the growth of big cities, schools, and established churches

Allowed religious freedom- but Anglican the major religion

Founded to make money

Excessive tobacco growing drove settlers westward- which led to multiple confrontation with Native Americans

Political Development

By 1750 most colonies had become Royal- only RI & CT were still self governing

Structure: Had a governor appointed by the king or proprietors In New England- elected by property holding men Two house legislature- elected by men Local Government:

New England- Town meetings- direct democracy, open voting Middle- Elected officials Southern- Plantation owners elected officials- House of Burgesses

Began developing strong tradition of self-government- ex. Dominion of New England imposed by the Crown and rejected by the colonists after Glorious Revolution

Colonial Society

Varied from region to region

Southern/Chesapeake: more divided than the other two, most of the wealth was in the hands of the large plantation owners, however most of the society was poor farmers. Unhealthy in the beginning- swampy areas, in 1650

men outnumbered women 6 to 1. Weak family ties and most women were pregnant when they married.

Many single young men, frustrated by not getting land, and not able to find a woman to marry

Women had more rights- were able to keep land in their name since death was so common

Colonial Society

New England- Most came to the new world as families (unlike VA/MD) More stable society, which allowed for bigger population

growth Women were not given many rights in order to encourage

tighter family ties between women and their husbands Small villages and towns, education was more of a priority

than in the south- first college-Harvard was founded in 1636 Salem Witch Trials- 1692- demonstrated the change in society

Girls accused property-owning women, families who had more money, or who weren’t true Puritans

Ended with the Governor’s wife was accused Religion, family, town meetings, all strong in the New England

society

Colonial Society

Family: men had the most power; early marriages; many children

Men: had all the property rights; only ones who could vote/hold office

Women: few legal rights, took care of children, food, clothes, house hold products, etc.

Standard of living and general health better than Europe- usually lived 10 years longer

Class structure began evolving based on wealth but there were many more opportunities to move up the class ladder than in England 2 indentured servants signed the Declaration of Independence Franklin only had 2 loaves of bread and his clothes when he arrived

in PA

Colonial Economy

New England: Agriculture was based on small farms- subsistence

farming, run by families, not for export Fishing- sold to West Indies Lumber became a huge commodity for ship building Many merchants who helped with trading- Boston

especially Clash with London’s mercantilist policies

Middle Agriculture dominant- breadbasket colonies- wheat

especially Merchants in New York and Philadelphia Largest middle class/artisans/merchants

Colonial Economy

Southern: Plantations dominant over small farms Cash crops

Tobacco in VA/MD Rice, Indigo in Carolinas

Creates the need for a cheap labor sources- changes from Indians, to Indentured Servants, to African slaves

England tried to control the trade of the colonies with Navigation Acts- limited who the colonies could trade with and what the colonies could buy/sell. Becomes frustrating and limiting for the colonists as the colonies begin to grow and outpace England in consumption of products Salutary Neglect- England begins to relax the enforcement of

the Navigation Acts as long as the Colonies continue to sell to England and buy English products

Create a list of the characteristics of your region Motives for settlement, geography and climate,

examples of the unique society and culture that developed there.

Which region would have been most geographically and economically similar to England and most likely to have compete with her?

Which region would have been favored by England because of the resources it could provide?

Map of the 13 Colonies

Label the 13 colonies- Include date founded Leader Label the 3 regions Put key words to describe the social structure and

economy

You have 15 minutes

Development of Slavery

Begins with Indentured Servants in the South- voluntarily mortgaging themselves for 4-7 years in order to come to America Headright System- used in the South- whoever paid the

passage of the laborer received 50 acres of land- led to huge land holders in the south which become the Plantations

100,000 indentured servants came to VA/MD by 1700

As the indentured servants finished their time, the South was flooded with a class of poor, endebted, landless settlers who became frustrated with Indian attacks and the wealthy plantation owners of the South Bacon’s Rebellion- Nathaniel Bacon led 1,000 Virginians in a

rebellion in 1676 to protest the Governor. They brunt down Jamestown.

Development of Slavery

Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and

scared the gentry of the plantations Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the

lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class Turn to African Slaves

Need for cheap labor in the Southern society Originally used Native Americans, but they all die from

disease Turn to Indentured Servants After Bacon’s Rebellion change to African slaves

Development of Slavery

First Africans arrived in 1619 Originally indentured servants

Southerners also began to be able to afford slaves by the 1700s Saw them as self-renewing labor source Immune to diseases Knew how to grow rice- very high demand for these slaves in

the Carolinas

By 1750 slavery was legal in all colonies Half the population of VA by 1750 Outnumbered white colonists by 2 to one in SC By 1775 80 percent of slaves in colonies were American born

Development of Slavery

Middle Passage- Death rates has high as 20 percent Sold in Rhode Island and Charleston, SC

SC slaves develop the Gullah culture and language

NY Slave Revolt in 1712 and Stono Rebellion in 1739 in SC led tighter control of slaves throughout the colonies and increased fear of future revolts.

Rebellions & Conflicts in the Colonies

Bacon’s Rebellion

Tensions flared between Native Americans struggling to retain land and independence and expanding settlers, especially white freedmen who often squatted illegally on tribal lands

Divided white society because Governor Berkeley, and wealthy land owners, help fur-trade monopolies Colonists resented the governor

Stung by low tobacco prices and taxes that took almost a quarter of their yearly incomes, small farmers preferred the less costly solution of waging a war of extermination

Nathaniel Bacon, a newly arrived, wealthy planter and the Governor’s relative inspired the lower class white planters

Bacon’s Rebellion

300 colonists elected Bacon to lead them against the nearby Indians in April 1676 Bacon only found peaceful Indians, but killed them

anyways

Originally Governor Berkely granted Bacon permission to wage war against the Natives, and when he tried to call Bacon back, Bacon returned with is 1,300 followers with their guns pointed at Jamestown Bacon and his men forced Governor Berkeley to flee and

burned Jamestown Right when Bacon was winning and becoming the leader

of Jamestown, he dies of dysentery and his followers dispersed

Bacon’s Rebellion

Impacts of Bacon’s Rebellion- Revealed a society under stress- example of long pent-

up frustrations by marginal taxpayers and former servants seeking land Ignited the resentments of landless former servants and

scared the gentry of the plantations Showed the willingness of whites to murder, enslave, or

expel all Native Americas and made clear that racial hostility was also a motive

Plantation owners worried about the resentment of the lower class looked for a less troublesome labor source and a way to unite themselves with the white lower class Turn to African Slaves

Pequot War

Begins in 1633 when settlers moved into the Connecticut River Valley and created Connecticut in 1635. Tension quickly developed with the Pequot Indians who controlled the trade in furs with the Dutch. Once tensions escalated into violence, MA and CT took coordinated

military action in 1637 beginning the Pequot War The English had support from two other tribes, the Mohegan and

Narragansett, and waged a ruthless campaign Ex. English troops surrounded and set fire to the Pequot village in CT

before dawn and then “cut down” all who tried to escape. Several hundred, including women and children, were killed.

By late 1637 Pequot resistance was crushed and survivors were taken by pro-English Indians or by the English as slaves

The Pequot land was given to the colonists of CT and New Haven Created a 40-year peace treaty with the natives who helped the

Puritans.

King Philip’s War

Anglo-Indian conflict increased in the 1670s because of pressures imposed on Indians to sell more land and accept the authority of the colonial governments

Tension was especially high in the Plymouth colony where Metacom, “King Philip,” was the leading Wampanoag chief.

The English had convinced many of the Wampanoags to renounce their loyalty to Metacom and forced Metacom to accept many concessions

In 1675, Plymouth hanged 3 Wampanoags for killing a Christian Indian and threatened to arrest Metacom, which led to King Philip’s War

Eventually 2/3rds of the colonies’ Native Americans rallied around Metacom, and unlike the Pequot's, they were familiar with guns and were as well armed as the colonists.

King Philip’s War

Indian raiders attacked 52 of New England’s 90 towns (entirely destroying 12), burned 1,200 houses and killed 8,000 cattle, and killed 2,500 colonists (5% of the population)

The tide turned against Metacom in 1676 after the Mohawk Iroquois of NY and other local Indians joined the English against him.

The colonists and their Native American allies scattered their enemies and destroyed their food supplies 5,000 Indians starved or died in battle, including Metacom,

and others fled to NY and Canada The English sold hundreds of captives into West Indian

slavery, including Metacom’s wife and child

King Philip’s War

Effects: Reduced southern New England’s Indian population

by 40% and eliminated organized resistance to white expansion.

Deepened English hostility toward all Native Americans, even those who had supported the colonies.

Remaining Natives were put onto early reservations

Pueblo Revolt

From the beginning the Spanish sought to rule New Mexico by subordinating the Pueblo Indians Used missionaries and forced the natives to

convert to Catholicism Used the encomienda system, using the natives

as slaves Drove a wedge between the Pueblos and their

nonfarming neighbors since the Spanish took the Pueblo’s corn, thus preventing the Pueblos from trading their surplus to their neighbors, which led to the Apaches and Navajos leading raids on the Pueblos in order to get corn

Pueblo Revolt

Originally the Pueblos accepted Spanish rule, but in the 1660s their crops withered under droughts Starvation and diseases sent the Pueblo population from

80,000 in 1598 to 17,000 in the 1670s In response Pueblos reverted back to their religious beliefs

hoping to restore the success they had before the Spanish Missionaries destroyed Pueblo religious objects and publicly

whipped Pueblo religious leaders and followers

In 1675 the Spanish governor sentenced 3 Pueblo religious leaders to the gallows, a fourth killed himself, and 43 others were jailed, whipped, and sold as slaves

Pueblo leaders began planning a secret overthrow of the Spanish government, with Popé as their leader

Pueblo Revolt

In August 1680, Popé and his followers attacked the homes of 70 Spanish colonists, killing all but 2. They moved south and joined a massive siege of New Mexico’s

capital, Santa Fe. Begins the “Pueblo Revolt”- the most successful Indian uprising

in American history

400 Spanish colonists were killed

The Spanish fled from New Mexico and did not return until 1692 with a new Governor, Vargas

Vargas used violence to reestablish Spanish rule, but did not reestablish control until 1700, even then it was much more limited than it was before. Got rid of the encomienda system and they were allowed to

practice their religion

Leisler’s Rebellion

Restoration monarchs in England (Charles II & James II) disliked representative government, they wanted to rule like “absolute” monarchs

James II (a catholic) consolidated MA, NH, CT, RI, Plymouth, NY and NJ into a single administrative unit, called the Dominion of New England, with Boston as the capital The legislatures of these colonies ceased to exist,

and a single governor, Sir Edmund Andros headed the “supercolony”

Leisler’s Rebellion

New Yorkers were concerned that the Catholics in power would betray NY to France, England’s rival Andros allowed the harbor’s forts to deteriorate and

downplayed rumors that Native Americans would attack

Charles II & James II ignored Parliament and allowed Catholics to hold high office and worship openly

When James II had a son who would ascend to the throne, English citizens could not tolerate another Catholic monarch, so England’s leading political and religious leaders invited Mary and her husband William to become king and Queen of England

Leisler’s Rebellion

William led a small Dutch army to England in 1688 and most of the English troops surrendered and James II fled to France Known as the Glorious Revolution & created the “limited

monarchy”

News that James II had fled England excited New England. Boston’s militia arrested Andros, who had tried to flee in women’s clothing, but was caught when a guard spotted a “lady” in army boots

King William dismantled the Dominion of New England, but changed voting rights to be determined by property rights, not church membership

Leisler’s Rebellion

Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on May 31, 1689.

Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly

When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to James II A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested

Leisler’s Rebellion

Emboldened by the Glorious Revolution and Boston’s newfound rights, NY’s militia, consisting mostly of Dutch and other non-English middle class, seized the harbor’s main fort on May 31, 1689.

Militia Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, reparied tis defense and called elections for an assembly

When English troops arrived in NY in 1691, Leisler denied them entry to the NY forts, thinking wrongly they were loyal to James II A fight resulted and Leisler was arrested

Leisler’s Rebellion

Leisler was arrested for questioning the elite NY authority and was charged with treason. He was found guilty, along with his son-in-law, and

both were hanged

Effects: Changed the colonies’ political climate by reestablishing representative government and ensuring religious freedom for Protestants. A foundation was laid for an empire built on voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw power imposed by London

Stono Rebellion

1739 in South Carolina

20 Africans seized guns and ammunition from a store at the Stono River Bridge, outside Charles Town

80 men headed south towards Spanish FL, a well-known refuge for runaway slaves from English colonies

Along the way the slaves burned 7 plantations and killed 20 whites, but they spared a Scottish innkeeper who was known for being kind to his slaves

The SC militia surrounded the slaves and killed them mercilessly and left the heads of runaway slaves on every milepost between that spot and Charles Town

After the rebellion, whites enacted a new slave code that kept slaves under constant surveillance and reinforced the rigid, racist and fear-ridded planation society

Individually rank the wars, with 1 being the war with the greatest impact on cultural change and relationships between Native Americas and colonists, and 6 being the war that had the least impact. You must have at least one piece of relevant

historical evidence

Great Awakening

Earlier generations had relied on established authority figures (parents, local clergy) for guidance

By the middle of the 18th century, older authorities were less help when established elites seemed to act out of self-interest—the result was a widespread spiritual hunger that was unsatisfied by traditional religion or Enlightenment philosophy

By 1739 an outpouring of European Protestant revivalism spread to North America Across lines of class, gender, and race

Revivals represented an unleashing of anxiety and longing for assurances of salvation, which they received through powerful preaching of ministers who appealed to their audiences’ emotions rather than their intellects

Great Awakening

Revivalist ministers aroused their audience by depicting the sinfulness of humans and the need for immediate repentance

John Edwards and George Whitefield were the most prominent revivalists 20,000 would come to hear their speeches, weep at their

message, and were inspired to seek salvation In CT church membership increased from 630 in 1740 to

2,217 after Whitefield in 1741

Division existed between the revivalists, known as New Lights, and the rationalist clergy, or Old Lights, who dominated the Anglican and Presbyterian churches

Great Awakening

The “Great Awakening” or “revival” had opened unprecedented splits in American Protestantism.

In 1741 New and Old Light Presbyterians formed rival branches and did not reunite until 1758

The Great Awakening peaked in New England in 1742, and Virginia in 1755 with an upsurge in conversions by Baptists

Effects: Marked a decline in the influence of Quakers and Anglicans; contributed to the weakening of officially established denominations, as the number of Presbyterians and Baptists increased

Great Awakening

Led to creation of New Colleges College of New Jersey (Princeton) King’s College (Columbia) College of Rhode Island (Brown) Queen’s College (Rutgers)

Marked the beginning of black Protestantism and attracted Native Americans

Added to white women’s religious prominence Gave women the right to vote in church meetings

Blurred denominational differences among Protestants

Great Awakening

By empowering ordinary people to act publicly on beliefs that countered those in authority, the revivals laid some of the groundwork for political revolutionaries a generation later

Enlightenment

Combined confidence in human reason with skepticism toward beliefs not founded on science or strict logic

Franklin creates the American Philosophical Society in 1743 Encourage enlightenment thought in America

Americans drew on the revolutionary ideas as they declared their independence from England and crated the foundations of a new nation John Locke- natural rights, government gets their

power from the people, government rests in the consent of the government

Navigation Acts & Mercantilism

Mercantilism- each nation’s power is measured by its wealth- to secure wealth, a country needed to maximize its sale of goods abroad. Colonies supply the raw materials and serve as

markets for finished products

Navigation Acts Start in 1651- governed the commerce of the

colonies Required the trade be carried out only in English

boats Enumerated list- tobacco, rice, indigo, had to be

exported only to England Imports to the colonies had to go through England

first

Salutary Neglect

As long as the colonies continued to send raw materials and buy the finished products, England would not enforce the Navigation Acts Allowed colonists to develop self government and prosper

economically Causes tension when the British start enforcing the Acts

after the French and Indian war in order to make money Americans begin smuggling in products to avoid the taxes

imposed by the Navigation Acts

Writs of Assistance- passed in order to get the colonists to stop smuggling- they were a search warrant that allowed British officers to seize illegally imported goods. Allowed them to enter any ship or building where smuggled goods might be hidden.

Create a graphic organizer that accurately illustrates the relationship between the terms: triangle trade, mercantilism, Navigation Acts, salutary neglect, Parliament, Virginia House of Burgesses, Colonial governors Middle Passage

French & Indian War

Fought between the British and the French on every continent except Australia

In North America fighting started in the Ohio River Valley, which was claimed by Virginia, Pennsylvania, France & the Iroquois

George Washington was sent to force the French out in 1754, but he was defeated by the French- this clash begins the fighting in North America

England sends General Edward Braddock and 1,000 troops to seize For Duquesne in Ohio

French & Indian War

1755 Braddock took 2,200 British/Colonial soldiers and fought 250 French Canadians and 600 Native Americans 900 British died, including Braddock, while only 23 French

and Indians died

England was being defeated on all fronts

Turning Points Iroquois and Ohio Indians turned against the French and

singed a peace treaty to abandon the French in 1758 Many Indians withdrew from fighting or joined the British

William Pitt took control of the British Pitt promised Parliament would bear the cost of fighting the

war, which generated support from the colonists- provide 40,000

French & Indian War

France begins negotiating to surrender in 1762 and the war ends with the treaty of Paris in 1763 France gave up all lands and claims east of the

Mississippi to England France ceded the territory west of the Mississippi to

Spain All France had left was tiny fishing islands off

Newfoundland

French & Indian War

Increases tensions between the American colonists and the British British officers complained about the colonists, how

often they would return home even during fighting, and for being unwilling to provide food and shelter

Pitt’s promise to reimburse the colonial assemblies angered most in England who thought the colonists were escaping from the war’s financial burden

Colonists had profited from the war, which angered British merchants

England’s national debt doubled during the war from 72 million to over 132 million, whereas the debt of the colonies was about 2 million- debt was assumed by British landowners through a land tax

French & Indian War

Increases tension between the American colonists and the British Colonists felt that the British were deliberately trying

to “enslave” the colonies by making them indebted to the British merchants

Pontiac’s War- attacked British forts, but eventually made peace with England. Proclamation of 1763- England tried to control the

colonial settlement west of the Appalachian mountains

French & Indian War

England couldn’t afford to pay to protect colonists from the Indians west of the line Angered colonists who had been granted that land in

their charters England left 10,000 soldiers in the Great Lakes to

enforce the line Cost of maintaining the military presence would be

6% of England’s budget English citizens thought it was reasonable for colonists

to help pay for this expense Americans thought that this was a “standing army” that

threatened their liberty and blocked their expansion

French & Indian War

Crash Course in French & Indian War

What generated the struggle between France and England in Europe? In America?

What new military tactics were developed in response to the New World? What technologies became necessary to support the tactics?

What evidence was there of colonial disloyalty during the war?

What vision of the American colonists did the British hold during and after the French & Indian war?

What consequences did the results of the French & Indian war have for the 13 colonies? How did the war and its results further strain the relations between the colonies and the Mother Country?