th rd International Veterinary Congress...Veterinary 2016 August 18-20, 2016 conferenceseries.com Veterinary Congress August 18-20, 2016 London, UK 3rd International Safety evaluation

Veterinary 2016Page 29

Veterinary CongressAugust 18-20, 2016 London, UK

3rd International 625th Conferenceconferenceseries.com

Special Session(Day 1)

Volume 7, Issue 5(Suppl)J Veterinar Sci Techno

ISSN: 2157-7579 JVST, an open access journalVeterinary 2016

August 18-20, 2016

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Olivier A E Sparagano, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015

Poultry parasites: Emerging issues

The poultry red mite (PRM) Dermanyssus gallinae is a blood-feeding ectoparasite, well known as a threat to the poultry industry; adversely affecting production and hen health and welfare throughout the globe (with an average prevalence around 80-90% in many European countries and worldwide), both directly and through its role as a disease vector. The poultry red mite can feed and reproduce very quickly, difficult to be reached when control methods are used on farms or even in human dwellings. Veterinarians and medical practitioners are struggling to find appropriate prevention and control methods to reduce its impact. PRM can lower egg production, egg quality, animal welfare, profit margins and increase risks of disease transmission such as Salmonellosis. This paper will present the different biological, chemical and physical methods used to control such pest. However, acaricide resistance, new EU regulations (enriched cages and beak trimming for instance) and chemical withdrawal from commercial companies are making its proliferation much easier. New approaches based on vaccine production and/or genomic analyses have created opportunities to address new ways to attack the survival and development of such parasitic arthropod. However its rapid and prolific life cycle, resilience to environmental condition changes and genetic diversity makes early interventions a key aspect in its control. This paper will also explain the development of a new European initiative based on a Cost Action network (FA1404) being currently running across 28 countries.

BiographyOlivier A E Sparagano has completed his PhD in 1994 on Primary Amebic Meningo-encephalitis at the Pasteur Institute in Lyon, France. He is working on Animal Health related issues for the last 25 years. He is currently the President of the Society for Tropical Veterinary Medicine and the Chair of a European Network (COREMI) linking 28 countries to control the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae. He has published more than 140 scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals and is also a fellow of several organizations.

[email protected]

Olivier A E SparaganoCoventry University, UK

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015mailto:[email protected]




ScientificTracks&Abstracts(Day 1)

Day 1 August 18, 2016

Session ChairOlivier A E SparaganoCoventry University, UK

Session Co-ChairJonathan L HeeneyUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Oral Sessions:

Veterinary | Veterinary Research | Animal Reproduction and Genetics | Avian and Exotics

Session Introduction

Title: Safety evaluation of ectoparasiticides in dogs using GC/MSRamesh C Gupta, Murray State University, USA

Title: Riemerella anatipestifer AS87_01735 gene encodes nicotinamidase (PncA), an important virulence factorShengqing Yu, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China

Title: Organogenesis of larvae trout (Salmothymus obtrusirostris, Heckel, 1851) from Vrljika river, CroatiaSrebrenka Nejedli, University of Zagreb, Croatia

Title: The CD markers of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) mammary glands in health and diseaseAhmed Mohammed Alluwaimi, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Title: Effects of novel water soluble nanocurcumin on arsenic-induced genotoxicity in ratsP Sankar, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India


ISSN: 2157-7579 JVST, an open access journal

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Safety evaluation of ectoparasiticides in dogs using GC/MSRamesh C Gupta, Case K, Vega N, Lasher M A, Doss R B and Canerdy T DMurray State University, USA

Currently, the global dog population is estimated at 900 million (>80 million in the US, 15.9 million in Russia, 8.5 million in the UK, 7.3 million in France, 7 million in Italy and 6.9 million in Germany). Dogs are commonly infested with blood sucking ticks, fleas, mosquitoes and other ectoparasites which pose a serious global health concern as they transmit infectious diseases between humans and animals. Therefore, the use of ectoparasiticides on dogs is crucial and inevitable. Presently, a large number of ectoparasiticides (having a combination of active ingredients) are used to provide broad spectrum effects against ectoparasites as larvicides and adulticides. Due to lack of safety data, concerns have been raised for their safe use in dogs and the risks posed to those that handle the dogs on a daily basis. Using GC/MS, residues of fipronil, s-methoprene, selamectin, etofenprox, amitraz, permethrin, cyphenothrin, pyriproxyfen, indoxacarb and piperonylbutoxide were determined in cotton glove extracts in variable concentrations after topical application of various ectoparasiticides (Frontline, Advantage, Revolution, Bio Spot Defense, Certifect, Activyl, Parastar Plus and Vet Guard Plus). GC/MS analysis offered identification, confirmation based on specific ions and quantitation of each pesticide in glove extract to assess the level of residue transfer and risk to humans. Dog blood analysis revealed no residue of any pesticides, suggesting poor dermal absorption. None of the products caused any adverse effects to the dogs. Owners and veterinary personnel can be exposed to significant levels of pesticides following daily exposure if proper precautions are not taken.

BiographyRamesh C Gupta has earned his DVM, MVSc and PhD from India and currently serves as Professor and Head of Toxicology Department. For decades, he has conducted experimental brain research in relation to pesticide toxicity. He has served the panels of NIH, CDC, NIOSH, and NAS and has published more than 350 publications, including 7 books: Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds, Veterinary Toxicology, Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Anticholinesterase Pesticides, Reproductive & Developmental Toxicology, Biomarkers in Toxicology and Nutraceuticals. In 2006, he has received the Murray State University’s Distinguished Researcher Award. He is a Diplomate of American Board of Toxicology and Fellow of American College of Toxicology, American College of Nutrition and Academy of Toxicological Sciences.

[email protected]

Ramesh C Gupta et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015

mailto:[email protected]://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015



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Riemerella anatipestifer AS87_01735 gene encodes nicotinamidase (PncA), an important virulence factorShengqing YuShanghai Veterinary Research Institute-Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China

Riemerella anatipestifer is a major bacterial pathogen that causes septicemic and exudative diseases in domestic ducks. In our previous study, we found that deletion of AS87_01735 gene significantly decreased the bacterial virulence of R. anatipestifer strain Yb2 (mutant RA625). AS87_01735 gene was predicted to encode nicotinamidase (PncA), a key enzyme that catalysis conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinic acid, an important reaction in the NAD+ salvage pathway. In this study, the AS87_01735 gene was expressed and identified as a PncA coding gene using enzymatic assay. Western blot analysis demonstrated that R. anatipestifer PncA was located in the cytoplasm. The mutant strain RA 625 (named as Yb2ΔpncA in this study thereafter) showed similar growth rate, but decreased NAD+ quantities in both exponential and stationary phases in TSB culture when compared with wild-type strain Yb2. In addition, Yb2ΔpncA infected ducks showed much less bacterial loads in the blood, and no visible histological changes in heart, liver and spleen. Furthermore, Yb2ΔpncA immunization conferred effective protection in ducks against the virulent wild-type strain Yb2 challenge. Our results suggest that R. anatipestifer AS87_01735 gene encodes PncA, which is an important virulence factor and the mutant Yb2ΔpncA could be used as a novel live vaccine candidate.

BiographyShengqing Yu has completed her PhD in 2002 from Tottori University, Japan and Postdoctoral studies from National Institutes of Health, USA. She is the Head of Veterinary Public Health Department, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. She has published more than 60 papers in reputed journals.

[email protected]

Shengqing Yu, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Organogenesis of larvae trout (Salmo thymusobtrusirostris, Heckel, 1851) from Vrljika river, CroatiaSrebrenka Nejedli, Zvonimir Kozaric and Ivana Tlak GajgerUniversity of Zagreb, Croatia

Investigations were carried out on trout larvae (Salmo thymusobtrusirostris, Heckel, 1851) age of 10-56 days caught from Vrljikariver, Croatia. Larvae were taken every two days from 10 to 50 days and 56 days and were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE), Periodic Acid-Schiff reaction, Toluidin Blue (TB), Alcian Blue-Specific (pH=2.5) (AB), Alcian Blue and Alizarin Red. Organogenesis of the larvae were analyzed, primarily the development and morphology of muscle tissue, osteological development and development of digestive tract. The number of myomeres in dorsal epaxial musculature on the larvae was measured and it was on 10-18 days 42.17, 20-28 days 50.40, 30-38 days 55.65, 40-48 days 56.92 and 50-56 days 58.90 myomeres. Total length (TL) increased from minimal length of 19.57 mm on 10-28 days to maximal TL 25.80 mm on 50-56 days. Number of vertebrates in all investigated groups was 59. There was no sign of ossification in the vertebral column or in the fins and in the head bones. Growth of larval to complete yolk sac absorption takes in the age about 24-26 days when the animals pass through the opening of the mouth. In all investigation, larvae were not skeletal malformations.

BiographySrebrenka Nejedli is currently a Professor in Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, University of Zagreb, Croatia. She is a Member of EAVA and European Aquaculture Society.

[email protected]

Srebrenka Nejedli et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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The CD markers of the camel (Camelus dromedarius) mammary glands in health and diseaseAhmed Mohammed AlluwaimiKing Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is one of the highly valuable domestic animals in Saudi Arabia. Camel is multipurpose animal that can be used for meat, milk and wool production. Lymphocyte trafficking to the mammary glands is under the influence of the adhesion molecules (AM). Expression of the AM such as selectins, for e.g., CD62L and integrins, like mucosal address in cell-adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1) dictate the type of the recruited cells and their homing destination. Therefore, AM expression is vital in determining the mammary glands cellular populations in health and disease. The nature of the immune responses in the camel mammary glands is not understood completely. There are very few studies on the cellular populations of the camel mammary glands and the lymphocytes trafficking in health and disease. Our studies on the expression and distribution of CD markers and the adhesion molecules, in the alveolar tissues, supra-mammary lymph nodes, Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph node of the healthy camels were explored at lactating and lactating period indicated that CD8+ T-cells were detected in both mammary alveolar tissues and the supra-mammary lymph nodes with the highest expression observed in the lactating period. WC+1+ expression on γδ cells were evident in mammary tissues and supra-mammary lymph nodes at both stages. MAdCAM-1 was detected in almost all the tissues at the two physiological stages in which high expression was evident in the non-lactating period. Flow cytometry study of the camel milk cellular population at mid lactation has detected the high expression of CD3+, CD8+, WC+1+ and LPAM-1. The expression of the LPAM-1 on the lymphocytes and the intensive expression of the MAdCAM-1 in the camel mammary glands tissues have provided further support to the notion that the lymphocytes trafficking to the camel mammary glands could be of mucosal nature. Camel milk cells from Gram-positive and Gram-negative infected camels were examined with flow cytometry using cross-reacting antibodies like, anti-CD4+, CD8+, WC+1+γδ, CD62L, CD11a+/CD18, LPAM-1 and CXCR2. The mean percentage of the expressed CD markers has shown that CD62L, CXCR-2, LPAM-1, CD11a/CD18, CD8+, IL-6R and CD20+ were expressed in significant differences in either type of the infection. The LPAM-1 expression has provided further support to the notion that the lymphocyte trafficking is of the mucosal nature. The mucosal origin of cellular trafficking has important implications on the vaccine design and therapeutical approaches to mastitis.

BiographyAhmed Mohammed Alluwaimi has completed his PhD from the University of Birmingham, UK in 1994 and MSc from Cornell University, USA in 1986. He has completed his Postdoctoral studies at University of California, Davis, USA and Monoclonal Antibody Center and Flow Cytometry Facility, Washington State University, USA. He is the Director of Saudi Veterinary Medical Society and the General Secretory of Almari Award for Veterinarian. He has published more than 25 papers in reputed journals. His major research interest is to study the nature of the immune responses in camel infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and the immune system of the camel mammary glands.

[email protected]

Ahmed Mohammed Alluwaimi, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Effects of novel water soluble nanocurcumin on arsenic-induced genotoxicity in ratsP Sankar and K RamyaTamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

Curcumin loaded PLGA nanoparticles (CUR-NP) were synthesized to explore whether nanoformulation of curcumin can cause better protective effect than free curcumin against arsenic-induced genotoxicity in rat model. The CUR-NP prepared by emulsion technique was spherical in shape with particle size of 130.8 nm and 86.5% entrapment efficiency. The CUR-NP showed biphasic release pattern and it was dissolved in water easily. Rats were randomly divided into five groups of six each. Group I was kept as the control. In Group II, rats were exposed to sodium arsenite (25 ppm) daily through drinking water for 42 days. Groups III, IV and V were treated with arsenic as in Group II, however, they were administered empty nanoparticle, curcumin (100 mg/kg bw) and CUR-NP (100 mg/kg bw), respectively, by oral gavage during the last 14 days of arsenic exposure. At term, bone marrow cells were collected. The result indicated that arsenic significantly increased the formation of chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei and DNA damage in rat bone marrow cells. Free curcumin and CUR-NP treatment significantly attenuated these arsenic-mediated genotoxicity. However, the magnitude of the effects indicates that CUR-NP has better protective effect than free curcumin at the equivalent dose level for preventing arsenic-induced toxicity.

BiographyP Sankar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, under TamilNadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai. He has obtained his BVSc in Veterinary Science at TANUVAS in the year 2005, MVSc and Doctoral degree in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology in the year 2008 and 2012 respectively at Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Deemed University, India, where he worked as a Scientist for four years in the area of Toxicology and Nanoparticle Drug Delivery. He was awarded with ICAR Junior Research Fellowship for pursing his Master’s degree and Senior Research Fellowship for Doctoral Program. Currently his research focuses on the nanoparticle drug delivery system to improve the drug efficiency of existing drugs in markets. In addition, he has completed three research projects in the area of nanoparticle drug delivery and toxicology and has published research papers in the peer reviewed international journals with good impact factor.

[email protected]

P Sankar et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015





Young Researchers Forum(Day 1)


Session JudgeJonathan L HeeneyUniversity of Cambridge, UK

Young Researchers Forum


Title: When it comes to back care, size really doesn’t matter. In African safari elephants, does carrying a rider or multiple riders impact on musculoskeletal integrity?Jan Selfridge, McTimoney College of Chiropractic, UK

Title: Lymphocyte subsets activation by Toxoplasma gondii antigensMalgorzata Jennes, Ghent University, Belgium

Title: A preliminary study to investigate the prevalence and progression of pelvic axial rotations among neonate foalsRebecca Stroud, McTimoney College of Chiropractic, UK

Title: Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in cattle and sheep carcasses and presence of L monocytogenes lytic bacteriophages in slaughterhouse wastewaterBahar Onaran, Ankara University, Turkey

Title: Matrix-based three-dimensional culture of buffalo mammary epithelial cells showed higher induction of genes related to milk protein and fatty acid metabolismUmesh Kumar Shandilya, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, India



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When it comes to back care, size really doesn’t matter, in African safari elephants, does carrying a rider or multiple riders’ impact on musculoskeletal integrity?Jan Selfridge, Hedderley S, Hunnisett A and Cunliffe CMcTimoney College of Chiropractic, UK

This study investigated the effect of weight bearing on joint and limb segment angles in forelimbs and hind limbs of the ridden elephant. Five sound working safari elephants completed walking trials on firm level ground under eight different rider conditions; no rider, one, two and three riders, all with and without saddle. Self-adhesive retro-reflective markers were attached at ten anatomical locations; five on the left forelimb and five on the left hind limb. Digital video cameras recorded and data was analyzed using 2D motion-analysis software. Forelimb and hind limb segment angles (relative to vertical) and joint angles (degrees) were measured at mid stance (MS); range of motion (ROM, degrees) from touchdown to toe off was calculated for each valid (n=970) stride. Data was analyzed by ANOVA and T-Test statistics. The presence of riders significantly influenced (P0.05) on MS angles of manus, carpus, pes or femorotibialis/femoropatellaris joint. At MS, humerus angle of retraction increased with rider number; tarsus joint angle reduced as rider number increased with no saddle with saddle, there was no significant effect. Carpus joint ROM reductions were significant (p



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Lymphocyte subsets activation by Toxoplasma gondii antigensMalgorzata JennesGhent University, Belgium

Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite, causing a severe disease in immunocompromised humans and having an economic impact in domestic animals. One of the transmission routes to humans is the consumption of raw or undercooked meat from livestock, such as pork. Therefore, an experimental infection study was performed to identify the immunological parameters in pigs, induced by the innate or adapted immune system of the host and to associate the immune response with the presence of the parasite in the tissues. In the present study two groups of seronegative 5-week-old pigs were inoculated at d0 with 6000 tissue cysts of T. gondii strain IPB-LR or IPB-Gangji. The PBMC’s were collected two-weekly and cultured for 72 hours upon in vitro stimulation with heterologous antigens from RH-strain, fractionated by continuous-elution electrophoresis into separate pools. The cells were triple-stained for the flow cytometry and based on the expression of the membrane markers, divided into T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+CD4+CD8α-, CD3+CD4+CD8αdim and CD3+CD4-CD8αbright), followed by the intracellular IFN-γ staining. Additionally, the supernatant from the cultured cells was tested in IFN-γ ELISA. Four or six months post infection the animals were euthanized and the parasite was detected in tissues by bio-assay and qPCR. In our study we detected a strong increase in the cytokine production, induced by the isolated fractions of the native antigens and confirmed by flow cytometry and cytokine ELISA. Interestingly, this increase was time and strain dependent, being related with the amount of the parasitic DNA detected in the tissue samples.

BiographyMalgorzata Jennes has obtained her Master’s degree in Veterinary Science from the Faculty of the Veterinary Medicine at Ghent University, Belgium. Currently she is pursuing Doctoral studies in the Laboratory of Immunology at the same faculty, where she is also working as a Teaching Assistant.

[email protected]

Malgorzata Jennes, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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A preliminary study to investigate the prevalence and progression of pelvic axial rotations among neonate foalsRebecca Stroud, Ellis J and Cunliffe CMcTimoney College of Chiropractic, UK

This study aims to identify the presence or absence of pelvic axial asymmetry in the neonate foal and its progression during the first nine weeks of life using quantitative data. Measurement of the tuber coxae heights in relation to level ground were taken of ten healthy subjects at three time periods: 0-1 week; 4-5 weeks and 8-9 weeks of age. A novel method of measurement was used in the form of two laser measures applied simultaneously. Between the first and second data collection foals received their first turnout. A questionnaire provided qualitative data in order to analyze potentially influential variables. Symmetry indices (SI) of datasets were calculated and analyzed by statistical analysis. There was a significant presence of axial rotation of the pelvis within 0-1 week of age (mean SI=0.337±0.25; p=0.002). These asymmetries did not change significantly between week 0-1 and week 8-9. There was no significant difference of asymmetry between week 0-1 and week 4-5 suggesting turnout did not have an effect on the prevalence of pelvic misalignments in foals. Foals of mares that gave birth standing up displayed significantly greater asymmetry of the pelvis during week 0-1 when compared to foals of mares that gave birth in a recumbent position (mean SI±SD: Recumbent n=8; 0.2497±0.659; standing n=2; 0.686±0.4798; p=0.04). This study shows evidence of significant pelvic axial asymmetry from birth to 8-9 weeks of age in foals.

BiographyRebecca Stroud has completed her MSc in Animal Manipulation from the McTimoney College of Chiropratic in 2015. She currently works in private practice as a McTimoney Animal Manipulator and Massage Therapist in Herefordshire, UK. In addition to obtaining her BSc in Equine Science, she has spent over 13 years working in the equine industry. Holding a variety of roles in different equestrian disciplines including work with Grand Prix dressage horses and International Eventers has allowed her to gain valuable experience and knowledge. She is also a regular contributor to the national magazine Horse on the subjects of training, health and welfare.

[email protected]

Rebecca Stroud et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in cattle and sheep carcasses and presence of L monocytogenes lytic bacteriophages in slaughterhouse wastewaterBahar Onaran1, Naim Deniz Ayaz2, Gizem Copuroglu2, Muammer Goncuoglu1, Fatma Seda Bilir Ormanci1 and Irfan Erol31Ankara University, Turkey2Kirikkale University, Turkey3Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, Turkey

Listeria monocytogenes (LM) is a zoonotic food-borne bacterium that leads to a variety of serious infections in humans and those suffering with listeriosis occur in approximately 30% mortality. Epidemiologic studies have revealed that a significant proportion of cases of listeriosis caused by contaminated foods. The use of specific virulent bacteriophages for LM in order to reduce LM load in foods of animal origin before, during and after slaughter processes emerges as an important method. It is reported that the usage of specific virulent bacteriophages to LM as a biocontrol and decontamination agent of LM in foods, do not cause any side effects in humans. This study was aimed to find out the prevalence of LM in cattle and sheep carcasses in slaughter level and isolate virulent LM phages from slaughterhouse wastewater in Ankara and Kirikkale, Turkey. For these purposes, 50 cattle and 80 sheep carcass sponge swap samples were collected from three cattle-sheep slaughterhouses between July 2015 and February 2016 to isolate LM. Besides, 40 slaughterhouses wastewater were taken to detect LM lytic bacteriophages. Two out of the cattle and three of the sheep carcasses were contaminated with LM. Additionally, a total of 6 LM 1/2a and/or 4b lytic phages from 3 out of 40 wastewater samples were isolated. The results showed that 4.0% of cattle and 3.8% of sheep carcasses are contaminated with LM. Therefore, after characterization of listeriophage isolates which have lytic effect on 1/2a and/or 4b serotypes will use for the biocontrol of LM in different food models.

BiographyBahar Onaran is currently a Research Assistant in Ankara University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology. She is interested especially in food microbiology.

[email protected]

Bahar Onaran et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Matrix-based three-dimensional culture of buffalo mammary epithelial cells showed higher induction of genes related to milk protein and fatty acid metabolismUmesh Kumar Shandilya, Ankita Sharma, Monika Sodhi and Manishi MukeshNational Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, India

Demanding transcriptomic studies in livestock animal species could be replaced by good in vitro models mimicking the function of mammary gland. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) are the functional unit of the mammary gland. Extracellular matrix is known to be a key factor providing normal homeostasis in three-dimensional (3D) environment as important signals are lost when cells are cultured in two-dimensional (2D) environment. The aims of this study were to establish buffalo mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) in 3D culture using extracellular matrix and to determine whether such a 3D culture model has different expression pattern than 2D counterpart. The purified MEC generated after several passages were used to establish 3D culture using Geltrex matrix. The expression of milk casein genes viz., alpha S1-casein (CSN1S1), alpha S2-casein (CSN1S2), beta-casein (CSN2), kappa-casein (CSN3); and fatty acid metabolism genes viz., butyrophilin (BTN1A1), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAM), fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3), and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) was assessed in 3D culture in comparison to traditional monolayer culture using qRT-PCR. Notable morphological differences were observed for BMECs grown in 3D culture in comparison to 2D culture. Morphologically, epithelial structures grown in Geltrex matrix (3D) environment showed enhanced functional differentiation in comparison to 2D culture. In 3D culture, lumen and dome-like structures were formed by day 5, whereas polarized acinus-like structure were formed within 15 days of culturing. The expression data showed higher mRNA induction of milk casein and fatty acid metabolism genes in 10-day-old 3D BMECs culture in comparison to 2D monolayer culture. The result suggests that 3D organization of epithelial cells has favorable affection induction of milk and fatty acid metabolism-related genes. Therefore, matrix-based 3D culture of MEC that recapitulate the structural and functional context of normal tissues could provide a better in vitro model to understand the mammary gland functioning of buffaloes.

BiographyUmesh Kumar Shandilya has completed his MSc in Biochemistry from Maharshi Dayanand University and PhD from National Dairy Research Institute, India. He has been awarded with Gold Medal for MSc program and INSPIRE Fellowship for PhD program. He is presently working as DST-SERB Young Scientist at National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Haryana. India. He has published 27 papers in reputed journals.

[email protected]

Umesh Kumar Shandilya et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015





Symposium(Day 2)


ISSN: 2157-7579 JVST, an open access journalVeterinary 2016

August 18-20, 2016

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Ramesh C Gupta, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015

Recent developments in toxicity and treatment of organophosphates and carbamates

Currently, there are more than 250 synthetic organophosphate (OP) and two dozen carbamate (CM) compounds that are commonly used in agriculture and human and animal health protection; in addition, those compounds are also involved in malicious and suicidal intents. As a result of their extreme toxicity, lack of species selectivity and worldwide use, OPs and CMs continue to pose serious threats to animal and human health. In the current world situation, the biggest threat is from the use of OP nerve agents. Depending upon the dose and duration of exposure, OPs can cause acute or chronic toxicity. More than a dozen OP pesticides also produce an intermediate syndrome, which is a separate clinical entity from acute and chronic toxicity. OPs primarily affect the nervous system and skeletal muscles and cause hypercholinergic preponderance due to acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inactivation at the synapses and neuromuscular junction. Some OPs and CMs directly interact with cholinergic receptors. In addition to cholinergic elements, they interact with many other critical molecules, including receptors (NMDA, cannabinoids and others) and enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins. OPs have complex chemical structures (>13 types) and with varying affinities, they interact with the above molecules and each OP produces a different toxicological profile. OPs and CMs exert oxidative/nitrosative stress, which is involved in neurotoxicity, neuroinflammation, dendritic damage and other toxic effects. Biomarkers of exposure (OPs, CMs and/or their metabolites), effects (at molecular, cellular, morphological, inflammation and behavioral levels), and susceptibility (cytochrome P-450, PON-1) to OPs have been proposed but many of them have yet to be validated. Because of the complex mechanisms involved in the toxicity of OPs, treatment with atropine sulfate and 2-PAM is not always successful. Therefore, in recent years, novel oximes have been developed that seem to be quite effective against certain types of OPs, such as nerve agents. To date, treatment of CM poisoning rests with atropine sulfate. Current efforts in the area of OP/CM research are to explore the novel toxicological mechanisms, identify the most sensitive and quantifiable biomarkers and develop a universal antidote.

BiographyRamesh C Gupta has obtained his DVM, MVSc and PhD from India and currently serves as Professor and Head of Toxicology Department. For decades, he has conducted experimental brain research in relation to pesticide toxicity. He has made presentations in Australia, Italy, Japan, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Czech Republic, Sweden, South Korea and China. He has served the panels of NIH, CDC, NIOSH and NAS and has published >350 publications, including 7 books: Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds, Veterinary Toxicology, Handbook of Toxicology of Chemical Warfare Agents, Anticholinesterase Pesticides, Reproductive & Developmental Toxicology, Biomarkers in Toxicology and Nutraceuticals. In 2006, he has received the Murray State University’s Distinguished Researcher Award. He is a Diplomate of American Board of Toxicology and Fellow of American College of Toxicology, American College of Nutrition and Academy of Toxicological Sciences.

[email protected]

Ramesh C GuptaMurray State University, USA

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015mailto:[email protected]




ScientificTracks&Abstracts(Day 2)


Session ChairRamesh C GuptaMurray State University, USA

Session Co-ChairAhmed Mohammed AlluwaimiKing Faisal University, Saudi Arabia

Oral Sessions:

Veterinary Medicine | Clinical Veterinary | Food Animal | Animal Welfare | Animal Models and Testing | Veterinary Care and Management


Title: Whichvariablesaffectmostagonisticandaffiliativebehaviorinpasturedadulthorses?Hrefna Sigurjonsdottir, University of Iceland, Iceland

Title: Heart rate variability in dogs used in veterinary training facilities exposed to instrumental musicLiza Sally Koster, University of Glasgow, UK

Title: Determination of acrylamide using immuno-enzymatic method in commercial dog and cat foodBilal Cem Liman, University of Erciyes, Turkey

Title: Efficacyofbovinecollagen10%alginatedressingoncutaneouswoundhealingindogsVishnu Sunil Jaikumar, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, India

Title: Effectofelectromagneticfieldinducedbyradiofrequencywavesat900to1800Mhzongrowthplatein growing ratsHatice Ozlem Nisbet, Ondokuz Mayis University, Turkey

Title: Biotechnology for animal (Poultry) production in a changing world: A must for developing nationsSila Daniel Damwesh, Nakam Memorial School, Nigeria

Title: Effect of nanocurcumin for management of subclinical mastitisP Sankar, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

Title: A six months survey of gross pathological conditions of slaughtered cattle at Yola Abattoir Adamawa State, NigeriaMohammed Baba Ardo, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Nigeria

Title: Hematological changes in the hydatidosed male sheep after experimental inoculation of Echinococcus granulosus eggsM Younus, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pakistan



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Which variables affect most agonistic and affiliative behavior in pastured adult horses?Hrefna SigurjonsdottirUniversity of Iceland, Iceland

Results from studies of social interactions (aggressive, submissive, allogrooming, play) in 17 groups of pastured Icelandic horses (329 in total) are used in multivariate analyses (PCA and GLM). The composition of the groups and conditions varied stability, group size, proportions of geldings/mares/sub-adults and presence of newborn foals, presence of stallions (6 groups) and more. Both individual and group characteristics determined the type of social interactions performed by each horse. Geldings were both more aggressive and submissive than either mares or stallions. Adult play was almost restricted to geldings. The higher the ratio of sub-adult to adults, the rates of aggression, play and allogrooming also gets higher. Group stability was highly influential on the frequency of the different social interactions. Both aggression and submission decreased with increasing stability, while allogrooming was more frequent in unstable groups and play in nearly stable groups. Such effect of stability was not observed in the breeding groups with a stallion. One major finding was that the frequency of social interactions, especially agonistic interactions, was much lower in the breeding groups than in other groups. These results are important in terms of understanding the determinism of social interactions. Their relevance for horse group management and horses’ welfare is also clear.

BiographyHrefna Sigurjonsdottir has completed her PhD from University of Liverpool, England. She has been affiliated as a University Teacher and Researcher at the university level in Iceland since 1982, doing research in the field of Animal Behavior and Pedagogy of Biology. For the last 10 years, she has studied horse behavior in pastures. She has published more than 20 papers in reputed journals and written educational material for schools in the field of biology. She has served on Editorial Board of the Icelandic Naturalist, Board Member of Landvernd and the Icelandic Environment Association for 10 years and recently became a Member of the Board of the Animal Protection Association in Iceland.

[email protected]

Hrefna Sigurjonsdottir, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Heart rate variability in dogs used in veterinary training facilities exposed to instrumental musicLiza Sally KosterUniversity of Glasgow, UK

Heart rate variability (HRV) is the non-invasive method of measuring variation of R-R intervals of the ECG recording and is the final balance of the autonomic nervous system input on the sinoatrial node of the heart. HRV has been used to stratify risk of humans with cardiovascular disease including, coronary artery disease and elevated ST segment acute myocardial infarction. In dogs, HRV is reduced in those dogs with decompensated degenerative mitral valve disease. Music has benefited many captive animals in zoological institutions in terms of behavior and production animals in terms of productivity. Two studies have demonstrated that HRV has improved in shelter dogs in response to human interaction and classical music. There is a real concern regarding the welfare of dogs used by veterinary schools for teaching purposes. The aim of measuring HRV in dogs was to employ a non-invasive, portable method of measuring cardiovascular autonomic tone which could be viewed as a reflection of overall stress experienced by these dogs while they are being utilized in veterinary education. Sixteen kennel and student owned dogs were subjected to an observation cross-over study. Dogs were allocated to a Music or No Music category and after a 7-day washout period became their own controls. Time and frequency-domain variables were measured over a 80 minute period, unexpectedly mean heart rate variability (µRR) was lower in dogs that were exposed to auditory stimulation possibly due to novelty, while standard deviation 1 of Poincare plot (SD 1) was higher (p=0.94), standard deviation 2 of Poincare plot (SD2) was lower (p=0.4) and LF/HF was lower (p=0.03), all indicative of sympathetic withdrawal. The use of different genres and tempo of music needs to be explored further.

BiographyLiza Sally Koster has completed her Bachelor’s degree, Master’s degree and Residency at the University of Pretoria, South Africa and obtained Specialist status in the European Board of Specialists in Internal Medicine. She has worked in referral and academic practice in Internal Medicine in 5 countries, including Senior Lecturer at the University of Sydney and Pretoria, Assistant Professor at Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine. She has recently commenced her appointment as Cardiorespiratory Clinician at the Small Animal Hospital, University of Glasgow. She has published more than 12 papers in reputed journals.

[email protected]

Liza Sally Koster, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Determination of acrylamide using immuno-enzymatic method in commercial dog and cat foodBilal Cem Liman and Nimet KilicUniversity of Erciyes, Turkey

Nowadays the pets which are grown in human auspices have no chance to choose their food and mistakes that people make about food of their cats and dogs will adversely affect the health of animals in a negative way. During the production of cat and dog food, high temperature applications at different stages are available. As s result of the starch containing structure of the cat and dog food, it is foreseen that acrylamides may be present in the food because of Maillard reaction. The aim of this study is to detect acrylamides in dry cat and dog food which are currently available in the market with a new method which is immunoenzymatic method. In this way potential health risks for cats and dogs will be detected, for the first time using this method acrylamides levels will be detected and applicability of this method is going to be tested. For this purpose, from a variety of firms in the market 42 cats and dogs food were randomly collected and passed through several stages for testing. Residual acrylamide in food was tested using immunoenzymatic method and as a result analyzed dry cat and dog food samples, 33% (14 samples) presence of acrylamide have been found, in these samples average acrylamide density is 87 ppb. According to the findings the highest acrylamide density is 155 ppb and the lowest is 45 ppb, in 67% of total samples acrylamide was not detected. The values set out in findings are way below from European Commission (EC), the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessment of human food indicator value. Consequently, immunoenzymatic method can be used as a standard technique on cat and dog food but it must be supported by a wider range of research. Again it can be advised that while preparing food for pets without the chance of food selection formulation changes, process parameter changes and specially extrusion and other heat related stages can be done more carefully to limit Maillard reaction which causes acrylamide in food.

BiographyBilal Cem Liman has completed his undergraduate study in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Ankara University in 1985 and joined PhD degree in the Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Atatürk University in the same year and was assigned as a Research Fellow in 1986. He has completed his PhD degree in 1991. He was assigned as an Associate Professor in 1996 and as a full Professor in 2002. He has memberships in the following professional societies: Society for Veterinary Pharmacology-Toxicology (Turkey), Society for Toxicology (Turkey), EUROTOX and IUTOX. Within the framework of Socrates-Erasmus Academic Staff Mobility Program, he delivered undergraduate and postgraduate lectures in the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of University of Udine in 2011. He has also served as Deputy Dean, Vice Dean and Head of the Department Pre-Clinical Science. He is currently working as a Faculty Member and Head of Department of the Pharmacology-Toxicology in University of Erciyes, Turkey.

[email protected]

Bilal Cem Liman et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Efficacy of bovine collagen 10% alginate dressing on cutaneous wound healing in dogsVishnu Sunil Jaikumar, K D John Martin, C B Devanand, S Anoop and S MayaKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India

The study was conducted in twelve dogs with clinical signs of full thickness non healing cutaneous wounds brought to the University Veterinary Hospitals of Mannuthy and Kokkalai, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India to evaluate and compare the efficacy of bovine-collagen and bovine collagen - 10% alginate sheets in canine skin wound healing. The dogs were randomly divided into two groups viz., a pre-sterilized bovine collagen - 10% alginate sheet (Group-I) and a pre-sterilized bovine collagen sheet (Group-II), on wound surface after thorough surgical debridement under general anesthesia. Re-application of the dressings was carried out at 48 hours intervals for three times followed by weekly bandaging. Wound attributes were studied on the day of presentation and 7th, 14th and 28th days post-application. Skin punch biopsy taken from representative samples on day 28 were subjected to Gomori’s one step trichrome staining to study the extent of collagen deposition and orientation of fibres, fibroblast proliferation and regeneration. The study revealed no significant difference in the efficacy between bovine collagen - 10% alginate and bovine collagen sheets in full thickness cutaneous wound healing in dogs. Both the collagen sheets were well tolerated by the patients with no adverse reactions and healing could be observed within 28 days with near to normal histomorphology. However, addition of 10 percent alginate in bovine collagen dressings could achieve absorption of exudates significantly early, higher rates in reduction of wound surface area, wound contraction and epithelialization.

BiographyVishnu Sunil Jaikumar has completed his Master’s in Veterinary Surgery and Radiology from College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Kerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Mannuthy, Kerala, India. He is currently working as Veterinary Surgeon in Animal Birth Control for Dogs (ABCD) Kochi run by Kochi Municipal Corporation, the first government run facility solely for the purpose of control of stray dog population in Kerala, India.

[email protected]

Vishnu Sunil Jaikumar et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Effect of electromagnetic field induced by radio frequency waves at 900 to 1800 Mhz on growth plate in growing ratsHatice Ozlem NisbetOndokuz Mayis University, Turkey

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) exposure on growth plates in growing male rats. For this aim, 33 rats with 2-days-old age were divided into three groups. The rats in control group were kept in the normal conditions with no exposure of EMF. Group 2 and 3 were exposed to 900 and 1800 MHz EMF respectively for 2 hours/day for 90 days at the same time and every day in the pie cage restrainer. The rats in the EMF group experienced a more rapid weight gain and increase in length (p



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Biotechnology for animal (poultry) production in a changing world: A must for developing nationsSila Daniel DamweshNakam Memorial School, Nigeria

Biotechnology is widely used in animal production with numerous other potential applications. It can be applied for improving animal performance through better nutrition, enhanced production potential or improved health status. Plant biotechnology can produce crops which are embedded with improved nutritional value or incorporate vaccines or antibodies into feeds that will cheaply and effectively protect the animals against diseases. Transgenic manipulation of commensal gut or rumen microorganisms has considerable potential for improving nutrition, gut development and health in animals. Accelerated growth and leaner carcasses in meat animals and increased milk production in dam cows is achieved by the administration of recombinant somatotropin (SI) and by controlling the expression of the gene with ad hoc promoters thereby preventing severe impairment of the health status of transgenic animals. The paper also unfolds some biotechnologically generated possibilities through the production of genetically modified (GO) crops, value-added traits, added-value feed stuffs (quality traits) as well as the production of dietary enzymes and production of transgenic animals for use in animal production with particular bias on poultry. Animal breeding is another application. While developed nations are leading the way, developing countries are lagging behind due to a number of factors such as lack of man power, poor infrastructure/laboratories , misplaced priorities and lack of self will by both the Government and Management of the various institutions in developing nations. A drastic adjustment and redemptive action by developing and developed nations respectively is suggested as a way forward.

BiographySila Daniel Damwesh has completed his Master’s degree in Animal Production and Range Management with distinction in Research in 2012 from Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Nigeria. In his first degree he was awarded Chief (Mrs) Dorcas Alo’s Prize for the best final year project in Animal Science. He has been an Instructor in Biology at Nakam Memorial School, Nigeria. He has published 4 papers in reputed journals, Member of Animal Science Association of Nigeria (ASAN) and was a Supervisor of International Young Inventors Competitions (IEYI, IIDC) in Indonesia, Thailand and Taiwan.

[email protected]

Sila Daniel Damwesh, J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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Effect of nanocurcumin for management of subclinical mastitisP Sankar1, S Suresh2 and A G Telang21Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, India2Indian Veterinary Research Institute, India

The therapeutic potential of polymeric nanoparticle-encapsulated curcumin was evaluated in mouse model of mastitis. Mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is usually subclinical and chronic in nature. Poly-(D, L-lactide)-co-glycolide (PLGA)-encapsulated curcumin nanoparticles (CUR-NP) prepared through solid-in-oil-in-water emulsion technique were administered by oral gavage as pre-treatment from day 2 to day 7 of parturition. Both curcumin and CUR-NP were administered at 100 mg/kg bw. Mastitis was induced by infecting the mice with Staphylococcus aureus through intramammary inoculation on the 9th day of parturition. Accordingly, the curcumin or CUR-NP-pretreated mice were given intramammary inoculation. Body temperature was recorded at different time intervals after inoculation. Mammary tissues from animals were collected at 24, 48 and 72 hours post-infection. There was swelling in the mammary gland of the mastitis control mice. In these animals, there were significant rise in body temperature and increase in neutrophil and decrease in lymphocyte counts. The swelling subsided in both the curcumin and CUR-NP-treated mice after 12 to 24 hours, while body temperature and the leukocyte counts were restored after 48-72 hours in these animals. The number of colony forming unit (CFU) counted in the L4 abdominal mammary gland homogenate of the mastitis control group was significantly reduced with both curcumin and CUR-NP. Differential bacterial count was done in the same homogenate. Curcumin significantly decreased the total and extracellular counts, whereas CUR-NP also decreased intracellular count. Comparison of the effects showed that CUR-NP was significantly more effective in reducing the body temperature, CFU and intracellular bacterial count than curcumin. These results suggest that CUR-NP may possess better potential in alleviating murine mastitis than curcumin.

BiographyP Sankar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, under Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai. He has obtained his BVSc in Veterinary Science at TANUVAS in the year 2005, MVSc and Doctoral degree in Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology in the year 2008 and 2012 respectively at Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Deemed University, India, where he worked as a Scientist for four years in the area of Toxicology and Nanoparticle Drug Delivery. He was awarded with ICAR Junior Research Fellowship for pursing his Master’s degree and Senior Research Fellowship for Doctoral Program. Currently his research focuses on the nanoparticle drug delivery system to improve the drug efficiency of existing drugs in markets. In addition, he has completed three research projects in the area of nanoparticle drug delivery and toxicology and has published research papers in the peer reviewed international journals with good impact factor.

[email protected]

P Sankar et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015




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A six months survey of gross pathological conditions of slaughtered cattle at Yola Abattoir Adamawa State, NigeriaMohammed Baba ArdoModibbo Adama University of Technology, Nigeria

A cross sectional study was conducted from November, 2014 to April, 2015 on 14,508 slaughtered cattle at Yola Abattoir Adamawa State on Postmortem examination. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence of Contagious Bovine Pleuro Pneumonia (CBPP), Bovine Fasciolosis and Bovine Tuberculosis (BTB) in slaughtered cattle according to sex and breeds. A regular visit was made to the Yola Abattoir at 6:00 AM seven times a week and this was done for six months. A total of 14,508 slaughtered cattle were examined at postmortem and 3,418 (23.56%) cases were recorded; CBPP 898 (6.19%), Fasciolosis 1,100 (7.58%) and TB 1,420 (9.79%). There was statistical significance (P



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Hematological changes in the hydatidosed male sheep after experimental inoculation of Echinococcus granulosus eggsM Younus1,MuhammadShafiqueMAtharKhan2, Tanveer Akhtar2 and Aman Ullah Khan11University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Pakistan2University of Punjab, Pakistan

A total of 48 apparently healthy weaning sheep lambs (Ovis aries) of 8-10 weeks old weighing within the range of 7-10 Kg were purchased from the contractors maintained in the experimental station of University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus (New Campus) at Lahore, Pakistan. They were deformed against nematodes (Round worms) with levamisol (ICI) at the dose rate of as per the direction of the manufacturers. The fecal examination was tested against the parasitic eggs no helminthes ova were seen. All the 48 sheep lambs (kids) were divided into two groups i.e., group A & group B. Group “A” was comprising of 40 sheep and kept as infected groups whereas group “B” was comprising of eight (8) sheeps & kept as new infected control group. Each sheep kid of infected group A was given 3-4 fresh gravid segments contains 2-3 thousands eggs of Echinococcus granulosus which were collected from experimentally infected dogs by feeding fresh hydrated cysts collected from liver & lungs of sheep after slaughtering process. Each sheep kid of infected dog was fed fresh gravid segments for a total period of 5 days or each alternate day. Coagulated blood was collected before the start of oral administration of infection and after every month by jugular phlebotomy of each sheep kid before the infected & new infected control group. One sheep lambs each from rejected & now infected group was slaughtered at the end of each month for the presence of macroscopic hydrated cyst in the visceral and abdominal cavity. After 180 days of the experiment the hydrated cysts were confirmed in the abdominal cavity. Hematological parameters or zero day i.e., just before the administration of the gravid segments to the lambs and then at the end of every month revealed that there was a gradual increase (PL 0.05) in the White Blood Cell (WBC), Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR). The increasing trend was probably due to inflammatory response and lytic effect of the newly developing E. granulosus hydrated cysts. The Red Blood Cell (RBC), Hemoglobin (HB), Packed Cell Volume (PCV) and Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) infected groups were decreased significantly as compared to the control group (PL 0.05). The experiment was terminated at the end of the 7th month.

BiographyM Younus is currently working at Directorate of Advance Studies and Research, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan. His area of expertise includes livestock & dairy farm management.

[email protected]

M Younus et al., J Veterinar Sci Techno 2016, 7:5(Suppl)http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2157-7579.C1.015

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