Al-Azhar University Faculty of science

Chemistry Department

Search for the textile industry To: Prof . Dr . Ahmed Z. Sayed Professor of Applied Chemistry

Prepared by Student: AMR EMAD MOHAMED 2nd term, 2nd year (2014/2015)

My personal informationName: AMR EMAD MOHAMED MOHAMED

group: (5)

ID: 20132100

2nd term, 2nd year (2014/2015)

Textile Manufacturing ProcessTextile Manufacturing Process is done some regular processes. Each process of

textile manufacturing is maintained with a pre-defined sequences and the textile

engineers usually follow the flow chart step by step to produce the better textile

products according to buyers requirement. Usually, the whole textile

manufacturing process is divided by four sector ;

1. Spinning or Yarn Manufacturing  

2. Fabric Manufacturing  (weaving or knitting)

3. Dyeing, Printing & Finishing

4. Garments Manufacturing or Clothing.

The textile industry

Fiber Fabric Spinning

PretreatmentFinishing

Dyeing or/and

Printing

What is Textile Fiber?

Fiber

It is defined as one of the delicate, hair portions of the tissues of a plant or animal

or other substances that are very small in diameter in relation to there length. A

fiber is a material which is several hundred times as long as its thick.

Textile Fiber

Textile fiber has some characteristics which differ between fiber to Textile fiber. Textile

fiber can be spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by various methods including

weaving, knitting, braiding, felting, and twisting. The essential requirements for fibers

to be spun into yarn include a length of at least 5 millimeters, flexibility, cohesiveness,

and sufficient strength. Other important properties include elasticity, fineness,

uniformity, durability, and luster.

Banana fiber is one kind of fiber but it is not a textile fiber. Because it can not fill up the

above properties. So we can say that all fiber are not textile fiber .

What is Textile Fabric?• The term fabric can be defined as a planner structure produced

by interlaced/interloped yarns or fibers and felts made by interlocking fibers.

• It is a manufactured assembly of fibers and/or yarns that has substantial surface area in relation to its thickness and sufficient mechanical strength to give the assembly inherent cohesion.

Fabric Production

Fabric is the material or cloth made from natural or man-made yarns using one of the following methods:Weaving, layering warp and fill yarns, with three basic types of

weaves: Plain Twill Satin

Knitting, with one continuous yarn broken into two kinds of knits: Weft Warp

Nonwoven, where yarns are bonded or interlocked using mechanical, chemical, thermal, hydro or solvent.

SpinningSpinning 

is manufacturing process for creating polymer fibers. It is a specialized form of extrusion that uses a spinneret to form multiple continuous filaments. There are many types of spinning: wet, dry, dry jet-wet, melt, gel, and electrospinning.

Process

The polymer being spun must be converted into a fluid state. If the polymer is a thermoplastic then it can be simply melted, otherwise it is dissolved in a solvent or chemically treated to form soluble or thermoplastic derivatives. The molten polymer is then forced through the spinneret, then it cools to a rubbery state, and then a solidified state. If a polymer solution is used, then the solvent is removed after being forced through the spinneret.

Pretreatment process Natural fibers and synthetic fibers contain primary impurities that are contained naturally, and secondary impurities that are added during spinning, knitting and weaving processes. Textile pretreatment is the series of cleaning operations. All impurities which cause adverse effect during dyeing and printing are removed in pretreatment process.

Pretreatment processes include  desizing, scouring , and bleaching, which make subsequent dyeing and softening processes easy. Uneven desizing, scouring, and bleaching in the pretreatment processes might cause drastic deterioration in the qualities of processed products, such as uneven dyeing and decrease in fastness.

Objective of Pretreatment:

1- To Convert fabric from hydrophobic to hydrophilic state.

2 - To remove dust, dirt etc from the fabric.

3- To achieve the degree of desire whiteness.

DesizingSizes are applied to the warp yarns of the woven fabrics to

assist the weaving process but must be removed prior to

dyeing or printing. This process of removing the starch from

the fabric is called desizing. Cellulosic and Synthetic fabrics

contain sizes to some extent, whereas knitted fabric does not

contain sizes.

ScouringScouring is the next process after desizing in which the water insoluble impurities, the natural fats and waxes present in the fabric are removed.

This provides a greater cleaning action to remove the soiling and staining developed during transportation or storage of the goods. Due to the removal of these impurities, the absorbency of the fabric increases to the greater extent, which facilitates further processing functions.

There are two methods come into account, which are, alkali scouring and solvent scouring

Normally, alkali scouring is the mostly accepted process and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is applied as alkali.

BleachingThe scouring process of cotton removes waxes, but other majority of impurities leaving behind the

natural coloring matter. In such situation, bleaching completes the purification of fiber by ensuring the

complete decolourisation of coloring matter. A general classification of bleaching agents is shown in:-

Textile FinishingTextile Finishing is a process used in manufacturing of fiber,

fabric, or clothing. In order to impart the required functional

properties to the fiber or fabric, it is customary to subject the

material to different type of physical and chemical treatment.

Types of Finishing process Mechanical Finishing;

Involving the application of physical principles such as friction, temperature, pressure, tension and many others.

Chemical Finishing;

The finishes applied by means of chemicals of different origins, a fabric can receive properties otherwise impossible to obtain with mechanical means.

Enzyme Finishing ;

Bio polishing, also called bio-finishing, is a finishing process applied to cellulosic textiles that produces permanent effects by the use of enzymes. Bio-finishing removes protruding fires and slobs from fabrics, significantly reduces pilling, softens fabric hand and provides a smooth fabric appearance, especially for knit wear and as a pretreatment for printing.

Types of Finishing Soil Release Finishes

Flame Retardant Treatment

Anti Pilling 

Crease Resistant or Crease Proofing

Elastomeric Finishes 

Peach finish

Non Slip Finish

Stain and Soil Resistant Finishes 

Oil and Water Proofing 

Water-Repellent Finishes 

Absorbent Finishes

Anti Static Finish

Anti Mildew 

Mothproofing Finishes

Antimicrobial Finish 

Colorfastness Improving Finish

Self-cleaning 

Hydrophilic finishing 

Photo-protective agents and antioxidants

Biologically protective finishes

Dyeing or /and PrintingDyeing and Printing Textiles are usually coloured to make them attractive andbeautiful. They would appear extremely dull in the absenceof color. There are two ways of adding color to a textilesubstrate, printing and dyeing.

Printing is a process in which a multicolor effect isproduced on the textile at discrete places where as dyeingcompletely covers the substrate with color. The substances used to color the textiles can be classified asdyes or pigments.

Classification of Dyes

1- Dye for Cellulosic Fibers:• Direct Dyes• Azoic Dyes• Reactive Dyes• Sulphur dyes• Vat Dyes

2- Dye for Protein Fibers:Acid DyesMetal-complex DyesChrome Dyes

3-Dye for Other Fibers:Disperse Dyes for Polyester, Acetate

Cationic Dyes for Acrylic

Dyeing or / and Printing