Text pgs. 48-77 The Parthenon, AthensThe Coliseum, Rome

Civilization in Greece developed along a different pattern than other ancient contexts. Greece is made up of mountains and narrow valleys, so communities and city- states were isolated from one another. The long, convoluted sea coast and innumerable islands in the Aegean Sea influenced ancient Greeks to focus on trade and fishing rather than large-scale agriculture. Greek triera

Indo-European peoples entered the Greek mainland around 1900 BC. By 1600, they had established fortified cities and centralized kingships. The most powerful of these cities was Mycenae, which managed to rule the others from 1400 to 1200 BC. Mycenaean culture may have spread to the island of Crete and its capital at Knossos. The Mycenaean city-states waged a long, destructive war against the Greek city of Troy in Asia Minor (see slide 2.1.J). Agamemnon Mask Reconstruction of Mycenae

For unknown reasons, the Mycenaean culture began to collapse, and by 1100 BC, population and food production had dropped to unsustainable levels. What followed was a Dark Age, from 1100 to 750 BC. Near the end of the Dark Age, the poet Homer wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems about the Trojan War (see slide 2.1.J). Achilles and Ajax

Greek social and political life centered around the polis, their word for a city-state. A polis featured an acropolis, or fortress, situated on top of a hill, and an agora or open market. The polis represented the community, however large or small. Citizens of the polis (adult males only) had rights, but also responsibilities. The philosopher Aristotle suggested that citizens were owned by the state. Acropolis at Athens AristotleAgora and theatre

Sparta Athens Pgs. 54 - 55

The polis of Sparta was near the southern tip of the Greek mainland (the Peloponnesus). The state was an oligarchy, ruled by two kings, who served as military leaders, in conjunction with 28 elected elders. A committee of five other men (the ephors) managed education and other domestic issues.

The Spartan military was justly famous in the ancient world. Spartan boys trained from the age of 6 to 20, and fought in the army until they turned 60. They gained the right to vote as veterans, at 30. Because men spent nearly all their time training or fighting, Spartan women had a large degree of freedom and opportunity. The oligarchy was fearful of new ideas, so they discouraged visitors and forbade their citizens from travelling. Battle of ThermopylaeKing Leonidas

Athens is the largest city in Greece. It is situated in an area of productive farmland on the Attica peninsula, and overlooks key straits in the western Aegean Sea. In its earliest era (around 700 BC), Athens had a king. By the beginning of the 600s, he had been replaced by an oligarchy of the wealthiest landowners. Adult male citizens had a vote, but it didnt count for much. Athenian Acropolis Archon Megacles

In 594 BC, the Athenian people threatened civil war over debt- slavery and political inequality. The oligarchs appointed Solon to reform the governmental system. He cancelled debts and freed those who had been enslaved. Still unhappy with their position in 508 BC, the Athenians turned to Cleisthenes. He created a council of 500 citizens to propose laws. The general assembly of all adult male citizens would then vote. This was the first direct democracy. Solon Cleisthenes

Classical Greece Greek Culture Pgs. 54 - 59

The Classical period of Greek history lasted from 499 to 338 BC. It began with a war, and ended with another. In 499, the Greek states were threatened with invasion by the Persian empire under Xerxes. The various cities and islands united under the leadership of Athens and Sparta. At the Battle of Thermopylae, a small force of perhaps 11,000 Greeks, including the 300 Spartans, confronted a Persian army at least ten times its size. The Greeks were able to hold the invaders long enough for the Athenian fleet to destroy the Persian supply ships.

Following the defeat of the Persians, Athens asserted leadership over the other Greek states. The politician Pericles (in power from 461 to 429 BC) asserted Athenian cultural dominance and attempted to establish direct democracy all over Greece. Resentment of Athenian control led to a split with Sparta and a series of conflicts called the Peloponnesian Wars (431-405 BC). Athens lost the contest for leadership, but all the Greek states were weakened by the fighting, leaving them open for invasion. Pericles

The Classical period saw a tremendous elaboration of the arts, including sculpture, drama and philosophy. Greek art of this period is still the standard of beauty and creativity today. Classical Greek sculpture and architecture stress balance and harmony. Statues depict the human form as a thing of graceful beauty. Buildings express perfect geometry and harmony of lines.

The Classical Greeks invented Drama as we know it. The early works, such as Aeschyluss Oresteia trilogy, are tragedies based on myths. They were meant to show that a noble, but flawed hero must strive to do good, even if he is doomed to fail. Later, comedy and satire were added to the theatrical repertoire, and the art form evolved to include multiple characters with dialogue. Oedipus Rex Amphitheater at Davros

The great thinkers of the Classical period examined the world through reason and logic. Socrates believed that all knowledge was already present in the mind, it only needed to be brought to the surface by questioning (the Socratic method). Plato, a student of Socrates, came to distrust democracy. He theorized a perfect society in his book, The Republic. Aristotle, a student of Plato, was interested in classifying everything. He observed that a constitutional form of government is best. PlatoAristotle

Answer each question in a half-page response with complete sentences. Be accurate, be specific, be complete. Due tomorrow. 1. Describe what Pericles means by democracy. How is Athenian democracy similar to our system of government? How is it different? (pg. 50) 2. Give a brief summary of the Iliad. What was it about? Who are the main characters? Who wrote it? (pg. 53) 3. Describe the life of a Spartan boy. How was it different from the life of an Athenian boy? (pgs. 56- 57)

Alexander the Great The Hellenistic Era Pgs. 59 - 60

The Greek states were exhausted after the Peloponnesian Wars, and in no condition to defend themselves. So when Philip II of Macedon invaded in 338 BC, there was nobody to stop him from conquering all of Greece. Philip was assassinated not long after his triumph at the battle of Chaeronea, and the throne of his Macedonian empire passed to his twenty-year-old son Alexander. Philip II of Macedon

Alexander carried on his fathers ambition for conquest. In seven years (331 BC), he had conquered the Persian empire and Egypt. In four more years (326 BC), he had crossed the Indus river into India. After more than a decade of fighting, Alexanders men refused to go any further. He returned to Babylon to plan another campaign. Having conquered the known world by the age of 32, Alexander died from a combination of exhaustion, old wounds and alcohol consumption. Or possibly poisoning. Alexander at the battle of IssusBucephalus

Within 25 years of Alexanders death, his empire had split into four separate kingdoms, each headed by an ex-general: Macedonia under Antigonus, Egypt under Ptolemy, Syria under Seleucus and Pergamum under Atalus. Each of the Hellenistic rulers brought Greek and Macedonian immigrants into his new kingdom as administrators, artisans and soldiers. These colonists remade their new homes in the image of Athens, with Greek-style architecture, sculpture and other arts. This is how the culture of Greece came to be spread across the Mediterranean and western Asia. Ptolemy I of Egypt

Homers Iliad and Odyssey Pg. 60

The most important written works of Greek civilization are Homers Iliad and Odyssey. They are epic poems that relate the history of the Trojan War. The Iliad follows the war itself, focusing on the heroic (and sometimes childish) exploits of Achilles, the semi-divine Greek warrior. The tale ends with the Trojan Horse and the destruction of the city. Achilles defeats Hector Beware of Greeks bearing gifts

The Odyssey is a sequel, which covers Odysseuss ten-year trip home across the Aegean Sea. He meets the Cyclops, the sirens, and Circe the witch, and he outwits them all. Homer wrote his poems at the end of the Dark Age, around 750 BC. They are two of the most influential written works in all human history. References to events of the Trojan War can be found throughout nearly 3000 years worth of world literature.

Rome and the Rise of Christianity Early Conquests First Punic War Pgs. 66 - 67

As early as 1500 BC, Indo-European peoples began colonizing the Italian peninsula. One of these groups, the Latins, established a village among the seven hills of Rome around 753 BC. Early Rome (753-509 BC) was ruled by a series of kings, some of whom were Etruscan invaders rather than Latins. In 509, the Roman people overthrew the last king and established a republic. A republic is a form of limited democracy where citizens elect representatives to manage the affairs of state. In Rome, the elected group was known as the Senate. Romulus and Remus Tarquin

The early Roman republic only controlled the city of Rome. The rest of the peninsula was populated by other Latin tribes, Etruscans, and Greek colonists. From 508 to 261 BC, the Romans systematically conquered all the other groups in Italy through aggressive warfare and lopsided treaties. The Romans set up a confederation in which only Latins had full citizenship, but other groups were allowed to govern their own territories. Rape of the Sabines An Etruscan Lady

Though Rome now controlled all of Italy, there was an even more powerful nation in the Mediterranean area: The Carthaginians. Centered in the north African city of Carthage, the Carthaginians were originally Phoenicians (Latin: Punic). They were expert sailors and traders who controlled an empire that included the north coast of Africa, Spain, Sardinia, Corsica, and half of Sicily.

Rome fought three wars against Carthage for dominance of the western Mediterranean. These are the Punic Wars. First Punic War (264-241 BC): At first a local conflict in Sicily. The Romans were defeated at sea in 260 BC, but radically remade their navy and beat Carthage repeatedly. Rome took control of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Roman victory at Mylae The Roman Corvus

Answer each question in a half-page response with complete sentences. Be accurate, be specific, be complete. Due tomorrow. 1. Read the Special Report section on pgs. 62- 65. Was there really a Trojan War? If so, how was it different from the events described by Homer? 2. How did Rome go from a city-state in central Italy to controlling the entire Mediterranean region? Who did they conquer and how? (pg. 67) 3. How did the split between plebeians and patricians prevent Rome from becoming a true democracy? (pg. 68)

Second and Third Punic Wars The Roman State Struggle for Equality Pgs. 67 - 68

Second Punic War (218-201 BC): Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy through the Alps mountains and defeated the Romans in battle. He failed to break up the confederation. At the same time, Rome invaded north Africa. Roman general Scipio Africanus won at the Battle of Zama, forcing the enemy within the walls of Carthage. Rome seized most of the African coast and all of Spain. Hannibal crosses the Alps Scipio Africanus

Third Punic War (149-146 BC): Carthage, reduced to a city-state, started a war with its neighbor Numidia. Rome, allied to the Numidians, took the excuse to destroy Carthage completely. During the Punic Wars, Rome also fought wars of conquest against the Hellenistic states of Macedonia, Greece and Pergamum. By 129 BC, Rome was the only major power in the Mediterranean. Rome burns Carthage

Roman citizens were divided into two orders. The patricians were wealthy landowners who could hold public office. The plebeians were small farmers or craftspeople who could vote but not hold office. The government was headed by two consuls who served one-year terms and led the Roman army. The consuls were advised by the Senate, composed of about 300 patricians. Praetors were elected judges who heard cases between citizens. Later, praetors were chosen to hear cases between non-citizens.

The plebeian order resented the privileged position of the patricians. Uprisings and riots were common. In 471 BC, the council of the plebs was created, as was the office of tribune, to protect the rights of plebeians. In 287 BC, the council of plebs was given the right to make legislation for all Romans. In theory, the orders were equal, but in practice, a group of patricians and a few plebeian families still dominated the Senate. The Gracchus brothers Tribune hears plebeians

End of the Republic Imperial Rule Pgs. 68 - 70

Powerful senators struggled with one another to control the Roman government. Generals raised private armies and fought for domination of the countryside. In 82 BC, General Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix declared himself dictator of Rome. He resigned shortly after, but for the next 50 years, conspiracies and coups threatened to destroy the Republic. Sulla: Dictator of Rome

In 49 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar defeated fellow consul Pompey the Great in the Battle of Pharsalus. He marched his army into Rome and took control of the state as dictator. Upon his assassination in 44 BC, a civil war broke out between Caesars stepson Octavian and his lieutenant Marc Antony. Marc Antony secured the support of Egypt by marrying their queen Cleopatra, but their forces were defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide rather than be captured. Octavian established himself as the permanent dictator of Rome. The senate gave him the title imperator (emperor) and the official nickname Augustus (revered one). He ruled from 31 BC until AD 14. The age of the Republic was over. Gaius Julius Caesar Cleopatra VII

After Augustus, the other emperors of his dynasty (the Julio-Claudian line) were increasingly unstable and self-destructive. Tiberius (AD 14-37) was an old man when he came to the throne. Spent most of his time at his pleasure resort on Capri. Caligula (AD 37-41) was completely insane. He made his horse a consul and declared war on the sea. Claudius (AD 41-54) avoided assassination by pretending to be mentally handicapped. Paranoid and secretive. Nero (AD 54-68) attempted to assassinate his mother several times. May have burned Rome so he could build a mansion in the wreckage.

After a period of conflict and conquest (the Year of Four Emperors and the Flavians), a family of effective rulers took the throne of Rome. Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius, collectively called the five good emperors, inaugurated the era of Pax Romana (AD 96-180). The good emperors created programs to help the poor and built some of Romes greatest monuments. Under their rule, the power of the Senate was weakened in favor of the emperor and appointed officials.

The Economy Slavery The Immortal City Roman Culture Pgs. 70 - 72

At its height under the good emperors, the Roman Empire covered more than 3.5 million square miles and governed over 50 million people. While the nation was at peace, the people were prosperous. The Appian Way allowed for safe trade within the empire. Silks and rare spices were imported from China and India. The majority of the population lived by farming, either on small plots or as workers on huge patrician estates. City dwellers practiced a trade or joined the army. The Appian Way A Roman villa

The Roman economy was dependent on slavery. Foreign slaves were brought into Italy to fill virtually every kind of job. Slaves worked as artists, servants, builders, craftsmen, tutors and secretaries. Some slaves had relatively comfortable lives. The more specialized a slaves skills were, the better they were treated. Most earned wages, and often bought their own freedom. The worst jobs for slaves were on agricultural estates or in the salt mines of north Africa. Conditions were extremely poor and the death rate was high.

The city of Rome was an enormous urban sprawl with a population over one million. It was crowded, hot and dirty. http://romereborn.frischerconsulting.com /gallery-current.php http://romereborn.frischerconsulting.com /gallery-current.php While patricians lived outside the city walls in villas, the poor and middle class lived in six-story tenements. These buildings often caught fire or collapsed due to poor construction. The government provided the poor of Rome with free food, spectacular public buildings, and entertainment in the form of gladiatorial games.

From early on, the Romans were in love with Greek art, literature and fashion. Roman religion was a slight modification of the Greek myths, and the patricians preferred to speak Greek. The greatest exponent of Roman culture was the poet Virgil (70-19 BC), who wrote his masterpiece the Aeneid as a sequel to Homers Iliad. The Romans contributed to the arts, especially architecture, through technical advancement. They used concrete and precision design to create some of the worlds most beautiful buildings and monuments. Trajans Column

Early Christianity Christianity Spreads Pgs. 72 - 74

In AD 6, Rome took the province of Judaea from Syria. The Jews of Judaea were used to being semi-independent, and often rebelled against Roman rule. In AD 66, civil war broke out. The Romans crushed Jewish resistance and destroyed the Second Temple. During this time, several messianic movements arose among the Jews. One was focused on a young rabbi and preacher called Jesus of Nazareth. Jesuss message of peace and love was very different from the militant preaching of other self-styled messiahs. He gathered a following and began to attract attention from the Roman procurator. The Second Temple

The Pharisees, a Jewish sect intent on maintaining peace with the Romans, thought that Jesus might be another troublemaker. They brought him before the procurator Pontius Pilate, who sentenced him to crucifixion. Days later, followers of Jesus claimed that he had risen from the dead as the true messiah of the Jewish (and later Christian) people.

At first, Christianity was an exclusively Jewish movement. The convert-apostle Paul was the first to extend the new religion to gentiles in the Middle East and Asia Minor. The teachings of Jesus were passed on orally to begin with. Then, the letters of the apostles were copied and distributed to early churches. Finally, by AD 100, the Gospels were written down and collected as the New Testament.

Christian churches spread to all corners of the Roman empire. The apostle Peter visited Rome to spread Jesuss teachings. The Roman authorities grew suspicious of Christians because they refused to worship the emperor as a living god. Nero used the Great Fire (AD 64) as an excuse to begin persecuting Christians and executing them as traitors. The emperors who followed Nero did not harass the Christians nearly as much. By the time of the good emperors, persecutions had all but stopped.

Answer each question in a half-page response with complete sentences. Be accurate, be specific, be complete. Due tomorrow. 1. Describe the stages of development of Roman law. What features does Roman law share with our legal system? (pgs. 70-71) 2. What is Virgils Aeneid about? How did it reflect Roman values? (pg. 72) 3. What did the apostle Paul say about Jesuss death? How did this expand Christianity to all people instead of only Jews? (pg. 73)

Christianity Prevails Romes Long Decline Pgs. 74 - 75

Persecution caused the early Christian movement to band together and organize themselves. Communities were lead by their bishops, who also oversaw the formation of the clergy. In AD 313, Emperor Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, which gave Christianity legal protection from persecution. At the end of his life, Constantine was even baptized as a Christian. Under protection, the Church expanded rapidly. Emperor Theodosius the Great (AD 378-395) declared Christianity to be the official religion of Rome. St. Augustine of Hippo Theodosius the Great

Christianitys emphasis on compassion, love and peace appealed to all levels of Roman society, but it was especially popular with the poor. The Church taught that all people were spiritually equal and everyone had a chance to get into heaven. The patronage of the Roman Empire helped spread the Gospel to every corner of the Mediterranean world. When the empire eventually collapsed, Christianity remained to preserve civilization. Betgiorgis in Ethiopia Missionary in pagan lands

From the death of the last of the good emperors (Marcus Aurelius in AD 180) until the ascension of Diocletian in AD 284, the empire was torn apart by civil wars and social unrest. Diocletian proposed to solve Romes problems by splitting the empire into two states. One would have its capital in Rome, the other in Byzantium. Diocletian (AD 284-305) and one of his successors, Constantine (AD 306- 337) sought to reform the empire by adding to the state bureaucracy and increasing the size of the military with German mercenaries.

While Diocletian and Constantines reforms were successful, they were extremely expensive. The tax base was not increasing, so the economy stagnated. Constantine spent a huge sum of money building his new eastern capital at Byzantium. He created public monuments, palaces and an amphitheater. Eventually, the city would be renamed Constantinople. Following Constantine, there was a series of short-lived and disastrous emperors who drove the empire further into debt. Hagia Sofia Constantine the Great

The Fall Pg. 76

Not long after Constantines death in AD 337, a series of events outside of the empire began that would eventually destroy Rome. The Huns of central Asia invaded west into Europe around AD 370. They in turn put pressure on the Goths, a German tribe in eastern Europe. The Goths migrated into Roman-controlled territory in the Balkans. In AD 378, they rebelled against Roman authority and defeated the legions at the Battle of Adrianople. HunsOstrogothsVisigoths

The Romans were no longer to defend their borders. The farthest outposts of the empire were too difficult to protect. The German troops Diocletian and Constantine had added to the army turned traitor. In AD 410, the Visigoths attacked and looted the city of Rome. In AD 455, the Vandals of Spain and north Africa sacked the capital as well. The final blow came in AD 476. The Ostrogoth commander of the Roman army, Theodoric, forced Emperor Romulus Augustulus to surrender to him. Theodoric declared himself king of Italy. The western Empire was no more, though the eastern half continued to exist as the Byzantine Empire until 1453. Ostrogoths loot Rome Gothic coin

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Text pgs. 48-77 The Parthenon, AthensThe Coliseum, Rome