TEST FIVE NOTES

Mon 9/23/13

World History Standard 7The student will analyze

European medieval society with regard to culture,politics, society, and

economics.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What began the tie between the Church and the Franks?

Catholic

early 700’s AD Charles Martel ruler Frankish empire. 732

Muslims invaded Spain

Charles Martel cavalry Tours in central France.

drove Muslims southward toward Spain. Franks won

but realized danger of another Muslim attack.

Charles Martel died in 741, son Pepin III (Pepin the Short)

kingdom. Pepin III king of all of France Pope of the Catholic church to

crown him.

In 754, Pope Stephen III crowned Pepin III “King by the

grace of God”. precedent. future Popes

decided power to name and overthrow kings.

soon after Pepin led his army Italy

Germanic tribe Lombard’s. threatening city Rome

Pope was worried they would overthrow Rome.

defeated Lombard’s gave the pope the land the Lombard’s had claimed.

Donation of Pepin created the Papal States or

the Vatican.

Charlemagne was the son of Pepin III. Charlemagne was king of the Franks from 768 –

814 and he is considered one of the greatest rulers in history.

Charlemagne spent much of his life at war. He defeated the

Lombard’s again in Italy and the Saxons in northern Germany.

Avars, nomadic people - Huns, drove the Muslims back into

Spain - small strip of Spain for the Franks.

never conquer all of Muslim Spain.

Christmas 800 AD Charlemagne knelt in worship

St Peter’s Church - Rome. pope Leo III - placed a crown on

Charlemagne’s head and declared him the Emperor of the

Romans.

had nothing to do Frankish/Roman Empires,

Charlemagne was regarded as highly as the emperors of Rome

emphasized the tie between the Franks and the Catholic

Church.

Charlemagne’s empire divided into several regions

region was ruled by a count. Each count formed armies and

governed their land.

feudalism

Charlemagne’s capital was at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen,

Germany) but he traveled throughout his kingdom.

Charlemagne died his empire divided into three parts

ruled by 3 of his grandsons, never learned to work together Frankish Empire was invaded

by several groups.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION9/24 Tue

How did Charlemagne impact Europe?

A. Explain the manorial system and feudalism; include the

status of peasants and feudal monarchies and the importance

of Charlemagne.

C. Explain the role of the church in medieval society.

Holy Roman Empire324 - Constantine creates

capital in Byzantium (Anatolia)Constantine / Maximian

Constantinople

.

799 – attempt on Pope’s life Leo III - meets w/ Charlemagne

800 – son heir, proclaims Charlemagne Emperor

Emperor Holy Roman Empire protection of Pope

Charlemagne – basically creates French and German

monarchies. Father of Europe

Constantinople v Rome

2 rulers & two churchesPope & Patriarch Roman CatholicGreek Orthodox

Latin Speaking WestGreek Speaking East

Medieval Germany – Otto I (Otto the Great) 936 ADclose alliance w/ church

Pope John XII962 controlled Italy and given

title of emperor by Pope

German-Italian empire 1st called Roman Empire of the German Nation

Holy Roman Empire – strongest state in Europe until 1100’s

most feared of these invaders Scandinavia.

Called themselves Vikings. English - Danes, and other

groups called them Northmen or the Norse.

800’s - Vikings invaded the Frankish Empire and other parts of Europe. A large group settled

in northern France name Normandy. The French

word for Northmen was Normans.

political system - continent of Europe called Feudalism.

began when local lords had to govern their own lands since

there was no central government.

wanting protection from possible invasions, would give their land to larger landowners. In return

they were granted the use of the land, but had to provide troops

for the larger landowner.

The person who granted the land was the Lord and the one

who held land in return for services was a Vassal.

Wed 9/25EQ - How did Feudalism

change the European way-of-life?

The vassal had more obligations. provide a certain

number of fully equipped cavalrymen and foot soldiers

and agreed to pay their expenses. Military service was usually limited to 40 days per

year.

Another obligation of a vassal consisted of feudal aids –

special payments to help cover extraordinary expenses of the lord. - ransom if the lord were

captured in war.

also expected to house and feed the lord and his

companions for a certain number of days a year,

to attend ceremonies such as a wedding of a lords daughter,

and to serve on the lords court as a minister of justice.

The grant of land was called a fief. The Latin word for fief is

Feudum, from which comes the word feudal. In time the fief

became hereditary.

In order to understand the relationship between Lord and Vassal you need to remember

three things:

1. It was an honorable relationship between legal

equals. Only nobles could be vassals. In theory even the

Lords were vassals to the King.

2. The same man might be both Vassal and Lord. Vassal to a

more powerful Lord above him, and Lord to a less powerful

vassal below him.

3. It was a very personal relationship. Each mans

loyalties were owed only to the Lord directly above him, or the

vassal directly below him.

Feudal justice was quite different from the Roman ideas of justice. Decisions at trials were made in one of three

ways:

1. Trial by battle. The accused and the accuser, or men

representing them, fought a duel. The outcome determined

guilt or innocence.

2. Compurgation - , or oath taking. The accused and the accuser each

gathered a group of people who swore that their man was telling the

truth. Compurgators (the oath takers) were similar to the

character witnesses of today’s trials. Then the judges decided.

3. Ordeal – the accused carried a piece of hot iron in his hand, or

walked through fire, or plunged his arm in a pot of boiling water to pick

up a hot stone. If his wounds healed quickly he was judged innocent, if not he was guilty.

Fri – 9/27ESSENTIAL QUESTION

What was life like in the Middle Ages?

Christian missionaries first arrived in Ireland in the 400’s. St Patrick

was the best known. He began his work there in 432.

600 AD missionaries were sent to England by Pope Gregory I.

Eventually all of England accepted Christianity. The first

missionary to England was Augustine.

The economic basis of early medieval life was a large estate

that included a village. This was called a manor. Most manors produced their own food, clothing, and leather

goods. Very few items were imported in (iron, tar, etc.)

Each manor was run by a lord. And he had peasants to work the fields. The peasants paid

for the use of the land by giving the lord part of their crops and

by working his land too.

They also performed other services on the manor and paid taxes. A typical manor village

had houses along a single street. The manor house or

castle stood a distance away.

The village was usually located on a stream that furnished water power for its mill. The land from

the manor extended out from the village. This land included

vegetable plots, cultivated fields, pastures and forests.

The cultivated land of the manor was divided into three large

fields for growing grain. Only 2 of the fields were planted each

year to give one time to become fertile again. (lie fallow)

Middle Ages think of luxurious castles and knights in

shining armor. Daily life peasant hard

long hours spent in the fields.

Food – poorcoarse black bread, cabbage, a

few vegetables, cheese, and eggs. Meat was rarely eaten. The average life expectancy

was around 40 years.

nobility was not really luxurious A castle fortified home - lord

base for protecting the surrounding countryside.

picture a castle as a large stone structure, but this type of castle

was not built until the later Middle Ages.

Most early castles were made of earth and wood. They were

built for defense, not for comfort. They were located on

hills or in other places that made them hard to attack.

What was life like in the Middle Ages?

If the castle had to be built on flat countryside a moat

surrounded the outer walls. The gate to the courtyard inside the

walls was reached by a drawbridge across the moat.

The main part of the castle was called the keep, a strong tower

that contained storeroom, barracks, and workshops, a well as the lords living quarters. In the great hall the lord received

visitors.

where the family lived during the day. The lord and his family usually

had their own bedroom, but everyone else in the castle slept in

the great hall with little privacy. There was not much furniture, the thick walls made the rooms dark,

damp and chilly.

Chickens, dogs and other small animals ran everywhere. The floors were covered with straw that usually was filthy. Most of the lords day was spent looking

after his estate.

1100’s feudal society changed development of chivalry

a code for knights. French word cheval - horse

usually mounted on horseback

early days - becoming a knight simple. noble, proving himself in battle, knighted, other knight.

process became more complex.

2 preliminary stages of training supervised - knight.

7 a boy (noble) page, learning knightly manners and beginning

training use of weapons.

early teens - squire, a knight’s assistant.

both manners and weapons knight’s horses, armor, weapons, and clothing.

he accompanied the knight in battle to prove himself

initiated into knighthood in an elaborate religious ceremony

lasted days

Chivalry required - be brave, even foolishly brave. He had to fight fairly - rules. Tricks and

strategy - cowardly. loyal to his friends, keep his

word, and treat conquered foes gallantly.

courteous to women. his own class.

behavior was often coarse and arrogant.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did the hierarchy of the Church affect political and economic issues in the Middle Ages?

THE CHURCH

clergy – place in hierarchy - organized in ranks according to their powers and responsibilities. The levels of the hierarchy (starting at the bottom) were:

1. the parish priest – peasant origin, little

education. hardest working and poorest clergy

members. hardly distinguished from the

peasants

But in a sense- most important conducted church services

parish (church). worked with/ counsel them.

2. the bishop – diocese - parishes.

administered the sacraments appointed and removed local parish priests and managed

church property in the diocese.

choice of the bishop was usually controlled by the king or

a great noble.Emperor Holy Roman Empire

frequently chosen for their family connections.

Younger sonpolitical move

Lay investiture - appointedpart of secular government

appointed by Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

In 1075 Pope Gregory VII banned lay investiture

infuriated Emperor Henry IVw/ support of German bishops demanded Gregory VII resign

Gregory VII excommunicated Henry IV German bishops

changed sides

Jan. 1077 – Henry crossed Alps and went to Canossa – castle to

see Pope.

humble / beg for forgiveness – 3 days

ended his excommunication

3. the archbishop – diocese himself and all of the

powers of a bishop, plus he had some authority over the other dioceses and bishops in his

province.

He could bring other bishops together to decide questions of

church belief and policy.

4. Cardinals - appointed by the Pope most important members are the Curia. advise the Pope on legal and spiritual matters.

Cardinals also are responsible for electing a new Pope.

5. The retired Pope #266 Benedict XVI – April 19, 2005

Pope #267 Pope Francis3/13/2013

Pope - comes from the Latin word papa meaning father. ultimate leader of the church

his decisions can’t be challenged

Vatican City -1929

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

How did the Crusades affect both Europe and the Muslim world?

For centuries, Christian pilgrims & European traders – no

problems. During the 1,000’s - Seljuk

Turks. war-like people adopted the Muslim faith

not tolerant

control of Palestine attacked Asia Minor

threatened - city of Constantinople Byzantine emperor appealed

Pope

asked - soldiers to defend his city and regain the territories he

had lost to the Seljuk Turks.

Turks - less tolerant of other religions than the Arabs had

been. Christian pilgrims were being persecuted and trade

routes were shut-off.

emperors plea for help noticed Pope Urban II

regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.

1095 he called a great meeting of the Church leaders and

French nobles at Clermont, France.

Franks

urged the feudal nobles to stop warring with each other

and defeat the Muslims. His battle cry was “God Wills It”

sewed a cross of cloth on their garments

were called crusaders, from the Latin word cruciata

meaning “marked with a cross”.

People joined the Crusades for different reasons. The pope promised both heavenly and

earthly rewards.

Heavenly – spiritual

Earthly - secular

1. All the sins of a crusader were forgiven. 2. If he died on the Crusades he went straight

to heaven.

3. While away at war, his property and family were

guaranteed protection by the church. 4. A debtor who joined

the crusades had his debts cancelled.

5. A criminals freed 6. Knights were inspired with the lure of land and the riches that could

be found in Asia. 7. Merchants saw a chance to make money.

8. Younger sons of nobles saw a way to gain land and a

title. 9. Priests and bishops saw a chance to convert

non-believers.

10. Some church leaders saw it as a chance to rise in rank and

status.

EQ: HOW DID THE CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH

EUROPE AND ASIA?

The Crusades

were based on religious beliefs, but they were also appealing to those with a love of adventure and a wish to prosper.

1st CRUSADE

The first crusade lasted 1096-1099. led by French and Norman nobles. In 3 organized armies they moved across Europe to Constantinople. Byzantine emperor was nervous

unprepared

garments of wool and leather and their heavy armor, the

crusaders suffered severely from the heat. Because of a shortage of pack animals,

supplies of food and water were inadequate.

leaders quarreled over lands they captured. If Turks had

been united the crusade would have failed. crusaders captured

Antioch and marched toward Jerusalem. Conditions

improved as the crusaders marched down the seacoast

toward Palestine.

Fleets of ships from the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa

brought them reinforcements and supplies. The crusaders captured Jerusalem after a

short battle and slaughtered the Muslim inhabitants in a terrible

massacre.

In the Middle East the crusaders set up four small states :1. the

county of Edessa 2. the Principality of Antioch. 3. the

county of Tripoli 4. the kingdom of Jerusalem

Second Crusade began in 1147 after the Turks

recaptured the city of Edessa and threatened the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this crusade King Louis VII of France and the Holy Roman Emperor Conrad III led armies to the Holy Land.

It was a failure. The armies of the two monarchs met many

misfortunes on the march to the Holy Land. They fought separately

and did not join forces until they reached Damascus, which was

held by the Turks. The two armies failed to capture the city, and

returned home after just 2 years.

THIRD CRUSADE

in 1187 the news reached Europe that Jerusalem had been recaptured by the Muslim leader Saladin. Europe’s response was the 3rd Crusade. From 1189 – 1192, it was called the Crusade of the Three Kings.

King Richard the Lion-Hearted of England, King Phillip

Augustus of France, and Emperor Frederick Barborossa of the Holy Roman Empire each

started out at the head of a great army to regain the Holy

Land. Again there was failure.

Barbarossa drowned on the way and most of his army turned back. Phillip and Richard

quarreled and Phillip took his army home and seized English

lands in France.

Several times Richard might have gained the entire Kingdom of Jerusalem by diplomacy, but he preferred military adventure. This crusade accomplished little

but an estimated 300,000 Christians and Muslims died in

this war.

EQ: HOW DID THE CRUSADES CHANGE BOTH

EUROPE AND ASIA?

FOURTH CRUSADE

Pope Innocent III persuaded a group of French knights to go on the 4th Crusade in 1202. The city-state of Venice agreed to provide transportation, but the cost was too high for the crusaders to pay.

Then the Venetians offered to lower the cost of transporting

the crusaders if they agreed to attack the city of Zara, a city on

the Adriatic coast. Zara was Christian but a rival to Venice

for trade.

The Crusaders captured Zara, and Pope Innocent III

excommunicated the entire army for attacking a Christian

city. So the crusaders planned an attack on Constantinople. It too was Christian but offered many riches for its owners.

In 1204 the crusaders captured Constantinople, but it fell to the Turks for the last time in 1453. There were additional crusades but historians disagree on how

many.

It was actually a continuous process from 1096 – 1291. It

was a constant flow of crusaders heading toward the Holy Land, but they soon lost

their appeal.

RESULTS OF THE CRUSADES

from a military standpoint they were a failure. However the Europeans learned about many things of military importance including the crossbow and use of carrier pigeons to transport messages.

From the Byzantines they learned such new siege tactics as the undermining of walls and

the use of catapults to hurl stones. They also learned of

gunpowder. The status of women changed.

With their husbands gone to war many wives took over the

management of feudal estates. Europeans were influenced by

the ideas that were exchanged. They were introduced to spices,

rice, sugar, lemons, apricots, and melons.

THE RENAISSANCE

In around 1350 a movement to revive the interest in the classical learning of Rome and Greece began in Italy. It was known as the Renaissance, a French word meaning rebirth.

The most important cities of the Renaissance were Florence, Rome and Venice. In these

cities (especially Florence) an intellectual movement called

humanism developed.

These Italian scholars stressed the study of grammar, rhetoric,

history, and poetry, using classical texts. These studies

were called the humanities, and those who studied them were

called humanists.

The founder of humanism was Francesco Petrarch of Florence. Petrarch stressed the teachings of the ancient Romans. He felt they were the best example of ethical behavior. He was also deeply

committed to Christian teachings.

Probably the most famous of Italian Renaissance writers is

Niccolo Machiavelli of Florence. In 1513 he wrote the famous essay called The Prince which described government as

it actually worked.

In 1516 an English humanist named Thomas More

published a book entitled Utopia. In it he criticized society and described his ideal society.

In the late 1500’s and early 1600’s William Shakespeare

wrote plays in England.

World History Standard 9The student will analyze

change and continuity in the Renaissance and

Reformation.

A. Explain the social, economic, and political changes that

contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli.

B. Identify artistic and scientific achievements of Leonardo da

Vinci, the “Renaissance man,” and Michelangelo.

EQ - What is a Renaissance Man?

Another Humanist was Dante. He was exiled from Florence for not appearing in court to defend himself against allegations that

he did not commit. If he returned he was to be burned alive. This had a major impact

on his writings.

His most famous work is the Divine Comedy. In this Dante

places many Florentine politicians and Catholic figures in various stages of Hell, levels of Purgatory, or even spheres of

Heaven.

Erasmus – Christian Humanist from

Holland. Wrote book called The Praise of Folly where he poked

fun at greedy merchants, heartsick lovers, quarrelsome scholars, and pompous priests

He believed in a Christianity of the heart, not one of

ceremonies or rules. He said that in order to improve society

all people should study the Bible

Another important aspect of the Renaissance was art. The most

noticeable characteristic of Renaissance painting is its

realism in representing natural life and forms. Renaissance

painters admired roman culture.

Renaissance painters could make their art lifelike because they had learned a technique of painting

called perspective. distant objects smaller - foreground

arranging them in certain ways create the illusion of depth on a flat

canvas.

Italian painters of the late 1400’s and early 1500’s displayed such genius that this period has been called the High Renaissance.

Four of these great artists were:

Leonardo da Vinci – was a versatile man. He excelled in music, art, architecture and

math and he was also a scientist. Studies of anatomy helped in drawing the human

figure.

And he used mathematics to organize the space in his

paintings. His mural “the Last Supper” is widely known. But

probably his most famous painting is called the “Mona

Lisa”.

Michelangelo Buonarroti (bwaw – nar-raw-tee) – he preferred

sculpture to painting, and he created great stone carvings. He

also painted murals on the ceilings of the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican.

He was also a poet, and an outstanding architect.

Raphael – was hired by the Pope to beautify the Vatican.

He is also known for his Madonna’s – representations of

the Virgin Mary.Titian – spent most of his life in Venice. He is known for his rich

colors.