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Approach – Answer: General Studies Mains Mock Test 8 – 621 (2015)

Section A Answer questions in NOT MORE than the word limit specified for each in the parenthesis. Content of the answer is more important than its length.

1. (a) “If instead of insisting on rights everyone does his duty, there will immediately be the rule of order

established among mankind.” - Mahatma Gandhi. Bring out what this statement means to you in the present context. (150 words) 10

Approach:

The quote given by M. Gandhi emphasizes the importance of duty based ethics for restoring peace and order in world which got destabilized due to overemphasis on claims rather than duty and responsibility in current scenario.

The answer can be framed in following manner: Explain the broad/general idea of the quote as introduction. Explain the present context which justifies the moral idea behind the quote. Describe how the idea can be useful in resolving the moral conflicts in different areas of life

e.g. public (politics, governance, community) and personal.

Answer:

Increasing politicisation of social life is a defining feature of contemporary society. In politics, different section of society contest for social issues/resources/dignity and struggle to win their rights. While this process does provide rights to few, the struggle for claims promotes declining importance of duty and responsibility in social conduct of citizen. It also led to moral eclipse of individual and social groups which disturbs the peace and harmony in social order by creating conflict for resources/respect. Hence, there is fundamental importance of asserting the importance of duty and responsibility to restore the peace and harmony in society.

Our constitution under democratic system provides elaborate fundamental rights to every citizen which is justifiable while fundamental duties are not justifiable. Hence, any citizens are not accountable with regard to following their duties. In present context with rising expectation of people from their political system, people are increasingly struggling for their rights at the cost of their responsibilities towards society. This asymmetry is disrupting peace and harmony in society due to mutual conflict it breeds e.g. inter­caste conflict, inter religious conflict, bureaucracy/citizen conflict, business/labour conflict, conflict in gender relations etc. In this scenario, if citizens and social groups understand their responsibility and perform their duty many of above conflicts can be resolved in following way.

The sense of duty and responsibility in individuals towards nation will help in inculcating value of non­discrimination on grounds of caste which can reduce inter­caste political conflict.

Similar sense of non­discrimination on religious grounds will reduce role of religion in politics.

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If both bureaucracy and citizen understand their importance of their roles and responsibility which comes with it, the conflict between them with regard to their right to secrecy and right to know can be reduced.

Sense of duty of business groups and labour towards community welfare will help in resolving protracted conflict between two.

In personal domain, if men and women understand their duty towards family, community and nation equally, gender conflict can be resolved.

1. (b) Should circumstances be the sole criterion for judging the morality of human action or the nature of the action and its purpose must also be considered? Justify your stand with examples. (150 words) 10

Approach:

The answer should contain the following parts:

Identify the elements of human action (nature/object, circumstances, and purpose) that are analyzed for judging the morality of human action.

Further, explain that though circumstances are a criterion but they are not the sole criterion since the object, as well as, purpose of human action should also be considered in deciding the morality of human action.

To justify your point, give examples/illustrations to show that circumstances can’t make an action, whose object is bad, ethical.

Answer:

Some philosophers (teleologists or interpretivists) subscribe to the view that circumstances are the sole criterion for judging the morality of human action. Joseph Fletcher maintained that action becomes specific through circumstances. Without specificity ethical elements in action can’t be examined. Circumstances make an abstract action to be specific based on time, place, agent, and manner. For example, to strike in self defence is one thing and to strike without any provocation is another matter. Thus, circumstances decide the morality of human action.

However, there are two other elements to every action that decides the morality of human action ­ nature/object and purpose/end of human action­ not just the circumstances. An action whose object is bad by its very nature will remain bad and nothing can improve it­ neither circumstances nor purpose. For example, a lie remains a lie despite the purpose or circumstances. Circumstances can only make it less bad but never good. Here another issue with circumstances as the sole criterion becomes apparent ­ that it makes morality subjective and relative (telling lie can be bad or less bad depending on circumstances). Similarly, an action whose purpose/intention is bad is unethical and nothing can improve it­ neither object nor circumstances. For example, giving donation to a poor helpless person is good because of its object and the circumstances but can be termed as unethical if you give donation with an intention to lure a homeless person into doing something evil.

Thus, circumstances are not the sole criterion ratherobject, circumstances, and purpose together decide the morality of human action.

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2. (a) A person cannot do right in civil service whilst attempting to do wrong in personal life. In context of this statement, examine the relationship between personal and professional ethics. Do civil servants have to be ethical in personal life in order to be professionally ethical? Illustrate. (150 words) 10

Approach:

Question giving a normative statement about important role of integrity and character for civil administrator in order to job responsibly. Then asking to examine the ethical relationship between two domains of life private and professional, in order to explain its importance in life of civil servants with examples.

Accordingly answer can be framed in following manners: explain the meaning of the normative statement. examine the theoretical argument of close relationship between professional and personal

ethics. Take affirmative stand of the question while giving examples.

Answer:

The statement highlights the intimate relationship between personal and professional life for civil administrator. This relationship stems from requirement of strong character based on integrity for a person to perform his/her duty justifiably. If person is lacking in his personal conduct it will question his public acts as well. Further, lack of integrity in personal life sets the demand for close relationship between personal and professional ethics as well e.g. a honest and upright administrator will always inspire people to maintain harmony between both the spheres of life.

Individual's personal and professional life are two sides of the same coin. Even Gandhi observed that we cannot do right in one aspect of life whilst indulging in wrong acts in other. According to him life is an indivisible whole. Any distinction between public and private conduct is considered artificial. The close relationship between two spheres of life stems from following reasons:

Certain values like honesty, respect, empathy, trust, equality and efficiency etc which are considered to equally guide our actions in both professional and private sphere e.g. if want interpersonal trust of friendship to be reflected in our relationship with government.

Civil administrators are increasingly became public figures in age of media

Our world is moving toward integration of work and life due to availability of technical know­how.

Since the boundaries between professional and personal life is shrinking in contemporary lives, it is imperative for civil administrator to cherish same values which forms the ethical basis of civil administration job. e.g.

If a person value honesty and commitment in personal relationship, he/she is more likely to value them in professional life also.

If a person is hard working and punctual in his personal life, he/she will reflect diligence and punctuality in his work as well.

2. (b) What is the importance of whistle-blowing in public and private institutions? What role does individual conscience play in the act of whistle-blowing? (150 words) 10

Approach:

One can start the answer with defining whistle­blowing in brief. Then one should highlight the importance of whistle­blowing in public as well as private institutions with suitable examples. Later

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conscience should be defined briefly and the role played by conscience in the act of whistle­blowing should be discussed.

Answer:

Whistle­blowing refers to the process by which insiders `go public' with their claims of malpractices by, or within, organizations — usually after failing to remedy the matters from the inside, and often at great personal risk to themselves.

Importance of whistle-blowing:

Whistle­blowing is a valuable tool in any organisation’s corporate governance strategy as it empowers employees to act on incidences of misconduct and help maintain a safe workplace, while protecting profits and reputation. It is true that under normal circumstances, an organisation is entitled to total loyalty and confidentiality from its employees. But when there is serious malpractice or when people's lives are at stake — as in corruption and fraud in defence procurement; deaths in `encounter' of innocent persons; toxic leaks from a chemical factory; non­adherence to flight safety standards by an airline; creative accounting and false declarations by a company; cheating and plagiarism in scientific research, for example — the overriding public interest may lie in protecting the public's right to be told

It helps in rectifying even the smallest incidents of wrongdoing, thereby instilling similar responsibilities in others and creating a better environment for all.

It creates an environment for ethical governance in public as well as private organizations.

It fosters a culture of self­regulation and accountability.

If staff concerns about wrongdoing are not handled properly, an organisation's reputation could come under threat.

It is true that under normal circumstances, an organisation is entitled to total loyalty and confidentiality from its employees. But when there is serious malpractice or when people's lives are at stake — as in corruption and fraud in defence procurement; deaths in `encounter' of innocent persons; toxic leaks from a chemical factory; non­adherence to flight safety standards by an airline; creative accounting and false declarations by a company; cheating and plagiarism in scientific research, for example — the overriding public interest may lie in protecting the public's right to be told.

Without whistleblowers, we may not get to learn about problems until it is time to mourn the consequences.

Role played by conscience:

Conscience is something within human beings that determines the morality of human actions. It is a special act of the mind that comes into being when the intellect passes judgment on the goodness or badness of a particular act.

Employees in private as well as public organizations are expected not only to do the things right but also do the right things. Here, conscience comes to play a role in identification of right things. In the act of whistle blowing one requires to identify the right thing to do. He has to solve the ethical dilemma of balancing the organisational good and public good. In choosing between the two, conscience becomes a deciding factor because it is accumulated intellect about the perception of right and wrong.

The ultimate decision will be made based upon the conscience, which is a uniquely human attribute of discretion and identification of what is right or wrong. It’s a difference between what “is” and what “ought” to be. An individual may be an employee but he is also a citizen and, and owe certain responsibility to the people as a whole. So as long as the potential threat is real and not perceived, the importance of whistleblowing cannot be undermined.

What happened during the Nazi regime in the concentration camps of Auschwitz brings this dilemma to the forefront. As a loyal employee the regime expected the officers to execute millions of jews mercilessly, there were only a handful who had the courage to refuse and stand up for what was

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morally right in real sense. They might have been labelled as traitors by their regime, but in the end analysis emerge as heroes and history is replete with examples of such heroism. In the Indian mythology the act of Vibhishana is considered to be of a traitor, as he betrayed his own brother but without his role the evil of Ravana could not have come to an end.

3. (a) ‘Objectivity’ and 'neutrality' are among the core civil service values. Discuss with examples. (150 words) 10

Approach:

The answer should begin by explaining the meaning of objectivity and neutrality. Further, the answer should discuss how these values are considered as the core of civil services. Bring out their importance in a democratic setup and how they help in building trust in government and improving its efficiency. Give instances where these values should be followed.

Answer:

Civil Service values are accepted principles and standards that are expected to be followed by the civil servants. They act as internal moral compass and guide the civil servants in making decisions in the public interest, especially in situations, where they face dilemma or conflict between public duty and personal interest.

Two such core values of civil service, among several others, are ‘Objectivity’ and ‘Neutrality’. The Civil Service Code of UK defines Objectivity as ‘basing your advice and decisions on rigorous analysis of the evidence.’ Lord Nolan Committee of Britain in 1995 placed objectivity among the seven core values of Civil Service. It defined objectivity, as follows:

“In carrying out public business, making appointments, awarding contracts, recommending rewards and benefits, holders of public office should make the choice on merit.”

If the civil servant is objective, he will provide information and advice, including advice to Ministers, on the basis of evidence, and accurately present the options and facts; take decisions on the merits of the case; and take due account of expert and professional advice. He will not ignore inconvenient facts or relevant considerations when providing advice or making decisions; or frustrate the implementation of policies once decisions are taken, by declining to take, or abstaining from, action which flows from those decisions.

An objective decision always has a greater probability of success and meeting public interest than a decision taken on subjective considerations like emotions, biases, personal interest etc. In a parliamentary democracy, like India where a layman politician is guided by an expert civil servant, this value becomes very important. It assures the minister that the civil servant is giving advice in public interest and has no hidden agenda. Public will be assured about the merit of government’s decision and even if a decision does not give the desired results, it will not cause disillusion among the people regarding the honesty and intention of government decisions.

Neutrality is referred to the absence of any political affiliations and biases on the part of civil servants while discharging their duty. A civil servant has to uphold impartiality and is professionally concerned with the rational application of policies determined by the political executive.

The principle of neutrality ensures that a civil servant can follow ethical conduct without fear or favor. In a democracy, government acts as a trustee of public money, is not autocratic, and ensures that citizens enjoy their rights. This can be ensured by an impartial civil administration. Like objectivity, it assures the political executive that civil servant is giving free, frank and fair advice based on merit and the advice is apolitical in nature. A neutral administrator will be in a better position to give advice in the greater

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interest of the society rather than to further the ideology of the party in power. Citizens are ensured that whatever political party is in power the governance will be as per the constitution and rule of law. It also ensures continuity with change i.e. governments may change but there is a great degree of continuity in administration and policies.

Neutrality also becomes important because it is often confused with policy and value neutrality i.e. civil servants do not apply their own value judgments and policy evaluation, but blindly follow the order of political executive. Hence, the need is to follow positive neutrality. Such a value in the civil service will make it independent and impartial, but at the same time it will seek values that will benefit the society and it would not be passive to the unethical and immoral decisions of political executive.

In recent cases of Spectrum allotment or Coal block auction, the immense loss to the public exchequer occurred because of lack of objectivity and neutrality. The bureaucrats colluded with political executives and suggested decisions that were not based on merit but aimed to further the interest of those in power. If the principle of objectivity and neutrality would have been followed such an immense loss of public money as well as public trust in the governance would not have taken place.

Thus, these core values support good governance and ensure the achievement of the highest possible standards in all that the Civil Service does. This in turn helps the Civil Service to gain and retain the respect of Ministers, Parliament, the public and its customers.

3. (b) The legal framework in modern society has both anomalous and complementary relationship with its ethical framework. Discuss with examples. (150 words) 10

Approach:

The answer should contain the following part:

A brief introduction discussing the relationship between law and ethics.

How law and ethics complement each other, with the help of examples.

When do both stand in contradiction to each other, again with the help of appropriate examples.

The answer should also address why such a variation in relationship is seen in the modern society.

Answer:

The old adage “If it isn’t illegal, it must be ethical” is deeply flawed in the context of modern society. Ethics and law are as different as the unenforceable from the enforceable, and as complementary to each other in the ultimate aim of creating a citizenry, which does the ‘right’ thing when confronted with dilemmas.

Law are codified norms of the society, backed by the legitimacy of the state. It reflects areas of moral agreement so broad that the society comes together and says, “This ethical behaviour shall be mandated”. To a broad extent, when ethics collapses, the law rushes in to fill the void.

An example helps here. Earlier you didn’t throw litter on the road simply because “people don’t do those things”—because it was the “wrong” thing to do. Now you don’t toss litter because there are fines for doing so. What was once a second­domain issue of ethics has shifted to a first­domain issue of law. In such examples, legal framework and ethics play a complementary role.

But there’s another side to it too, when legal framework can possibly have an anomalous relationship with the ethical framework. A case in point is the “Ethics of civil disobedience”. The standard of civil disobedience urges that unjust laws be disobeyed. Mahatma Gandhi effectively used it in the 1920s against an unjust but lawful government. Later on, civil rights movement in the United States in 1960s

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and anti­apartheid movement in South Africa also were directed against unjust laws present in those times. Civil disobedience demands moral reasons to disobey the law.

Such an anomaly is striking in the modern society because of the growing acceptance of importance of delivering human rights to everyone, which many a times come in conflict with the prevailing conservative laws. Gay rights movement is a relevant example.

4. (a) There seems to be a fundamental contradiction between effectiveness and accountability. Comment. Why is accountability a necessary evil for good governance? Discuss. (150 words) 10

Approach:

In first part of the answer discuss, why this debate exists in administration with relevant examples. Second part of the answer should focus on why accountability is a necessary condition to ensure good governance and final part of the answer should focus on the fact that accountability and effectiveness can exist together and this should be the desired outcome.

Answer:

Accountability is the obligation of an individual or organization to account for its activities, accept responsibility for them, and to disclose the results in a transparent manner. It also includes the responsibility for money or other entrusted property. Accountability therefore checks the abuses of power such as corruption, fraud, the insolence of office, arbitrary and unauthorised exercise of authority, violating rights and neglecting duties.Most importantly, while the measures of effectiveness keep continuously changing, accountability is a universal and perpetual virtue in governance.

Effectiveness is the degree to which objectives are achieved and the extent to which targeted problems are solved.

It is viewed that greater focus on accountability hampers effectiveness. Effectiveness requires wider managerial discretion while accountability calls for tighter central control. It has been advocated that an attempt to increase transparency and public participation will invariably result in delay in decision­making and promote risk aversion resulting in a compromise on effectiveness.

However, this view of effectiveness is short­sighted.

Decisions taken through bypassing clear and transparent procedures seem to be effective in short run but such decisions suffer backlash in many cases. For example, in the case of involving construction of dams, not eliciting public opinion or providing for rehabilitation and resettlement will ultimately result in protests leading to delays in implementation. Hence, a short compromise on accountability may seem to be effective in many cases it can very well hamper the same effectiveness in long run.

Accountability also checks the abuse of power such as corruption, fraud, the insolence of office, arbitrary and unauthorised exercise of authority, violating rights and neglecting duties.

Most importantly, while the measures of effectiveness keep continuously changing, accountability is a universal and perpetual virtue in governance.

Further, accountability and effectiveness are not contradictory, but may act as complementary to each other. For example, the use of e­governance has been very effective in citizen services delivery and has also provided an impetus for social and industrial sector along with maintaining the accountability of government departments. Effective use of right to information, citizen charter etc. ensures transparency in governance and checks the menace of corruption and abuse of power. Thus it could be very well said that both accountability and effectiveness are an integral part of good governance and its utility should be seen w.r.t. the results produced in the long run.

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4. (b) "One of the penalties for refusing to participate in politics is that you end up being governed by your inferiors". Explain. Suggest some measures that can be taken to increase political participation in our country. (150 words) 10

Approach:

The quote gives the perspective idea of vital need for political participation to uphold the superior political values. Accordingly answer can be framed in following manner:

First part of the answer should explain the given statement and highlight the need for good people in politics.

Second part should suggest the ways to increase the political participation in the country.

Answer:

When the ruler himself is right, people naturally follow him in his right course. If governance is by men who are derelict, the governed will suffer. If one refuses to participate in politics, he is virtually paving the way for others, perhaps the less able persons to govern him. If people with virtues decline to participate in politics, people with criminal background and apathetic attitude towards public good get the chance to sit atop the political hierarchy. This may create further aversion for politics among masses. He, who administers government by means of his virtues, may be compared to the Pole star, which keeps its place and all other stars turn towards it. He can make the governance more ethical, more effective and inspirational.

Some of the measures that can be taken to increase the political participation:

Electoral reforms to curb the use of muscle power can encourage women to participate in electoral politics.

Electoral reforms aimed at curbing excessive use of money power may generate more chances for the disadvantaged to compete with the rich in electoral politics.

Women quota in Parliament and assemblies may be a big push for greater participation of women in politics.

Making political activities more ethical and working of political parties more transparent can transform the public image of politics as business and decrease the aversion among masses. Political parties should allow themselves to be covered under RTI Act.

Inter­party democracy should be promoted to give a greater say to party workers and party leaders. It may make workers more aware and active. Difference of opinion should be respected to allow the sense of democracy to prevail.

The 2nd ARC has recommended a code of ethics for MPs, MLAs and Ministers. This recommendation must be adopted to infuse ethical values among our politicians. Ethical politics may become an attraction for youths.

There should be proper and effective legal mechanism in place to punish the erring politicians and encourage the virtuous ones.

5. (a) The erosion of civic values from our public life has become a pervasive phenomenon. Discuss the role of value education in tackling this issue in the Indian context. (150 words) 10

Approach:

Answer can be framed in following manner.

Firstly, try to bring out the context of the question by elaborating on the erosion of civic values along with giving relevant examples.

Then bring out the role of value education in addressing the above problem.

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Answer:

Although we are taught that honesty is a desirable, even ideal behaviour, the interpretation and meaning we give it in practice varies from one person to the other. These differences are translated into very concrete attitudes and inconsistencies. The deepening value crisis in the contemporary Indian society is casting its evil shadow in all walks of our life. Even after fifty years of progress in different fields economic, industrial, scientific, educational it is doubtful if we are moving towards creation of a just society, a happy society, a good society. The erosion of civic values is widely evident in the day­to­day life. Be it the throwing of garbage on the streets or apathy of the citizens towards helping the people in need. Honking on roads along with fighting over a share of public space for parking has become all too pervasive in our society.

While the social fabric of the nation was interwoven with the values of tolerance and compassion, recent incidents of religious intolerance has brought the degrading civic values at the forefront of the debate.

Role of Value Education in imparting Civic Values

The growing concern over the erosion of essential values and an increasing cynicism insociety has brought to focus the need for readjustment in the curriculum in order to make education a forceful tool for the cultivation of social and moral values. In our culturally plural society, education should foster universal and eternal values, oriented towards the unity and integration of our people.

Value education deals with the character and conduct of human beings. It deals with good or bad, right or wrong behaviour; it evaluates conduct against some absolute criteria and puts negative or positive values on it.

The National Policy on Education, 1986 has made a strong plea for initiating curricular efforts for the promotion of national identity and the cultivation of values as enshrined in our Constitution.

Values Related to the Area of Citizenship: Among these may be included, Democratic spirit, respect for law, respect for public property, respect for elders, and respect for all religions, (secularism) tolerance of diverse viewpoint, peaceful co­existence, cooperation (mutual dependence), self discipline and patriotism.

Relating to Cultural Heritage, Nationalism and National Integration: A Variety of activities can be organized for developing appro­priate values relating to these areas.

Awareness of Certain values in building the national Development:

In addition to the above approach for inculcating moral and spiritual values, certain specific provision for direct moral instruction is also highly desirable.

5. (b) It is often said that home is the first school and parents are the first teachers. Explain the role of family in inculcating moral values. Analyze how the changing nature of family has affected this role in the context of India. (150 words) 10

Approach:

Begin by briefly explaining what moral values are. Then illustrate how the family influences development of values in children with more emphasis on the role of parents. Further, the development of narrow/bad values may also be included in the answer to bring a contrast. Then briefly explain the changing nature of family in the present context and analyse its impact on the role of development of moral values using suitable examples.

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Answer:

Moral values are the intrinsic beliefs developed from the value systems of how we should behave in any given situation. They are the standards of good and evil, which govern an individual’s behaviour and choices.

It is often said that home is the first school and parents are the first teachers. Home is the setting for an individual’s physical, mental, emotional and spiritual growth. The family, particularly parents, play an important role in the development of moral values in children.

There is a close contact between the parents and children. Parents are more accessible to the child than other members of the family. The parents teach the children behavior, dress codes, customs, aspirations and so on. The minds of children develop in the major way through the process of non­formal education at home.

Children always observe and follow the behaviour of parents, both inside and outside the home. Therefore, the young family members inculcate the value system practiced in the family.

The family shapes the attitude of a child towards society and other people. It also helps in the psychological growth of the child and influences his ambitions and values. Blissful and cheerful atmosphere in the family will develop love, tolerance and generosity.

Joint family system and the presence of elders in the family plays an effective role in social and moral development of the children. It helps in eradicating negative mental tendencies.

Customs and traditions taught by the family helps the children to be disciplined and organised.

If there is an environment of unhappiness at home, if the parents are worried, helpless, discontented or distressed, the children will also develop a mind­set of dissatisfaction and intolerance.

If the female members of the family do not have freedom or if they are not allowed to work outside, the children would develop same patriarchal mind­set.

Urbanization, globalization and modernization have resulted in changing the nature of family and consequently the role of family in inculcating moral values.

Increasing urbanisation and emergence of small families have reduced the role of elders in the family. The children are missing their guidance and experience.

If both the parents are working, usually they get less time to spend with the children. This reduces the influence of parents on the behavior of children and increases the influence of friends, peers and others.

Lack of mutual concern between parents at home, disaffection and lack of securities in families results in erosion of values inside the family.

The increasing role of money in the urban areas, the materialistic lifestyle results in imbibing narrow values in children. They would give importance to materialistic things rather than human relations and values.

In some cases, the changing nature of family helps positively as well. For example, when female members work outside and involve in taking family decisions, the children would also inculcate the values of gender equality.

6. “A world without nuclear weapons would be less stable and more dangerous for all of us.” Critically examine the ethical dimensions of the given statement from the perspective of international relations. (150 words) 10

Approach:

First part of the answer should bring out how the issue of nuclear weapons has its own moral dimensions. Then one should examine the different ethical dimensions of the statement. They may be:

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Stability in world affairs v/s always living under fear.

If Nuclear weapons in themselves are moral or immoral

From the point of view of Utilitarianism and deontology.

Money for weapons v/s money for poor and other developmental objectives

Suitable examples provided to support the arguments. Preferably the conclusion should favor the disarmament.

Answer:

Nuclear weapons have the potential to destroy the entire ecosystem of the planet. However, a handful of states insist that these weapons provide unique security benefits, but reserve the sole right to possess them. Hence, the possession of nuclear weapons leads to numerous moral/ethical dilemmas.

The first question is whether the nuclear weapons are moral or immoral in themselves. According to ethical theories, since morality cannot be attributed to non­human things, hence nuclear weapons in themselves are neither evil nor good.

According to proponents of nuclear weapons, these weapons create deterrence and stabilize the world order. Proponents of deterrence claim that nuclear weapons are not so much an instrument for the waging of war but political instruments "intended to prevent war by depriving it of any possible rationale.” They argue that nuclear weapons deterred the full­scale war between USSR and US during the period of cold war.

But it can also be argued that nuclear weapons create an environment of constant fear and jeopardise the life of millions of innocent people. Living constantly under fear subdues the free will; it is no way to maintain a world order. It erodes the dignity of human life.

From the utilitarian perspective, while nuclear weapons give a sense of security to the nations, which possess them, but it instills fear of complete destruction in the mind of billions. Even the citizens of nuclear­armed states cannot be sure of their safety. Hence, on the touchstone of ‘maximum good to maximum people’ nuclear weapons falter.

Similarly from deontological perspective, it is the duty of the governments to make their citizens empowered and free from fear. But nuclear weapons do exactly the opposite. Although they lead to some stability in world relations but leave the people incapable of defending themselves in the case of nuclear war. Nuclear weapons also use human life and emotions as means; hence they also fail the deontological test.

Another dimension could be whether the money used for production of nuclear weapons can be put to better use. If money is saved from refraining from arms race, it can be used to strengthen the social welfare mechanism of governments. Definitely spending on social upliftment is more moral than spending on weapons, which are never supposed to be used.

7. The increasing speed and scope of globalization has raised several ethical concerns. Analyze with examples. (150 words) 10

Approach:

It can be seen that even though the world has become a better place to live in terms of economic development due to the fruits of globalization, in terms of peace, environment, human rights etc a number of ethical concerns have been raised. The answer should focus on each of these issues such as the climate change, disarmament, IPR etc. Students should elaborate on a few of them. List have been provided with elaboration on a few of them.

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Answer:

As interaction, competition and collaboration among the nations are continuously increasing we find that it has raised many ethical issues in the global arena. It is observed that though the world is becoming a better place to live in terms of economic prosperity, but in terms of equality, peace, environment and human rights, there have been number of issues involving some ethical concerns also. Some of them being:

Climate Change: Countries are divided on the issue of common but differentiated responsibility and on technology transfer and funding arrangements. It is the responsibility of both the big and the smaller powers to ensure that we leave behind a world that is safe for future generations to live in.

Disarmament: World today has become a treasury of all the kinds of mass weapons of destruction. Ironically the cause of disarmament at the international stage is being promoted by those states, which have massive reserves of nuclear armaments, missiles and nuclear powered submarines. Also, countries like the USA impose economic and other sanctions on countries like Iran to prevent them from developing nuclear weapons. There are unanswered questions like how it is ethical for a country to impose sanctions on the others without discarding their own weapons of mass destruction.

IPRs: The developed countries are depriving the poor countries from accessing the new technologies by the restrictive clauses of IPRs. Ironically, the same restrictive provisions are also applied on things like the life saving drugs. In this debate, it is essential to determine whether it is justifiable for a country to defend its IPRs on the ground of commercial benefits, or they should ethically share the technology for the greater cause of the humanity.

Trade Negotiations: The Doha Round of world Trade Organization is pending to reach a consensus. In this context, the basic question involved is whether the developing countries are ethically and morally correct when they demand higher concession in international trade.

Outer space

Humanitarian interventions

Management of Common goods

In such issues it has been observed that countries have gone on to give more importance to national issues than to ethical responsibility as per humanitarian values. This, in the long term, would be detrimental not only for the other counties but for the country in question also. It is, therefore, important to consider the ethical grounds and take a holistic approach to all issues in order to ensure equitable development.

8. What do you understand by aptitude? What kind of aptitude is considered important for civil services? What measures have you taken to make yourself fit for being a civil servant? (150 words) 10

Approach:

The answer should begin with the definition of aptitude, and some types of it. The second part of the answer should discuss the aptitude/qualities needed by a civil servant to be effective. The final part of the answer should discuss some personal efforts in that direction. One may conclude the answer with the idea that aptitude, being innate, can’t be developed if it is totally absent, but one may foster/enhance one’s abilities if they are already present.

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Answer:

Aptitude is an innate set of characteristics, regarded as symptomatic of an individual’s ability to acquire, with adequate training, some knowledge, a set of skills, like the ability to produce music, or ability to perform administrative functions etc. Aptitudes may be physical or mental. Aptitude is not developed knowledge, learned or acquired abilities (skills) or attitude. The innate nature of aptitude is in contrast to achievement, which represents knowledge or ability that is gained through learning.

Following are some of the characteristics of aptitude:

Aptitude refers to some future potentiality.

Aptitude is innate capability.

Aptitude implies fitness or suitability for activities in question.

Broadly, there are two types of aptitude required for civil services:

Physical Aptitude: It is physical and physiological fitness for efficiently performing one’s duty. It is more relevant for those services, which require field work.

Mental Aptitude: It includes those qualities, which have to do with the psychological or cognitive processes. It is regarded as important for all types of services, more so for civil services. It may further be classified as under­

o General Mental Ability: It is the basic thinking capacity needed for any intellectual task. It is the foundation on which lie the other components of aptitude.

o Appropriate Value System: It is the combination of the desired values, like empathy, objectivity, impartiality, commitment, compassion etc. For civil services this component of aptitude is most important for performing one’s job, not only efficiently, but also effectively.

As an aspirant of civil services, I have taken the following measures for making myself fit for the same:

Since, healthy mind resides in a healthy body; therefore, for keeping myself physically fit I perform physical workout regularly.

While, the general mental capacity remains almost constant throughout one’s life, value aspect can be developed through various means, like­ learning the teachings of great moral, philosophical and administrative thinkers; changing one’s peer group, which are more deserving and fit for civil services, because we learn through observation (Bandura); performing some activities which are required to be performed by a civil servant, like to be empathetic to others, to uphold standards of morality/ethics, adhering to the law of the land etc.

Though, these things are easier said than done and it is very difficult for anyone to always follow and practice them. Therefore, to keep myself motivated to do them, I reward myself whenever I do any of the above­mentioned things. Some of the other methods to develop appropriate attitude include reading books, meeting civil servants and talking about their experiences, interacting with people from all walks of life to understand their perspective and ideas on issues etc.

Since, aptitude is an innate potentiality, therefore, one cannot develop an aptitude if it is completely absent from one’s psycho­physical system. However, one can enhance his/her abilities if one is blessed with them.

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Section B

In the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow:

9. You are a young civil servant posted in a tribal dominated district, which is notorious for illegal mining done by mafia. They exercise their power over poor tribals of the region by bribing the local tribal musclemen who have political aspirations. The consequent easy money and luxury have ensured that these musclemen work in the interest of these mafia. They use these ‘tribal’ musclemen as a ‘front’ to plant ‘constructed’ news in the media to create confusion or to gain sympathy of the civil society activists and the public at large. It is a strategy to thwart any concrete action of the government for eliminating the menace of illegal activities in that area.

You quickly understood these designs after assuming the office. You came to know that some employees in your own office are in nexus with the mafia. When you initiated stringent action against the mafia they turned hostile. They prompted few tribal musclemen to file a fake FIR against you under the stringent provisions of the ‘Prevention of Atrocities Against SC and ST Act’. They also convinced the unsuspecting poor tribals that the state was ‘again’ launching atrocities against them. These poor tribals were eventually tutored to write a complaint to the National and State Commission for ST, a copy of which was leaked to the media.

This could easily become a very hot issue for the opposition parties in the state as the Assembly Elections were due only six months later. Unfortunately all this can have grave consequences for your career.

(a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.

(b) What steps will you take in pursuance of the most appropriate closure of this case? (250 words) 20

Approach:

The basic ethical issue involved is exploitation of tribals and their resources and attempt to derail justice through false case. Accordingly answer should consist of the following parts:

The major ethical issues involved.

Various course of actions with ethical reasoning underlying it.

Answer:

The case contains two important ethical issues:

The illegal mining being done in the district is a loss for the State as well as the local community. It favours only a handful of people (mining mafia, local musclemen and compromised employees of State) at the same time it results in poaching on natural resources and their labor illegally and unethically.

Another ethical aspect of the case is attempt to delay the justice to the tribals by false case against an honest administrator. This counter attempt to stop any legal action against illegal mining is motivated to preserve the system of exploitation and deny justice to tribals.

The right course of action would involve the following steps:

1. A strong case should be built against the illegal activities of the mafia. The scope of investigation should be wide, covering the local musclemen as well as government servants. With full cooperation from the investigating and prosecuting agencies, the case can be pursued quickly and the culprits exposed. This will bring facts to the centre and certainly help changing the public opinion as well as ensure political cooperation (both government and the opposition).

2. Elaborate awareness campaigns about the government policy regarding mining should be carried out so that cooperation of general public can be ensured without the intervention of local

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musclemen. Their complaints to the SC/ST Commissions should be addressed rather than quashed. Proper and point­wise response to all queries should be provided and made public. Their fears must be assuaged and a negative campaign must be countered. This will bring credibility to the administration in its action against offenders.

3. For self­motivation in such circumstances, adherence to truth and having confidence of the team is important. Perseverance as well as leadership qualities will have important bearing on the outcome of the case. One must know that legally he/she is on a strong footing and such hurdles are expected. To address insecurity arising out of political meddling, one must concentrate on the first two points.

By adopting this course of action, I would uphold my constitutional, legal as well as moral responsibility. Pursuing the course with courage, integrity and conviction will be a win­win situation for all – the local people, the Government and I. It will increase the confidence of people in democracy and the State institutions. Besides, it will also lead to development of my personal competence.

10. In the face of acute famine in the district, you, as an area officer, have instructed your subordinates to procure food grains from the FCI godowns located in the adjoining districts. This would make the food grains available to the public through PDS shops. Considering the gravity of the situation, this task has to be done immediately, because majority of the people in the district are poor, and therefore can’t buy the food at the market prices. However, you were told that all the truck operators have formed a cartel and are asking for three times the usual transportation rate, in order to exploit the situation. This would nullify your effort, as the prices of the food grains would increase due to high transportation charges.

(a) Following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options:

1) Threaten the truck owners of severe consequences if they do not fall in line and cancel their transportation permits.

2) Transport the food grains by Railways, though it may take a week.

3) Agree to pay the truck owners the transportation charges they are demanding, so as to ensure the availability of food grains, but searching for alternative and affordable transportation. However, take legal actions against the truck owners at a later time.

4) Asking the state government for sending some help.

(b) Also indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) the course of action you would like to follow, giving proper reasons for the same. (250 words) 20

Approach:

The answer should begin with the context and the gravity of the situation. In this context, one should evaluate all the given options with possible merits and demerits. In the conclusion, one should choose any of the given options or any other option of his/her choice with adequate reasons.

Answer:

The situation is characterized as acute famine and general shortage of food. Considering that the majority of the people are poor, they can’t buy food at the market prices. Being the area officer, it is my responsibility to make the food grains available at affordable prices, so that all individuals in thedistrict have access to food. In this context:­:

1) This option would ensure that the truck owners are punished for their undue exploitation of the situation. As an area officer, it is my duty to ensure that the prices of essential commodities,

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including the transportation charges, are not artificially and unfairly inflated through some mischievous means. From that end it could be successful in performing my duty. However, this would not necessarily ensure the availability of food grains in the district, which is more important in the given situation. Therefore, this option is not advisable, as the main objective would not be served.

2) If I were to transport the food grains by railways then I may be able to reduce the transportation charges to a very great extent. However, it could take a longer time to transport the food grains and in the mean­time the situation could become worse, as there is already an acute famine. Therefore, I need to ensure the delivery of food grains in the shortest time possible, which would be difficult with this option.

3) Going by the third option, I can ensure the availability of the food grains in the immediate time, which is imperative in the given situation. At the same time I may search for some other means of transport, like arranging for public transport etc. It would be more desirable to take action against the erring truck owners at some later time, because it would serve the dual purpose of making available food grains in the immediate situation, and punishing the erring truck owners.

4) Asking the state government for help may ensure the availability of food grains at cheaper rates. However, it may not be advisable, in the first instance, because it may take some time for the state government to provide help and in the mean­time there may by deaths due to starvation. Therefore, the whole purpose of the help would be defeated.

So, the best option for me to go by is third. It is because it would ensure the availability of food grains in the immediate time and would ensure action against the erring truck owners. It is necessary to take action against them so that in future they do not unduly exploit the situation. Meanwhile,I would also ask the state government for help, so that any unforeseen situation in the future could be pro­actively addressed.

11. ‘Honour killing’ has been in news in recent times. It involves the homicide of a member of a family by other members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonour upon the family. Analyse this problem in detail and indicate not only the social but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why:

(a) The youth in such areas do not speak up against these practices.

(b) The conviction rate in ‘honour killing’ cases is extremely low.

(c) Women, who have to face the brunt of this crime the most, do not speak against it collectively.

Discuss some feasible steps, which could be effective in controlling this serious problem. (250 words)

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Approach:

The answer must analyze various aspects of the problem of honour killing­ social, emotional and attitudinal. While explaining this problem, the second part of the question should be simultaneously dealt with. Finally, suggest some practical and relevant suggestions to overcome these problems. Supreme Court's observations can also be cited here.

Answer:

Many experts believe that there are about 1000 honour killings a year in India. It is mainly women who are the victims of honour killing.Violation of the local cultural norms for marriage is the leading cause of honour killings. In the areas where honour killing is the most common, social ills such as casteism and patriarchy are deeply entrenched in people's minds.

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If we look upon honour killing from sociological angle, when a woman marries a person of lower caste she goes into the husband's caste, this brings the family's status down in the eyes of society. Similar is the case with inter­religion marriages. Patriarchal tradition casts 'male as the sole protector of the female' so he must have total control of her. If this protection is violated, he loses honour because he failed to protect her or he failed to bring her up correctly.

Patriarchal upbringing molds the brothers into thinking that he shoulders the responsibility for his unmarried sister and in turn, family's “honour”. Thus, the young brother may become an accomplice in the honour killing. At the same time, one can say that it is the young only who rebel against these orthodox values and become a victim in turn.

A society in which this murder is seen as justice, rather than a crime, people do not report it to the police. Also, there may be a handful of people who may be liberal in these societies but the social repurcussions prevent them from speaking up. Without a formal complaint, witnesses etc, conviction rate in such cases is very low. Victims complain of police as being biased too.

The Law Commission of India disapproved the proposal of Government to amend Sec. 300 of IPC to include 'honour killings' within the definition of murder on the ground that the existing provisions are adequate to take care of the situations leading to such killings. The Law commission has proposed fresh legislation that seeks to declare that the KhapPanchayat indulging in this crime be declared unlawful. However, this legislation is yet to see the light of the day.

Woman, in the context of honour killing, is either a victim, or an accomplice or she is simply a bystander who is unable to speak up. The latter may be a result of her feeling helpless in the patriarchal society or she may be financially dependent on her husband/son.

Suggestions:

Law definitely can play an, important role in curbing honour killings, but it alone can not stop such killings, since, it is a sociological issue, which isdeeply rooted in social culture, traditions and mindset. The vulnerability of women to this type of violence will only be reduced when these patriarchal mindsets are challenged and effectively confronted.

Another, great liberator may be the economic status of women. Education can also play an important role. An economically independent woman can be more powerful, and capable of taking her own decisions. This kind of change in our socio, economic conditions and stringent law can only be helpful in reducing the number of honour crimes.

Civil servants, including the police should undergo sensitivity training, so as to forego any social bias that they may have.

12. You are posted as a District Magistrate in a communal violence prone area, where incidents of communal clashes are often visible. Recently, trailer of a movie was released by a Film Director whose is known to make movies on religious issues. After the release of the trailer, there was anger among a minority community, who claim that their religious sentiments had been hurt in the movie and thus demanded a ban on the movie. However, the government did not pay heed to any such demands and the movie is slated to be released the next week across the entire country.

You had also watched the trailer and felt that it was derogatory to that minority community. Also, being in-charge of the communally sensitive district, you are concerned about the law and order scenario on the day the movie releases. Some of the options to deal with the issue are mentioned below. Evaluate these options and suggest the best course of action, giving your reasons for it.

(a) Do not allow the release of movie in your district as you feel that it hurts the religious sentiments.

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(b) Make sure that the movie is released in your district on the given day by taking steps, like arranging for more police and paramilitary forces to deal with anticipated public order scenario etc.

(c) Allowing release of the movie, but imposing curfew in the region so that people are devoid of watching the movie. (250 words) 20

Approach:

Briefly introduce the facts of the case

Analyze each options from ethical (professional as well as personal) point of view.

While reasoning out the options, keep in mind the obligations of a civil servant under the service rules, code of conduct etc.

Answer:

Today the role of administration has become complex and all pervasive. Administrators often face several ethical dilemmas in their professional life. The dilemma faced by the DM in the above case is between Duty vs Conscience. At the one hand, DM is duty­bound to obey his code of conduct by following objectivity (absence of personal prejudices & ideological differences), and hence allowing the release of movie. While at the other end, the DM’s conscience does not allow him to permit the release as he himself felt it derogatory for minority. In the light of above conflict between duty and conscience, the given options are analyzed as:

a) Not allowing the release of movie has got some merits as this will stop the anticipated communal rage, thereby securing law and order scenario. But in this case, the DM should be prepared to be held accountable and responsible for the decisions made in the individual and professional capacity. However, the demerits with such decisions are many:

Conscience should be preferred above duty only when it is certain. But in this case, the conscience may be erroneous and doubtful based on self perception of right and wrong.

It will curtail the constitutionally guaranteed freedom of speech and expression.

It will defy the government decision that has been taken by a board based on collective wisdom.

b) Allowing release of movie seems to be the best option as it ensures the objectivity on the part of civil servant. It also completely eliminates the chances of discretionary decision making based on doubtful/probable conscience. The essence of justice should not be arbitrary/biased, and law/duty should not be disobeyed on doubtful grounds. Also freedom of expression must not be curtailed based on the subjective personal interpretation, except under extraordinary circumstances. Further, arranging for more police or paramilitary forces will also ensure the calm law and order situations.

c) Third option is not preferred as this shows the hypocrisy on the part of government as releasing movie in the district has no sense if people are not allowed to move out to the theatre due to imposed curfew. This will be an indirect curtailment of rights of free speech and expression.

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13. Arvind has recently started working as a cyber security analyst at a government intelligence organisation. During the course of his work, he stumbles upon documents, which reveal that the government is spying on leaders of opposition parties with alleged Maoist links. He discusses this matter with his superior officer who tells him that though the spying was illegal, it was essential for national security. He also tells Arvind that sanction for the spying came from the highest echelons of the government. He further warns Arvind not to divulge facts of the case to anyone else in the organisation and especially no one on the outside as it may lead to his dismissal from the organisation or even his arrest for treason.

However, Arvind being an honest person finds himself in a deep conflict. He feels that the spying, apart from being illegal, could also be misused by the government for settling political scores with its opponents.

The following are some options that Arvind has. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of these:

1. Do nothing as he does not want to risk losing his job or end up in jail for treason.

2. Talk to the head of the organisation to get his opinion on the matter and then do as he says.

3. Send an anonymous letter to the press leaking the details of the case.

4. Go to the press directly with the details of the case.

Also indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to advise, giving proper reasons. (250 words) 20

Approach:

The answer should clearly bring out the ethical dilemma that Arvind could face in selecting each course of action. The student can use any of the utilitarian, rights and virtue approaches to examine the options from different viewpoints.

The suggested course of action should be provided with proper reasons and justification.

Answer:

Option 1: As a young professional, Arvind may have to think not only about his future but also the future of his family or dependents. Doing nothing would save him from facing any untoward consequences but at the same time, the inner conflict that he faces would continue to persist. Also, Arvind would be condoning the violation of privacy of the individuals who were being spied upon. He may feel that he has betrayed his nation by focusing only on his self­preservation rather than the greater good.

Option 2: Instead of just relying on his senior’s opinions, Arvind could seek to confirm whether the espionage is really sanctioned by the upper echelons. Talking to the head of the organisation in this matter would help as he would be better aware of the facts of the case. Also, his viewpoint on the matter may help Arvind in framing a more balanced opinion on the matter. Arvind could do as the head says but that could also mean doing nothing if the head asks him to do nothing, a course of action which would not help address Arvind’s crisis of conscience.

Option 3: Sending an anonymous letter to the press would ensure that Arvind would not be targeted by any possible witch­hunt and an important issue of public interest would also be highlighted. However, it could also happen that the matter only helps to give fodder to the press and opposition parties to embarrass the government, rather than leading to any concrete discussion on systemic changes in intelligence procedures.

Option 4: Going to the press directly would be the most difficult thing to do for Arvind. He could land up in detention like many other whistleblowers with his career ruined and his image sullied by accusations

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of treason. It may also happen that the intelligence apparatus of the country is weakened due to such revelations. But at the same time, it may also happen that the citizens of the country realise the pitfalls of such spying. Arvind’s bravery may also help to inspire other whistleblowers and conscious citizens to come forward and support his cause.

At the end of the day, Arvind should undertake the course of action which addresses both his inner conflict and serves the wider public interest. Hence, before taking any action he should investigate clandestinely to know more about the facts of the case. He should try to gauge the different viewpoints on this matter by getting inputs from his peers without revealing any details of the case. Finally, if he is convinced of the illegality of the spying, he should come out in the public with the details of the case and proof of the government’s complicity in the illegal spying operations. Through his words and actions, Arvind should seek to stir a rational debate on the implications of such spying on individual’s right to privacy, political freedom and national security. Such a debate should refrain from simply attacking the government on the issue and should instead lead to systemic/institutional changes to reform the country’s intelligence apparatus.

14. You are a Head of Department in a premier University. Recently a clerical staff in your department was terminated from the job as he was found under the influence of alcohol during office hours. In the previous month there were a lot of complaints regarding his poor quality of work, tardiness and some incoherent behavior. Later you came to know that this change in behavior was concurrent with the death of his wife after a prolonged illness. It has also made him debt ridden. This may be further compounded by the fact that he has a daughter to marry off soon and a differently abled son to take care of.

He desperately needs a job. He has applied for a position at a private University and has already given your name as a reference. He pleads you to give him a good recommendation and not mention his drinking, which he assures you is now under control. He also asks you to mention that he voluntarily left the University to address a family medical crisis and that the University was pleased with his work. You like this person and believe that he is a good worker when he is not drinking. But you doubt whether he has really overcome his drinking problem.

Valid arguments can be advanced, both, for rejecting his plea with the consequence that his condition may become even worse and for accepting his plea with a noble intention, but keeping the third party in dark. What could those arguments be? Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If so, outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. (250 words) 20

Approach:

The answer must show an ethical conflict between the need to abide by the rules of recruitment (i.e. Rule of Law) versus showing empathy and compassion for someone who due to taxing circumstances may have astray the right path. Arguments both for and against the decision must be shown. Finally, devise a mechanism wherein without compromising with the Rules and without keeping the other institutions in dark, a compassionate solution may be created for the strayed man.

Answer:

Arguments for Rejecting the Plea of the ex-Clerical Staff:

The merit of this option is that it is strictly as per the Rules of the Recruitment. An alcoholic or even a reasonable suspect should not be appointed. Thus Rule of Law is followed.

By rejecting the plea the HoD will be merely telling the Statement of Fact. It cannot be said that he is rejecting the case of the ex­Clerk. The private University may very well see the unfortunate episode as a

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gone by event. Thus after proper due diligence it may appoint the ex­Clerk, provided he has given up the drinking habit and making nuisance at work place, as claimed by him.

Since the HoD himself is not sure and he doubts whether the ex­Clerk has overcome his drinking problem, so by not rejecting his plea, he himself will remain in the crisis of conscience.

At a later stage the HoD will not be held responsible in any way if the performance of the clerk is found substandard at the workplace.

Arguments for Accepting the Plea of the ex-Clerical Staff:

The merit in accepting his plea is that it shows compassion and empathy on part of the HoD.

Mechanically telling some Statement of Fact (i.e. the past facts) without suggesting the context and some recent developments would actually undermine the spirit of the Rules and Regulations.

Even in our constitution there is no provision for “Double Jeopardy”. He has already been punished for his misconduct. It is possible that after knowing the superficial facts of the case the prospective employers may simply turn down his candidature thus punishing him again.

The HoD must first ensure that the clerk has really overcome his problem. Ask him to produce a medical certificate of rehabilitation. Alternately help him out in getting admitted to a rehabilitation centre. Since he is not a habitual alcoholic and this problem has surfaced only very recently so it can be rectified soon, if he is psychologically ‘restored’. For this he needs support of office colleagues.

At the same time, an alcoholic cannot be appointed if his behavior at office place is influenced by his drinking habits.

So after ensuring that his rehabilitation doctor has given him a certificate, you recommend favorably for him. The principle of “Double Jeopardy” requires that he cannot be punished twice. Also it is presumed that after the ‘sentence’ period a criminal or offender is as good as a normal law abiding citizen. If the clerk is rehabilitated clinically for his alcohol habit then there is no point in subjecting him to the same punishment or even symbolic dogma.

This all may be politely but firmly explained to the prospective new employer. Explain the overall context of his family circumstances when he took a wrong path. Otherwise he is a good worker. You may suggest them to take an ‘Undertaking’ from him regarding his rehabilitation and that any wrongdoing at workplace under influence of alcohol will invite summary termination. )

The above mentioned way might help the Head of the Department in getting out of the dilemma which not only ensures that the ex­clerk might be able to get the job but also justifies his integrity and his actions being consonant with his conscience.

Copyright © by Vision IAS All rights are reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of Vision IAS

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