Tertiary level irrigation system management in the …slwater.iwmi.org/sites/default/files/DocumentRoot/x6626e04.pdf · Tertiary level irrigation system management in ... research

Tertiary level irrigation system management in the Chambal commandby water user associations

K.V.G.K. Rao, R.C. Bower, Anju Gaur and N.A. VisvanathaRAJAD Project, CAD Building, and UMA Eng. Ltd

AbstractThe canal irrigation system in India suffers from low performance leading to low levels of service thatinhibit efficient use of land and water and optimal agricultural productivity. This in turn leads todissatisfaction and resistance to pay seemingly reasonable water charges for an unreliable andinequitable service. Poor maintenance of canal networks, inequitable distribution of water, inefficientwater conveyance and delivery, excess water application and inadequate and inefficient drainage arecausing extensive waterlogging and silt build-ups. Large-scale water and drainage managementinitiatives are needed to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production, as well as a sense ofownership among the farming community if irrigated agriculture is to prosper.This paper describes the first-of-its-kind experience of the Rajasthan Agricultural Drainage (RAJAD)research project in the implementation of a tertiary-level irrigation system management in the Chambalcommand. Such management is designed to develop, demonstrate and evaluate improved andintegrated water, land and crop management procedures in order to achieve optimum production withthe participation of the farmers. The programme has a multidisciplinary approach. It integrates irrigationmanagement and agronomy, agricultural extension and social development activities.The management of the irrigation system at the tertiary level is taking place in an irrigated commandarea of about 600 ha serving nearly 300 farmers. Farmers are partners in planning, implementation andmanagement and they have formed their own water user association. The management goals are:assurance of a reliable water supply to the farms; adoption of a system of equitable water distribution,appropriate irrigation scheduling and efficient irrigation practices; operation and maintenance of thesystem by the beneficiary farmers; and creation of community awareness of the activities needed forsustained agricultural production.

Introduction

The sustainability of irrigated agriculture in India is in jeopardy due to the low performance of

irrigation systems, which leads to an inefficient use of land and water and to an agricultural

production much below potential. Due to unreliable and inequitable irrigation services,

indiscipline in the use of canal water has become rampant among farmers and has resulted in

resistance to pay seemingly reasonable water charges. Participatory irrigation management and

water management by user associations in which the farmers are the managers and the

government agencies are the service providers are felt to be the vehicles to bring about a sense

of ownership among the farming community. Only within this context will the goal of

improved efficiency of land and water use for sustainable crop production be achieved. A

success would in turn constitute a model of integrated water and agricultural management for

ITIS 5 Future perspectives on modernization

Water user associations210

the region. The underlying concepts are as old as the irrigation systems built and operated by

private entities in India. However, the large-scale investments in irrigation projects funded by

the government and the formation of village-level administrative agencies such as the panchayat

system in the 1950s in effect made the farmers dependent on the government agencies to

operate and maintain the irrigation systems. Until recently, there was no legislation, either at

federal or state level, that enabled the formation of participatory irrigation management

policies and the establishment of water user associations in irrigated lands. Several such

associations in the Chambal command have now been created through administrative

measures, although the required legislation is still under formulation. Due to inadequate

infrastructure, the use of irrigated areas has gradually decreased and problems of waterlogging

and soil salinity are making it difficult for the farmers to irrigate their land properly. The

development of participatory management and water user groups is considered essential to

protect the existing investments and sustain agricultural production to meet the demands of an

ever increasing population.

The Rajasthan Agricultural Drainage research project, sponsored by the Canadian International

Development Agency, has introduced, on a pilot basis, irrigation system management as part of

an Integrated Water and Agriculture Management (IWAM) strategy in the irrigated Chambal

command area of Rajasthan. The objective of this paper is to discuss the experience and

achievements of the project.

Irrigation management in the Chambal project

The Chambal project in south-east Rajasthan is a river storage scheme. Three upstream

hydroelectric projects release water after power generation to the Kota barrage, where the

irrigation system takes off to irrigate 229 000 ha in Rajasthan and an equal area in Madhya

Pradesh. In the Chambal project, water is conveyed from the reservoir to the farms through a

network of unlined canals. The main canal supplies water to the distributaries, which, in turn,

supply the minor canals. The minors in the Chambal command are the starting point of the

tertiary distribution system. Farm outlets which receive water from the minors have no

standard operation procedure. Flood irrigation is practised by drawing water from the

respective watercourses. The system cannot provide water to the farming communities in the

command area in a timely and equitable way, as head-end farmers naturally get preferential

water supply over tail-end farmers.


Water user associations 211

Since the start of irrigation in the early 1960s, the Chambal project has experienced inequitable

distribution of water, inefficient irrigation delivery, excess water application and seepage losses

from the extensive unlined canal network and poor drainage system. This has resulted in low

water-use efficiency and land degradation due to waterlogging and soil salinity. Drainage

improvements have been going on since the early 1980s through on-farm development

programmes which have sought to install a surface drainage network. However, the problem of

inequitable water distribution is far from being solved, due primarily to the deteriorating

conditions of the supply network and to increasing waterlogging and salinity.

The Rajasthan drainage project is introducing large-scale horizontal subsurface drainage

systems in the critically waterlogged and saline lands, thus initiating tertiary-level solutions to

the irrigation water management issues in the pilot-scale IWAM model.

The Integrated Water and Agriculture Management programme

IWAM is a multidisciplinary programme aimed at improving and optimizing agricultural

production by making efficient use of the available water and land resources with full

participation of farmers. It is a systemic approach to irrigation and agricultural management

which takes into account the cropping pattern and the various ecological and socio-economic

aspects. It involves scientific planning and implementation of practices for irrigation supply

and distribution, on-farm application, and management of water, including appropriate

drainage and maintenance of irrigation and drainage systems.

The IWAM pilot project is planned for implementation in a 600ha irrigated area served by the

Nimoda minor within the command area of the Chitawa distributary in the Chambal project.

Key activities include:

• rehabilitation of the minor;

• development of appropriate irrigation practices and irrigation scheduling using model farmers to

demonstrate improved on-farm water use efficiency;

• strengthening of farmer education programmes by organizing farmers’ meetings, training camps,

field displays, participation of farm women and mass awareness campaigns;

• development of a participatory approach to the overall water management through the

organization of outlet committees and water user associations; and

• development of a sustainable maintenance programme involving the water user associations.



Implementation status

IWAM field activities started in 1994 with system identification and implementation of pilot

programmes to study the existing irrigation, crop and on-farm water practices, and the impact

of modified irrigation methods and irrigation scheduling on farming operations and

agricultural production. Farmers were involved at every stage of planning and implementation.

The Nimoda minor selected for the pilot programme was found to be in a very much degraded

condition, with broken structures and banks and a lot of vegetation on the bed and sides. The

existing conveyance efficiency was only about 40 percent. Out of the design discharge of 330

l/s, much of the flow was lost as leakage and seepage and the rest irrigated mostly head and

middle-reach farms. Tail-end farms are mostly single-cropped and depend on drain water for

irrigation. Any improvement in on-farm water management must start with the rehabilitation

of the minor.

System improvement model. The main considerations in the rehabilitation of irrigation and

drainage systems are timeliness, reliability and sufficiency of on-farm irrigation water,

equitable water distribution, and capital investment and maintenance requirements. A unique

implementation model was developed in which the funds for system rehabilitation would be

advanced to the water user associations. The associations would contribute labour and manage

the rehabilitation of the system. Advisory services, technical assistance and regulatory help

would be provided by the Command Area Development Authority and the engineering

consultant, the Canadian executing agency. Following this model, the modalities of

rehabilitating initially a portion of the minor and ancillary structures were being worked out in

the spring of 1998.

Options were considered for rehabilitation, such as renovation as earthen minor, reconstruction

as CC-lined minor, or pipe minor. These options would improve the conveyance efficiency of

the distribution system to 60, 80 and 90 percent respectively against the existing 40 percent. The

water user association finally opted for CC lining of the minor on the basis of financial

feasibility and social acceptance.

The infrastructure of the Nimoda minor has been handed over to the association by the

irrigation department through a memorandum of understanding and the association is eligible

to execute works on the minor through special grants made available under any scheme of the

state or central government or international agency. The following typical functions of the



association on irrigation water management are:

• acquire irrigation supplies for the minor;

• prepare an irrigation schedule at the beginning of each growing season with delivery schedules

for the respective outlets branching out of the minor, equitable distribution of available water

supply in the minor canal and appropriate cropping patterns on the basis of available water and

agricultural and agronomic management practices;

• arrange for irrigation by maintaining the irrigation and drainage system within the jurisdiction of

the water user association and by keeping regular communication links with the irrigation and

agriculture departments of the state over technical matters;

• collect water service and other operation and maintenance fees;

• maintain financial accounting; and

• solve conflicts arising from system operation and maintenance.

Sensitizing farmers. Two initiatives, participatory rural appraisal and participatory planning,

were organized at grassroots level in the IWAM implementation area. They resulted in the

creation of an atmosphere of mutual understanding between farmers and officials, which led to

the formation of a water user association at the minor level and of informal working groups at

outlet level. Participatory rural appraisal is a methodology to get to know the existing situation

by understanding farmers’ views, interacting with the villagers and developing rapport with

them. Participatory planning consists in forming an institution at grassroots level with the

objective of providing an opportunity for the farmers to discuss problems and find ways to

solve them. These two initiatives worked as catalysts in accelerating farmers’ understanding

and interest and in the formation of outlet committees and a water user association.

Formation of outlet committees. Farmers drawing water from a common watercourse are

organized into an outlet committee. This is an informal organization with a voluntary

membership. Outlet committees have been formed in all 25 outlets of the minor. The outlet

committees are responsible for:

• maintenance of the respective watercourse, field drains and subsurface drainage system installed

on their land;

• implementation of the rotational or warabandi system of irrigating their fields and establishment

of an equitable water distribution;

• monitoring of irrigation methods, such as border irrigation which is practised at present;

• weed management by composting aquatic weeds at the farm level; and



• development of a working relationship with the water user association at the minor level.

Formulation of a water user association. The water user association is the basic organizational

unit for achieving truly participatory irrigation management. However, lack of financial

support, absence of legal framework and of training requirements have been recognized as the

limitations for the development of water user associations. In 1993, the RAJAD project provided

the seed money for the first association to manage water supplies. The association is located at

the head end of the Arnetha distributary. It has attained a legal standing and manages the

water supplies within its jurisdiction. For the IWAM pilot project, another water user

association was formed for the Nimoda minor, with the participation of about 300 members.

Although the association is a registered entity under the Co-operative Society Act of the state, it

has no legal standing per se. Nonetheless, it started operating under a memorandum of

understanding with the irrigation department specifying its roles and responsibilities.

The composition of the executive committee and the running of the association follow the

guidelines for participatory irrigation management provided by the state and central

governments. At present, the association’s executive committee, the outlet committee

representatives and the irrigation department are developing a working relationship so that the

association can manage the resources and implement structural improvements under the

IWAM initiative.

The financial sustainability of the water user association operation is a matter of concern at this

point. The unduly low rate structure of irrigation water charges would challenge its financial

viability in the short term until more realistic rates are collected from the farmers. Initially, the

association would pay about 10 percent of the implementation costs. As the initial costs of

rehabilitation of the system are disproportionately high owing to the major differed

maintenance needs of the system, a low contribution from the association would appear

reasonable. This is consistent with the general concepts of the World Bank-financed schemes in

the state. For regular maintenance of the system, the water user association would contribute 30

percent of the costs while the remaining 70 percent would be funded by the state.



Training of members of a water user association. Training is necessary to make a water user

association effective. It will help its members to have an awareness of and commitment to co-

operative water and resource management; develop the operation and maintenance

requirements of the irrigation system, including sound financial management of the resource;

familiarize themselves with relevant farmer organizations and forthcoming conventions; gather

information and develop a communication strategy; and develop water allocation plans for

optimum agricultural production. Together with autonomous functioning, a few years of lead

time are needed for a new water user association to be functional and stable.

On-farm irrigation and agriculture management. Field trials on border strip irrigation and

water balance experiments were conducted on selected areas to demonstrate the benefits of

improved irrigation and agricultural practices to the farmers living there. The findings were

disseminated through the agricultural extension department for adoption by the farmers in

other parts of the Chambal command area. The following are some of the on-farm management

recommendations based on the field trials:

• Wastage of water can be reduced to 40-60 percent by providing control gates at the head end of

watercourses.

• Conveyance efficiency can be improved by about 20 percent by periodic maintenance of

watercourses, cleaning, strengthening of banks, lining in vulnerable reaches and maintaining

farm road crossings.

• Border strip irrigation. A rate of 4 l/s per metre-width for a 150m-long border strip reduces the

irrigation requirements by 30 to 50 percent and also enhances crop yield by about 12 percent.

The recommended border width is 6 m and the required stream size for border irrigation for a

typical field length of 100 m is about 18 l/s.

Demonstrated advantages during the field trials include land levelling, better application of

irrigation water, a reduction in waterlogging, and effective and efficient disposal of surface

drainage. Agricultural production has improved by choosing the appropriate crop varieties,

fertilizer doses, crop spacing and the application of herbicides.

Verifiable indicators. The following indicators are projected based on RAJAD achievements to

date in sensitizing the farmers, setting up outlet committees and organizing a water user

association at the minor level:



• Farmers would have a reliable water supply upon completion of the deferred maintenance

requirements.

• A system of equitable water distribution could be developed by training the outlet committees

and the water user association and by having regular communication between them, the other

farmers and the staff of the irrigation and agriculture departments.

• An appropriate irrigation schedule corresponding to the cropping pattern could be developed and

adopted for the various watercourses.

• Operation and maintenance of the system by the beneficiaries could be developed following the

establishment of appropriate water charges and the training of farmers.

• Improved irrigation efficiency could be achieved by judiciously following irrigation practices

such as the recommended border strips width and the cut-off ratio, and reduction of tail-end

water and spills from the watercourses and individual farms.

• Proper functioning of the outlet committees and the water user association would create the

community awareness needed for overall improvements in agricultural production in the IWAM

area which, in turn, would extend to several areas within the Chambal project.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the funding assistance of the Canadian InternationalDevelopment Agency and the co-operation and support of the government of Rajasthan.

References

Annual report 1995-96. Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India

RAJAD. 1997. A note on approach paper for Integrated water and agricultural management

RAJAD. 1997. Designs and estimates for reconstruction models of Nimoda Minor. RAJAD TR 900-11

Gaur Anju, B.L. Verma, J.A. Millette & Sewa Ram. 1995. Integrated water management: a new RAJADinitiative. Presented at National Drainage Seminar, May 1995 and published in Subsurface drainage ofirrigated lands in India, an ICID-CIID publication, 1996

Gaur Anju, D. Srivastava, J.A. Millette & N.A.Visvanatha. 1996. Integrated water managementopportunities in the irrigated agriculture of the Chambal command area of Rajasthan. In Proceedings ofthe Canadian Water Resources Association, CANCID Workshop, Quebec, Canada, Jun 1996

Hooja R., R.C. Bower & S.N. Mundra (ed.). 1997. Irrigation agriculture and social development

Training and applied research for the irrigation modernization processin developing countries

Ahmed BenhammouFaculty of Science, Semlalia, Morocco

AbstractMost developing countries belong to semiarid regions. Those with the most limited waterresources are in the Middle East and northern and southern Africa. In these countries, the watersupply for agriculture, domestic and industrial use, as well as for environmental use, has keptpace neither with population nor with economic growth. Given that most of these countriesdevote 60 to 90 percent of their water to irrigation, water conservation in the agricultural sectoris considered as a major option for the future.

The case of the Maghreb countries (Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia) is important to investigate.The three countries receive an average rainfall of about 275 billion m3 per year. Only 37.2 billionm3 is usable with existing technology, and irrigation consumes most of it (87 percent). Theindex of exploitation (the ratio of exploited to potential resources) is less than .3.

Although irrigation has been practised for centuries in many regions of North Africa, La GrandeHydraulique is the biggest agricultural development since Independence. The related projectshave increased the region’s agricultural output but not without some negative effects:• Excessive irrigation has led to water-logging by raising the water table.• Eutrophication and salinization are becoming important.• Inappropriate management of watersheds has led to silting of reservoirs built at huge cost.

Therefore, the focus of irrigation modernization should be on demand management, withconservation and increased water-use efficiency as the main policy objectives. Such a strategywould be less costly than new infrastructures and society at large would benefit much sooner.Although increasing efficiency is commendable, additional water sources will inevitably haveto be tapped.

Irrigation modernization in developing countries is a process which must incorporate newdesign procedures and new equipment with a clear vision of future operations. It mustintegrate training and applied research as key elements to improve the productivity ofinvestment and to protect the environment.


Training and applied research218

Training topicsHydraulic engineering

• River and canals engineering• Hydro-computing

Hydrology engineering• Surface and groundwater hydrology• Water and environmental resource management

Technological equipment • Communication networks• Instrumentation and measurement devices• Automatic control of irrigation canals• Control of irrigation systems

Applied research themesResearch priorities should cover three categories: technical, socio-economic and environmental,and institutional studies.Technical studies

• Irrigation techniques appropriate for water scarcity• Aquifer hydraulics and potentials• Mathematics modelling and computational hydraulics• Development of end-use irrigation technologies appropriate to conditions in developingcountries, etc

Socio-economic and environmental studies• Improvement of water productivity• Analysis of the social and environmental impact of modern irrigation technologies.

Institutional studies• Flexibility of services• Improved design for water utilities• Investment in water-saving technologies, etc

The development of modern irrigation systems in developing countries can be facilitated by theco-ordination of different actions provided by international organizations, nationalgovernments, the private sector, academic institutions and local populations. Specificprogrammes with clear actions could act decisively to support continuing training and appliedresearch in the field of modernization of irrigation systems.

Participatory irrigation management in the Chambal command

S.N. MundraSenior Advisor, HRD RAJAD Project, Kota

A.K. GargArea Development Commissioner, CAD Chambal, Kota

AbstractThe idea that farmers should participate in irrigation management has grown in India since the mid-1980s. Irrigation management has become a matter of concern for planners, engineers, farmers andpoliticians. Experience all over the world shows that farmers are potential managers who can managetheir own affairs effectively if they are properly organized. The need for farmers’ participation inirrigation management is recognized by the government of Rajasthan and pioneer efforts are being madeto answer it.

These efforts were initiated in the Chambal command area to ensure farmers’ participation in irrigationmanagement in 1993-94. Thirty-two water user associations were registered between 1993 and 1996, withpositive results at Arnetha, Kuwarti and Barot. By the end of 1997 there were 62 such associations activein the command. This paper presents the methodological approach followed in the formation of theseassociations, which includes people’s participation in planning, formation of outlet committees andregistration of water user associations, training of members in operational and functional aspects, anddissemination of know-how on on-farm water management.

As a result of this approach, positive signals are seen in the efficient management of irrigation water inthe Chambal command area. One group has managed to reduce water use by 32 days while the areaunder cultivation increased from 272 ha to 322 ha, an 11.84 percent increase. Another group repaired a5km stretch of canal road and three main cuts in the minor by pouring in 14 tractor-loads of earth bytheir own resources. This success inspired other groups to undertake civil work for lining and cleaning astretch of about 4 km along a minor. This experiment resulted in savings on costs and better quality ofthe work. A total of 2 025 km of watercourses have been cleaned by the water user associations in thecommand. A training programme on farm water management was organized and 1 800 farmersincluding women were trained in improved irrigation technology.

It can be concluded from all this that there is growing participation of the people in the Chambalcommand area and that a sense of competition is developing among the water user associations over themanagement of their minors. This case study may serve as a source of motivation for other commands inthe country.

Introduction

Increased farmer participation in irrigation is part of a world-wide trend of devolution in

natural resource management. Experience shows that farmers all over the world are potential


Participatory management in Chambal220

managers who, when properly organized, are able to manage their own affairs. Participatory

irrigation management is increasingly viewed as a means to improve the performance of

irrigation investments. Beginning in the 1980s, there have been large-scale programmes to turn

over irrigation management from government agencies to organized water user groups in a

number of countries, such as the Philippines, Indonesia, Senegal, Madagascar, Colombia and

Mexico.

The idea that farmers should participate in irrigation management has grown in India since the

mid-1980s. It has been driven by the need for a higher return from the massive funds invested

in irrigation, which plays a major role in increasing agricultural production. The concepts of

farmer participation and farmer organization are not well understood and are not used in the

same way by all. They must be discussed, tested in the field and standardized.

Farmer participation in the prevailing system of irrigation management in Rajasthan takes

place at two distinct water distribution levels. One is above the outlets, i.e. the canal

distribution network, which is managed by the irrigation department or the command area

development in co-ordination with the district level committee consisting of district collectors,

executive engineers for irrigation, public representatives and representatives of water users, etc.

(The Command Area Development (CAD) schemes are governed by a CAD Authority which is

under an area development commissioner and of which chief engineers, officers from the

Departments of Agriculture, groundwater, drinking water, forestry, education, health etc,

collectors, members of Parliament and of local assemblies as well as elected Panchayat members

and farmer representatives are members.) The other is below the outlet, meaning that

distribution among farmers is left to them to manage.

In June 1993, the government’s irrigation department reconstituted the water distribution

committees. These are headed by a divisional commissioner for large and medium-sized

projects covering two or more districts, a district collector for large and medium-sized projects

covering one district, and a sub-district official for minor irrigation projects.

These committees meet before the crop season starts. In the command area development

projects, in addition to the CAD Authority, there are project-level water management and water

regulation committees under area development commissioners and water management

committees with representation of farmers and officers of various disciplines and wings of the


Participatory management in Chambal 221

command area development. The CAD committees meet three or four times each crop season.

Generally, in water distribution committee meetings, the following decisions are taken after

making an assessment of the available water in the reservoir: number of watering rounds; time,

date and period of opening of the canal; suggested cropping pattern; and, for the larger

systems, grouping of canals for rotational running and setting of dates for the running of each

group.

After a canal is opened, there is generally no supervision from the irrigation department to

check and regulate watering, except in the Bhakra, Gang & CAD-IGNP canal systems. In the

Chambal command development area project, some attempts at regulation have been made.

However, in some projects, the farmers distribute water among themselves in an organized

manner at levels below the outlet.

In February 1994, the government of Rajasthan formed a high-level committee to suggest ways

and means for increasing the effective and creative participation of farmers in water

distribution at various levels. A report was prepared by that committee covering the present

status of farmer involvement and the need for the formation of a water user association. The

report proposed amendments to the irrigation act and rules, as well as implementation steps.

Farmer participation in water management in large, medium-sized and small projects other

than the IGNP and Chambal projects is restricted, to the extent that farmers are merely

informed about the quantity of water available at the source and the likely amount to be

provided in the ensuing crop season, which helps them decide on which crops to grow.

Participatory irrigation management

Participatory irrigation management is not a new concept. There are instances of locally

managed irrigation systems which are centuries-old in Northern India, in the Atlas mountain

range of North Africa and in the semiarid regions of Pakistan. The subak system of Indonesia

also comes to mind. However, in the present context, these systems exist in isolation. Once

government willingness is there, such systems do have the capability to encompass a wide area

and catch the fancy of the participants.

In the irrigation sector, the trend is clearly toward reducing the role of government in operation

and maintenance. Portions of the systems are being turned over to associations of farmers to



manage, in some countries on a pilot basis, in others, on a large scale. In India, the appropriate

division of management responsibility between the users and the agency varies. The transfer

can be at the level of a distributary (15 000-25 000 ha) or of a minor (up to 500 ha), or it can be

done in stages. There are no predetermined norms for the association of farmers, which are to

be governed by their own by-laws.

The trend of farmer participation in the management of the Chambal command

The Chambal irrigation project is one of the large interstate irrigation and power projects built

in India soon after Independence. Its construction started in 1953 and water for irrigation

became available as of 1960. The gross project area in Rajasthan is of 485 000 ha, compared with

a cultivable command area of 229 000 ha. The total length of branches, distributaries, etc in the

project is 2 342 km.

In the beginning, to get the farmers to use irrigation water, it was decided to provide it at their

own convenience rather than on a rotation basis. The farmers irrigated their fields by carrying

water by katcha watercourses along field boundaries without making provision for drainage.

Field-to-field irrigation was not introduced. Soon this became a curse as farmers did not allow

any type of warabandi to be introduced.

After 1975, while going along with the full package of on-farm development including the

realignment of field boundaries and watercourses, provision of field drains and field paths,

land shaping and so on, the Chambal officials endeavoured again to introduce warabandi, but in

practice only “parchies” are issued to farmers in the 95 000 hectares of the command area

informing them about their turn for drawing water.

In the Chambal command area, the interaction between the staff and the catchment committee

was quite regular and reasonably effective in the late 1970s when on-farm development works

were done by the staff based on bank loans that the farmers had to repay. During that period,

no catchment committees were formed, but in 1993 those were revived. However these

committees are normally operational only till the on-farm construction work is completed.

In the Chambal project, efforts at demonstrating improvements in water management and the

organizing of agriculture extension field days as well as campaigns to popularize subsurface

drainage and such, somehow started off a round of creation of water user associations. This



was somewhat surprising because the area had been known for its difficult farmers, and for

extremes in water indiscipline. It was also an area where warabandi did not exist and getting

water to the tails assumed crisis proportions every year. Nonetheless, farmers did get together

to form water user associations. The first, at Arnetha, registered in 1992, reduced the number of

days of watering from 79 to 47 while the area irrigated went from 680 acres to 805 acres. This

trend has been sustained since then.

Other activities like integrated pest management, digging of compost pits, tree plantation,

weeding out canals, improving outlets and earthwork in canals, appointing group leaders for

each outlet and fixing of a 24-hours-a-day seven-days-a-week warabandi schedule of water

distribution from each watercourse, repairing gates at outlets, building roads, lining

watercourses, etc, were taken up by the water user associations formed in the Chambal project.

Thirty-two of these have so far been registered as co-operative societies and 30 more are in the

process of being registered. In May 1996 the Chambal command area project also issued

guidelines about how irrigation water management co-operative societies could be formed and

get registered. These guidelines were based on a number of consultations with farmers and

members of water user groups. The list of activities which the farmers and officers jointly

thought appropriate for such societies is as follows:

1. Just and equitable distribution of irrigation water and management for better water use.

2. Management and maintenance of the water distribution system.

3. Determination of the cropping pattern as per availability of water.

4. Recovery and collection of irrigation revenue.

5. Organization of training in irrigation water management and adoption of appropriate

techniques.

6. Arrangement of agricultural inputs.

7. Resolution of disputes related to irrigation management.

8. Demonstrations and training in the latest agricultural technologies.

9. Repair of pacca channels, adoption of sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation or border

irrigation, etc.

10. Making available agriculture and plant protection equipment.

11. Other production-related programmes such as marketing, processing, storage and others

that the grouping considers appropriate to undertake.



Keeping in mind the fact that the Chambal farmers were creating water user associations which

had already taken up many activities, and without insisting upon the deferred maintenance of

canal rehabilitation works being done first as was the case in the pilot projects mentioned

above, the World Bank agreed to have three water user associations of the Chambal project

involved in as many pilot area development projects, in order to collaborate with the Chambal

command engineers in designing the canal rehabilitation and improvement works and then

execute the work. This is now underway. A memorandum of understanding between the

associations and the Chambal command project was drafted.

In the command area, many experiments are made by various water user associations. In one of

them, each member has pledged one day of labour a month to the association, either by

providing a family member or a servant to do the work or by paying the association to hire a

labourer for a day. In another case, the association made available a certain amount of money

for fuel for the engineers to use an earthmoving machinery to clean and maintain a canal (the

fuel cost is about one third of the machine operating costs) and then the members stood and

supervised the work along with the engineers. Elsewhere, where some work was to be done by

the government but it would have taken too long to get the machines over to the site, the water

user association hired private machines and got the work done on the understanding that the

government would reimburse the cost. The associations have also contributed funds as

matching assistance for DRDA works under various programmes like Apna Gaon Apna Kam,

United Funds, or even Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, to take up watercourse or canal lining (most

Chambal canals and all the watercourses are unlined) or dirt-road works which they consider

useful.

Some leaders of water user associations have been championing participatory irrigation

management and have proved more than equal to the task of facing off scepticism about the

practical applicability of participatory irrigation management which farmers and irrigation and

agriculture staffers alike were expressing at the October 1996 Udaipur area conference on the

topic. In various seminars and workshops, they also have made valuable suggestions on

possible policy and procedural changes and even legislative amendments which need to be

considered by the government.

Since training funds for participatory irrigation management have become available from the

Ministry of Water Resources through either WAPCOS or the Rajasthan Land Development



Corporation or in the Chambal Kota project area through the Canadian International

Development Agency-funded Rajasthan Agriculture Drainage research project, even ordinary

members of the Chambal water user associations have been exposed to short irrigation

management workshops, and selected farmers and officers are sent out for field visits-cum-

training in Gujarat and Haryana.

The Chambal model for organizing water user associations

In the Chambal command area, consensus has emerged for organizing water user groups under

the Co-operative Act. Therefore, a streamlined procedure has been laid for the organization of

the programme. The various extension functionaries have been required to fully understand the

spirit of participatory management and its directives before embarking upon the action plan.

One water user society has been formed for a single hydrological unit, which in the case of

Chambal is a minor. In a normal situation, one minor with an average of 15 outlets has a

command area of 500 ha and covers 200-300 farming families. The agriculture supervisors are

the ex-officio secretaries of the proposed societies. Four basic steps have been followed in the

Chambal command area in the formation of water user associations:

• people's participation planning and orientation;

• registration of water user societies;

• training of office bearers of the societies in the operational and functional aspects; and

• dissemination of know-how on on-farm water management technology.

Evaluation of water management in irrigated croplands

A.K. ChakrabortiWater Resources Group, National Remote Sensing Agency

Hyderabad, India

Abstract

Declining investment in the irrigation sector, increasing environmental concerns and long gestation periodin turning the irrigation potential into a functional system are shifting the focus to improving existingirrigation systems rather than creating more potential. System performance monitoring, evaluation anddiagnostic analysis are the keys to an improved irrigation management. One of the system performancemonitoring matrices is to evaluate water demand and supplies in the irrigation system and identify the waterdeficit and surplus areas for corrective measures. Satellite remote sensing provides a tool to arrive at cropacreage and net irrigation water requirements at canal level for each crop season and thus meet the systemperformance monitoring criteria. A case study is cited on how to use this modern information technologytool.

Introduction

Approach

Cropping systems are planned based on available soil, climate and water resources to obtain

maximum production. Management of water supplies for irrigation is one of the most critical

water-related problems especially in arid and semiarid agricultural lands. The objective of efficient

and sustainable water management in an irrigated cropland is to ensure optimum linkage between

water availability and water demand. This is best done by matching demand for water in terms of

crop water requirements and available water supplies in time and in the required quantity.

Remote sensing and geographic information system data requirements

Application of remote sensing techniques has the potential to provide irrigation command resource

inventory. The following information can be extracted from remote sensing data for any canal

system:

• Crop types, acreage, condition and yield.

• Soil types, soil salinity and alkalinity, waterlogging.

• Main land use and land cover.

Besides this, other basic information needs to be collected from an irrigation project or an operation

manual to create a database in geographic information system platforms:


Remote sensing in water management228

• Irrigation command area boundary, gross command area and cultivable command area,

hierarchic system of canal networks, canal control points.

• Crop seasons, crop calendar, cropping pattern, cropping intensity, pattern of cropland

holdings, crop cutting experiment plots.

• Water supplies in canals, water withdrawal from groundwater, rainfall amount and spatial

distribution in the irrigation command during the crop season.

Tools for evaluation

The following three steps are required:

1. Estimation of crop areas. This is done by multiple-date satellite-based digital estimates of the

main land-use and land-cover classes, including crop types and acreage. To evaluate the

accuracy and reliability of satellite-derived information, a comparison can be made with similar

information obtained from the agricultural census abstracts kept by the government

departments.

2. Estimation of irrigation water requirements. Monthly crop water requirements for all the main

crops using daily pan-evaporation data and crop coefficient values during the various growth

stages to calculate the water requirements of each crop.

3. Use of efficiency factors for water conveyance, field applications. Total irrigation water

requirements are estimated by adding up monthly demand for irrigation requirements for all

crops during all the crop seasons (rainy season, winter and summer).

Assessment of water availability

The estimation of the irrigation water available from canals is straightforward. Daily flows into

canals are totalled up to give monthly and annual supplies. The total groundwater draft is

estimated from the tube-well or dug-well inventory data, by adopting suitable norms for dug wells

and wells fitted with pump sets. Irrigation tanks and ponds are also sources of irrigation in the

command area. Satellite data provide a very precise picture of the water spread of tanks and of the

area irrigated by each tank. With this information, and following established norms, the total water

available from tanks and ponds for irrigation can be arrived at.

Expected results

Satellite data thus provide spatial information about the main crop types and crop area estimates

which are used to assess total irrigation water requirements as described above. They also provide


Remote sensing in water management 229

information for the irrigation cropland inventory classified by source, i.e. canal, well or tank.

Monthly canal supplies are then compared with total monthly demand to identify any surplus or

deficit in any segment of the irrigation command on a canal system basis. A similar comparison

is made between supply from all irrigation sources (canals, wells and tanks) and the total demand

estimated from all the crops, irrespective of source of irrigation in the command area, on a

monthly, seasonal or annual basis.

A diagnostic analysis can be made based on the above procedure to know precisely:

• percentage of the water demand per crop;

• total water demand in the irrigation command;

• period of high water demand for irrigation water;

• pattern of canal water releases (surplus or deficit) with respect to crop water demand;

• designed cropland versus actual crop area, crop by crop; and

• any deviation in the designed cropping pattern.

Ultimately, remote sensing and geographic information techniques help in the evaluation of the

irrigation system performance and in redefining guidelines to improve water use efficiency and

crop productivity on a sustainable basis.

Case study

Study area and satellite data

Study area Geographical co-ordinates Satellite data used17 minors of theMahendragarh canaldistributary in HaryanaState

28o 9’20” – 28o 21’ 57” N Lat.

76o 4’23” - 76o 13’ 7”E. Long.

IRS-1B LISS II/3.10.1992 – for kharif seasonIRS-1B LISS-II / 6.3.1993 – for rabi season

Major crops & duration (days) of total growing periodTopography: gentle slope

Annual rainfall average:446 mm

Kharif

Rabi

Guar 115

Wheat 135

Bajra 90

Mustard 145

Method applied

For each of the 17 minors of Mahendragarh distributary, crop acreage is estimated from the IRS-1B

LISS-II satellite image-derived irrigation command land use-land cover and crop classification

maps for both the rainy and the winter crop seasons, known in India as kharif and rabi. Following


Remote sensing in water management230

FAO guidelines, crop coefficient factors (Kc) are selected for each of four main crops and their

monthly water requirements are calculated based on crop consumptive use (ET mm/d) multiplied

by Kc (per month). The monthly net irrigation requirement for each of the four main crops is

calculated. The monthly and seasonal net irrigation water requirements for each canal minor are

then arrived at by multiplying monthly net irrigation water requirements with satellite data-

derived crop acreage. The irrigation efficiency of a canal system depends on the type of channel,

material used and its discharge. Since all the canals are lined, canal delivery efficiency is taken as

0.93 and the field channel efficiency as 0.80. Field data of the irrigation water supply (canal and

tube well) and satellite data-based net irrigation water requirements are used to arrive at the net

irrigation water deficit or surplus in each of the canal minor command areas in both kharif and rabi

seasons of the year 1992-1993 (see Table 1 for the kharif season as a typical example).

Result

This study indicates that there exists deficiency of water for irrigation in all minors but four during

the kharif season and five during the rabi season. Water deficiency varies from 6 to 57 percent of

total crop water requirement during the kharif season and 0.7 to 48 percent during the rabi season.

As an illustration, the irrigation water requirement and canal supplies of the Deroli minor during

kharif and rabi seasons are shown in Figures 1a and 1b. The data obviously indicates the necessity

of more canal supplies. Total crop water requirement, canal supplies and tube-well supplies

(seasonal and yearly) are shown in Figure 1c. It is seen that crop water requirements are mainly

met with the tube-well supplies only. The canal supply is very modest. However, few canal minors

have adequate water supply during both seasons, due to extensive tube-well irrigation in these

areas.

Conclusion

The average agreement between satellite-derived crop acreage and ground information

(government records) is of the order of -7.8 percent to + 10.6 percent. The net irrigation water

requirement estimation from satellite data, when compared with irrigation water supplies (canal

and tube well), shows large-scale deficiencies, which will ultimately affect the crop yield. Crop

yield estimation, which also can be done using satellite data through the normalized difference

vegetation index values of crops and field information of CCE data, would validate the effect of

water deficiencies on crop yield at de-aggregated level across the irrigation command.



ReferencesDastane N. G. 1975. Effective rainfall in agriculture. Irrigation & Drainage paper No24, FAO, Rome, 64 pp

Doorenbos J and Puritt W.O. 1977. Guidelines for predicting crop water requirements. Irrigation & Drainage

paper No24, FAO, Rome

Food and Agriculture Organization. Irrigation water management training manual No3

Ministry of Irrigation, Government of India. 1984. A guide for estimating irrigation water requirements.

Technical series (revised). Water Management Division, New Delhi, 144 pp

Prasad, V.H., Chakraborti, A.K. & Nayak, T.R. 1996. Irrigation command area inventory and assessment of

water requirements using IRS-1B satellite data, Journal of Indian society of remote sensing, Vol24, No2, p 85-96

ITIS 5 Future perspectives onmodernization

232 Remote sensing in water management

Figure 1a. Irrigation water requirement and canal supply in Deroli Minor

Figure 1b. Irrigation water requirement and canal supply in Deroli Minor

Figure 1c. Seasonal and yearly crop water requirements and supply in Deroli Minor

3.73

18.47

25.79

11.34

4.92 4.55 4.55 4.16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

JUL AUG SEP OCT

Month during Rabi season

Crop Water Required Canal Supply

9.07

2.01

24.88

15.01

1.594.19

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

JUL AUG SEP OCT

Month during Kharif season

Crop Water Required Canal Supply

5.7821.64 27.4226.05

48.37

74.42

50.93

81.6

132.53

020406080

100120140

JUL AUG SEP

Yearly crop water requirements

Canal Supplies Ground Water Total Water Required



Table 1. Assessment of net irrigation water deficit/surplus during kharif season in Mahendragarh district in Haryana, India

Sl.No

Name ofminor

July August September October Total kharif season Deficit/Surplus (-)(+)

MWR MCS MWR MCS MWR MCS MWR MCS KWR KCS KWS Ha-m %1 Lawan 38.297 9.716 8.484 0.719 138.958 0.000 114.808 7.356 300.548 17.791 198.778 -83.98 -27.92 Jhuk 21.045 0.211 4.662 0.000 67.690 0.000 49.952 0.000 143.350 0.211 121.323 -21.82 -15.23 Bucholi 16.132 9.306 3.574 0.000 42.482 0.000 26.869 16.774 90.057 26.080 108.300 45.32 50.94 Dewas 7.937 5.793 1.758 0.000 42.236 0.000 42.401 18.916 94.332 24.709 80.196 10.57 11.25 Bhandor 26.820 2.394 5.942 0.000 84.843 0.000 61.681 9.102 179.286 11.496 106.929 -60.86 -33.96 Deroli 9.075 1.593 2.010 0.000 24.880 0.000 15.007 4.187 50.973 5.780 26.047 -19.15 -37.67 Dholi 28.245 0.000 6.257 0.000 70.753 0.000 41.775 0.000 147.030 0.000 63.746 -83.28 -56.68 Sisot 29.387 2.185 6.511 0.000 102.645 0.000 81.090 1.893 219.632 4.078 131.604 -83.95 -38.29 Zerpur 31.666 4.187 7.015 0.000 73.279 0.000 36.196 3.641 148.156 7.828 74.028 -66.30 -44.810 Khatodra 20.118 1.365 4.457 0.000 57.825 0.000 38.474 1.183 120.874 2.549 80.882 -37.44 -31.011 Khaira 13.687 2.185 3.032 0.000 34.149 0.000 18.176 1.893 69.045 4.078 53.464 -11.50 -16.712 Jatwas 22.966 1.930 5.088 0.000 80.282 0.000 63.200 1.675 171.536 3.605 156.280 -11.65 -6.813 Nimbhera 12.943 0.000 2.867 0.000 54.839 0.000 48.732 0.000 119.382 0.000 98.703 -20.68 -17.314 CCI 12.134 0.342 2.688 0.000 40.187 0.000 30.512 0.000 85.520 0.342 85.680 0.50 0.615 Jonawas 19.517 0.291 4.324 0.000 55.255 0.000 38.375 0.255 117.470 0.546 88.422 -28.50 -24.316 Nihlawas 10.797 0.328 2.392 0.000 33.662 0.000 24.432 0.291 71.282 0.619 66.488 -4.18 -5.917 CC2 20.333 0.380 4.505 0.000 61.107 0.000 44.496 0.000 130.441 0.380 136.403 6.34 4.9

Satellite data-derived information Irrigation water supply information:

MWR: Monthly irrigation water requirement (Ha-m) MCS: Monthly supply of irrigation water through canals (Ha-m)KWR: Kharif season total irrigation water requirement (Ha-m) KCS : Kharif season irrigation water through canal (Ha-m)

KWS : Kharif season irrigation water from tube wells (Ha-m)

An irrigation modernization training programme

Charles M. BurtDirector, Irrigation Training and Research Centre (ITRC) , CalPoly

Thierry FaconWater Management Officer, FAO, Bangkok

Background

The preface of the 1998 India Water Resources Management Irrigation Sector Report (World Bank,

1998) by Arun Kumar, Secretary-in-charge at the Ministry of Water Resources of the

Government of India, states that “what is needed is a total revolution in irrigation agriculture

… with much more focus on the improvement of the performance of existing irrigation facilities

and provision of a client-focused irrigation service”.

There are two important parts to this statement. First, the statement is optimistic because it

assumes that performances can be dramatically improved. Once one arrives at this level of

understanding (that the present performance is low, and that it is indeed possible to make

positive changes), the modernization battle is half won. Second, the statement places irrigation

into the realm of service-oriented utilities – a remarkable departure from traditional irrigation

project design and operation criteria which are incapable of supporting modern field irrigation.

The same preface also calls for a “paradigm shift in emphasis … toward improving the

performance of existing irrigation agriculture” and stresses that “A Second Revolution in

Irrigation Agriculture is required now.”

To go beyond exhortations, and to actually implement the needed changes in the field, people

need to know specifically what to do and how to do it. The devil is in the details of

modernization programmes – only with appropriate modernization actions will satisfactory

and rapid progress be made.

Previous authors have identified improved training as an essential yet missing ingredient that

is required for this “second revolution” to be successful. The World Bank Technical Paper No

246, Modern Water Control in Irrigation (Plusquellec et al, 1994), states that


Worldwide training programme initiative236

“The fundamental cause for the slow rate of technology transfer … is a lack ofknowledge of available technologies and a misunderstanding of the nature in irrigation,in particular … a lack of sufficient training at all levels, from the university to the field.”

In the 1996 Bangkok expert consultation on modernization of irrigation schemes, Wolter and

Burt (1997) identified the type of water delivery service that will be needed to meet future

demands. They state that “Modernization is understood as a process of change from supply-

oriented to service-oriented irrigation”, and that pragmatic training is seriously lacking at

present. In the same consultation, Burt (1997) stated that in addition to having the correct vision

for modernization, education is needed. The FAO point of view on modernization was

articulated at the ITIS 4 conference, held in Marrakech, Morocco (Facon, 1997). In its proposed

Action Plan, training is listed as one of three key elements for modernization.

At the ITIS 5 conference, Burt and Styles (1998) presented the results of an IPTRID/World Bank

study of irrigation performance in 16 projects throughout the world. Good modernization

programmes are rare, but the projects with partial and appropriate modernization perform

better than traditional irrigation projects. Even in those projects with some aspects of

modernization, there is a clear lack of practical and focused training. This lack of training is

identified by the study as a key bottleneck to the rapid and appropriate modernization of

irrigation projects. The IPTRID/World Bank study also notes that many of the important

concepts which should be covered in training are universal – that is, they span all projects

regardless of climate, culture and nationality.

The IPTRID/World Bank study of irrigation performance documented the large disparities

between the water delivery service that is needed and the water delivery service that exists,

even in partially modernized irrigation projects. In each of the 16 projects basic hardware and

operational changes could be made that would immediately improve project performance in

terms of efficiency, cost recovery or yields. Unfortunately, these opportunities were seldom

recognized. Appropriate training will empower engineers and designers to recognize the

potentials for improvement, and to know what solutions are available.

In short, there is a tremendous need for improving the performance of irrigation systems to

meet the food needs of the future and various economic and environmental goals, there is clear

evidence that modernization can successfully provide improved performance, and that rapid

and appropriate modernization will only occur is there is an explosion in pragmatic training.


Worldwide training programme initiative 237

This proposal calls for the training of the engineering leadership that will galvanize the armies

of the second irrigation revolution. Without excellent leaders who are well versed in modern

tactics, well-intentioned revolutions fail, generally with a tremendous waste of personal effort

and financial resources as well as environmental degradation. To develop the leadership cadre,

FAO is proposing an Irrigation Modernization Training Programme which would consist of

two parts: an initial training-of-the-trainers programme, as a premier post-graduate finishing

programme for outstanding candidates; and a national upgrading programme. This would be a

national or regional training programme for design and operating engineers on the concepts

and details of irrigation system modernization. This project would nurture a world-wide cadre

of specialists with a common vocabulary and common concepts and solutions. When combined

with a technical support network, this cadre would provide the dynamic leadership and

technical know-how to make the major irrigation changes that are needed.

The proposal is ambitious, but ambitious and unconventional actions are necessary. This

training programme should be considered more important than any single construction or

rehabilitation project – and should be funded accordingly.

The following sections provide a general outline of the concept, a draft curriculum outline of

the training-of-the-trainers programme, and a skeleton outline of the main topics for the

national upgrading programme.

Outline of the proposed irrigation modernization training programme

Objective

The objective of the programme will be to empower engineers in interested projects and nations

to improve the performance of irrigation projects through modernization. A good modern

design requires a thought process that starts with the definition of the desired level of water

delivery service at all levels throughout the irrigation system. It then makes full use of

advanced concepts in hydraulic engineering, agronomic science, irrigation engineering,

economics and social science to identify the simplest components and a workable solution.

Modernization is a complete process and is not to be confused with merely installing new

physical components in a system such as a canal lining or automatic gates.



This empowerment of engineers will occur through increased awareness and knowledge of

specific design and operation details that are not commonly understood. It will be

accomplished by developing a high-quality cadre of well-trained and visionary engineers who

understand the purposes and means of implementing successful modernization programmes in

irrigation projects. To accomplish this, the framework and initial training plan cum curriculum

must be developed for a standardized, pragmatic national upgrading programme.

Uniqueness

This programme will be unique among training programmes. It will emphasize pragmatic

training that focuses on proven concepts of modernization which require common sense and

basic engineer skills. It will be an active rather than a passive teaching programme. Participants

will visit irrigation projects and conduct critical analyses of those irrigation projects through a

unique rapid appraisal process (Burt and Styles, 1998). This will help the students digest the

technical facts and principles learned in the classroom and laboratory. The future trainers will

be the cream of the crop. Trainers must have demonstrated skills in motivation, innovation and

synthesis as well as knowledge of technical details. Certification as a trainer in this programme

would be quite prestigious. This programme would develop, expand and sustain badly needed

in-country expertise in the new concepts and technologies of modernization.

Programme steps

The programme steps are as follows:

1. Political and financial (in kind or direct) support will be secured from leading states and

countries.

2. Participating countries will nominate highly qualified and motivated individuals who will

receive training in the prestigious training-of-the-trainers programme. For the first

programme, these highly qualified individuals must have the following qualifications:

a. Minimum of BSc in engineering with an emphasis on irrigation or hydraulics. This is

non-traditional, as trainers are typically selected from within the ranks of academia and

have advanced degrees. However, many of the most innovative and motivated

engineers do not fit that typical mould. This programme will benefit from a mix of

individuals with different backgrounds.

b. Interest in teaching or training. Experience is desirable but not necessary.



c. Evidence of innovation and the ability to synthesize facts into strategies. This

programme will show the trainers how to revolutionize the design and operation of

irrigation projects through modernization. Therefore, the nominees must be very open

to new ideas and be real thinkers and not merely have a high position due to reasons of

tenure, politics or age.

d. Several years of practical experience in the design or operation of canals.

e. Familiarity with the existing designs and operations of canals in the candidate’s region

of origin.

f. For the very first group, good English communication skills will be required. This will

include both written and verbal proficiency, as evidenced by a TOEFL score of 450 or

greater (a score of 550 is generally required for admission to a university in the United

States). For subsequent groups, classes will be available in other languages.

g. Excellent communication skills in the candidate’s native language(s).

h. A written commitment from the sponsoring organization that the individual will be

available for training on a half-time basis for a minimum of four years after the

candidate successfully completes the training-of-the-trainers programme.

3. Concurrently with items 1 and 2, the first regional focal institution(s) will be identified.

CalPoly ITRC will work with personnel at the regional focal institution(s) to provide

essential teaching aids for the programme. At this time, the final curriculum for the

training-of-the-trainers programme will also be completed. Presenters or resource persons

from the international community at large will be identified to supplement CalPoly ITRC

staff in providing the training.

4. The first group of potential trainers will be selected. This group will have 25 persons.

5. The first group of potential trainers will receive training. This will consist of:

a. A first level of training for three weeks in the regional focal institution.

b. Examination will be given to the trainees. This examination will test them on

understanding of details, as well as ability to synthesize information. The top 12 trainees

will be selected for participation in the next phase of the programme.

c. The top 12 trainees will receive overseas training for 7.5 weeks, to consist of:

– Advanced training at the Water Delivery Facility of the CalPoly ITRC.

– Visits to two irrigation projects in the United States that are undergoing

modernization. In each project, participants will conduct a rapid appraisal process

exercise.



– Visits to two irrigation projects in less developed countries. These project will have

selective aspects of modernization. Again, the participants will conduct a rapid

appraisal of each project.

d. Return to the regional focal institution(s). Participants will jointly visit one irrigation

project near their regional training hubs. They will individually conduct rapid appraisal

of the project, and individually prepare recommendations for modernization (two

weeks altogether). This will test their ability to synthesize ideas as well as their

comprehension of the technical details that have been presented. Their submitted

appraisals will be graded and evaluated by the instructors. All participants who

demonstrate an ability to conduct a good rapid appraisal process (including the ability

to synthesize information) will continue to the final step. It is hoped that the earlier (step

b) qualification examination will insure that all of the 12 participants will demonstrate a

good performance; however, this is a final quality control step to verify that the

remaining participants are indeed of the highest calibre.

e. Participants will individually develop a lesson plan and provide a two-hour training

session on one aspect of modernization to the instructors and to the other participants.

The instructors and other participants will coach each individual on improved

communication techniques.

f. The individuals will receive certificates from CalPoly ITRC and FAO acknowledging

their status as qualified trainers.

6. The qualified trainers will work with CalPoly ITRC, FAO and the regional hubs to define

the training plan, curriculum and teaching aids which they will use in the national

upgrading programme. This programme will target design and operation engineers, as well

as university faculty. It is anticipated that the national upgrading programme will include

the following:

a. Multiple locations for each group of trainees.

b. Three sessions for each group of 20 trainees, to be accomplished over a three-month

period. The three sessions will consist of:

• Session A – three weeks’ initial training using classroom and simple laboratory

equipment.

• Session B – two weeks, consisting of one week to conduct a rapid appraisal process

in the field and one week to review the process and lessons learned.



• Session C – a one-day final review and question-and-answer session after students

have had a chance to study, followed by a four-hour examination.

Candidates who successfully pass the examination will receive a certificate of training in

the concepts of irrigation system modernization.

Because these 20 trainees will not be required to be fluent in English, teaching aids and

study material and examinations must first be translated into the local languages.

7. The qualified trainers will begin training students in the national upgrading programmes.

8. They will also provide input to modifications for the second training-of-the-trainers

programme, and a second group of potential trainers will begin a new training-of-the-

trainers programme.

9. Both programmes will be evaluated and revised.

10. The programme will be expanded to other states or countries or regions with support from

a wider variety of international organizations. An improved certification programme will be

defined. This may involve regional universities, ICID, country training centres, etc. CalPoly

ITRC will remain an overall resource. Training materials will be translated into local

languages for both the training-of-the-trainers and the national upgrading programmes.

11. Additional technical training will be given to the qualified trainers. This training will

broaden their understanding of various design and operation issues. Although they will not

teach this detailed content in their courses, the additional skills will enable them to teach

and synthesize ideas even better.

Time frame

The proposed time frame is as follows:

Start date End date Step10/98 6/99 1. Support secured from leader states, countries and international donor agencies6/99 8/99 2. Nomination of trainer candidates3/99 8/99 3. Regional training hubs identified; curriculum finalized for the training of the

trainers (T-T)9/99 9/99 4. Trainer candidates selected10/99 12/99 5. First T-T programme1/00 6/00 6. Define national upgrading programme; modify the T-T programme6/00 11/00 7. & 8. Begin the national upgrading programme; second T-T programme

Ongoing 9. Programme revision6/01 – 10. Expand programme to other countries and regions

Ongoing 11. Additional training for qualified trainers

Anticipated numbers of trainees



This programme will have a major impact because it is designed to be expanded, and because

the quality of instruction will be kept very high. The table below indicates the possible progress

of training. It assumes that each national upgrading programme class will be taught by two

trainers, with four national upgrading programme classes per year for each group of two

trainers. Each class will have 20 students. The table below assumes that ten qualified trainers

will graduate from each T-T programme. It also assumes an attrition rate of 50 percent of the

qualified trainers after two years of teaching by any single individual.

Year Number oftrainerscompleting thetraining

Number of nationalupgradingprogramme classes

Number of studentstrained in year(including trainers& trainer prospects)

Total number ofstudents trainedto date

1999 10 0 25 252000 20 20 450 4752001 20 40 850 1 3252002 20 50 1050 2 3752003 20 60 1250 3 625

Focal institutions and organizations

This programme is meant to begin a revolution in the training procedures related to the

modernization of irrigation projects. As such, it will eventually involve almost every

organization related to irrigation world-wide. In the initial steps, possible focal institutions and

organizations are listed in the table below.

Function Organization

Lead international support agency FAOFocal technical reference institution CalPoly ITRCPossible regional focal institutions Aurangabad WALMI, India; Kasetsart

Univ., Thailand; Marrakech, Morocco;IMTA, Mexico

National counterparts for certification ICIDOversight committee various

Basic content of the training programmes

Draft curriculum outlines are provided on later pages for both the training-of-the-trainers

programme and the national upgrading programme. Both have the same topics, but the former

will cover the subjects in more depth and time, and also include out-of-country visits. Neither



course will use differential equations, partial differential equations, or calculus – teaching of the

important concepts does not require this level of mathematics.

The training programmes will be designed to cover material which is not traditionally taught,

or will teach some material in a new way. The World Bank/IPTRID study by Burt and Styles

(1998) clearly determines that pragmatic concepts of modernization are not well understood in

irrigation projects. Examples of basic topics to be covered are:

• the concepts of water delivery service;

• how to simplify design and operation by breaking an irrigation project into layers;

• hydraulic principles of unsteady flow and how they relate to operation;

• concepts of canal control;

• specific hardware for making operation easy and effective;

• developing modernization strategies;

• rapid appraisal process;

• water ordering procedures;

• irrigation efficiency and water balances; and

• design of broad-crested weirs for flow measurement.

The initial training programmes will emphasize fundamental concepts which are the

foundation of modernization programmes. There are many other topics which are also

important and which must be covered in future classes after the foundation is built. Example

topics are:

• unsteady flow computer modelling;

• tuning of gate controller constants;

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition design and equipment selection;

• computation of complete water balances for a project; and

• rules and regulations for water user associations.

These advanced topics generally require about one to three weeks each to be taught – as well as

excellent computer facilities. The initial training programmes will be able to briefly cover these

topics, but not in sufficient detail that the trainees will have any skills in them. The immediate

need is the development of the more fundamental foundations for modernization programmes.



Conventional modernization programmes often focus on standard civil engineering efforts

such as canal lining and replacement of deteriorated structures – these are not what is meant

when one discusses the type of modernization programmes necessary for the second

revolution. Such traditional topics can be and have been taught for many years in almost all

countries. Modernization training will discuss whether or not the deteriorated structures are of

the correct hydraulic design to provide the desired level of service, and whether or not a new

type of structure should replace the old deteriorated structures. With regard to canal lining, a

modernization programme would examine what capacities are required to provide the desired

level of service and reliability, the new turnout density requirements, the new water surface

levels in the canal which are required to minimize turnout flow fluctuations, etc. Therefore,

examples of topics which will not be covered include concrete mixes, traditional concrete lining

design and construction techniques, surveying or corrosion protection.

ReferencesBurt, C.M. 1997. Modern water control and management practices in irrigation: methodology andcriteria for evaluating the impact on performance. in Modernization of irrigation schemes: past experiencesand future options. RAP Publication 1997/22. Water Report 12. FAO. pp 89-102

Burt, C.M. & S.W. Styles. 1998. Modern water control and management practices in irrigation: impact onperformance. Proceedings of ITIS5 (Fifth International Network Meeting). 28-30 October. Aurangabad,Maharashtra, India

Facon, T.G. 1997. Perspectives in canal operation modernization: the FAO point of view. Proceedings ofITIS 4, Fourth International ITIS Network Meeting. Information Techniques for Irrigation Systems, 25-27Apr, Marrakech, Morocco. pp 177-192

Plusquellec, H., C. Burt & H.W. Wolter. 1994. Modern water control in irrigation – concepts, issues andapplications. World Bank Technical Paper No. 246. Irrigation and Drainage Series. 98 pp

Wolter, H.W. & C. Burt. 1997. Concepts of modernization. in Modernization of irrigation schemes: pastexperiences and future options. RAP Publication 1997/22. Water Report 12. FAO. pp 65-88

World Bank. 1998. India – Water resources management sector review. Report on the Irrigation Sector. RuralDevelopment Unit, South Asia Region with Ministry of Water Resources, GoI. 139 pp



Appendix: Training of the trainers - a draft curriculum outline

Facilities and equipment required at the regional focal institutions

To start the programme, the facility and equipment requirements will be minimal. These will include:• Scientific calculators for all participants• Good slide projectors with carousels, and screens• White boards and chalk boards• A projector for a computer display onto a large screen• Appropriate slides, handouts, and reference notes. ITRC has already developed a considerable starting core of

backup material for its classes for US engineers.• A small outdoor facility with a flow rate of 1 CFS that can be varied. A channel approximately 200' long is

needed, in which can be constructed the following:– a simple flash-board weir (adjustable),– a long crested weir,– an undershot (adjustable) gate, and– a combination gate with both an adjustable undershot plus side flash-boards.

Topics to be taught at the regional focal institutions (3 weeks)

The following topics will be taught at the Regional Focal Institutions. These are essentially the same topics that willbe taught in the National Upgrading Programme. The difference will be that the Trainers will also spend 7.5additional weeks (including travel) visiting overseas projects, will receive training at the CalPoly ITRC WaterDelivery Facility, and go through a more rigorous testing process. The first 3 weeks of class will include thefollowing:

The Nature and Importance of Good Water Delivery Service1. The nature of modernization

a. What it isb. How it differs from traditional irrigation improvement projectsc. Why it is desperately needed

2. Documented status of existing irrigation projects world-wide – actual versus attainablea. Efficiencyb. Yieldsc. Chaos and anarchyd. Environmental impact

3. Concept of water delivery servicea. Understanding an irrigation system as a series of layers.

1. The layers include (i) main canal, (ii) secondary canals, (iii) tertiary canals, etc. down to field level.2. Each layer receives water from the upstream layer with some degree of service and provides water to

the next downstream layer with some degree of serviceb. What level of service is required on-farm

1. Basic concepts of ET, soil water holding capacities, root zone development2. Fundamental differences between rice and upland crops3. Rice irrigation - special requirements at the start of the irrigation season4. Planting schedules and realities5. Components of on-farm (field) irrigation efficiency and how they are impacted by the water delivery

service6. Water delivery service and its relationship to anarchy or the lack of it7. What is required if farmers are expected to pay for water

c. What feedback is inherently required to provide good service at the different levels4. Components of water delivery service

a. Reliability. This is the first essential ingredient, but by itself it is insufficient to revolutionize irrigationb. Volume during a crop seasonc. Equityd. Flexibility

- Frequency



- Rate- Duration

e. Consistency and accuracy5. Delivery schedules for all levels within a system.

a. Random availabilityb. Pre-arranged rotation schedules of various typesc. Modified rotation schedulesd. Arranged deliveriesf. Demand deliveries

6. The level of service provided by existing projects

a. Results from World Bank/IPTRID studyb. Internal Process Indicators

1. Concept2. Specific indicators3. How to quantify the indicators for a specific project.

7. Setting priorities for improvement of service.a. How one layer affects the performance of the next layer (review)b. Cases in which a downstream layer may have better internal process indicators than upstream layersc. Selecting what to do first (a preview)

Hydraulic PrinciplesThere are a number of hydraulic principles which need to be clearly understood before one can learn about control.These include:1. Regime flow

a. Where it is neededb. How changing channel conditions affect system performancec. What is needed to properly divide flows and distribute them

2. The nature of unsteady flow in modern systemsa. Typical wave travel timesb. Normal depths vs. depths in channels with control structuresc. Wedge storage variationsd. Predicting travel times of wavese. How flow changes arrive at various points throughout a systemf. What does an internal "flow balance" really mean?

3. Using weirs and orifices as water level control structuresa. Weirs

1. Using weirs as control structures rather than as water measurement structures2. Various weir designs and their hydraulics

a. Flash-boardsb. Long-crested weirs

3. How weirs respond to unsteady flowb. Undershot (orifice) flow

1. Using undershot gates as control structures rather than as water measurement structures2. Various designs and their hydraulics3. How undershot gates respond to unsteady flow

4. Using weirs and orifices as flow rate control structuresa. Weir response to unsteady flow

1. Upstream condition changes2. Downstream condition changes3. Accuracy of flow measurement4. Accuracy of flow control5. Accuracy of volumetric measurement

b. Undershot (orifice) response to unsteady flow5. Relationship between canal and turnout designs

a. Relative importance of upstream water level or flow rate changesb. Relative importance of downstream water level changesc. Designing the canal/turnout system as a unit rather than just designing a "turnout"

6. Gated vs. non-gated systemsa. Documented performance of non-gated systems



b. Documented performance of gated systemsc. Why traditional gated systems are so difficult to manage, and how to avoid such problems

7. The basics of classical control conceptsa. Upstream control

1. Design requirements2. Management requirements3. Risk factors

b. Downstream control1. Types of downstream control

a. Level top canalsb. Control points at downstream endc. Bival

2. Design requirements3. Risk factor4. Management requirements

c. Combination controld. Mixed control

8. Flow rate measurementa. Where it is needed in a modern system, and what is done with the information and how often it is used

1. Upstream control systems2. Downstream control systems

b. Where it is not neededc. Accuracy requirementsd. Difference between flow rate and volumetric measuremente. Difference between measurement and control

9. Basic strategies of operation and designa. Spread the problems throughout the project or isolate them and deal with themb. Options with groundwaterc. Options for systems with re-circulation capabilities vs. those without them

Basic Concepts of Cross Regulator Control HardwareThe basic concepts which will be covered include:

a. Traditional designs for undershot – advantages and disadvantages of each, and small details which have atremendous effect on their performance1. Sluice gates2. Radial gates

b. Traditional designs for overshot – advantages and disadvantages of each, and small details which have atremendous affect on their performance1. Flash-boards2. Long crested weirs3. Hinged gates

c. Operation1. Mechanical advantages, no motor2. Motorized but manual3. Hydraulic gates4. Automated

a. Hydraulicb. Electric

d. Movement1. Local manual2. Local automatic3. Distributed control4. Remote manual5. Remote automatic6. Synchronized control

Canals with upstream water level controlBecause the vast majority of modernization projects will use upstream control, the modernization class willemphasize this form of control rather than other concepts such as downstream control and constant volume control.Those topics will be introduced, but with considerably less detail.



The majority of recent technical papers which have been published on canal automation deal with theoretical studiesof downstream control and various forms of enhanced supervisory control. However, such schemes are few and farbetween in the actual world of irrigation applications, and most of the studies are theoretical rather thandocumentation of actual successful working, large-scale projects.Example topics under upstream water level control:

a. Check structure design1. Purpose of the structures2. Types of structures

a. Manual adjustable structuresb. Completely static structuresb. Automatic structures

– Hydraulic* Begemann* AMIL

– Electrical (to be discussed in more detail later)* Types of gates

– Overflow– Underflow

* Control strategy– Littleman concept and limitations– Gates in sequence– PI control

b. Locating and sizing check structures1. Effect on turnout flow rates; trade-off between turnout automation and main canal improvement2. Effect on canal bank stability and rodents3. Effect on lag time for deliveries

c. Bifurcation points – available choices for controld. Flow rate control and measurement designs for large turnouts

1. Rated sections2. Flumes3. Weirs4. Calibrated check structures

e. Manual operation of upstream control1. Information requirements2. Sequence of operations by typical operators – top to bottom or bottom to top3. Communications and mobility requirements4. Consequences of various actions by operators or recipients of service5. Where flow rates must be controlled and measured

f. Differences in performance between automated vs. manual system1. Amount of spill2. Response time within the system3. Equity, reliability, flexibility4. Operator requirements

g. Turnout designs for small flows (0.5-25 CFS), including ease of installation, design requirements,advantages and disadvantages, flow measurement, vs. flow control1. Romijn gates2. Semi-modules3. Various ungated units4. Meter gates

a. Calibrated – various typesb. With downstream flow measurement

5. Distributor modules6. Review of flow and volumetric measurement options for each device

h. Regulating reservoirs1. Locations2. Sizing3. Control into and out of reservoirs4. Operations

i. Canal sizing criteria



1. Traditional canal sizing rules2. Demand theory (Clement)3. Documented studies with flexible systems4. Special considerations in sizing for minimal control requirements and poor maintenance – the Office

du Niger example5. Access, borrow pits, and other details

j. Selective use of pipelines at the lower ends of projects1. Advantages and disadvantages2. Sizing3. Control and measurement of flows4. Types of pipelines

k. Required data collection and communicationsl. Options for responsibilities of operatorsm. Classical mistakes in modernization programmes with upstream control, and how to avoid themn. Where to begin with the automation of a manually operated system. Example situations and trainee

diagnosiso. Computer models – where they do and do not fitp. Turnout densityq. Roads and accessr. Maintenance equipment vs. construction equipment

Training at CalPoly ITRC Water Delivery Facility (2.5 weeks)

This facility has working demonstrations of almost all types of upstream and downstream control hardware, as wellas a wide assortment of flow measurement equipment. It also has excellent equipment and facilities to teach aboutpumps and SCADA systems. ITRC also has sufficient computers for training the group on some specialized topicssuch as water balances.

The following topics will be covered there:

Review of Principles and Hardware (1 day)a. Wave travel timeb. Manual operation of an upstream controlled canalc. Upstream control hardware – advantages, disadvantages, and design notes for various items

Downstream Control (0.5 day)a. Review of the basic idea of downstream controlb. Hardware for level top poolsc. Hardware for other types – all computerized.d. Pool sizinge. Sensitivity and riskf. Selective implementation of downstream control within a project

Basics of pump recirculation plants (0.5 days)a. KW-Hr requirementsb. Locationsc. Design

SCADA - Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (2.5 days)a. What it is and why it might be usedb. Costsc. Equipment requirements in the fieldd. Equipment in the officee. Communication requirementsf. Softwareg. Best uses and worst usesh. Best locations and worst locationsi. Vandalismj. Power supply



k. Logistical and technical support needsl. Examples of successful programmesm. Examples of failuresn. Recommended steps to take if SCADA is used

Use of computer models to calibrate PI control algorithms (0.5 day)This will be a demonstration with some hands-on experience. However, there will be insufficient time to developexpertise on this topic.

Flow Measurement and Control in Canals and Off-takes (2.5 days)This will emphasize how to design broad-crested weirs, as well as options with meter gates for turnouts

Irrigation Efficiency and Water Balances (2 days)Because many modernization programmes have goals related to improving irrigation efficiency, this topic must becovered. ITRC has conducted water balances and efficiency studies in numerous conditions, and has ampledemonstration materials.Topics to cover include:

a. Irrigation Efficiency definitionb. Differences between field and project efficienciesc. Developing a water balance

1. Components2. Quantifying the components3. Combining the components4. Confidence intervals

Rapid Appraisal Process (2 days)The RAP used developed by CalPoly ITRC will be explained. The use of RAP, including background computationsand developing conclusions and recommendations, will be covered.

Field visits in the USA (2 weeks including travel)

Two irrigation districts will be visited in the U.S. An RAP will be conducted on each. Both districts will beundergoing some type of modernization, and both will primarily be gravity (canal) systems. Possible choices will beImperial Irrigation District (200 000 ha, all canals, in an area of no rainfall and no downstream users and no rice), andGlenn-Colusa Irrigation District (about 100 000 ha, in an area with considerable winter rainfall, primarily rice, andmainly unlined canals).

Each district will be visited for 2-3 days, followed by 2 days of trainee discussion and computations anddevelopment of recommendations. The 2 days of discussion will be held in a town near the irrigation districts, sothat rapid visits may be made to structures in question, or to talk again with district employees.

Field visits in other countries (3 weeks inc. travel)

Two irrigation projects will be visited in less developed countries. Two possible projects are Dantiwada in India andRio Mayo in Mexico. Both projects are beginning the modernization process and have very different characteristics.Both projects have been examined in the World Bank/IPTRID study. Rio Mayo has active but imperfect water userassociations, and has made tremendous progress in the last ten years. Dantiwada has farmers who are generallysatisfied, and is attempting new water delivery schedules and the installation of new control structures. Again,trainees will conduct an RAP of each project, and there will be several days of discussion for each.

RAP of a local project

Trainees will conduct a RAP at a project near their local/regional training centre. This will be facilitated by thelocal/regional training centre, but the trainees will conduct this RAP without an instructor in attendance. Followingthe field work, they will then quantify external and internal process indicators, as well as make recommendations forproject improvement. Their performance will be evaluated and graded by the primary instructors. This is the finalplace in the programme at which participants are evaluated for competence as criteria for completing the remainderof the programme.



Lesson Plan

Each trainee will prepare and execute a two-hour lesson plan on some aspect of modernization. This will bepresented to the primary instructors, the other participants, and to any local engineers who may wish to attend. Thelesson plan will be evaluated and graded by the primary instructors. Positive feedback will be provided to trainees.

Certification

The qualifying trainees will receive certificates from CalPoly ITRC and FAO acknowledging their successfulcompletion of the rigorous programme, and their status as Qualified Trainers.

Skeleton outline of the National Upgrading Programme (NUP)

The topics of NUP will be identical to those covered under the Training-of-the-Trainers programme. However, theywill not be convered in as much detail. It is anticipated that each session will be taught by a team of two Trainers.Each session will have 20 students, which is sufficiently small for the Trainers to provide individual attention tostudents.

Session A topics – (three weeks at a Regional Training Centre)• The nature importance of good water delivery service• Hydraulic principles• Basic concepts of cross regulator control hardware• Canals with upstream control• Downstream control• Pump re-circulation• SCADA• Irrigation Efficiency and Water Balances• Rapid Appraisal Processes (RAP)

Session B (2 weeks)The first week will consist of a Rapid Appraisal Process (RAP) conducted at a local irrigation project. All studentswill travel as a group throughout the irrigation project and fill out the forms, conduct interviews, collect data, etc.The second week will be spent at the Regional Training Centre reviewing RAP, developing external and internalprocess indicators, and constructing recommendations for how a modernization programme might proceed.

Session C (2 days)Between session B and session C, students will return to their homes where they will have a chance to review thematerial from sessions A and B. Approximately 1 month later, they will regroup for session C for a one-day reviewand question-and-answer period. Following this, they will have a 4 hour examination of principles and concepts.

CertificateThose who successfully pass the 4-hour examination and who have attended the complete sessions will be awardeda certificate of completion of Training in Concepts of Irrigation System Modernization.

Annex

Agenda 253

List of participant 257

AGENDA

Wed 28 Oct

09:00 – 10:00 Registration10:00 – 11:00 INAUGURAL SESSION

Er Suresh ShirkeDirector, WALMIMr Ian MakinResearch Leader, Design & Operations, IWMIMr Thierry FaconTechnical Officer, Water ResourcesDevelopment & Management Service, FAOMr Thierry RieuHead of Irrigation Division, CemagrefEr S.T. DeokuleFormer Secretary of Irrigation, Maharashtra, India

11:00 – 11:30 Tea break11:30 – 11:45 INTRODUCTION TO ITIS 5

Dr Daniel RenaultITIS Co-ordinator, IWMI

Wed 28 Oct SESSION 1 MODERNIZATION IN INDIA

CHAIRMAN Ian Makin, IWMI

Panel members Dr Jesda – Thailand; Mr Khalaj – Iran; Dr Shirke – India

11:45 – 12:15 Modernization of irrigationsystem operation management byway of canal automation in India

Mr A.B. MandaviaChief EngineerSardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd

12:15 – 12:45 Evaluation of the Bhadra systemrehabilitation programme(Kartanaka)

Dr R. SakthivadivelSenior Irrigation SpecialistIWMI

12:45 – 13:30 Panel discussion

ITIS 5 Modernization of irrigation system operations

Agenda254

Wed 28 Oct SESSION 2 MODERNIZATION AROUND THE WORLD

CHAIRMAN Thierry Facon, FAO

Panelmembers

Mr Alexander Reuyan – Philippines; Dr Goddalyadda – Sri Lanka;M. J. Plantey – France

14:30 – 15:00 Canal modernization in the Indus Basinirrigation system

Prof G. SkogerboeDirector, IWMI Pakistan

15:00 – 15:30 Modern water control and managementpractices in irrigation: impact onperformance

Dr Charles M. BurtDirector, ITRC (CAL.POLY)

15:30 – 16:15 Panel discussion

Wed 28 Oct SESSION 3 PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT IN MODERN IRRIGATION

CHAIRMAN Daniel Renault, IWMI

16:45 – 17:00 Role of water user associations and policyto support modernization programmes

Hervé PlusquellecFormer World Bank SeniorIrrigation Advisor

17:00 – 17:45 Participatory management activities inMaharashtra

Er S.G. ShirkeDirector, WALMI

17:45 – 18:15 Presentation of the Majalgaonmodernization project and introduction tothe field visit

Er A.B. MahendrakarIrrigation Department

Thu 29 Oct FIELD VISIT

7:00 – 19:00 Field visit to the Majalgaon project


Agenda 255

Fri 30 Oct WORKING GROUP SESSIONS

Chairman Co-chairmanG1 Engineering P.W. Vehmeyer K.V.G.K. RaoG2 Evaluation A.K. Chakraboti T. RieuG3 Institutional approach G.W.E. Skogerboe J. PlanteyG4 Training and capacity-building T. Facon A. Benhamou

9:00 – 12:30 Working group discussions

AFTERNOON PLENARY SESSION

13:30 – 15:30 Presentation of the groups’ conclusions

CHAIRMAN Ian Makin, IWMI

CONCLUDING SESSION

CHAIRMAN Dr M.A. Chitale, Maharashtra Water & IrrigationCommission, Former Secretary General of ICID

16:00 18:00 Special interventions

Special interventions Subjects

WALMI Activities at WALMI, Aurangabad (Video)

Herve PlusquellecFormer Senior World Bank Advisor

Toward an agenda in irrigation modernization

Thierry Facon, FAO Irrigation modernization in training programmes


Agenda256

17:00 17:30 Synthesis, conclusion and closure of the workshop

M. Daniel RenaultITIS Co-ordinator, IWMI

Synthesis

M. Thierry Rieu(on behalf of ITIS Network)

Concluding words and perspectives

Er S.G. ShirkeDirector, WALMI

Concluding words

Er S.T. DeokuleChief Guest

Concluding speech

Dr M.A. ChitaleICID

Presidential address

Prof A.R. Suryavanshi Vote of thanks

List of participants

FRANCE

M. Jacques PlanteyDirector Technical DivisionSociété du Canal de ProvenceB.P. 100 13090 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1Phone: (33)(0) 442667000Fax: (33)(0) 442667080

M. Pierre RoussetHead of the Engineering DepartmentSociete du Canal de ProvenceB.P. 100 13090 Aix-en-Provence Cedex 1Phone: (33)(0) 442667069Fax: (33)(0) 442667087E-mail: [email protected]

M. Thierry RieuHead Irri. Laboratory, Camagref361 rue JF Breton BP 5095, 34033Montpellier Cedex 1Phone: 33(0) 467046351Fax: 33(0) 467635795E-mail: [email protected]

INDIA

Er S.C. AwasthySr. Jt. CommissionerMinistry of Water ResourcesNew DelhiPhone: 011-3383518, 0129-211631Fax: 011-3382256

Er S.T. DeokulePrincipal Secretary I. D. (Retd)Flat No. 2, Shamgokul Jogeshwari(E)Mumbai 400060, MaharashtraPhone: 8216002, 8318473Fax: 8737151

Er V.V. GaikwadChief Engineer (SP)Maharashtra Krishna Khore CorpPune, MaharashtraPhone: 0212-620130Fax: 0212-367927

Dr B. GurupremDeputy Secretary Irr. & CAD DeptIrrigation and CAD DepartmentAndhra Pradesh SecretariatHyderabad 500022, Andra PradeshPhone: 040-233897, 040-523493Fax: 040-523511E-mail: [email protected]

Er A. A. JawalekarChief EngineerIrrigation DepartmentSinchan Bhavan, Jalna RoadAurangabad 431005, Maharashtra

Mr Ashok KarwaManaging DirectorMechatronics Systems Pvt. Ltd481/C Shaniwarpeth, 4th FloorShreepal, ChembersPune 410030, MaharashtraPhone: 451496/491530Fax: 0212-458272E-mail: [email protected]

Er A.B. MahendrakarC.E. & Chief AdministratorCAD, Irrigation DepartmentCada Bhavan, GarkhedaAurangabad 431005, MaharashtraPhone: 0240-334026, 331823Fax: 0240-331592

Mr B.S. MajumdarR. Manager (BD) Systems IntegrationCMC LtdBhale Est., 15A Bombay-Pune RoadPune 411003, MaharashtraPhone: 91-212-310924, 310948

310940Fax: 91-212-317593E-mail: [email protected]


List of participants258

Mr A.B. MandaviaChief Engineer (MIS)Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam LtdBlock No. 12, First FloorNew SachivalayaGandhi Nagar 382010, GujaratPhone: (02712) 23044, 25376Fax: (02712) 23056

Er C.S. ModakSuperintendent EngineerPune Irrigation CircleSinchan Bhavan, Barne RoadPune 411001, MaharashtraPhone: 0212-626941Fax: 0212-626289

Mr S.N. MundraSr. Advisor H.R.D.CADA, Mowr. Rajad ProjectP.B. 112, New Grain Mondi, CAD BldgKota, RajasthanPhone: 91-0744-428704, 428625Fax: 91-0744-428709E-mail: [email protected]

Mr K.K. NarangDirector (I& CAD)Planning CommissionYojana Bhavan, New DelhiPhone: 3356118 Ext. 2245, 3175481Fax: 3717681, 372549E-mail: [email protected]

Er M.V. PatilS.E., C.D.O. (ED) NasikC.D.O. NasikDindori Road Nasik-4Nasik 422004, MaharashtraPhone: 0253-530849Fax: 0253-530849

Er C.M. PundeSuperintending EngineerBeed Irrigation Project CircleSinchan Bhavan, Parli VaijnathMaharashtra

Er B.A. PuriExecutive EngineerKhadakwasla Irrigation DivisionSinchan Bhavan, Barne RoadPune 411001, MaharashtraPhone: 0212-627062(0), 0212-666-280(R)

Dr K.V.G.K. RaoResearch ManagerCADA, MowrPB No112, New Grain Mandi CAD BldgKota, RajasthanPhone: 91-0744-428704, 91-0744-

428625Fax: 91-0744-428709E-mail: [email protected]

Er S.N. SahastrabudheExecutive DirectorVidarbha Irrigation Development CorpSinchan Bhavan, Civil LinesNagpur 440001, Maharashtra

Dr B.M. SahniProfessor and HeadWater & Land Management InstitutePost Box No. 504, KanchanwadiAurangabad 431005, MaharashtraPhone: 334158/Ext. 221Fax: 0240-331836E-mail: [email protected]

Er S.G. ShirkeDirectorWater & Land Management InstitutePost Box No. 504, KanchanwadiAurangabad 431005, MaharashtraPhone: 331021, 331158Fax: 0240-331836E-mail: [email protected]

Er H.K. TonapeSuperintending EngineerBhima Canal CircleSinchan Bhavan, Opp. Solapur ClubSolapur 413003, MaharashtraPhone: 312781, 312227Fax: 0217-311778

Er N.D. VadnereChief EngineerIrrigation DepartmentSinchan Bhavan, Barne RoadPune 411001, MaharashtraPhone: 0212-620505, 368259

Dr N.A. VisvanathaCanadian Team LeaderRAJAD ProjectP.O. Box 112, New Grain Mandi CADBldg., Kota, RajasthanPhone: 91-0744-428704Fax: 91-0744-428709


List of participants 259

IRAN

Mr S. KharajDeputy and Dy. Tech. Advi. To DirectorMoe Liaison Office Ministry of EnergyWorld Bank Project53 Homayon Street, TehranPhone: 98-21-889-7080Fax: 98-21-8897122

Mr F. KebritiMinistry of Energy Irri. And Drainage53 Homayon Street Vali-E-Asr AvenueTehranPhone: 98-21-8865101Fax: 98-21-889-7122, 659666

MALAYSIA

Mr Ir. Ng. SuiwanIADP Project, Pulau PinangDepartment of Irrigation and DrainageBlock A Jalan Jelawat, Seberang Jaya13700 Perai, Pulau PenangPhone: 604-3907804 (direct)Fax: 604-3907803E-mail: [email protected]

MOROCCO

Mr Oulhaj AhmedI.A.V. Hassan II Agdal Institute6202 Agdal Rabat-InstituteRabat 6202 AgdaPhone: (212) (0) 777-175, 212-7-77-93-19

Prof Ahmed BenhammouProfessorUniversite Cadi AyyadFaculte Des Sciences SemlaliaB.P. S. 15, 40000 MarrakechPhone: (+212) 4437552Fax: (+212) 4437552 (IDEM)E-mail: [email protected]

NEPAL

Mr Ram Prasad BhandariEngineerResearch & Technology Dev. BranchDepartment of IrrigationGPO 8975, ECP 5354KathmanduPhone: 977-1-926548Fax: 977-1-527985E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Dev Raj PokharelEngineerDist. Irrigation Office, H.M. Govt.KathmanduPhone: 417442

Er Indra Lal KaluTeam LeaderTa Team (CADI/APTEC) IMPT ProjectGPO 8975, E.PC 887, KathmanduPhone: 977-1-527895Fax: 977-1-527895E-mail: [email protected]

Mr Suman SijapatiOfficer in ChargeKankai Irrigation OfficeP.O. Box 2167, KathmanduPhone: 977-1-532800E-mail: [email protected]

PAKISTAN

Mr Hakeem KhanField Research EngineerIIMI-Pakistan12 Km Multan Road, Chowk, ThokarNiaz Baig, Lahore 53700Phone: 92-42-5410050Fax: 92-42-5410054

Mr Gaylord SkogerboeDirectorIIMI – Pakistan12 km Multan RoadChowk Thokar NiazBaig, Lahore 53700Phone: 92-42-5410050Fax: 92-42-5410054E-mail: [email protected]


List of participants260

Mr Paul Willem VehmeyerAssociate ExpertIIMI-Pakistan12 km Multan Road, Chowk ThokarNiaz Baig, Lahore 53700Phone: 92-42-5410050Fax: 92-42-5410054E-mail: [email protected]

PHILIPPINES

Mr Alexander A. ReuyanNIA Project ManagerNat. Irrig. Admin., MarasbarsTacloban City 6500Phone: 0063-53-323-2408Fax: 0063-53-323-4085

SRI LANKA

Mr A.M.U.B. AlahakoonIrrigation EngineerMinipe DivisionIrrigation Engineer’s OfficeHasalakaPhone: 055-57205

Dr G.G.A. GodaliyaddaDeputy Director of IrrigationIrrigation DepartmentSri Lanka Irrigation Training InstituteGalgamuwaPhone: 037-53018, 037-53049Fax: 037-53018

Mr Ian MakinResearch Leader, Design and OperationIIMI127 Sunil Mawatha PelawatteP.O. Box 2075, BataramullaPhone: 94-1-869080Fax: 94-1-866854E-mail: [email protected]

Er K.R.P.M. MullegamgodaDeputy Director of Irrigation (S.R.)Irrigation DepartmentDebarawawa, TissamaharamaPhone: 047-37246/37070Fax: 047-37070

Mr S.G.K. NawaratneChief Engineer (Water Management)Mahaweli Authority of Sri LankaP.O. Box 02, Digana Official VillageRajawellaPhone-fax: 94-8-374289E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Daniel RenaultIRRI Specialist/ITIS CoordinatorIIMI127 Sunil Mawatha PelawatteBataramulla, P.O. Box 2075Phone-fax: 94-1-866854E-mail: [email protected]

Dr R.S. SakthivadivelSr. Irrigation SpecialistIIMI127 Sunil Mawatha PelawatteBataramullaPhone: 94-1-869480Fax: 94-1-866854E-mail: [email protected]

THAILAND

Prof Jesda KaewkulayaProfessorFaculty of EngineeringKasetsart UniversityKamphaengsaen CampusNakhon Pathom 73140Phone: (++662) 281-7844 ext. 298Fax: (++662) 2800445E-mail: [email protected]

UNITED STATES

Dr Charles M. BurtDirectorIrrigation Training and Research CentreCalifornia Poly. State UniversitySan Lujis ObispoCalifornia 93407Phone: 805-756-2379E-mail: [email protected]


List of participants 261

M. Hervé PlusquellecConsultant3257 A Sutton PlaceWashington DC 20016Phone: (202) 966-5956Fax: (202) 966-5601E-mail: [email protected]

FAO

M. Thierry FaconWater Management OfficerFAO-RAPBangkok 10200Phone: 662 2817844 ext. 156Fax: 662 2800445E-mail: [email protected]

Dr Klaus SiegertWater Resources Development OfficerFAO-RAPBangkok 10200Phone: 662 2817844 ext. 298Fax: 662 2800445E-mail: [email protected]

Documents

Tertiary level irrigation system management in the …slwater.iwmi.org/sites/default/files/DocumentRoot/x6626e04.pdf · Tertiary level irrigation system management in ... research