Terrain Analysis

“Terrain for the military man is the same as the chess board for the player …”

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Terrain Analysis• Recognized important tactically since Sun Tzu

described it in “The Art of War” circa 500 B.C. and has been used by every successful tactical leader since then

• Just as important in urban environments as it is in rural environments

• Large malls, buildings, skyscrapers, custodial facilities and the like, can also be analyzed for effects on tactical movements

• Terrain analysis is one of the best investments of time for planning

Conducting the Analysis• Significance of the terrain will vary with the

echelon of command and the particular mission of the unit

• Five factors have proven tactical significance. These are: Key Terrain (Sometimes called Critical Terrain)

Observation and Fields of Fire Cover and Concealment Obstacles Avenues of approach and escape

KOCOA

KOCOA

Key Terrain Features• Any locality or area, the control of which,

offers a marked advantage Control is critical, not occupation

• Oft times it is the “high ground” but may also be a choke point, obstacle, blind spot or avenue of approach or escape

• If the control of dominate terrain offers a decisive advantage it is called, “Decisive Terrain” or “Commanding Terrain” “Texas Tower” or the tower at the Branch Davidian

compound are two good examples

KOCOA Key Terrain can also be a “choke point”

Key Terrain is often the “high ground”

Key terrain can be any feature that offers a marked advantage!

Key Terrain Features

KOCOA

Observation and Fields of Fire• So closely related that they are considered

together• Observation—those features that

provide surveillance opportunities Includes the ability to employ any optic enhancing

device, such as binoculars and/or NVGs

• Fields of Fire—the area of fire that can be effectively covered depending on the type of weapon and how it is placed Not to be confused with a “sector of fire”

Fields of Fire

Characteristics of the weapon is the first factor

How the weapon is employed is the second

factor

Fields of Fire

Sectors of Fire

A sector of fire is an assignment!

Intended to:• Prevent friendly casualties• Increase effectiveness of fires• Ensure no gaps in fires

KOCOA

Cover and Concealment• So closely related that they are

considered together• Cover—provides protection from fires

and the effects of fires Dependent upon both the weapon

employed and the intermediate substance(i.e. tree, concrete, etc.)

• Concealment—prevents observation May be part of terrain, but also smoke, fog,

darkness, snow, dust or heavy rain

KOCOA

Cover and Concealment(Effects of Fires)

Bullets are not the only things that will kill. The “effects” from the fires

can be even more deadly and,

are easier to

hit!

KOCOA

Obstacles• Any object that stops, impedes or diverts

movement Depends on mode of movement Obstacles to vehicles may not impede foot

movement

• Obstacles may be natural or manmade• Some obstacles are so formidable as to

constitute a “barrier”

KOCOA

Obstacles for vehiclesmay not stop pedestrians.

Some obstacles can be considered “barriers.”

Obstacles

KOCOA

Avenues of Approachand Escape

• A route by which a force can reach an objective or escape from a predicament

• Avenues should be broad enough to permit necessary maneuver and bypassing of obstacles Avoid canalizing friendly forces because it makes them

vulnerable (choke point)

• Avenues of approach can be vertical, as with a vertical envelopment Helicopter borne, rappelling, climbing, etc.

KOCOA

Avenues of Approachand Escape

By foot or vehicle, an avenue needs to be wide

enough to permit maneuver and bypass obstacles.

Gaining Terrain Appreciation• Map Reconnaissance• Visual reconnaissance, especially with

photographic drive-bys and fly-bys• Visual reconnaissance is necessary to identify:

Steering Features—sometimes called “steering marks,” facilitate navigation Prominent Terrain—any feature that can be readily identified on both the

physical terrain and a map, terrain sketch or diagram Micro-Terrain —terrain that has tactical significance but is too small to be

displayed on a map Enfilade and Defilade Features —provide “terrain shielding.” Enfilade

means exposed to observation or fires and defilade terrain protects against direct observation or fires.

Fly Bys “L-Shaped” Pass

Prominent Terrain

Micro-Terrain?

Prominent terrain allows precise navigation without a compass, in reduced visibility and/or using only sketches, diagrams or “dead reckoning.”

Observer

Enfilade and Defilade Features

Terrain Feature(Hill, Valley, Ravine, Building, etc.)

Enfilade Defilade

Terrain Shielding is the most effective methodof preventing observation while providing cover.

Navigation• Cardinal Directions (most well known)

Awkward in city, compasses affected by magnetic fields and steel objects

• Shift from a known point (common) Uses prominent terrain features as steering marks Requires prior knowledge or detailed directions

• Grid System (MGRS, Thomas Guide and others) Effective over distance but requires map and ineffective for micro-terrain

• Numbering System (Common tactical “work around”) Highly effective for micro-terrain, inappropriate for longer distances

Multi-Story

Number System

2

3

4

1

Front side is “1 Side”

Single Story

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A

B

C

D

E

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

Left to RightBottom to Top

Immediate Deployments

“Rear Five”

“Front Five”

Questions?