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Terms of Reference
for
a Consultancy / Research Institution
to conduct
A Study on value chain analysis of the processed food sector
– agricultural and fisheries value chains – in Sri Lanka
09 February 2018
1
1. INTRODUCTION
With funding from DFAT and the Government of Norway, the ILO and its constituents (Government,
Employers and Workers Organizations) have been implementing the LEED project since 2011 in the
Northern Province of Sri Lanka. The focus of the project continues to be on contributing to a more inclusive
and equitable post conflict recovery and development. It is an ILO response to the need to reduce fragility
in the post conflict setting of Sri Lanka by creating decent work opportunities and supporting inclusive
growth and reconciliation for vulnerable communities. It has worked with a wide range of public and
private sector partners, producer organizations, National Chamber of Exporters, Chambers of Commerce,
National Sea Food Exporters Association, Employers’ Federation of Ceylon, national and local organizations,
national and provincial governments.
The LEED project approach includes the adoption of a sustainable livelihood approach focused on the
identification of interventions that would address key constraints to growth and development with the aim
of opening the gates through which large number of participants in key economic sectors would benefit. It
recognises that the poor and vulnerable such as smallholder farmers and local fishermen require additional
support to benefit from the broader economy, and to ensure that the results are sustainable. And finally,
engagement with the private sector is seen as crucial in identifying opportunities, developing new value
chains and establishing mutually beneficial linkages.
Challenge: Income Generation
Although much has been done to lift the post conflict vulnerable households in the North out of poverty,
there are still considerable challenges that remain to be addressed. Poverty and food insecurity remain
noticeable. It is reported that over 40 percent of the population in the Northern and Eastern Provinces is
undernourished and continues to face persistent food insecurity. A recent survey conducted by the
Department of Census and Statistics (2016) reveals that poverty in the North is still considerable. The
poverty headcount index for 20161 was 4.1 percent nationally in contrast to 12.7 percent in Mullaitivu and
18.2 percent in Killinochchi, which indicates that there still is a need for continued support to address these
challenges.
Indebtedness in the housing, farming and fishery sectors are also found to be main issue in the North. A
study conducted by the Centre for Poverty Analysis (2014) found that approximately 85% of housing
beneficiaries had unmanageable debt. The study indicated a high level of vulnerability to poverty of the
surveyed households due to the consequences owing to the three decades-long war in Sri Lanka. The
situation in the fishery sector is the same with around 60% of the households having fallen to the category
of debtors, as they are too heavily dependent on middlemen. Many of those families have incurred or
taken on higher debt over the last two to three years trying to revive farming or non-farming activities.
According to a study of the Northern Provincial Council (2015) the main reason for debtors failing to pay
back their loans is insufficient income. Furthermore, households have reported borrowing for food-related
expenses that indicate dire financial difficulties, where even basic needs of families are not met.
The existence of a younger, unskilled, and relatively uneducated population poses serious challenges to
individual and household earning potential that is clearly visible in the comparison of household
expenditure and consumption between surveyed households and the general population of Sri Lanka
(Central Bank 2013). Youth unemployment remains one of the region's top challenges, with about 60
percent unemployment in main northern towns, including Mullaitivu, Jaffna and Kilinochchi, as of 2014,
according to the NGO Swiss Labour Assistance.
The industrial sector in Northern province remains underdeveloped owing to the impact of the civil war on
its economy and its lack of air transport links to export markets. In 2014 industries accounted for 19.5% of
the province's GDP, with agriculture and services contributing 13.5% and 67% respectively. Private-sector
1 Department of Census and Statistics: Poverty indicators (2016)
2
investments are limited and concentrated in energy, garment manufacturing and trading. The reasons for
low levels of private investment are manifold. Among others they include inadequate physical
infrastructure; insufficient information on investment opportunities; a shortage of skilled workers;
problems in obtaining land; and excessive red tape in obtaining investment approvals.
Agriculture remains the major livelihood option for the majority of people living in all the districts in the
Northern region and farming has been identified as the main livelihood option available, involving an
estimated 80-85% of the population2. Fishing activities has been identified as the main source of income for
people living in the coastal belt of Mullaitivu and Killinochchi. The Joint Needs Assessment conducted by
the UN in 2015 also observed clear disparities of incomes in this sector. Around 61% of families reported a
monthly income of less than SRL 10,000. Because of the low income, around 89% of the families have
adopted coping strategies to access food such as borrowing food/money. The same report found that 18%
had limited their food intake due to these issues. Furthermore, the upgrading is badly needed to create
more jobs. According to a 2015 report by the Northern Provincial Council (NPC), the existing marine and
lagoon-based fishery sector needs to be modernized so that the population can benefit from under-tapped
fishing grounds. As the province's legislative body, the NPC also recommends creating new aquaculture-
based industries, since the province boasts 40 percent of Sri Lanka's coastline.
Potential for linking the producers and processors with the value and supply chain are still high as demand
for fresh products from the exporters are still on the increasing trend. Market research coupled with a
strong marketing campaign has identified the potential to increase production of high value fruit crops by
400%. This can be achieved by a threefold increase in the number of growers and will be a source to create
more than 4,500 direct income generation opportunities for vulnerable people.
In the fisheries sector there is still potential for setting up aquaculture farms especially for prawns, mud
crabs and sea cucumber and will have potential to create greater employment for more vulnerable people
as demand for these products is huge in the national and international markets. A proposed programme, to
be implemented by the Asian Development Bank, to establish large scale hatcheries for mud crabs and sea
cucumber will be very conducive to develop the aquaculture sector in the North. Milady harbour, which is
no longer occupied by the Government, was the second largest harbour in the country. It is going to be
renovated with the funds from the government, and will be a production hub of wild catch fisheries that
will help create thousands of jobs especially for vulnerable young men and women in that area.
Secondary sector (food processing etc.) has not yet been developed as expected though there prevails a bi-
directional interdependence between agriculture and manufacturing sectors. Except in a few agro-based
industries the level of utilization of agricultural products (fishery, livestock and food crops) remains as
inputs at a low level.
Inception Phase
The ILO Office in Colombo has secured preliminary support for a 6 months inception from the Government
of Norway that allows for collation of necessary baseline data to devise strategies with a greater results and
impact orientation under this comprehensive joint programme.
More robust assessments will be needed such as extensive value chain development studies. The main
objectives of these studies are to identify untapped livelihood development opportunities, technological
and technical gaps, new market opportunities, environmental and resilience constraints, emerging needs of
small-scale farmers and fishermen, and also examine ways in which the project can further establish new
partnerships.
2 The Joint Need Assessment conducted by the UN in 2015 found that the role being played by the livestock sector had been
declining.
3
A gender assessment will also be conducted as a first step to enable gender sensitive planning and for the
promotion of gender equality. Efforts will be made for the collection of sex-disaggregated data that is
essential for mainstreaming gender issues.
Such assessment will support the development of a gender policy for the project from the onset, providing
direction, support, and clarification on the incorporation of gender issues and specific needs of both
women and men into project design and implementation. Furthermore, it will spell out the resources and
practical steps needed to involve women and men as equal partners in development interventions.
Target Region
The project is already in operation in the districts of Vavuniya, Killinochci, Mullativue. It also covers one
division in the district of Jaffna and Mannara. The project will extend its coverage to the Districts of Mannar
and Anuradhpura in the agricultural sector. In the fishery sector the targeted area is the Palk Bay and Gulf
of Mannar fishery, which includes the Districts of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mannar. Furthermore, the
preliminary results of the feasibility study that the ILO is currently undertaking show potential expansion of
the LEED approach in the North Central Province, where unemployment among youth in rural areas is
particularly high.
Target Sectors: Fishery, and Fruits and Vegetable Sectors
In both Fishery and Fruit and Vegetable sectors there will be an increased effort to encourage the
establishment of food processing industries to add value, retain wealth and create employment
opportunities locally. In addition, the potential to replicate the proven success of the Sivanarul social
enterprise to other enterprises and districts will be explored and pursued.
Fishery sector:
• During the inception phase the project plans to conduct gender and disability responsive value
chain studies in the fishery sector. The findings will be used to develop a more comprehensive
proposal for the next phase. The project will also conduct a value chain study for the fishery sector,
in order to explore new markets to be exploited.
• The project will develop new fishery value chains, such as sea cucumber, mud crab and cuttlefish
by setting up joint ventures with exporters and processors. The possibility of obtaining sustainably
sourced certification for these other species will also be pursued.
Fruits and Vegetable Sector:
The project will conduct value chain studies for the fruits and vegetable sector, in order to explore new
markets to be exploited.
Food processing sector
• The project will conduct a value chain study for the food processing sector, in order to explore new
markets to partnership and strengthening existing partnerships in order to create more value
added enterprises.
• More emphasis will be put on exploring possibilities on strengthening, and introducing new
forward and backward, market linkages with the primary agriculture, fisheries and other primary
sectors in order to bring more value-addition to products and greater access to market for the
primary producers.
• Appropriate technologies will be introduced in order to improve the productivity, quality and
design of products in order to compete better in the national and international market.
4
2. OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF STUDY
Objective
The main objective of this assignment is to conduct an assessment of the processed food industry in order
to identifying specific constraints to be addressed and to identify opportunities that can be leveraged
through project interventions to increasing production, income and employment for the rural poor.
Scope
The study will focus on horticulture (fruits and vegetables) and fishery subsectors, and probable value
chains to assess including (but are not limited to) cassava, papaya, coconut and moringa under horticulture,
and sea cucumber, mud crab and cuttlefish under fishery. The overall study will take place in two phases.
Phase 1 (referred to as ‘scoping stage’) will identify and select most potential value chains (5-7 in number)
under two subsectors mentioned above based on an agreed upon selection criteria. This stage should also
analyze the geographical context, the target groups and their socio-economic status. Time frame – 1.5
months.
Phase 2 (referred to as ‘assessment stage’) will analyze the selected value chains and at the end will come
up with appropriate interventions and facilitation guidelines. Time frame -3.5 months.
The source districts to be covered by the study include the districts of Vavuniya, Killinochci, Mullativue. It
also covers one division in the district of Jaffna and Mannara. The project will extend its coverage to the
Districts of Mannar and Anuradhpura in the agricultural sector. In the fishery sector the targeted area is
the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar fishery, which includes the Districts of Jaffna, Kilinochchi and Mannar.
Because of the nature of the value chain analysis, the study team is very likely to visit end markets to
interview value chain actors which may exist beyond the target districts and located in big cities including
Colombo. End markets beyond Sri Lanka will be identified and analysed based on interviews within Sri
Lanka and also desk research. That said, the value chain will be followed through-out Sri Lanka and
international linkages were existent will be identified and where non-exploited noted.
The value chain analysis will, as part of its analysis, identify untapped livelihood development
opportunities, technological and technical gaps, new market opportunities, environmental and resilience
constraints, emerging needs of small-scale farmers and fishermen, and also examine ways in which the
project can further establish new partnerships.
3. KEY TASKS AND OUTPUTS
The research team will conduct the following key tasks:
a. Review of the existing studies (see Appendix 2 for a preliminary list of existing value chain
studies as well as well as Appendix 3 on available trade data).
b. Scoping visits and training of field researchers.
c. Identify and select the most potential value chains through scoping mission/s
d. In-depth analysis of the identified value-chains as defined in section 2 above.
e. Review of income structure and other aspects of household finance of the farmers and
fishermen.
f. Data analysis and report writing.
Specifically, the Research Coordinator cum Consultancy or Research Institution (hereinafter “Coordinator”)
will:
• Assist the selection of consultants to comprise the research team for Phase I, which will include one
agri economist, one fishery expert, one statistician or data miner and 2 research assistants with
educational background preferably in agriculture and fishery;
5
• Take the lead in developing and finalizing the research tools in discussion with the ILO project NPC and
ILO Colombo Office;
• Demonstrate and provide oversight on the data collection methodology to the project team including
initial training and coaching in the field through scoping visits to Northern Province;
• Monitor the progress of data collection by the project team and provide quality control guidance
through weekly emails/phone calls / Skpe discussions;
• Aggregate the collected data and produce a draft report reflecting findings during the research;
• Reflect comments of the ILO and key stakeholders to finalize the Phase I and Phase II reports to the
satisfaction of the ILO;
• Report findings of the study and make presentation at workshops as required by the ILO.
The Coordinator will perform his/her function through several missions to Sri Lanka, supplemented by
supervision, analysis and report writing from his/her place of residence. The work plan including mission
plans for the Coordinator and the rest of the research team is presented in Appendix 4.
The following outputs will be produced through the study:
o Phase I report – Context analysis and VC selection by end of March 2018. This will contain the
following
� Review of available value chain literature of Sri Lanka of the target sectors;
� Assessment of target areas, people and their socio-economic context;
� Selection of value chains based on primary and secondary findings.
o Phase II report – VC analysis and program design by mid July 2018. This will contain the
following
� Outcome of the analysis of five-seven value-chains in Sri Lanka in the districts of
Vavuniya, Killinochci, Mullaitivu, one division in the district of Jaffna and Mannar as
well as the Palk Bay and Gulf of Mannar fishery, which includes the Districts of Jaffna,
Kilinochchi and Mannar; including the identification of untapped livelihood
development opportunities, technological and technical gaps, new market
opportunities, environmental and resilience constraints, emerging needs of small-scale
farmers and fishermen, and identifying ways in which the project can further establish
new partnerships that will open opportunities to further expand these value chains.
� Because Sri Lanka obtained GSP+ status last year with zero tariff export privilege for the
European market, the international competitiveness-cum-DW analysis will have to be
taken into account. Consequently a review of macro level dynamic competitiveness to
supplement existing knowledge base; � Sample case studies from selected regions on the income sources of farm households,
fisherman households, and other relevant aspects of household finances and labour
mobility;
� Preliminary recommendations and possible follow-up research questions.
Besides these reports, two workshops will be organized to present preliminary and final outcomes of the
study. Additional workshops to share the information more widely may be decided upon at a later stage
depending on the perceived usefulness of sharing the findings in a workshop setting with relevant actors.
The exact timing of the workshops will be decided later based on the initial findings and needs of the
donors.
4. DURATION OF THE ASSIGNMENT
The period of assignment will be from 19 February to end July 2018 divided into two phases: Phase I up
to end March and Phase II up to end July.
6
5. ADMINISTRATION, REPORTING AND COORDINATION
The Coordinator will be contracted through ILO Colombo Office. The Office space, equipment and other
logistical arrangements will not be provided to the Coordinator during the period of work from home, but
will be provided during missions in Sri Lanka.
The Coordinator will report to the Country Director of the ILO Colombo office. Under her overall
supervision, the external collaborator will liaise with the Employment Intensive Investment Programme
Specialist of the Decent Work Technical Support Team at the ILO Bangkok Office (DWT-Bangkok) and
relevant ILO Geneva Enterprise departments, who is primarily responsible for technical backstopping on
the proposed study.
6. QUALIFICATIONS AND EXPERIENCE
The Coordinator must have the following experience and skills to be able to perform the tasks of the TOR:
• Knowledge and experience in the area of business development services (BDS) market development
approach including value chain development (VCD).
• Experience with the ILO in the area of local economic development (LED) and VCD.
• Experience in managing multi-disciplinary studies in foreign countries, preferably in Sri Lanka.
• Ability to liaise properly with technical and administrative staff of international organizations.
• Ability to liaise properly with senior officials of the government and social partners.
• Exposure to value and principles of the thematic issue areas of the ILO as well as sensitivity to gender,
disadvantaged groups and diversity.
7
Appendix 1: a preliminary list of target sectors for the overall study
Agriculture and fruit sector
Mannar
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
95 61
Maize
331 1135
Sorghum
0 0
Meneri
0 0
Green Gram
239 220
Cowpea
395 294
Black Gram
2540 2463
Dhall
Soya Beans
0 0
Gingelly
503 222
Ground Nuts
667 1058
Musterd
22 13
Manioc
222 1567
Sweet
Potatoes
5 21
Potatoes
3 8
Red Onions
237 2376
Big Onions
30 348
Ginger
1 2
Tumeric
2 3
Luffa
12 233
Bandakka
109 1415
Brinjals
275 4071
Bitter Gourd 7 55
Snake Gourd 9 93
Cucumber 1 13
Ash Pumpkin 3 43
Red Pumpkin 4 62
Ash Plantain
120 3015
Tomatoe
67 851
Cabbage
26 498
Carrot
2 13
Knolkhol
0 0
Beetroot
7 15
Raddish
2 16
Beans
28 215
Leeks
0 0
Capsicum
82 780
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
0 0
8
Mannar
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
0 0
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
93 105
Cashew
56 592
Betel
11 11250
Orange
72 241
Limes
293 1781
Mangoes
220 1620
Plantain
368 145
Papaya
188 720
Pineapple
0 0
Passion Fruit
8 155
Jak
141 295
Bread Fruit
3 250
Sugar Cane
1 6
Chillies 34 79
Tabacco
Beedi
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
Anuradhapura
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
2100 2100
Maize
21634 63097
Sorghum
0 0
Meneri
0 0
Green Gram
560 583
Cowpea
723 711
Black Gram
5871 5593
Dhall
Soya Beans
501 1056
Gingelly
9600 7146
Ground Nuts
494 670
9
Anuradhapura
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Musterd
194 95
Manioc
645 5391
Sweet
Potatoes
78 663
Potatoes
0 0
Red Onions
19 159
Big Onions
1229 18953
Ginger
1 2
Tumeric
0 0
Luffa
550 3067
Bandakka
734 3927
Brinjals
1021 6913
Bitter Gourd 263 1942
Snake Gourd 141 1210
Cucumber 220 2470
Ash Pumpkin 180 1861
Red Pumpkin 1497 17395
Ash Plantain 463 3520
Tomatoe
254 1603
Cabbage
7 250
Carrot
0 0
Knolkhol
3 26
Beetroot
20 152
Raddish
5 33
Beans
81 461
Leeks
0 0
Capsicum
639 1230
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
1 0
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
4 2
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
92 98
Cashew
1116 124958
Betel
28 130
Orange
505 3094
Limes
679 13700
Mangoes
1571 26868
Plantain
1571 3023
Papaya
194 1543
Pineapple
2 5
Passion Fruit
0 0
10
Anuradhapura
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Jak
888 4464
Bread Fruit
73 423
Sugar Cane
6 3
Chillies
3183 13943
Tabacco
19 21
Beedi
4 2
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
Vavuniya
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
7 11
Maize
132 2131
Sorghum
0 0
Meneri
0 0
Green Gram
471 579
Cowpea
313 362
Black Gram
1268 1543
Dhall
Soya Beans
0 0
Gingelly
397 361
Ground Nuts
5377 10797
Musterd
0 0
Manioc
265 2159
Sweet
Potatoes
23 277
Potatoes
2 26
Red Onions
162 1826
Big Onions
17 305
Ginger
0 0
Tumeric
0 0
Luffa
0 0
Bandakka
107 1329
Brinjals
308 5019
Bitter Gourd 42 845
Snake Gourd 36 787
Cucumber 4 53
11
Vavuniya
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Ash Pumpkin 16 81
Red Pumpkin 66 669
Ash Plantain
Tomatoe
117 1528
Cabbage
11 481
Carrot
20 187
Knolkhol
2 14
Beetroot
12 231
Raddish
0 8
Beans
6 71
Leeks
0 0
Capsicum
69 554
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
0 0
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
0 0
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
14 19
Cashew
53 8710
Betel
0 0
Orange
43 288
Limes
98 4246
Mangoes
175 2608
Plantain
382 261
Papaya
29 163
Pineapple
71 52
Passion Fruit
3 45
Jak
104 64
Bread Fruit
0 0
Sugar Cane
0 0
Chillies 322 1909
Tabacco
Beedi 57 109
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
12
Mullaitivu
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
22 22
Maize
169 188
Sorghum
0 0
Meneri
0 0
Green Gram
362 363
Cowpea
212 241
Black Gram
197 198
Dhall
Soya Beans
0 0
Gingelly
74 59
Ground Nuts
452 690
Musterd
0 0
Manioc
210 3250
Sweet
Potatoes
8 67
Potatoes
8 48
Red Onions
134 1278
Big Onions
6 60
Ginger
0 0
Tumeric
0 0
Luffa
0 0
Bandakka
164 2449
Brinjals
235 3529
Bitter Gourd
Snake Gourd
Cucumber
Ash Pumpkin
Red Pumpkin
Ash Plantain
Tomatoe
76 895
Cabbage
7 86
Carrot
4 31
Knolkhol
2 14
Beetroot
6 72
Raddish
0 0
Beans
7 235
Leeks
0 0
Capsicum
48 437
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
0 0
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
0 0
13
Mullaitivu
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
0 0
Cashew
164 2788
Betel
0 0
Orange
12 5
Limes
57 825
Mangoes
160 182
Plantain
172 80
Papaya
30 55
Pineapple
0 0
Passion Fruit
0 0
Jak
120 88
Bread Fruit
0 0
Sugar Cane
0 0
Chillies
10.99184014 207.7553714
Tabacco
9.141481585 201.9770452
Beedi
7.291123024 196.1987189
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
Kilinocchi
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
0 0
Maize
38 125
Sorghum
1 2
Meneri
0 0
Green Gram
117 117
Cowpea
91 111
Black Gram
544 543
Dhall
Soya Beans
0 0
Gingelly
302 292
Ground Nuts
369 406
Musterd
0 0
Manioc
118 1920
14
Kilinocchi
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Sweet
Potatoes
13 137
Potatoes
18 213
Red Onions
50 870
Big Onions
58 841
Ginger
0 0
Tumeric
0 0
Luffa
2 26
Bandakka
27 402
Brinjals
70 1451
Bitter Gourd
Snake Gourd
Cucumber
Ash Pumpkin
Red Pumpkin
Ash Plantain
48 797
Tomatoe
38 390
Cabbage
4 56
Carrot
6 174
Knolkhol
1 6
Beetroot
0 0
Raddish
5 83
Beans
0 0
Leeks
1 8
Capsicum
75 1264
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
0 0
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
0 0
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
18 9
Cashew
590 19810
Betel
12 55867
Orange
38 258
Limes
68 3646
Mangoes
147 31222
Plantain
362 434
Papaya
110 1475
Pineapple
0 0
Passion Fruit
0 0
Jak
59 330
Bread Fruit
5 146
15
Kilinocchi
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Sugar Cane
0 0
Chillies
Tabacco
Beedi
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
Jaffna
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Kurakkan
254 251
Maize
41 66
Sorghum
0 0
Meneri
10 9
Green Gram
145 108
Cowpea
88 103
Black Gram
91 76
Dhall
Soya Beans
3 2
Gingelly
408 264
Ground Nuts
58 52
Musterd
0 0
Manioc
275 3744
Sweet
Potatoes
11 102
Potatoes
209 801
Red Onions
1865 18073
Big Onions
544 4281
Ginger
0 0
Tumeric
0 0
Luffa
7 39
Bandakka
276 2774
Brinjals
401 4787
Bitter Gourd 60 357
Snake Gourd 103 1304
Cucumber 1 8
Ash Pumpkin 35 273
Red Pumpkin 828 5852
16
Jaffna
Product 2009
2015
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Extent
(hectares)
Production
(MT)
Ash Plantain
377 3230
Tomatoe
246 1896
Cabbage
125 1328
Carrot
195 1423
Knolkhol
9 49
Beetroot
234 1739
Raddish
20 156
Beans
72 406
Leeks
58 461
Capsicum
75 380
Cinnamon
0 0
Coffee
0 0
Cocoa
0 0
Pepper
0 0
Cardamons
0 0
Cloves
0 0
Nutmeg
Arecanut
97 68
Cashew
26 814
Betel
37 32115
Orange
72 359
Limes
168 2851
Mangoes
709 5604
Plantain
531 454
Papaya
130 1357
Pineapple
3 30
Passion Fruit
0 0
Jak
420 1781
Bread Fruit
33 72
Sugar Cane
3 12
Chillies 227 554
Tabacco
Beedi 671 1195
0 = negligible
Blank cells = no data available
Source: http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/hcrops/index.html
17
Fisheries sector
Districts
Product Maillaitivu Kilinochchi Jaffna Mannar Puttalam
Production
(MT) 2015
Production
(MT) 2015
Production
(MT) 2015
Production
(MT) 2015
Production
(MT) 2015
Thora (Seer) 390 380 860 890 980
Paraw (Carnagids) 1,760 1,500 3,990 2,470 2,360
Balaya (Skipjack) 640 260 1,440 2,720 5,190
Kelawalla (Yellofin) 170 110 60 550 1,790
Tuna like fishes
(Blood fishes) 90 930 2,990 2,940 2,180
Thalapath (Other
bill fish) 10 1,600 1,200 1,800
Mora/Maduwa
(Sharks/Skates) 70 420 590 250 430
Rock fish (Mullets) 70 1,710 3,570 1,150 3,820
Shore Seine (Small
fish) 1,270 4,960 8,200 3,610 18,200
Prawns 3,390 1,320 3,320 990 3,800
Lobsters 71010 40 70 80 40
Crabs 130 960 1,070 510 1,810
Others 1,380 1,200 1,530 2,030 1,390
Total: 10,080 13,800 29,290 19,390 43,790
Marine Fish Production by District and Major Commercial Groups – 2015
Source: Statistics Unit, Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development
18
Appendix 2: A preliminary list of existing sector studies
Fisheries
Annual Fisheries Statistics 2016
http://www.fisheries.gov.lk/documents/c5px3hp60mxw2aqdbz8v5wks4.pdf
Common fish types in Sri Lanka (not by districts)
http://www.fisheries.gov.lk/documents/Fish%20species%20List.pdf
Please refer to page 54 of the Central Bank Socio-Economic Data 2016 on Production by
Provice on Marine and Inland FIsh
http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/pics_n_docs/10_pub/_docs/statistics/other/Socio_Econ_Data_2016
_e.pdf
Fruit & Vegetable
See excel. Additionally I don’t have the data, but the cooperatives should have data on
Murunga leaves and Kassava as well (Ask Vasu for most recent updated data).
(2) A preliminary list of existing sector studies undertaken in Sri Lanka (by whomever) in all
and any of these (sub-)sectors in the northern and north-central provinces of Sri Lanka.
Fisheries
• Fisheries Industry Outlook – 2015 published by Socio-Economic and Marketing
Research Division, National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
(NARA).
http://www.nara.ac.lk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/2015-Fisheries-Outlook-1.pdf
• The labour conditions of Sri Lanka's deep-sea fishworkers by Steve Creech (ILO
Consultant - see attachment for soft copy)
• Dahdouh-Guebas, F., Zetterström, T., Rönnbäck, P., Troell, M., Wickramasinghe, A.,
& Koedam, N. (2002). Recent changes in land-use in the Pambala–Chilaw lagoon
complex (Sri Lanka) investigated using remote sensing and GIS: conservation of
mangroves vs. development of shrimp farming. Environment, development and
sustainability, 4(2), 185-200.3
http://www.vub.ac.be/mangrove/publications/DGB2002b.pdf
• Soosai Siluvaithasan, A., & Stokke, K. (2006). Fisheries under fire: Impacts of war and
challenges of reconstruction and development in Jaffna fisheries, Sri Lanka. Norsk
Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 60(3), 240-248.
https://s3.amazonaws.com/academia.edu.documents/31581953/Fisheries_under_fi
re.pdf?AWSAccessKeyId=AKIAIWOWYYGZ2Y53UL3A&Expires=1516855405&Signatur
e=Ak03hUkye%2Bei573Bke8R5je6sSc%3D&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3DFisheries_under_Fire_Impacts_of_War_and.
• Samarayanke, R. A. D. B. (2003). Review of national fisheries situation in Sri Lanka.
In Assessment management and future directions for coastal fisheries in Asian
countries. WorldFish Center Conference Proceedings (Vol. 67, No. 1, p. 110).
http://pubs.iclarm.net/resource_centre/AMF_Chapter-35-FA.pdf
• De Silva, D. A. M., & Yamao, M. (2006). The involvement of female labor in seafood
processing in Sri Lanka: impact of organizational fairness and supervisor evaluation
3 This may have been a bit off as it focused on shrimp farming, but we know that other agencies have encouraged
shrimp farming without understanding the impact on sustainability.
19
on employee commitment. In Global symposium on gender and fisheries(pp. 103-
114).
http://home.hiroshima-
u.ac.jp/~yamao/English/files/achinithe_involvement_of_female_labor_i.pdf
• FAO (2017) Proceedings of the South Asia FAO-BOBLME Regional Consultation on
the Implementation of the Voluntary Guidelines for Securing Sustainable Small-Scale
Fisheries in the Context of Food Security and Poverty Eradication
http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7164e.pdf
• FAO (2017) Social protection to foster sustainable management of natural resources
and reduce poverty in fisheries-dependent communities http://www.fao.org/3/a-
i6880e.pdf4
• FAO (2013) Improving access to micro-finance for small-scale fishers in Sri Lanka
http://www.fao.org/publications/card/en/c/8f9812f6-7f56-4683-b461-
fed9202edb62/
• FAO (2006) http://www.fao.org/fi/oldsite/FCP/en/LKA/profile.htm
• P. Wijesekara (2016) Information Gaps and Offshore Fishery in Sri Lanka.
http://www.kdu.ac.lk/library/images/publications/Information-Gaps-and-Offshore-
Fishery-in-Sri-Lanka.pdf
Fruits & Vegetables
• Sri Lanka Export Development Board (2013), Sri Lankan Fresh Fruit & Vegetable
Sector. http://www.srilankabusiness.com/pdf/fruit_and_vegetable.pdf
• AL, Sandika (2011) Impact of Middlemen on Vegetable Marketing Channels in Sri
Lanka. http://www.agri.ruh.ac.lk/tare/pdf/V_14.3/(3)AEC%2010%2001.pdf
• Presentation on Export Promotion and Market Access
http://www.ips.lk/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Sri-Lanka_new.pdf
• Institute of Post Harvest Technology (2011) Annual Report
https://www.parliament.lk/uploads/documents/paperspresented/annual_report_in
stitute_of_post_harvest_technology_2011.pdf
• http://www.statistics.gov.lk/agriculture/
4 This may have been a bit off as it focuses on shrimp farming, but we know that other agencies have encouraged
shrimp farming without understanding the impact on sustainability.
20
Appendix 3: Available trade data relating to relevant sub-sectors • Central Bank of Sri Lanka, External Sector.
http://www.cbsl.gov.lk/htm/english/08_stat/s_3.html
• World Bank https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/LKA
• Department of Statistics http://www.statistics.gov.lk/Pocket%20Book/chap09.pdf
• WTO
http://stat.wto.org/CountryProfile/WSDBCountryPFView.aspx?Language=E&Country=LK
• Sri Lanka Export Development Board (2014), Performance of the Export Sector of Sri
Lanka
http://www.srilankabusiness.com/pdf/performance_of_exports_2014.pdf
• Netherlands Enterprise Agency (2017) Potentials and opportunities for the Dutch
horticultural sector in Sri Lanka
https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2016/10/Horticulture-Sector-Study-Sri-Lanka-
September-2016-FINAL-Compleet.pdf
• FCCIS (2017) Eliminating non-tarrif barriers on sri Lanka to improve trade with SAARC
Countries on selected products. http://www.fccisl.lk/files/docs/NTM-to-be-printed-
draft-copy.pdf
21
Appendix 4: Work plan
TBD
