KNOWLEDGE INCUBATION FOR TEQIP

IIT KANPUR

TEQIP Short Term Course

on

Fundamental and Characterization of Solar Cells FUNSOL 2019

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur February 19-23, 2019

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ABOUT

Solar Energy is one of the most promising sources of energy to meet

the increasing energy demand as well as for curtailing environment

deterioration due to the use of

fossil fuels. India, blessed with

abundant incident Solar Energy

and many sunny days throughout

the year, can benefit immensely

from deployment of solar

photovoltaic (PV) technologies and

by creating an ecosystem around it

to promote its usage. It also needs to engage in the research and

development on new

solar-PV

technologies to

become self-reliant

and a dominant force

in Solar PV

development and

manufacturing in

time to come. This

requires training

efforts to develop

well qualified manpower in this area which is the motivation behind

this short-term course. The course aimed to deliver concepts related to

solar PV and provide a hands-on experience to the participants,

especially the research students through various lab-sessions.

Topics Discussed

Introduction to Semiconducting Materials

Interactions of light with the materials

Semiconductor junctions and PV devices

Solar PV device characteristics

General material science basics with respect to solar

photovoltaics

Photovoltaic technologies: Design, Processing and Materials

First generation: Single and Polycrystalline Si

Second generation: Thin films PV (a-Si, CdTe and CIGS)

Third generation: Organics, Dye Sensitized Cells,

Perovskites

Multijunction solar cells

Measurement techniques for devices and materials

Design of Modules and Balance of Systems

Laboratory sessions

Demonstrations on the fabrication of solar cells based on

inorganic (specifically CZTS semiconductor),

Organics/Perovskites.

Demonstrations on the I-V measurements using a solar-

simulator and quantum efficiency measurements.

Hands-on analysis of measurement data for extracting the solar

cell characteristics.

Exposure to materials characterisation tools for Solar PV

ORGANIZERS

1. Dr. Ashish Garg

Associate Professor

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

2. Dr. Raju Kumar Gupta

Associate Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

3. Dr. Sarang Ingole

Associate Professor

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

LIST OF SPEAKERS

1. Dr. Ashish Garg

Associate Professor

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

2. Dr. Raju Kumar Gupta

Associate Professor

Department of Chemical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

3. Dr. Sarang Ingole

Associate Professor

Department of Materials Science and Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

4. Dr. Sandeep Anand

Assistant Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Web-page

PARTICIPATING INSTITUTES

S.

No

State Institutes No. of

Registered

Participants

1. Uttar

Pradesh

IIT Kanpur 01

2. Centre for Advanced Studies, AKTU 01

3. Madan Mohan Malaviya University of

Technology, Gorakhpur

07

4. Uma Nath Singh Institute of

Engineering & Technology

02

5. Bundelkhand Institute of Engineering

and Technology, Jhansi

03

6. Kamla Nehru Institute of Technology,

Sultanpur

01

7. Bihar Darbhanga College of Engineering

Darbhanga

02

8. Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of

Technology, Chapra, Bihar

02

9. Uttarakhand Bipin Chandra Tripathi Kumaon

Engineering College, Dwarahat

05

10. Haryana Guru Jambheshwar University of

Science & Technology, Hisar

05

11. Jharkhand University College of Engineering and

Technology, Vinoba Bhave University

Hazaribagh

01

12. Punjab Punjab Engineering College,

Chandigarh

02

13. Andaman &

Nicobar

Dr B R Ambedkar Institute of

Technology Port Blair

01

TOTAL 33

STATEWISE PARTICIPATION

UP, 15, 46%

Bihar, 4, 12%

Uttarakhand, 5, 15%

Jharkhand, 1, 3%

Haryana, 5, 15%

Punjab, 2, 6%Andaman & Nicobar

, 1, 3%

UP Bihar Uttarakhand Jharkhand Haryana Punjab Andaman & Nicobar

SCHEDULE

Day-1, February 19, Tuesday

Time Event

9:00 – 9:30 Registration/ Inauguration

9:30 – 11:00

Introduction to the Course

Semiconductors

Dr. Sarang Ingole

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 13:00

Semiconductor Physics

Transport Generation

Recombination

Dr. Sarang Ingole

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00 – 15:30 P-N Junction Diode and Analysis

Dr. Sarang Ingole

15:30 – 16:00 Tea Break

16:00 – 17:30

Lab sessions

AC Hall

Four Probe

Electrical Measurements

Day-2, February 20, Wednesday

Time Event

9:30 – 11:00

Metal –Semiconductor Junctions

Materials Characterization

Manufacturing Processes: An Overview

Dr. Sarang Ingole

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 13:00

Continued…

Metal –Semiconductor Junctions

Materials Characterization

Manufacturing Processes: An Overview

Dr. Sarang Ingole

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00 – 17:30

Lab session

Device fabrication demonstration and device measurements

Day-3, February 21, Wednesday

Time Event

9:30 – 11:00

Solar Cell Fundamentals

(Device Characteristics)

Dr. Sarang Ingole

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 13:00 Device Characterization

Dr. Sarang Ingole

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00 – 17:30 Lab session

Device simulation

Day-4, February 22, Wednesday

Time Event

9:30 – 11:00 First Generation Solar Cells

Dr. Sarang Ingole

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 13:00 Second Generation Solar Cells

Dr. Sarang Ingole

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00 – 17:30

Lab session

Device fabrication demonstration and device measurements

Day-5, February 23, Thursday

Time Event

9:30 – 11:00 Second and Third Generation Solar Cells

Dr. Sarang Ingole

11:00 – 11:30 Tea Break

11:30 – 13:00 Third Generation Solar Cells

Dr. Sandeep Anand

13:00 – 14:00 Lunch Break

14:00 – 17:30

Module Design

Balance of Systems

Cleaning of Solar Modules

Dr. Ashish Garg

OUTCOME

This course received an overwhelming response from TEQIP colleges all

over India. Teachers and students from electrical, material science,

mechanical and chemical engineering background attend this course. The

course motivated participants to enhance their research by introducing

them to various research going on in this field and gave them an idea on

what more can be done/needs to be done to further improve this area of

research. Lectures backed up with lab visits and hands-on experiments

gave participants a deeper learning experience. Participants were

introduced to different aspects of PV development and manufacturing.

They learned about various characteristics of Solar PV devices through

lectures and lab-visit and were very much motivated to propagate

research collaborations in this field with IIT Kanpur faculty.

Course Webpage https://www.teqipiitk.in/workshop/2018/fundamentals-

of-solar-cells/

Report on TEQIP Course on “Fundamentals and Characterization of Solar Cells”

held during February 19 – 23, 2019 at IIT Kanpur

Course Co-ordinators: Dr. Ashish Garg (MSE), Dr. Raju Gupta (ChE) and Dr. Sarang Ingole (MSE)

IIT Kanpur

Background Solar energy is one of the most promising sources of energy to meet the increasing energy demand as well

as for curtailing environment deterioration due to the use of fossil fuels. Solar-photovoltaics (solar- PV) or

solar-cells convert the incident solar radiation directly into electricity which can then be stored in batteries

or fed to the power-grid with the help of transformers and other control systems. India being blessed with

abundant incident solar energy can benefit immensely from deployment of solar-PV technologies and by

creating an ecosystem around it to promote its usage. Therefore, it needs to engage in the research and

development of solar-PV technologies to become self-reliant and a dominant force in their development and

manufacturing in near future. This requires training efforts to develop well qualified manpower in this area,

which is the motivation behind this short-term course. The present course aimed at delivering the concepts

related to solar-PV as well as the demonstrations on the fabrication of solar-cells and their characterization.

Hands-on experience was also provided for the use of an existing software package for predicting solar-cell

characteristics.

Objectives Objectives of the course were

1. Introduce fundamental concepts related to the electronic and optical properties of semiconductors. 2. Discuss in detail, the p-n junction diode characteristics both qualitatively and quantitatively, with and without illumination. 3. Familiarize with the first, second and third generation PV-technologies.

4. Familiarize with the characterization techniques for materials as well as solar-cells.

5. Provide demonstrations for complete fabrication process and characterization of solar-cells.

Organizers Report

6. Familiarize with the modules, balance-of-systems, cleaning issues for modules.

Course Details The proposed course has covered the following topics:

1. Semiconductors and their electronic and optical properties. Specifically, the electron energy-bands

and band-gaps, density of states, optical absorption coefficient and its dependence on the energy of

the incident photon and direct and indirect band-gap in the semiconductors, charge-carrier

generation and recombination, defects in semiconductors and the influence on recombination-

generation kinetics, mobility of charge carriers, life-time and diffusion length.

2. p-n junction diodes and photovoltaic-action. Concept of built-in electric field, depletion region and

its width as a function of doping, drift and diffusion current. Forward-bias and reverse-bias

characteristics under dark and under illumination. Photo-excited electron-hole pairs (excitons), their

dissociation and the dielectric constant of semiconductors. Origin of the series and shut-resistances

and their effect on the current-voltage characteristics of a solar-cell. Short-circuit current and open-

circuit voltage. Maximum power, fill-factor. Equivalent electrical circuit. Effect of band-gap and

spectrum on the efficiency of a solar-cell. Thermodynamic limit of a single junction solar-cell.

Quantum efficiency of a solar-cell as a function of incident photon energy and using this

characteristic to diagnose the regions in a cell having low charge-carrier life-time.

3. Characterization of materials and devices. The basis of structural characterization technique X-ray

diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray analysis for determination of

elemental composition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic-force microscopy, transmission-

electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Solar-simulator and its design. Optical characterization

using ellipsometry, Raman, photoluminescence, UV-Vis spectroscopy. Demonstration on extracting

band-gap from absorption characteristics of a semiconductor.

4. Introduction to solar-cell manufacturing processes and demonstration for solar-cell fabrication at

laboratory scale. Thin-film deposition, physical and chemical deposition techniques for metals,

semiconductors and insulators; specifically, thermal evaporation, sputtering, ion-beam deposition,

pulsed-laser ablation, chemical-vapor deposition, atomic-layer deposition, sol-gel combined with

spin-coating. Issues with film deposition. Laboratory demonstrations for complete solar-cell

fabrication based on inorganic semiconductor Cu2ZnSnS4 and organic semiconductor PCBM, followed

by their I-V characteristics under dark and AM1.5G illumination.

5. First, second and third-generation PV-technologies, issues and motivation behind the higher-

generation technologies. The advantages and challenges. Mono-crystalline silicon (Si), III-V,

amorphous-Si, poly-Si, CIGS, CdTe, multi-junction III-V PV-devices, Perovskite based PV-device, Die-

sensitized-solar-cells (DSSC), Organic solar cells (OSC).

6. Hands-on session for using the SCAPS1D software package for defining the layers of a full solar-cell

and obtaining its characteristics as a function of various parameters such as, defect density and their

spatial and energetic location, band-gap grading through compositional grading.

7. Modules, bypass diodes. Balance-of-system. Cleaning of modules.

Support from the facilities All the instructions were held in the PBCEC class-room at the Visitor-Hostel, IITK. Demonstrations for

the solar-cell fabrication and their characterization were conducted using various facilities that have

been developed at the laboratories of course-coordinators through various government funded projects

and the institute support. A team of the Ph.D., M.Tech. students and project-staff conducted these

demonstration sessions. Characterization facilities and the technical-staff at the Advanced Centre for

Materials Science (ACMS) supported the demonstrations for XRD, SEM, EDX, and Hall-measurements.

The computer-centre facility and the staff supported a session for simulation of solar-cells conducted by

the Ph.D. students.

Participants

There were total 44 participants out of which 27 were from TEQIP mentored institutes. Remaining 17

participants were under QIP program which included few sponsored participants. The group of

participants was a mix of faculties, Ph.D. and M.Tech. students as well as one representative from an

industry. The course was well received by the participants.

Plan

Looking at the response received, we plan to continue conducting this course with further

improvements such as more hands-on sessions, discussions. This would require longer durations for

the course and more resources to support the hands-on sessions.

Acknowledgements

We were able to completely focus on the course without having to worry about logistics, accommodation,

food etc. because of the support and impeccable arrangements by the team at the TEQIP office. The TEQIP

team was very instrumental in facilitating the movement of participants between the laboratories,

facilities spread across the institute. This workshop would not have been successful without their constant

and active support. This also motivates us to conduct more courses under the TEQIP programme. We also

acknowledge the support provided by the faculty conveners of the XRD and SEM facilities in ACMS on a short

notice, as well as the support from the Head of the computer-centre.

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SUMMARY of FACULTY FEEDBACK

Workshop

What were your key takeaways from this event? Get so much clarity regarding solar cell and the knowledge I get I surely propagate to my students so

that they also attend this much impressive workshops in future.

The software knowledge and the experimental practices and equipment

It is very helpful for the getting research in the area of the solar PV. Main thing is that we get the

laboratories visit for the better understanding.

Too long lectures

Research Ideas

Workshop

Lot of good experience of labs and knowledge.

Lab demonstrations

To develop solar energy

Additional feedback on logistics: ● Everything is awesome

● Very well organized

● The logistics was good enough.

● Overall it's fine

● Practical session by candidates, 2 week course length

● excellent

● Good

● Conduction of long term will help

● Place of accommodation and dinner at very far distance and no facility for attending dinner

● Everything was wonderful

Suggest specific topic that you would like additional expert lectures on: As I am from the power system background I want to do seminars on GIS, HTLS technology.

Practical software problem and solution

Solar Modules/Panels

Fluid behavior, heat transfers related areas

How to install solar energy in island

Semiconductor device, Mobile communication,5G technology

Any additional comments regarding the sessions or overall agenda? Duration of seminar is little bit shorter.

Very good experience

Accommodation must be better

Can be more detailed if increase the duration.

Longer duration minimum of 2 weeks

No comments

Any overall feedback for the event? Everything is excellent.

Like the event

Very good

Appreciable

Satisfied

It was very good

All the events start timely overall good but need small improvement that place of accommodation &

dinner are at very far distance and no facility for going there in dinner. We manage our self during

night to go for dinner.

Great arrangements with excellent Classes

Teaching

Teaching

How can TEQIP help improve your teaching?

These initiatives by teqip is good this makes the awareness beyond the professionals what is going on

in real word.

Improve methodology with the practical relevance to the latest trends in the subject areas

With such type of courses we have an exposure for the various lab sessions which provide better

understanding of the topic.

Availing the STC on relevant subjects

Adding research ideas in solar field

Very much

Through workshops and short term courses and research helps.

Providing necessary guidance and support

In various way TEQIP help in teaching

Meet with subject expert gain knowledge from expert etc

By arranging Fdp

Which subjects do you teach? Power system, Electrical Machines, Measurement

Electrical engineering

I am Faculty at EE department so my teaching subject is Basic electrical and electrical machines

Non-conventional Energy Resources, Chemical Process Technologies,

Image processing, Digital design

Instrumentation

Thermodynamics, egg graphics

Engineering physics, mechanics, semiconductor physics, electromagnetic theory

Optoelectronics devices

Signal & system, Analogue Electronics, digital electronics

Ic engine, Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics

What is average student to teacher ratio in your institute? 24:1

15:1

15:1

20:1

20:1

20:1

15:1

22:1

45:1

10:1

Research

Research

How can TEQIP help improve your research? By providing all the relevant practice about the technical area and research requirements after Enquiry

from the individual and then collaborating the need together

By organising such course at the best institutions of India Teqip provide an excellent chance for going

into good research.

By providing sufficient fund and infrastructure

Adding new research idea and exposure to state of art lab facilities

Very much

Collaborative research with IIT Kanpur

By providing necessary collaboration

By providing guidance and facility

SUMMARY of STUDENT FEEDBACK

Workshop

Workshop

What were your key take away from this event? Knowledge

New Research ideas in solar cell

It helps me to get knowledge of all the necessary tools

Better idea for my Research. This workshop was very useful and advance.

PV knowledge

Wonderful memories, experience

Wonderful experience

A lot of knowledge and memories

Nice arrangements of event

Additional feedback on logistics:

No

None

Good

No

Everything is perfect.

Excellent

Kindly provide accommodation for extra two or three so that we can also see the culture of

surroundings

It was wonderful

Accommodation near to workshop

Suggest specific topic that you would like additional expert lectures on:

Practical Hands on session on Solar cell module design.

Robotics

All the speakers are expert in their topics, friendly, always ready to help. I think there is no need of

improvement. Over all session was great.

Latest technology in PV system and PV hybrid system to enhance the efficiency

Quantum dot

Industrialists or start-up

Practice of software use

Any additional comments regarding the sessions or overall agenda? ● Personally, I am very grateful to all professors, attendants, staffs, and Teqip that they gave me the

opportunity to learn here.

● Over all session was good.

● Excellent

● Excellent

● Kindly ensure break of atleast 5 min after every one hour

● Need extra time for discussion

● Good

Any overall feedback for the event? Very Good

It was excellent

Everything was perfect.

It was excellent

Excellent

Excellent

Great one

Best

Learning

What is your area of specialization?

Thin films and nanoparticle

Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Material Science, Neuroscience.

Mechatronics

Nano materials

Energy Storage Devices

Renewable energy and solar PV system

Solar cell

Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Applications

Electronics

Solid state physics

How can TEQIP help improve your learning?

By organizing more events like this.

I specially request teqip to organize such a course on topics like Artificial Intelligence, Machine

Learning, Medical imaging, Neuroscience.

By making this kind of more events

By organising such type of conferences

Very helpful to decide the work plan and tackle the problems for my research.

By providing TA and DA and other financial assistance

Provide followship to m.tech students

By supporting our application for international travel support to present our paper

By providing lecture and guidance on the particular topics

Provide long term course learning and research prospective

Research

Research

How can TEQIP help improve your research? By providing more opportunities like this

I have submitted my PhD thesis on medical imaging (image processing). So, I request to TEQIP to

offer me a post-doctoral fellow post to serve, to improve my learning at IIT Kanpur.

By making more kind of this events

It is a media for us to get in touch with other research groups

Very helpful to decide the work plan and tackle the problems for my research.

I want to complete my M. tech dissertation under supervision of Dr Sandeep Anand sir .I need

financial assistance from TEQIP and also I want to do my PHD from IIT Kanpur under supervision of

Dr. Sandeep Anand sir

Provide area for simulation

By funding our project implementations at respective institutions

By getting in touch with experts of the following fields

Provide long term course and accommodation