Temperature„biological clock“

Temperature influences development, physiology and reproduction of most organisms.

Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 102)

Each organism has its temperature requirements

Influence of temperature and net photosynthesis

Fig. 6.6, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 110)

Endotherms vs. Ectotherms

Fig

. 4

0.1

2, C

am

pb

ell

& R

ee

ce

7th

ed

. (p

. 8

34

)

Fig. 7.13, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 148)

Thermodynamics and the organism sizesmall object do have relatively larger surface to their volume….

Fig. 7.14, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 149)

„Price“of stable body temperature

hmotnost v kg

Fig. 7.11, Smith & Smith 6th ed. (p. 147)

„Regulation“ of body temperature by some ectotherms

Cost of metabolism

85 kg aligator needs 60 kcal/per day under 20°C

85 kg human needs 1600 kcal/per day under 20°C

In case ectotherms – poikilothermic organisms the rate of development depends on temperature of the environment.

Fig. 33.36, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 661)

It is possible to use accumulated temperature to estimate developmental stage of ectoterm….as a „biological clock“.

Fig. 33.36, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 661)

Principle of calculations of degree days (°C)

• There is a base temperature e.g. 5 or 10°C)

• Development starts only over this threshold.

• For each degree above the base temperature 1 Degree day is accumulated…

• Total number of degree-days for reaching individual life stages (e.g. pupa, blooming etc.) is more or less constant!!!

Fig. 45.1, Campbell & Reece 7th ed. (p. 943)

degree days (°C)

10

24 hodin

Calculation of DD with lower and upper thresholds

Formula….

where TMAX andTMIN are daily temp. extremes.

base temperature e.g. 10°C;

t

i

iTMINTMAXtDS i

1

2/)()(

In Reality

Application of DD

• Introduction of new crops• Pest and disease monitoring and prognosis• Monitoring of alergen plants…..etc.

Vine production in the New York stateMinimum temp. requirement is 2200 DS (base of 50°F)= 1222°C (base ~ 10°C)

Introduction of new crops/cultivars

Pest and diseases monitoring

Gypsy moth

Evalution of the pest and disease risk

Gypsy moth study

Gypsy mothAssumed male flight dates

(Régniere a Sharov, 1999)

Potential niche….

Concept of potential niche

Actual range does not have to correspond with potential niche!!

Why it is so popular?

Enables:

1) better results of field studies

2) map potential risk of introduction of non-native species

3) better define protected areas

4) serve as a warning systém (e.g. climate change)

Red -

new observations

Blue/Yellow -older observation

Green -

model BIOCLIM

Regent Honeyeater

Improvement of field studies

Invasive species projection

Thuiller et al. 2005

South Africa Biomes projection

Highway iceplant

Thuiller et al. 2005

Carpobrotus edulis

Mapovat nebezpečí invazivních druhů

Thuiller et al. 2005

Odhad počtu druhů a směrů šíření (díky obchodu a cestovnímu ruchu) –číslo indikuje počet druhů jejichž zavlečení reálně připadá v úvahu

Life cycle Damage

European corn borer

ECB – present area• Originally Europe /Asia species

• It can survive on number of species (potatoes, sorghum, peppers,hemp or corn)

• Extremely adaptable

• It managed to colonize 2/3 of USA in just over 80 years

• Sharp increase of damage caused by ECB in the CR during 1990´s

ECAMON – model for ECB evaluation

ECAMON – výskyty Zavíječe kukuřičného1961-1990

ECAMON – výskyty Zavíječe kukuřičného1991-2000

ECAMON estimates vs. real damage