1|zs0 Listen and repeat. Then act out.

Direct speech

She sai4 "l can't drive."She said to me, "l can't drive."She told me, "l can't drive."

Reported speech

She said (that) she couldn't drive.

She said to me (that) she couldn't drive.She told me (that) she couldn't drive.

me notto worry.Yousaid bhe dentist,would

be painleaa.,'....\gi

0h dear, Did'..he hurt, you?,

Direct speeeh is the exact words someone Reported speech is the exact meaning ofsaid. To show the direct speech we put the what someone said but not the exact words.words said in quotation marks. "l'll go to We do not use quotation marks in ReportedLondon," she sald. speech. She sald she would go to London.

Say - Tell

We can use say and tell both in Direct and Reported speech. Tell is always followed by apersonal object (told me). Say is used with or without a personal object. When it is usedwith a personal object say is always followed by to (said to me).

Expressions with say

Expressions with tell

say good morning levening, efc. say something lnothing, say afewwords, say so, efc.

tellthe truth, tell a lie, tell sb the time, tellsb one's name, tell.a story,tell a secret, tell sb the way, tell one from another, etc.

{,' l,lo - but he wasn't ao painleee ao you aaid.lr t

?99-u"q?"h-9.u-r-!.?-?.y'.!.y!."r.!! j!-!.ip.!.1_q!!1"

{Ji Fill in: say of telf in the correct form.

1 Can you , . . tell - . me what time the film starls?

2 She , . . she would never speak to him

again.

3 I promiseto .......... thetruth, thewholetruthand nothing but the truth.

4 Who , you I wasn't going to the party?

5 Bob promised to . . .. . . .. .. nothing about it toanyone.

6 Sometimes it's hard to .. *,..,... onetwin from

the other.

7 She always ., . good morning to her

neighbours.

B I couldn't believe what he ., . to me.

9 Please , . , me what happened!

10 "Goandtidyyourroom,"she ......, toherson.

109

ffi ! Reported Speech

Wg Can feDort: A ctaramanra Dreport: A statements B questions C commands, requests, suggestions:::''

:',' : Reported Statementsa::: : ,:;. ':

:,,,t ' l"J:ff1".F::l""ll"^y,":r^":r:1:1T_s ygrb (3v..1 teil, exptain, erc.) followed by a fhar-clause.ln spoken Engrish that can be omittedi. i" ra,ia,-'i reej siit<." i;;;;l(;#rfi: iJrX::;.:'" ' o Pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the context.

yesterday' last night / week / month I year the day before, the previous night / week / month / yeartomorrow, next week / month / year theloilowing day./ the day after, the foilowing /next week / month / year

iYo Ou^ / months / years, etc. ago two days / months / years, etc. before

when the reporting verb is in ilre past, the verb tenses change as foilows:

Direct speech Reported speechpresent simple"Tom needs a new bike,,, Dad said. B5trt#?f, needed a new bike.present continuousTn" i i,iwli,, she saia SI:::IJHT!] watcnins Npresent perfectruiiliiiJiJi"shesard past perrect

She sard he had just left.

i:lii,":i {riour ago,"she sarrL ' past simple or past perfect

i past continuous she said he (had) teft an hour before

, [::j^; ; ;illh'e Ner ar tu o o, c t o c k y e ste r d ay,,, i!T#il,T:J#,ffi] f".J;:*"Jjffi T"

;, "- "-'"' Net at two o'clock the day beforefuture

conditional

i'He'tt be back in an hour,,' she sard ;##';: woutd be back in an hour.

present perfect continuous

rjF::::i,,:.:,:r ;:::?," ::::oo $::::J,Tj ;:l,ffiT"ro,nn since mornins.la::!a:!aalia::3:a:.atigit L:i t*a'.1|.a:.,ta*!i:t !itasira*:ra.aj!.qraaa:t*.a*i.l

Direct speech

Direct speech

tonight, today, this week / month / yearnow

now that

Reported speech

Reported speech

that night, that day, that week / month / yearthen, at that time, at once, immediately

since

He said, "nr rend you my taptop." He said (that)'he wouti teii me me his raptop.

' ,,,'," t Time words and tenses can change as follows depending on the time reference:

i ,,,,,--,seL retL, D,rv udru-

!, past simpte

i "He left an hour ago,,,she sard.

ll"T:i':;?t"Hi"'in1'rT;t".'t the past simpte, in reported speech ir can chans" into tn" f".t

"l was late for school," Jane said. Jane said she was I had been tate for school.lf the direct verb is in the past perfect, it remains the same in reported speech,"l had atreadv written to him,"'Rob iaid. '

-R;ob

said n" naiiii"iai wriften to him.Certain words change as follows depending on the context.

Rff:HT;i;"n, lll? il*:: ll"i":^ ::'" (': !:: itr,:,t 1: ,?i!, "t'tt be here again on Monday ,,Reportedspeech: that/rhose t"r" go

- '(2;;;i&,;i;;;r;iil"::;rr::;;:?;!;:#i:::Monday^

110

Reported Speech

o There are no changes in the verb tenses in reported speech when the direct sentenceexpresses a general truth, is Type 2 0r Type 3 conditional or a wish."The Earth is a planet,,, he said. He said the Earth is a ptanet. (general truth)"lf you studied more, you'd pass your test," he said. He said (that) if lstudied ,orJ, f i frrs my tesf."l wish I were I was famous" he said. He said he wished he were I was iamous.

o when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect, there are no changes inthe verb tenses."Nina can read," she says. She says that Nina can read.

o UP.TO.DATE REPoRTING / oUT.oF.DATE REPoRTINGThe verb tenses can change or remain the same in reported speech when a sentenceexpresses something which is up to date or stilltrue when we report it. The verb tenseschange when something is out of date or not true when we report it."l'm travelling to England next week," he said. He said he is travelting I was travetting to

England next week. (up-to-date reporting _

"l'm travelling to England in January,,, he said.(Now it's February.)

"The Earth is flat," he said.

L.rrilt:ii:att:iua:,iutiit:i :,,iirai::::ilr:ri.r.-

'1; Report what the Jones family said when they came home from their holiday.

4. l'm not looking forwardto goinq back to school.

6. I've never had aomuah fun in my life,

Mrs Jones . eatd. (thar) ,she.(haC, had.a.brilljan,t Lime.Jimmy

Grandmother

immediately reported after said)He said he was traveiling to Engtand in January.(The trip is over srnce ft's February. out-of_datereporting)He said (that) the Earth was ftat. (tt isn,t; not true.)

ast

1. I had a brilliant time. 3. t didn't titce *" io,oi:},

2. I loved wind-ourfing!

7. t hope we'tt qo i;i;" *r;\^r^^^ --,!.- - J

Judy

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

Mr JonesY." Paul

Tracy ,

Danny

111

Reported Speech

Reported Questions

In reported questlons we use affirmative word order and the question mark is omitted. To report

a question we use: a) ask, wonder, want to know + wh-word (who,what, etc.) when the direct

question begins with such a word, b) ask, wonder, want to know + if / whether when the direct

question begins with an auxiliary or modal verb (be, do, have, can, may etc). Pronouns,

possessive adjectives, tenses, time expressions, etc. change as in statements.

Direct speechHe said, "Where did they staY?"

Reported speechHe wondered where they (had) stayed.

He said to me, "Have you got a bike?" He wanted to know if I whether I had a bike.

He said to her, "Can you drive?" He asked her if I whether she could drive.

t.l,j Report the tourists' questions to the tour guide.

l.Where'e the main ',

touriat offiae? ,

4. What are we qoin7t,

to dotoday? I

10. Do you knowwhore thenearest bankia?

2. Did you find my

i 9b:u":1 l

1 The boy with the cap ,, aaked fr,hq Lour.gutdo.whera.tltqtrLain y,QL)riet p,fftqo.waq..

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

The elderly man .

The woman with the hat

The lady with the sunglasses

The man with the tie

The girlwith the headphones

The man with the moustache

The man with the camera

The elderly woman

oculpture in the

The man with the blond hair

113

Turn the following intoreported speech usingintroductory verbs.

..You can'}txaa d:as

The security guard , asked.the b.oy.if .he.could..eea hje.baa.The boy. . ., rThefun parkemployee,_. ...,.,..,..

Reported Speech ffi'rt:

O Don't unfaetenyour aeat belt

while on the ride!

,f$$ffi ,.:'

5'' lfyo, do,You could

"l;l: fall and 4et-r*l oerioualY iniured'

'^ ?lease, pleaseo otoPthe ride' I

*urito 6et off'

$fii

1

2

3

4

5

6

The fun park employeeThe fu

Sally.n park employee

tr] Turn the foilowing text into direct speech.

idea. The student advisor asked him to meet with her after his next exam.

'illW .have.ypw.6radae.b€en .droppin6T'..tha e7,udent advi,Eor .aaked Earrv,

The student advisor asked Barry why his grades had been dropping. Barry explained that hedidn't have enough time to study. The stuJent advisor asked Barry if he was taking part in toomany after-school activities. Barry admitted that he was in three sports teams. As a result, healways felt tired at the end of the day. The student advisor suggested that Barry participate in

n:'ff:j:Y^:11,:l* T:i:,,:,: in the tibrary studyins. E"",ry ug,""d ilrai ii was a good

119

Reported Speech

freporffmg peCIpfe's words)

The students of Bedford Secondary School recently cleaned up GriffithPark. Look at the interview they gave to a reporter and then, in groups,report what was said,

Reporter: Why did you decide to help clean up Griffith Park?

51: Griffith Park was too dirty to play sports in and we wanted to help

change that.

Whose idea was it to organise such an event?

Our class came up with the idea after our teacher had

asked us to think of a project to help the environment.What exactly did the students do?

Well, some students helped to pick up leaves and

rubbish while others painted the park benches.

What message would you like to give residents in thearea?

Please take part in a neighbourhood clean-up programme

and don't throw your litter on the ground, use bins.

Are you planning another eveni like this one?

Yes, actually we're thinking of having a beach

Reporter:53:

Reporter:

S4:

Reporter:55:

clean-up day next.

The reporter aeked one of the atudenbe why he had decided to help clean Griffrbh ?ark, etc.

Now pretend you are the reporter. Look at the questions and answers fromthe Speaking Activity and complete your newspaper article.

ot"ir lJ Yesterday, the students of Bedford Secondary School cleaned up Griffith Park. AfterFE.ii$i

the event, we got the chance to speak with some of them.

The students were very interested in answering our questions. When asked why they had

decided to help clean the park, one of the students said

We would like to congratulate these students for all their efforts. Perhaps they will encourage

others to help our community.

120

. , I wa6 ironinq when the Phone rafig ;:

s.,d I an*werad the iron by m.iolake, .,"'

Well, yeo! I had been ircning for only

two minuteo when it rang.aq4!1' .

Fast $imPle

oast actions which'napPened immediatelYone after the otherShe sealed the letter,

put a stamP on it and Postedit.

action or event whichhappened at a stated PasttimeShe called an hour ago'

(When? An hour ago.)

action which haPPened at

a definite Past time' The

action was comPleted in

the Past.ShakesPeare wrote a lot of

p/ays. (Shakespeare is now

dead; he won't write again')

past habit or stateHe used to go lwenttoschoo/ onfoot'

I

iPast SimPle

iPast Continuous

Paet eentinusus Fast Fenfeet Fast Perfeeteontinustis

emphasis on the duration

of an action which started

and finished in the Past

before another Past action

or a stated time in the Past

She had been working as

a clerklor 10 Years before

she reslgned.

past action of certain

duration which had

visible results in the PastThey were wet because theY

had been walking in the rain'

the Past PerfectContinuous is the Pastequivalent of the Present

Perfect Continuous(She ls going to the doctor'

Her leg has been aching for

tvvo daYs.)

She wentto the doctor' Her

leg had been aching for

Nvo daYs.

two or more past action which

simultaneous past occurred before

actions another Past action

init" twas sunbathing, or before a specific

Timwasswimmins llffjllffffi:time I got there.

(or bY 8:15 Pm)

action in progress at a complete past action

siated time in the past which had visible

ii *tt playing tennis at results in the past

l:SO pm'yesteiday. She was sad because

she had failed the test'

past action in ProgressinterruPted bY anotherpast action' The longeraction is in the Past

Gontinuous, the shorteraction is in the Past

Simple.While Iwas getting

dressed the bell rang.

the Past Perfect is

the past equivalentof the PresentPerfect(He can't find his

watch. He has /ost it)He couldn't find his

watch. He had lost it'

background descriPtionto events in a storY

She was flYing to Paris'

The sun was shining...

Time exPressions used with: ' n' just now' when' in 1967' etc'yesterday. last week, etc' (how long) ago' tnet

[l]l#!ll;l.31;il';"l, just, never, vet, before, bv, bv the time' etcI Past Perfect

iPast Perfect Gontinuous for, since

13

tlrel) Listen and repeat. Then act out.

The passive is formed by using the appropriate tense of the verb lo be + past participle.

Active Voice Passive Voice

Present Simple They repair cars. Cars are repaired.Present Continuous They are repairing the car. The car is being repaired.Past Simple They repaired the car. The car was repaired.Past Continuous They were repairing the car. The car was being repaired.Future Simple They will repair the car. The car will be repaired.Present Perfect rhey have repaired the car. The car has been repaired.Past Perfecl They had repaired the car. The car had been repaired.Future Perlect They will have repaired the car. The car will have been repaired.Present f nfinitive They witl have to repair the car. The car witt have to be repaired.Perfect f nfinitive She ought to have repaired the car. The car ought to have been repaired'tng form He likes people admiring his new car. He likes his new car being admired.Perfect -rng form Having repaired the car, ... The car, having been repaired, ...

Modals You must repair this car. This car must be repaired.

The passive is used:o when the agent (the person who does the action) is unknown, unimportant or obvious

from the context.My car was stolen yesterday. (unknown agent)The road repairs were completed /asf week (unimportant agent)The kidnappers have been arrested. (by the police - obvious agent)

r to make statements more polite or formal.My new suff has been burnt. (lt's more polite than saying "You've burnt my new suit.")

r when the action is more important than the agent - as in news reports, formal notices,instructions, processes, headlines, advertisements, etc.Taking pictures is not allowed. (written notice)The local bank was robbed this morning. (news report)Bread is haked in an oven for about 45 minutes. (process)

r to put emphasis on the agent.The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror.

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