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Supporting Information for Manuscript:
A Tracer-Based Method for Classifying Groundwater Dependence in Boreal Headwater Streams
Corresponding author:Elina IsokangasWater Resources and Environmental Engineering Research UnitFaculty of Technology, University of OuluP.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Finlandemail: [email protected]
Co-authors:Anna-Kaisa Ronkanen* ([email protected])Pekka M. Rossi* ([email protected])Hannu Marttila* ([email protected])Bjørn Kløve* ([email protected])* Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research UnitFaculty of Technology, University of OuluP.O. Box 4300, FI-90014, Finland
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Introduction
This material includes text, tables and figures supporting our findings presented in the manuscript.
Text S1.
An Akima plot for δ2H was made with R using the interp function from Akima package. The function interpolates a surface of the measured variable, in this case along the stream, and within the measurement period. The plot produces a visual interpretation of how the measured variable changes in the stream continuum during different measurement times.
Table S1. The average channel widths and average maximum depths of the different measurement locations during field campaigns in 2013-2014
Measurement point
Average channel
width (m)
Average maximum depth (m)
M1 0.90 0.26M2 1.19 0.60M3 1.08 0.87M4 0.86 0.41L1 0.65 0.18L2 0.97 0.39L3 2.52 0.32L4 2.44 0.57S1 0.72 0.11S2 1.06 0.79S3 0.80 0.35S4 1.81 0.56S5 2.30 0.62S6 3.53 0.65
2
22232425262728293031323334
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Table S2. Water quality of local groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW)
Rokua Viinivaara
SW Jylhämä
2013-2014
CV
(%) n
Esker GW
2010-2012
CV
(%) n
GW under
peat 2010-
2012
CV
(%) n
SW
Nuorittajoki
2013-2014
CV
(%) n
Esker
GW
2014
CV
(%) n
DOC (mg l-1) 11.0b 11.5 29 23a 0.0 1 1.0 0.0 4
TIC (mg l-1) 1.6 8.5 29 3.3a 0.0 7 5.1 4.0 4
SiO2 (mg l-1) 4.2 13.0 29 11.6 5.2 11 16.8 6.5 8 6.7a 49.2 7 15.0 0.0 4
Cl- (mg l-1) 0.9 21.7 29 0.6 16.7 10 0.5 20.0 8 1.1a 45.8 7 0.5 21.1 4
P-PO43- (μg l-1) 2.8 34.9 34 320.9 99.1 11 117.5 13.3 8 15.6 32.9 8 19.5 21.0 4
P (μg l-1) 12.7 5.0 34 368.8 104.5 4 111.7 12.8 3 47.6 25.7 8 <50 4
Alk. (mmol l-1) 0.128 7.4 30 0.125c 42.1 4 0.223a 87.3 10 0.305 3.9 4
SO42-(mg l-1) 2.6 9.2 29 3.8c 68.5 3 1.0a 71.3 7 2.5 4.0 4
K+ (mg l-1) 0.6 6.7 30 1.6 68.8 7 0.9 44.4 5 0.4a 49.7 7 1.3 15.7 4
Ca2+ (mg l-1) 2.5 8.8 30 5.0 76.0 11 10.2 29.4 8 2.6a 34.9 7 2.6 3.8 4
Mg2+ (mg l-1) 1.0 8.4 30 2.9 72.4 7 1.4 35.7 5 1.2a 42.7 7 1.7 18.2 4
Na+ (mg l-1) 1.5 7.3 30 2.4 8.3 7 2.3 17.4 5 2.8a 49.5 7 2.6 3.8 4
Fe (μg l-1) 333.7 43.2 35 214.8c 84.5 4 3550.0 40.3 8 2342.5 131.5 4
Mn2+ (μg l-1) 27.3 114.4 30 4.8c 70.4 4 51.4a 30.8 8 21.0 99.9 4
EC (μS cm-1) 2.9 10.4 35 2.9 3.4 11 7.8 23.1 8 3.1 25.0 8
O2 (mg l-1) 11.2 17.8 35 9.1 13.5 8
pH 6.8 2.5 35 7.1 1.4 11 7.9 2.5 8 6.7 7.1 8 a Nuorittajoki river, Töntönkoski-station, 2006-2011, b TOC, c 4 GW pipes on the Rokua esker, Jan. 2007 (Hertta database of Finnish Environment Institute)
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Fig. S1. Maps showing the location of the local groundwater (GW) and surface water (SW) sampling locations in Rokua and Viinivaara esker aquifer areas and the land use near Viinivaara esker aquifer area.
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Fig. S2. Interpolated map of δ2H values plotted against distance from the start point of the stream and the sampling time. Circles indicate sampling locations.
Table S3. Mean water temperature (T) and coefficient of variation (CV, relative standard deviation) for warm (June-September) and cold (April, May, October, November) seasons
Warm season Cold season
4142
43444546474849
50
515253
Mean T (°C) CV (%) Mean T (°C) CV (%)
M1 7.4 17.8 4.7 46.1
M2 9.9 21.7 4.7 75.5
M3 10.8 18.5 4.9 75.2
M4 11.7 19.5 4.2 74.5
L1 6.4 14.5 4.7 39.1
L2 10.5 25.8 3.9 94.7
L3 10.6 25.0 4.3 93.0
L4 10.1 23.4 4.2 83.9
S1 8.3 21.7 4.9 60.5
S2 8.7 19.3 4.6 65.7
S3 6.9 13.7 4.8 35.7
S4 8.7 19.5 4.9 61.9
S5 8.9 19.5 5.5a 59.7a
S6 9.5 21.5 5.4a 65.7a
aAll other measurements started between 16.-18.4.2013 except S5 and S6, which started 6.5.2013.
Therefore, the cold season values for the locations S5 and S6 are not comparable to those for the other
locations.
6
Fig. S1. The average groundwater Cl-, SiO2 and PO43-P concentrations and the
coefficient of variations measured quarterly from 13 piezometers in Rokua esker aquifer during 2010-2012.
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Table S4. Use of the stream tracer index (Si) method for low-flow measurements to spatially classify the different parts of the Mesioja, Lohioja, and Siirasoja headwater streams into groundwater-dominated (GW, Si >50%) or surface water-dominated (SW, Si < 50%). Values differing from the classification using all the measurements are bolded
GW
amount
Thermal
propertiesWater quality
Location xisotopes xtemperature xDOC xTIC xSiO2 xCl- xP-PO43- S (%) Classification
Mesioja
M1 1 1 1 1 0.5 94 GW dominated
M2 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 72 GW dominated
M3 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50 Transition zoneM4 0.5 0.5 0 0.5 0.5 44 SW dominated
Lohioja
L1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.5 92 GW dominated
L2 1 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 71 GW dominated
L3 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0 0.5 50 Transition zone
L4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 50 Transition zone
Siirasoja
S1 1 0.5 0.5 1 1 1 1 80 GW dominated
S2 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1 0.5 70 GW dominated
S3 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.5 93 GW dominated
S4 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 70 GW dominated
S5 1 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0.5 0.5 70 GW dominated
S6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 1 0 0.5 50 Transition zone
Classification values:
1 - Clear groundwater signal, 0.5 -Transition zone, 0 - Clear surface water signal
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