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TELECOMMUTING & WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PRESENTED BY: MARY KAY LAFORCE, ESQ., HAMBERGER & WEISS DESIREE TOLBERT, SEDGWICK, CMS MARK D. JOHNSON, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

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Page 1: TELECOMMUTING & WORKERS’ COMPENSATION...2017/08/08  · TELECOMMUTING & WORKERS’ COMPENSATION PRESENTED BY: MARY KAY LAFORCE, ESQ., HAMBERGER& WEISS DESIREE TOLBERT, SEDGWICK,

TELECOMMUTING & WORKERS’ COMPENSATION

PRESENTED BY:MARY KAY LAFORCE, ESQ., HAMBERGER & WEISSDESIREE TOLBERT, SEDGWICK, CMSMARK D. JOHNSON, EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY

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PANEL

Mark D. Johnson,Eastman Kodak Company

Desiree Tolbert,Sedgwick CMS Mary Kay LaForce, Esq.

Partner, Hamberger & Weiss2

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TOPICS• Introduction• OSHA Regulations/Enforcement• Existing Employer Programs

• Sedgwick CMS • Eastman Kodak Company

• Program Development• Program Components

• Workers’ Compensation Implications• Case law• Claims Handling• Coverage

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WHY TELECOMMUTING/FLEXPLACE/VIRTUAL OFFICE

• Retain and Recruit Quality People• Reduce Office Space and Overhead• Improves Productivity and Commitment• More Efficient Use of Equipment• Provide Job Opportunities for Employees with Disabilities• Alleviate Traffic Congestion and Air Pollution• Improve Management Effectiveness

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TYPICAL JOB CHARACTERISTICS

• Require frequent use of telephone.• Don’t rely on in‐person contact (e.g. client/customer).• High utilization of technology.• Well defined projects (start & end points).• Don’t rely on constant feedback of co‐workers.• Single employee focused tasks with periodic combined work with others.

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OSHA: HOME BASED WORKSITES‐OFFICE

• OSHA will not conduct inspections of employees' home offices. 

• OSHA will not hold employers liable for employees' home offices, and does not expect employers to inspect the home offices of their employees.

• If OSHA receives a complaint about a home office, the complainant will be advised of OSHA's policy. If an employee makes a specific request, OSHA may informally let employers know of complaints about home office conditions, but will not follow‐up with the employer or employee. 

Source: OSHA Directive: CPL 02‐00‐125, Home‐Based Worksites, 02/25/20006

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OSHA: OTHER HOME‐BASED WORKSITES

• OSHA will only conduct inspections of other home‐based worksites, such as home manufacturing operations, when OSHA receives a complaint or referral that indicates that a violation of a safety or health standard exists that threatens physical harm, or that an imminent danger exists, including reports of a work‐related fatality. 

• The scope of the inspection in an employee's home will be limited to the employee's work activities. The OSH Act does not apply to an employee's house or furnishings.

• Employers are responsible in home worksites for hazards caused by materials, equipment, or work processes which the employer provides or requires to be used in an employee's home. 

• If a complaint or referral is received about hazards at an employee's home‐based worksite, the policies and procedures for conducting inspections and responding to complaints as stated in OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103 (the FIRM) and OSHA Instruction CPL 2.115, will be followed, except as modified by this instruction. 

Source: OSHA Directive: CPL 02-00-125, Home-Based Worksites, 02/25/20007

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SEDGWICK’S PROGRAM• Telecommuting  is permitted at the sole discretion of management.• Telecommuting arrangement for dedicated client accounts require client agreement.• To be eligible for telecommuting, a colleague must:   

a. Be an active, regular full‐time colleague or a regular part‐time colleague working 20 hours or more per week. 

b. Have satisfactory job performance that meets or exceeds expectations. 

c. Be able to provide a safe and ergonomically correct work station and area free from distractions; and 

d. Be able to obtain a digital subscriber line (DSL), cable or comparable internet connection and, if necessary, phone connection. 

• Colleagues must sign a written telecommuting requirement.  • If a colleague fails to maintain satisfactory performance, he/she may be required to 

return to work in the office.  8

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SEDGWICK TELECOMMUTING STRATEGIES

• Stay Connected Establish expectations of communications

Maintain awareness of telecommuting colleagues’ morale

• Provide Feedback Provide regular and timely feedback on performance  to all colleagues.

• Encourage Teamwork Solicit input from telecommuters when making decisions

Schedule periodic face‐to‐face meeting when appropriate 

• Continue Training and Development Include telecommuters in training sessions

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EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ‐ FLEXIBLE WORK ARRANGEMENTS

• Full‐Time• Flexible Schedules

• Compressed Work Weeks

• Telecommuting/Virtual Office or Flexplace Arrangements

• Less Than Full‐Time• Part‐time or Reduced Work Schedules

• Job Sharing Arrangements

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EASTMAN KODAK COMPANY ‐ POLICY

• “Supervision is encouraged to explore with employees all possible alternatives which address the needs of employees and meet the business requirements.”

• Evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis• Established by agreement between the employee and supervision 

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EMPLOYEE/SUPERVISION DISCUSSION POINTS

• Reason for request• Description of work and workspace• Work arrangements (hours, location, etc.)• Potential Barriers and How to Overcome• Performance Expectations & Past Performance• Frequency of Review

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PROGRAM POLICY COMPONENTS

• Employee selection for telecommuting• Work hours, break periods and time keeping • Define the work area • Equipment assignment and maintenance• Require proper reporting procedures

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TELECOMMUTING AND THE NEW YORK STATE WORKERS’ COMPENSATION LAW

• Case Law• Claims Handling• Coverage 14

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THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CLAIMANTS:

1. Those who work from home occasionally2. Those who only work from home

• There is more case law associated with those who work from home occasionally

• Inside employees/outside employees/mixed employees/home office exception

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• Generally speaking accidents that occur at home, or on the commute to and from work are not compensable, as they do not arise out of and in the course of employment. See e.g., Cushion v. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 46 A.D.3d 1095 (3d Dept. 2007); See also, Littles v. New York State Dept of Corrections, 61 A.D.3d 1266, 1267 (3d Dept. 2009); Harris v. New York State Office of Gen. Servs., 13 A.D.3d 796 (3d Dept. 2004).

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• The Court of Appeals carved out an exception to this rule as far back as 1968, when considering the claim of a record executive who was killed on his way home from work, on the grounds that his home was a “place of employment.” Hille v. Gerald Records, 23 N.Y.2d 135 (1968). This exception became known as the “home office” exception, and was succinctly laid out by the Third Department in 1997. Bobinis v. State Insurance Fund, 235 A.D.2d 955 (3d Dept. 1997).

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• The Third Department acknowledges that it had become commonplace for certain professionals to take work home, and that therefore there were times when it would be appropriate to conclude that an injury sustained either at home, or on the way there would be considered to have arisen out of and in the course of employment. Id.

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• The factors the Third Department identified for consideration in Bobinis include:• The quality and regularity of the work performed at home• The continuing presence of work equipment in the home• Whether it was “necessary” for the work to be done at home, or merely “personally convenient”

• Whether it was beneficial for the work to be done at home rather than at the place of employment

• See, Bobinis v. State Insurance Fund, 235 A.D.2d 955 (3d Dept. 1997); See also, Borders v. E.H. Scull Co., Inc., et al., 33 A.D.2d 870 (3d Dept. 1969).

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• However, the exception is to be applied narrowly, and the work being done at home cannot merely be occasional. See, Borders, supra; See also, Trent v. Collins Tuttle and Co., Inc., et al., 20 A.D.2d 948 (3d Dept. 1964).

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COMPARE AND CONTRAST CASES USING CRITERIA• NYS Colleges at Cornell University, 2003 WL 21302302 (WCB Case No. 80208733, decided May 29, 2003) ‐ A college professor who was taking an online course from home tripped and fell while there. Despite the fact that the course was being taken for the benefit of the employer, as it was neither necessary nor beneficial for the online course to be taken in the claimant’s home, the case was disallowed.  21

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• On the other hand, the Board found that a back injury and post traumatic stress disorder suffered by the claimant while at her apartment were compensable on the grounds that the employer contributed to the rental cost for the apartment and provided her with a laptop to work from home. Alliance Consulting Group, 2004 WL 2679758 (WCB Case No. 00313209, decided November 18, 2004). The employer conceded that the reimbursement for the apartment rental was so that the claimant could produce more work. Accordingly, the Board Panel found that “The claimant’s Manhattan apartment had become part of the employment premises, because she completed large quantities of work in that apartment, on a daily basis, on a laptop given her by the employer.” Id.

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• Contrast this with IBM Corporation, 2015 WL 3922648 (WCB Case No. G0778367, decided June 23, 2015) where the work being done at home was far more occasional and the opposite result applied. The claimant worked from home approximately once a month, so that he could perform some special errands. Otherwise, the claimant typically worked from the employer’s office location. The claimant was able to perform the same level and quality of work at the office as he would do at home, and the employer did not provide “substantial equipment” for home office or help him set it up. As there is no indication that it was “necessary” for the claimant to work from home, and the benefit of working at home largely accrued to the claimant, his accident, a slip and fall on ice at home did not arise out of and in the course of employment. Id. 23

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• As to the interplay between the home office exception and the outside employee exception, the Board Panel found that a claimant who had been given permission to work from home, but otherwise was expected to work at the employer’s fixed location, did not qualify for either exception. CUNA Mutual Group, 2009  WL 2961076 (WCB Case No. G0021650, decided September 10, 2009). The Board Panel pointed out that the fact that the employer allowed the claimant to work from home did not negate the fact that she was generally an inside employee who worked at the employer’s premises. Accordingly, an accident which occurred on the commute between the two locations was not compensable. Id.

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• In 2014, the Board Panel found compensable the claim of a purely telecommuting employee who slipped and fell at home while going to retrieve food from her oven. Wellpoint, Inc., 2014 WL 259208 (WCB Case No. G0648884, decided January 15, 2014). The claimant worked as a homebased customer service representative, and the employer had provided strict rules governing her home workspace. Id. While on her lunch break, the claimant had placed fruit in her oven. Just as she was about to begin a conference call, the timer on the oven went off and while standing up to go to the kitchen, she tripped and fell over a bag. Id. The Board found this compensable noting that the claimant was “still within her workspace” when she fell. Otherwise, they found the claimant’s going to attend to the oven was at most a momentary deviation which was reasonable and did not disqualify her from benefits. Id.

• Note, the coverage afforded to employees who only work from home is far more similar to that afforded to inside employees. 

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• A telecommuting employee, as an “outside employee,” can be considered to remain in the course of employment, “even while not engaged in their employment duties.” Davis v. Prudential Insurance Company, 35 A.D.2d 1050 (3d Dept. 1970). 

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• However, an injury is “not compensable where the accident causing it is attributable solely to the personal acts of the claimant, and not to the environment into which the employee has been necessarily placed by his employment.” Kaplan v. Zodiak Watch Company, 20 N.Y.2d 537 (1967). Under this exception, the Courts have disallowed the claims of employees who fell in the bathroom after going there to deal with a coughing spell or who fell while getting dressed in their hotel room. Walsh v. Sucrest Corp., 37 A.D.2d 321 (1971); Kaplan, supra.

• Think about Wellpoint, in comparison ‐ What if the claimant had fallen in the kitchen closer to the oven? Maybe she would not have been in the environment which she had occupied as a result of her employment? 27

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PROPER COVERAGE AS OUTSIDE EMPLOYEES/TELECOMMUTERS

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PRACTICE TIPS

• Think about the criteria set out by the Appellate Division in Bobinisto determine whether  claim is likely to be found compensable and to determine how to write telecommuting policies.

• When a claim arises from an accident which occurred outside of the specific home office space, the question becomes what acts or needs brought the claimant out of the employment space must be considered. If the claimant left for a personal act, consideration should be given to resisting liability based on this exception to the outside employment exception.  29

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QUESTIONS?

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